Lateral Force Design

Portions of this document reproduce sections from the 2003 International Building Code, International Code Council, Falls Church, Virginia. All rights reserved.
Lateral force design Prof Schierle 1

Lateral force design

Prof Schierle

Click Arch 499 then click LDG & LDG tutorial, etc

Lateral force design

Prof Schierle

Lateral load resisting elements

1 2 Shear wall / gravity load Shear wall / lateral load

3 4

Cantilever / gravity load Cantilever / lateral load

5 6

Moment frame /gravity load Moment frame / lateral load

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Braced frame / gravity load Braced frame / lateral load

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Lateral load resisting systems

1 2 3 A B 4 Shear wall Cantilever Moment frame Moment resistant reinforced concrete joint Moment resistant steel joint Braced frame bracing is usually around core but faade bracing is stronger Example: Ten-story shear wall / post building 100 x 50 x 10 story height
Y X

Lateral force design

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Seismic - design wall lengths L Assume Fv= 75 psi q = 75 (8x12) / 1000 q = 7.2 klf Level 10 L = 110 k / 7.2 klf L = 15 Use min 2 walls @ L = 8 each Level 5 L = 317 k / 7.2 klf L = 44 Use min 3 walls @ L = 15 each Level 1 L= 350 k/ 7.2 klf L = 48 Use min 3 walls @ L = 16 each Assume frames @ 25 resist overturn M Post load P= M/B (B= frame width= 50) Level 10 M = 1103 k(25/100) M = 276 k P = 276 / 50 P = 5.5 k Level 5 M = 14293 k(25/100) M = 3573 k P = 3573 / 50 P = 72 k Level 1 M = 27960 k(25/100) M = 6990 k P = 6990 / 50 P = 140 k
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Lateral force design

X-wind

Assume Level 10 L = 12 k / 7.2 klf Use code min 2 walls @ Level 5 L = 71 k / 7.2 klf Use code min 2 walls @ Level 1 L = 112 k / 7.2 klf Use min 2 walls @

- design wall lengths L q = 7.2 klf L = 2 L = 4 each L = 10 L = 5 L = 16 L = 8

Frames @ 25 resist overturn M Post load P= M/B (B= frame width, 2 posts per frame) Level 10 M = 123/2 k (25/100) M = 15 k P = 15 / 25 P = 0.7 k Level 5 M = 2524/2 k (25/100) M = 316 k P = 316 / 25 P = 13 k Level 1 M = 6423/2 k (25/100) M = 803 k P = 803 / 25 P = 32 k
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Y-wind - design wall lengths L Assume q = 7.2 klf Level 10 L = 25 k / 7.2 klf L = 4 Use code min 2 walls @ L = 4 each Level 5 L = 142 k / 7.2 klf L = 20 Use min 2 walls @ L = 10 each Level 1 L = 225 k / 7.2 klf L = 31 Use min 2 walls @ L = 16 each Assume frames @ 25 resist overturn M Post load P = M / B (B = frame width) Level 10 M = 247 k(25/100) M = 62 k P = 62 / 50 P = 1.2 k Level 5 M = 5048 k(25/100) M = 1262 k P = 1262 / 50 P = 25 k Level 1 M = 12845 k(25/100) M = 3211 k P = 3211 / 50 P = 64 k
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Lateral force design

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Wind load
Steady wind is static Gusty wind is dynamic

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Wind load 1 2 3 4 Pressure on wind side Suction on lee side Uplift on roof leeside Wind load on gabled building Wind load on dome or vault Protected city buildings Exposed tall building

5 6

Exposed wide faade Forms can increase wind speed

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Kz factor graph

Wind pressure (IBC/ASCE 7 Method 2, Analytical Procedure) p = qG Cp qi(GCpi) [minimum p = 10 psf (480 Pa)] q velocity pressure (defined below) qz for windward wall (evaluated at height z above ground) (constant, per mean roof height h) qh for leeward wall G gust factor (G = 0.85 for rigid structure 1 Hz) GCpi Internal pressure ( 0.18 for enclosed structures) Cp pressure coefficient (from ASCE 7 figures and tables) (windward walls) Cp = 0.8 (leeward walls) Cp = - 0.2 to - 0.5 (for roofs) Cp = - 0.3 to + 0.4 q= 0.00256 I KzKztKdV2 (q = velocity pressure in psf) V = wind speed, mph (IBC Fig. 1609, or local speed) I = Importance factor (IBC table 1604.5) I=1 (all structures not listed below) I = 1.15 (hospitals, police and fire stations, etc) I = 0.87 (agricultural and temporary facilities) KZt Topography factor (KZt = 1 for regular sites) Kd Directionality factor (Kd = 0.85 for most structures) (graph at left, min. 0.7 for gladding) KZ Exposure factor B = Exposure B (inner city, protected) C = Exposure C (open area, unprotected) D = Exposure D (near ocean or large lake)
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Lateral force design

IBC Fig. 1609. Basic wind speed Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in mph (m/s), 33 ft (10 m) above ground for Exposure C. Special wind regions shall be examined for special wind conditions

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Hurricane

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Tornado

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Photos courtesy Applied Research Associates, Raleigh. North Carolina

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Design for Earthquake Safety

SD-Graphs
by G G Schierle - based on IBC Equivalent Lateral Force Analysis Allowable Stress Design (ASD) (ASD = LRFD / 1.4)

Light framing with wood panels

Cs factors for light fram ing with wood panels (R=6, I=1)
0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 A B C D E A 0.25 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.5 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.75 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 1 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.07 1.25 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 1.5 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 2 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.14 3 0.19 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.21 4 0.25 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.29 5 0.32 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.36 6 0.38 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.43 B C D
1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 2.5

Other low-rise structures

SDS graph 0.2 sec. design spectral accelerations
3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5
E
0.5 0.0 A B C D E A 0.25 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.19 0.30 0.5 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.33 0.40 0.75 0.29 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.43 1 0.38 0.48 0.48 0.52 0.43 1.25 0.48 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.54 1.5 0.57 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.64 2 0.76 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.86 3 1.14 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.29 4 1.52 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.71 5 1.90 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.14 6 2.28 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.57 B C D E

High-rise structures
S D1 graph 1 sec. design spectral accelerations

1.0 D 0.5 0.0 A B C D E A 0.1 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.17 0.2 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.19 0.30 0.3 0.11 0.14 0.21 0.26 0.40 0.4 0.15 0.19 0.27 0.30 0.46 0.5 0.19 0.24 0.31 0.36 0.57 1 0.38 0.48 0.62 0.71 1.14 1.5 0.57 0.71 0.93 1.07 1.71 2 0.76 0.95 1.24 1.43 2.28 2.5 0.95 1.19 1.55 1.79 2.86 3 1.14 1.43 1.86 2.14 3.43 C B

Cs for site class A-E for 0.2 sec mapped spectral accelerations Ss (top line)

SDS for site class A-E for 0.2 sec. mapped spectral accelerations SS (top line)

SD1 for site class A-E for 1 sec. mapped spectral accelerations S1 (top line)

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Plate Tectonics

USA
Turns ~ 1/year

USGS map
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USGS map
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# 1 2 3 4 5 5a

Twelve largest earthquakes since 1900 Location Date M # Location Date Chile 1960 9.5 6 Ecuador Coast 1906 Alaska 1964 9.2 7 Aleutian Islands 1965 Aleutian Islands 1957 9.1 8 India-China 1950 Kamchatka 1952 9.0 9 Kamchatka 1923 Sumatra (Tsunami) 2004 9.0 10 Indonesia 1938 Tokyo (Tsunami) 2011 9.0 11 Kuril Islands 1963

M 8.8 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.5 8.5

USGS data & map

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Body waves travel through earth interior P waves (Primary waves) travel at very high speed (26,000 mph) S waves (Secondary waves) shake perpendicular to wave direction Surface waves travel near the earth surface Love waves shake perpendicular to wave direction Rayleigh waves shake in elliptical motion Epicenter Location The time difference waves of different speed arrive at seismic stations defines the earthquake distance Distances from 3 stations define the Epicenter

Seismic waves - USGS figures

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Period Time of wave cycle. Resonant building & earthquake periods may cause collapse. Richter scale Developed 1935 by Charles Richter. Earthquake magnitude as logarithm of wave amplitude recorded by seismograph; adjusted for distance to epicenter. Each whole number increase represents a tenfold increase in force and amplitude and 31 times more energy.

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Earthquake cause / effect

Causes: Fault slippage (plate movement) Volcanic eruptions 1 Fault rupture / wave propagation H = Hypocenter (earthquake focus) E = Epicenter (above hypocenter) Vertical motion at epicenter Lateral motion at distance Lateral slip fault Thrust fault

2 3

Effect on buildings: 4 5 6 7
Lateral force design

Overturning Base shear Bending (first mode) Bending (higher mode)

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Seismic force = mass x acceleration / R Mass = building dead weight; R = reduction factor Acceleration = Spectral acceleration = a mass on a rod of equal period as a structure of equal height Acceleration spectra (Seed, 1976) define interaction of structures with 4 soil types (basis of Equivalent Lateral Force Analysis) IBC Design Response Spectrum T < TS governs low-rise structures of short periods T > TS governs tall structures of long periods T
Lateral force design

structure period, T ~ 1/10 sec per story

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Base shear V (lateral force at base of building) V = CS W CS= seismic coefficient W = Dead load + 25% storage live load CS varies with spectral acceleration SS & S1 and type of structure CS example in seismic areas: CS ~ 3 % for tall steel frame structures CS ~ 15 % for low-rise wood structures CS ~ 30 % for masonry wall structures W = w A (w = DL [psf], A = gross floor area) w examples: w ~ 15 to 25 psf for wood structures w ~ 70 to 100 psf for steel structures w ~ 150 to 200 psf for concrete structures
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USGS Seismic factors Ss & S1

posted at http://www-classes.usc.edu/architecture/structures/LDG/USGS%20seismic%20factors.pdf

USC: SS = 1.85 (low-rise), S1 = 0.64 (high-rise)

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Seismic Hazard web site

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/

USGS Seismic Factors by zip code Ss S1

SS for low rise structures S1 for high rise structures
Zip code State Type Longitude Latitude 90089 "CA" "Area" 34.022 -118.286 90091 "CA" "Point" 33.999 -118.155 SS S1 Values not needed.... 184.613 64.112 185.601 64.365 181.321 63.341 175.413 61.142 175.413 61.142 175.413 61.142

Result for Zip code 90089 Probabilistic Ground Motion in %g are: at 2% probability in 50 years 184 Ss = 1.84 (for low-rise) 64 S1 = 0.64 (for high-rise)
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Cs factors for light fram ing with wood panels (R=6, I=1)
R = R-factor (1.5-8) (IBC table 1617.6.2) I = Importance factor (IBC table 1604.5) I = 1.5 (essential facilities - hospitals, police & fire stations) I = 1.25 (large occupancy) I = 1 (all other facilities)

0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 A B C D E

A 0.25 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.5 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.75 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 1 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.07 1.25 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 1.5 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 2 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.14 3 0.19 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.21 4 0.25 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.29 5 0.32 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.36 6 0.38 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.43

SS from USGS hard rock rock dense soil CS stiff soil soft soil

Cs for site class A-E for 0.2 sec mapped spectral accelerations Ss (top line)

Site class A-E defined by geologist (default site class D)

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Example: Two-story LA residence, 2200 ft2, DL = 15 psf, I = 1, site class D Enter zip code 90089 at USGS web site:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/datasets/2003-ZipCode-MCEdata-SsS1.txt

Web site output: SS = 184.613 % = from graph at SS=2 CS = 0.16, interpolate CS = 0.16 x1.85/2
Cs factors for light fram ing with wood panels (R=6, I=1)

SS = 1.85 CS = 0.15

Building dead weight W = 15 psf x 2200 ft2 W = 33,000 # Base shear V = CS W V = 0.15 x 33,000 # V = 4,950 #

0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 A B C D E A 0.25 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.5 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.75 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 1 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.07 1.25 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 1.5 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 2 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.14 3 0.19 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.21 4 0.25 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.29 5 0.32 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.36 6 0.38 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.43 B C D E

SS from USGS web site CS

Cs for site class A-E for 0.2 sec mapped spectral accelerations Ss (top line)
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Base Shear (from last page) Use 3/8 plywood panels with 8d nails at 6 L = V / q = 4,950 / 230 = 22 (total length each way) A-walls: L = 22 / 2 = 11 B-wall: L = 22 x 20 / (10+20) = 14.7 C-wall: L = 22 x 10 / (10+20) = 7.3
IBC table 2306.4.1 excerpts Allowable shear for wood panels with Douglas-Fir-Large or Southern Pine Nail spacing at panel edge (inches) Panel grade Panel Nail Nail size thickness penetration 5/16 in Structural I sheathing 3/8 in 7/16 in 15/32 in 1 1/4 in 1 3/8 in 1 3/8 in 1 3/8 in 6d 8d 8d 8d 6 200 230 255 280 340 4 300 360 395 430 510 3 390 460 505 550 665 2* 510 610 670 730 870

V = 4,950 # q = 230 plf use 12 walls use 16 wall use 8 wall Walls B & C inversely proportional to distance from center of mass A
centroid

Allowable shear (lbs / foot)

B
10 20

1 1/2 in 10d * Requires 3 x framing and staggered nailing

Lateral force design

C
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Prof Schierle

Low-rise (general) CS = I SDS / R

IBC table 1617.6.2 R-factor excerpts Light framed walls with wood panels Ordinary plain concrete shear wall
SDS graph 0.2 sec. design spectral accelerations

R 6 1.5

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

R = R-factor (1.5-8) (IBC table 1617.6.2) I = Importance factor (IBC table 1604.5) I = 1.5 (essential facilities - hospitals, police & fire stations) I = 1.25 (large occupancy) I = 1 (all other facilities)

E 0.5 0.0 A B C D E A B C 0.25 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.19 0.30 0.5 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.33 0.40 0.75 0.29 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.43 1 0.38 0.48 0.48 0.52 0.43 1.25 0.48 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.54 1.5 0.57 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.64 2 0.76 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.86 3 1.14 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.29 4 1.52 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.71 5 1.90 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.14 6 2.28 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.57 D

SS from USGS hard rock rock dense soil SDS stiff soil soft soil
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Lateral force design

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High-rise (T > TS) CS = I SD1 / (TR) (TS = SDS/SD1)

IBC table 1617.6.2 R-factor excerpts Ordinary composite braced frames Special steel moment frames
Avoid high-rise on soft soil

R 3 8

S D1 graph 1 sec. design spectral accelerations

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 D 0.5 0.0 A B C D E A 0.1 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.17 0.2 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.19 0.30 0.3 0.11 0.14 0.21 0.26 0.40 0.4 0.15 0.19 0.27 0.30 0.46 0.5 0.19 0.24 0.31 0.36 0.57 1 0.38 0.48 0.62 0.71 1.14
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E C B 1.5 0.57 0.71 0.93 1.07 1.71 2 0.76 0.95 1.24 1.43 2.28 2.5 0.95 1.19 1.55 1.79 2.86 3 1.14 1.43 1.86 2.14 3.43

S1 from USGS hard rock rock dense soil SD1 stiff soil soft soil
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Lateral force design

Force per level x FX = CvxV

CVX w xhk x/

i1

w ihk i

Example: F3 = 3k V3 = 3 k F2 = 2k V2 = 3+2 = 5 k F1 = 1k V1 = 3+2+1 = 6 k Vertical force & shear distribution Seismic forces increase with height due to increased acceleration 1 Linear low-rise force increase 2 Non-linear high-rise force increase 3 Three-story example
Lateral force design Prof Schierle

Shear per level x

VX Fi i x
n

where V = base shear h = height of level w = DL per level k = 1 for T < 0.5 sec k = 2 for T 2.5 sec interpolate @ 0.5-2.5
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10 10 40

20

50

IBC table 2306.4.1 excerpts Allowable shear for wood panels with Douglas-Fir-Large or Southern Pine (Structural I sheathing) Nail spacing at panel edge (in) Panel Nail Nail thickness penetration size 5/16 in 3/8 in 7/16 in 15/32 in 1 1/4 in 1 3/8 in 1 3/8 in 1 3/8 in 1 1/2 in 6d 8d 8d 8d 10d 6 4 3 2*

Allowable shear (lbs / foot) 200 230 255 280 340 300 360 395 430 510 390 460 505 550 665 510 610 670 730 870

Example: Two-story wood residence DL= 24 psf (floor+walls), 13.5 psf (roof+walls) CS = 0.16 Dead load (DL) Roof DL = W = 13.5 psf x 40 x 50 / 1000 # W = 27 k Floor DL = W = 24 psf x 40 x 50 / 1000 # W = 48 k Base shear V = W CS = (27+48) 0.16 V = 12 k Vertical distribution (0.53 = 540 / 1,020) Fx= V wx hx / (wi hi) (0.47 = 480 / 1,020) Level: wx hx = wxhx V Fx VX Roof: 27 k x 20 = 540 k 0.53 x 12 k = 6.4 k 6.4 k Floor: 48 k x 10 = 480 k 0.47 x 12 k = 5.6 k 12.0 k V = 12.0 k wihI = 1,020 k Shear wall: use 5/16 plywood, 6d @ 4, q = 300 plf L = 12,000 # / 300 plf L = 40 Use each way 2 - 20 walls
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* Requires 3 x framing and staggered nailing

Lateral force design

Horizontal Diaphragms transfer lateral load to shear walls and other elements two ways 1 Flexible diaphragm (wood) transfers in proportion to tributary area. Wall reactions: R = w A (A=tributary area) w = uniform load (psf) 2 Rigid diaphragm (concrete & steel) transfers in proportion to wall stiffness. Reactions for walls of equal height & material: R1 = W L13 / L3 (L3 = L13+L23+L33) R2 = W L23 / L3 R3 = W L33 / L3 L = Lengths of walls W = Total load supported by all walls
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Stability issues 1 Narrow multistory shear walls are vulnerable to overturning 2 Mitigations: A Join windows for wider shear walls B Attach shear walls to edge beam 3 Narrow shear wall failure 4 Tuck-under parking collapse 5 Use moment frames to resist collapse
3 4 5

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Hazard Configurations Differential periods split wings

Wings split during Northridge Earthquake Mitigations: Joints at low-rise intersections Reinforce high-rise intersections (to prevent pounding of adjacent wings)
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Moment frames Provide ductility Require rigid beam-column joints to transfer moments Steel: Reduced beam flanges reduce joint stress I = inflection points of zero bending stress Concrete: Extend rebars through beam & column

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Link Beam

Eccentric bracing Short Link Beam for stiffness Long Link Beam for ductility Visco elastic bracing Stiff at normal load Ductile at large earthquakes

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Base Isolators Dampen seismic load and reduce drift Good for low-rise Not good for high-rise Base isolators consist of Rubber sheets and steel plates Joined by a bolt and lead cylinder Isolate building from ground

UCLA Kerckhoff Hall base isolators Courtesy WWCOT Architects

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Seismic design & light wood structures save lives

Date May 31, 1970 February 9, 1971 February 4, 1975 February 4, 1976 July 27, 1976 September 19, 1985 December 7, 1988 October 18, 1989 September 2, 1992 September 29, 1993 January 17, 1994 January 16, 1995 July 17, 1998 January 25, 1999 August 17, 1999 September 20, 1999
Lateral force design

Fatalities of major earthquakes 1970 - 1999 (USGS data)

Place Peru San Fernando, CA Haicheng, China Guatemala Tangshan, China Michoacan, Mexico Spitak, Armenia Loma Prieta, CA Nicaragua Latur-Killari, India Northridge, CA Kobe, Japan New Guinea Colombia Izmit, Turkey Chi-Chi, Taiwan
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Time (GMT 20:23 14:00 11:36 09:01 19:42 13:17 07:41 00:04 00:16 22:25 12:30 20:46 08:49 18:19 00:01 17:47

Latitute -9.25 34.40 40.72 15.30 39.61 18.44 40.93 37.14 11.77 18.08 34.18 34.57 -2.94 4.45 40.77 23.82

Longitute -78.84 -118.39 122.73 -89.14 117.89 -102.36 44.11 -121.76 -87.35 76.52 -118.56 135.03 142.58 -75.65 30.00 120.86

Fatalities 66,000 65 10,000 23,000 255,000* 9,500 25,000 63 116 9,748 60 5,502 2,183 1,185 17,118 2,400

M 7.9 6.7 7.0 7.5 7.5 8.0 6.8 6.9 7.7 6.2 6.7 6.9 7.0 6.2 7.6 7.7
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Light-weight structures minimize seismic forces

V = CS W

Saddle shape
Lateral force design

Wave shape
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Arch shape

Point shape
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