1 Chapter 1 The Problem Introduction The use of cigarette in our society has been a long time culture in the

world. The use of this said stress reliever has also brought a lot of discussion to people against and pro- smoking. Behind the fact that the use of cigarette has lots of dangerous effects to health, society and environment, there are people who still treat the use of cigarette as their pain, stress and loneliness reliever. A lot of individuals appropriate large amount of money just to sustain the use of cigarette. In the Philippines, even a law has been passed to increase the amount of cigarette in order that the smokers will limit their cigarette consumption and to likewise increase the collection of tax in this products, the use of so is still high and incomparable to other goods that is sold in the market. The reason might be hurled to the chemicals in the cigarette that makes the smokers addicted and prevent them to stop once they tasted a stick of cigarette.. It is said that smoking was a heritage of our ancestors. Indeed the use of cigarette serves as medication and as a cure to various illnesses and diseases. But nowadays, smoking serves as a satisfaction ingredient to millions of people around the world. According to Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2007), smoking is the inhalation of smoke coming from burned plant, cigarette or pipe. Even though there are societal and medical arguments against the use of tobacco products, smoking is still practiced throughout the world. Cigarette contains a chemical called nicotine which causes addiction to users. It has also stimulating and tranquilizing psychoactive effects. In this research, the leading causes, effects, proposed solutions and the equal distribution of frequency of every causes, effects, proposed solutions to each other is the very reason to find why does students become so attracted and addicted to smoking despite of the fact that it has worst effects to their body and to their health as a whole. In the information that has been collected, researchers will also test the equality of distribution of the causes, effects and proposed solutions to prevent smoking.

2 Statement of the Problem 1. What are the leading causes of the use of cigarette of the students of Bicol University? 2. What are the leading effects of the use of cigarette of the students of Bicol University? 3. What are the proposed solutions to prevent the use of cigarette of the students of Bicol University? 4. Is there an equal distribution on frequency on causes, effects, and proposed solutions to prevent the students of Bicol University from smoking? Scope and Delimitation The research is focused on the causes, effects, proposed solution to prevent the use of cigarette and the equality of the distribution on the aforementioned aspects of the students of Bicol University. There are 50 respondents coming from the College of Social Sciences and Philosophy as a sample to answer the questions on the checklist that has been made to test the causes, effects and proposed solutions to prevent smoking. Statistical Instrument To test if there is an equal distribution on the several causes, effects and proposed solutions to prevent smoking, the following has been used: Test of hypothesis: Chi-Square. Using the goodness of fit-test as a sub-type of Chi-Square form of testing the validity of hypothesis, this has been used to test if there is an equal distribution to the causes, effects and proposed solutions to prevent smoking, the following has been used. (fo-fe)2 Xc2 = _____ fe Xc2 - Chi-Square fo - Observed Frequency fe - Expected Frequency

3 Interpretation of collected data. Using the checklist as an instrument to collect various data to come up into conclusion. There are 50 respondents whom not limited to choose how frequent several suggested reasons, effects, and proposed solution to prevent the use of cigarette as long as it correspond to them. The data collected was tallied and transferred to a table for further interpretation

4 . Chapter 2 Interpretation of Data Collected Table 1. Causes or reasons of Smoking Leading Causes 1.Satisfaction 2.Peers/ friends 3. Curiosity 4.Imitated from media (tv, internet, magazines, etc,) 5. Stress reliever 6. Energy booster 7. Drowsiness reliever 8. Tension Reliever 9. To serve as a desserts 10. Trip 11. As a fashion/style 12. Past time 13. To look handsome Total=166 29 11 14 13 20 1 3 1 2 2 8 5 6 4 12.5 10 12.5 11 Frequency count 22 31 12 7 Rank 3 1 7 9

Mean
n

166 _____ = _____= 13 n 13

i=1

X1

5 Mode =1 *the most frequent value that appeared. Median 13 s the median. Range R = H-L = 31-1 =30 Quantiles Sorted Numerical data: Q3 = 3(13+1) ______ 4 = 10.5 7 -3 _____ 4 x .2 = 0.8 + 3 = 3.8 20 -14 ____ 6x .3= 1.8 +14 = 15.8 22 - 20 ____ 2 x .5= 1 + 20= 21 N is odd so the median is 13 because it is the middle score 1 1 2 3 7 11 12 13 14 20 22 29 31

D3= 3(13+1) _______ 10 = 4.2

P30= 30(13+1) ________ 100 = 9.3

6 Average/Mean Deviation: Scores X Score deviation from mean X-X 22 12 7 31 29 11 14 13 20 1 3 1 2 x= 166 X= x Mean/Average deviation: ____ M.A.D = X - X n _________ =166 n _____ = 105 =8 13 ______ =13(sample mean) 13 22- 13 =9 12-13 =-1 7-13= -6 31-13= 18 29-13=16 11-13= -2 14-13=1 13-13= 0 20-13= 7 1-13= -12 3-13= -10 1-13= -12 2-13= -11 Absolute deviation X - X 9 1 6 18 16 2 1 0 7 12 10 12 11 X - X= 105

7 Table 1 Causes or Reasons of Smoking

Causes of Smoking

Frequency Count

fo

fe =166/13

(fo-fe)2 _____ fe 6.6 25.88 0.05 2.6

1.Satisfaction 2.Peers/ friends 3. Curiosity 4.Imitated from media (tv, internet, magazines, etc,) 5. Stress reliever 6. Energy booster 7. Pampawala ng antok 8.Pampawala ng nerbiyos 9. To serve as a desserts 10. Trip lang 11. As a fashion/style 12. Libangan kapag walang magawa

22 31 12 7

22 31 12 7

12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8

29 11 14

29 11 14

12.8 12.8 12.8

20.5 0.25 0.1

13

13

12.8

0.003

20

20

12.8

4.05

1 3

1 3

12.8 12.8

10.88 7.5

12.8

10.88

8 13. To look handsome Total = 166 Test of Hypothesis *Chi-Square Problem: The research has been made entitled as The Effects of Smoking to the Students of Bicol University. Using the goodness of fit test at the 0.01 level of significance, let it be determined if the causes of smoking are equally distributed based on the data shown. Ho: The causes of smoking of Bicol University students are equally distributed. Ha: The causes of smoking of Bicol University students are not equally distributed. = 0.01(12) = 26.2170 df = 13 -1 Xc2 =98.393 2 2 12.8 9.1

Since 98.393 26.2170; we reject Ho Conclusion: The causes of smoking are not equally distributed.

Table 2 Proposed solutions to avoid Smoking Leading Effects of Smoking Frequency Count fo fe =164/6 (fo-fe)2 _____ fe

1.Cough 2.Discoloration of teeth 3.Bad breath 4.Blackening of gums 5.Blackening of lips 6.Discomforted breathing

29 29 25 19 33 29 Total: 164

29 29 25 19 33 29 Total: 164

27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3

0.10 .10 .19 2.5 1.2 .10 Xc2 = 4.19

9 Test of Hypothesis *Chi-Square Problem: The research has been made entitled as The Effects of Smoking to the Students of Bicol University. Using the goodness of fit test at the 0.01 level of significance, let it be determined if the effects of smoking are equally distributed based on the data shown.

Ho: The effects of smoking of Bicol University students are equally distributed. Ha: The effects of smoking of Bicol University students are not equally distributed. = 0.01(5) df = 6 -1 = 15.0863 Since 4.19 15.0863; we accept Ho Conclusion: The effects of smoking to the students of Bicol University are equally distributed. Table III. Proposed Solution to Prevent Smoking Proposed Solutions Frequency fo fe =165/11 (fo-fe)2 _____ fe

1. Avoiding cigarettes even if it is just for free 2.Avoiding friends/peers who use cigarette 3. Using of candies or chewing gum as an alternative to smoking 4. Not giving attention to cigarettes displayed anywhere 5. Joining activities which aims to prevent the use of cigarette 6. Playing of various sports instead of smoking 7. Making time with people who are good in academics 8. Having check- up to people whose expertise is preventing the use of cigarette

27 24 23

27 24 23

15 15 15

9.6 5.4 4.27

15

15

15

17

17

15

0.27

23 18

23 18

15 15

4.27 0.6

15

15

15

10 9. Thinking of the fact that smoking is dangerous to health 10. Stop the cigarette industry in the Philippines 11. Devote time to women instead of cigarette 1 1 15 13.07

1 1 Total = 165

1 1 Total = 165

15 15

13.07 13.07 Xc2 =63.62

Test of Hypothesis *Chi-Square Problem: The research has been made entitled as The Effects of Smoking to the Students of Bicol University. Using the goodness of fit test at the 0.01 level of significance, let it be determined if the proposed solution to avoid smoking are equally distributed based on the data shown. Ho: The proposed solutions of the Bicol University students to avoid smoking are equally distributed. Ha: The proposed solutions of the Bicol University students to avoid smoking are not equally distributed. = 0.01(10) df = 11 -1 = 23.2093 Since 63.62 23.2093; we reject Ho Conclusion: The proposed solution to avoid smoking of the students of Bicol University is not equally distributed.

11 Chapter 3 Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation In this chapter, the findings, conclusion, and recommendations are to be shown to come up into matters that will suggest how and why smoking affects to several aspects of an individual. Findings I. Leading causes of the use of cigarette of the students of Bicol University

On the first table in which the leading causes or reasons why the students of Bicol University smoke. The first 3 reasons or causes are the (2.) influence of peers/friends. The second is the (5.) stress reliever and the third is (1.) satisfaction or has something to suggest that smoking serves to them as an instrument of contentment. On the other hand, the 3 causes or reasons with the least frequency count are the (10.)trip and (12.) Past time which is both in the (12.5) rank while the 3rd least cause or reason is (13) to look handsome. Therefore, the influence of peers/friends is the primary reason on how the attitude of a person is developed. The same with smoking, the number 1 factor is the influence of peers/friends. According to Hom burger Erikson, the personality of an individual is the product of the society and his experiences. It is possible that a trait is developed based on the culture, environment, and most importantly, the people who surrounds him. II. Leading effects of the use of cigarette of the students of Bicol University Table 2 is the table for the leading effects of smoking to the students of Bicol University. The first observable effect on the cited list of common effects of smoking is the (5.) blackening of lips while in the second rand is the (1.) cough, (2.)discoloration of teeth and (3.) discomfort in breathing. The least effect which is in the last rank is the (4.) blackening of lips. On the table of interpretation, there are common observable effects that due to smoking, the use of cigarette has indeed harmful effects on health.

12 According to the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, smoking is the leading cause of death throughout the world and majority of these diseases in connection to smoking were malignant. According to the World Health Organization (1995), There are about 1.5 million of men and 0.5 million of women who died because of smoking. Therefore, these observed effects of smoking is primarily because of smoking. III. Proposed solutions to prevent the use of cigarette of the students of Bicol University On the third table, the tallied results of the proposed solutions of the students of Bicol University to prevent smoking are interpreted. The proposed solution with the highest frequency count is the (1.)avoiding cigarettes even if it is just for free. Second is the (2.) avoiding friends/peers who use cigarette while in the 3rd rank, there are 2 proposed solution with the same frequency count, these are, (3.)using of candies or chewing gum as an alternative to smoking (6.) playing various sports instead of smoking. On the other hand, the proposed solutions with the least frequency count are the, (9.) thinking of the fact that smoking is dangerous to health, (10.) stop the cigarette industry in the Philippines, (11.) devote time to women instead of cigarette. Based on the interpretation, there are various solutions that can be used to avoid or prevent the use of cigarette of Bicol University students, there are solutions according to the gathered data that there are things that can be used as an alternative to avoid smoking and prevent the diseases to paralyze them in the future.

IV.

Equal frequency distribution on causes, effects, and proposed solutions to prevent the students of Bicol University from smoking

On the first and third tables which are the tables for the causes and proposed solution for preventing the use of cigarette are not equally distributed. But contrary to the former, the

13 third table has the equal distribution of leading obsevable effects of smoking to the students of Bicol University. Conclusion: The researchers conclude that: 1. There are primary causes or reasons with the highest frequency count why students smoke that is why the distribution is not equal. 2. The leading effects of smoking are simultaneously observed by the students that is why the frequency distribution of effects of smoking is equal. 3. There are leading proposed solution with the highest frequency that is why the distribution is not equal.

Recommendations 1. Let the various organizations in the community, whether private or public be a body of promoting a smoke-free society 2. Lobby the government agencies to appropriate budget for projects regarding the prevention of smoking. 3. Let the parents of the students be aware of the activities of their children outside the house. 4. Educate the students of how smoking affects their health and the other people around them with the help of the government in implementing certain projects that will alleviate the addiction to smoking. 5. Establish an implementing government body that will regulate the production and consumption of cigarette in the Philippines 6. Implement the Sin tax law in a firm manner to prevent the illegal attempts in violating the mentioned law 7. Limit the cigarette importation of the business establishments inside the country 8. Double the tax paid by the cigarette industries in the Philippines.

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