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Naveed Anwar
CEO AIT Consulting Bangkok, Thailand
Deepak Rayamajhi
External ernal Consultant AIT Consulting Bangkok, Thailand
Abstract
The case study building is 50-story 50 tower (about 166.8 meters above the ground level) and 3story of below grade parking (extending approximately 13 m below the grade). The tower consists mainly of residential units, and a terrace and amenity deck. The ground level contains retail and back of the house space. This is the Phase 1 of the entire project which is comprised of three towers, connecting at the podium level (2nd floor level). The total floor area for Phase 1 is approximately 79,000 m2. It is a reinforced concrete building, which is laterally braced by ductile core wall system together with buckling restrained braces. Firstly, the preliminary design is performed against Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) (as defined by ASCE 7-05) 05) in accordance with the code based design procedures. Then, building is designed by performance formance based approach against the seismic hazard which is likely to happen, so that predictable and safe performance is achieved. Two levels of performance are checked; Serviceable/Operational Level performance under 43 43-year year return period earthquake (50% probability of exceedance in 30 years) and Collapse Prevention Level performance under Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) with 2475-year 2475 year return period (2% of probability of exceedance in 50 years). Response spectrum analysis is conducted for Design Basis Basis Earthquake Level and Service Level response spectra. For the evaluation against collapse during extremely rare events, nonlinear time history analysis is performed for the site specific ground motion records. Average of seven ground motion approach is used used to check the demands in the primary structural members of the lateral force resisting system. Keywords: Maximum Considered onsidered Earthquake, Design Basis Earthquake arthquake, Service/Frequent
Introduction
The case study tower is a residential tower located in Makati City, Philippines. It is built of reinforced concrete and 166.8 meters (50-story) tall above the ground level with 11x11 meter plan area. Reinforced concrete bearing walls, gravity columns and post-tensioned flat slabs are utilized for gravity load resisting system. The lateral load resisting system consists of reinforced concrete bearing wall coupled with outrigger columns, connected by the buckling restrained braces. The building has 3-story of below grade parking, resting on the mat foundation. Fig. 1: Building Plan
Design Approach
To demonstrate that the design is capable of providing code equivalent seismic performance, a three- step analysis and design procedure is performed. Step 1 Preliminary design phase Step 2 Serviceability check Step 3 Collapse prevention check at MCE Level
level is used for the preliminary design phase. Structural components to be remained elastic are designed by applying the appropriate amplification factors.
Serviceability Check
Primary response characteristics such as story drift, coupling beam and shear wall capacity ratios are checked against the demands resulting from the response spectrum analysis using service level response spectrum with 43-year return period.
Wind Load
Wind load is determined in accordance with ASCE 7-05. The design wind speed for the case study building is 200 kph and the exposure type is B.
Seismic Load
Frequent/Service Level Earthquake For the performance evaluation at Service Level seismic hazard, the following service level site specific response spectrum is used.
Fig. 2: Response Spectrum at Service Level Earthquake arthquake (2.5% damping) Maximum Considered Earthquake arthquake Level Seven pairs of site specific ground motions are used to conduct the nonlinear response history analysis. Average of demands from seven ground motions approach is used for f design evaluation at MCE level. The response spectra of seven ground motions are shown in figures figure below.
Fig. 3: Response Spectrum for Fault Normal and Fault Parallel Earthquakes at MCE Level
Material Models
Concrete In nonlinear model, effect of confinements is taken into account for the compressive strength and ductility of concrete. Manders (1994) confinement model is used to determine the confinement effect. In PERFORM 3D, concrete material is modelled with tri-linear backbone curve. Tensile strength of concrete is neglected. Material cyclic hysteretic degradation is not considered in the model. Reinforcing Steel In nonlinear model, reinforcing steel material is modelled with tri-linear backbone curve. Yield strength is taken as 1.15 times nominal strength and the ultimate strength is estimated as 1.5 times expected strength with approximately 1% of strain hardening.
Shear Wall
Fiber modeling technique is used to model the flexural behavior of the core wall. PERFORM-3D shear wall element is used to model the nonlinear behavior of shear wall. Basically, two parallel fibre sections are used to model the shear wall. The first fibre section consists of only uniformly distributed steel (Steel only) and the second fibre section consists of both concrete and boundary zone steel reinforcement. For the uniformly distributed steel, autosize fiber elements are used whereas for latter one, fixed size fibre elements are used. Shear behaviour in the wall is modelled with elastic material properties.
Coupling Beam
In this building, two types of coupling beams are present. First one is deep beam having span to depth ratio of 1.9 (span/depth < 4), and second one is slender beam having span to depth ratio of 4.3 span/depth > 4). Since deep beams are dominated by shear behaviour, they are modelled for shear deformation controlled while the slender beams are modelled for flexural deformation controlled. The deep coupling beam is modeled with elastic frame section with a nonlinear shear hinge located at mid span of the element. The capacity of the shear hinge is calculated based on the diagonal reinforcements. The elastic stiffness of the deep beams is reduced to 0.16EIg. The shear capacity of diagonal reinforcement is calculated based on formula provided in ACI 318-08. The
ultimate point is taken as the 1.33 times of the yielding capacity. The slender coupling beam is modeled with two moment hinges placed at the ends of the beam. The capacity of the moment-curvature hinges are calculated based on the longitudinal reinforcements provided in the beams. The deformations capacities are taken from ASCE 41-06 for the flexural coupling beams. The elastic stiffness of the slender beams is reduced to 0.5EIg.
Floor Slab
In the tower portion, the floor is modeled as rigid floor diaphragm. The slab is not modeled for the tower portion. However, equivalent slab outrigger beams are modeled in order to study impact of slab to core and column only. Slab outrigger beams are modeled with nonlinear hinges at both the ends of the beam. Moment-curvature type of hinge is used to model nonlinearity in the slab-beam. The moment capacity of the slab beam is calculated based on the reinforcement in the slab. However, the performance of the moment hinges is not specifically reviewed. At the podium and basements level, the slabs are modeled without rigid floor diaphragm. Slabs in the podium and basement are modeled using shell element. The elastic flexural stiffness of the slabs and equivalent slab-beams are reduced to 0.5EIg.
Support/ Foundation
The base of the reinforced concrete shear wall is modeled as pinned at the location of mat whereas the columns and basement walls are modeled as fixed support. Furthermore, for this analysis, the basement walls are also restrained by lateral springs in the lateral direction to take into account the restraining effect of lateral soil. In order to consider the flexibility of the diaphragm, the stiffness of the ground floor and belowgrade diaphragms are reduced to 0.1 Ag.
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Base Shear
The base shear is compared between DBE level response spectrum analysis and average of MCE level nonlinear response history analysis in the following table. The base shear is calculated above the podium level and considered the tower portion only. The seismic weight of the tower above the podium level is 616,900 kN. Table 2: Base Shear Comparison Load Cases Base Shear (KN) DBE level (Along principal major dir.) DBE level (Along principal minor dir.) MCE level (Along principal major dir.) MCE level (Along principal minor dir.) 21,012 22,691 47,892 46,462 % of Weight 3.56 3.84 7.76 7.53 Seismic
It is found that the base shear calculated from the MCE analysis in average is approximately two times higher than DBE level base shear.
Story Drifts
The average story drifts distribution is higher in minor direction than major direction. The maximum story drifts envelopes for both principal directions are less than 3% which is acceptable limit against MCE level earthquakes. earthquakes
building. From the storey shear and storey moment plots of seven time histories, in average the results demonstrate that the building is mainly dominated by first fundamental modes in both X and y direction. From these results, it seems that higher modes are not significantly affecting response. Flexural deformation capacity of shear wall, evaluated by the axial strain of the fibres, is within the acceptable limit. All the columns including the outrigger columns remain essentially elastic under MCE earthquake. On average, all the BRBs have ductility demand less than 9, the limit set by ASCE41, and indicates that all the BRBs satisfy the performance criteria.
References
[7] [8] ACI Committee 318. 2008, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary (ACI 318-08), American Concrete Institute Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council. 2008, An Alternative Procedure for Seismic Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings Located Los Angeles Region, Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council