..

.-

GUJARAT
Riding along Western part of India, one can reach the incredibly beautiful State of Gujarat, situated between Latitudes North 20 2 Min. 24 44 Min. and East Longitudes 63 04 and 74 30, having an aerial extent of 1,96,024 Sq. Km. The western and southern parts of Gujarat are bordered by a1550 Km long coastal track along the Arabian sea which forms 113rd of Indian coast line. The coastal track borders the Kutch Peninsula, the Saurashtra Peninsula and the central plains of Gujarat. The state boasts of infinite natural riches. Set amidst picturesque landscape, the State has safely hidden in its womb the statigraphic geological sequences except Triassic. Blessed with nature's most valuable gift, Gujarat can be described as one of the mineral bowls of India.

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF GUJARAT
The State of Gujarat is divided into six physiography units:1. The Southern Aravalis and the adjoining hilly tract Covers Aravali range generally rising 400 mtrs. above MSL. and forms the main catchment area of rivers viz. Banas, Sabarmati and Mahi. 2. The Deccan plateau and adjoining tract of Southern Gujarat A wide expanse of high level dissected lava flows in the East with a low level dissected plateau in the West. The most prominent rivers Narmada, Tapi, dissect this tract in East-West direction. 3. The Central Plains of Gujarat Alluvial plains of Tapi, Narmada, Mahi, Sabarmati rivers, the Banas debouches into Rann of Kutch whereas all the other rivers join the Gulf of Cambay. 4. The Saurashtra Peninsula It comprises a high level, dissected lava plateau and flat top hills of sand stone in the North-East. Southern part covers Barda hills, Alech hills, the Girnar hills and the Gir ranges. It has a radial drainage pattern . 5. The Kutch Peninsula It is a Central high Plateau dissected on all sides except east. 6 . The Rann of Kutch Three levels of silted and raised Rann surfaces (Banni plains) and a few islands excluding three (Pachham, Khadir and Bela) rising slightly above the general level of Rann.

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF GUJARAT

Gujarat is in the foreland of peninsular which, has to rock relief, is believed to be in part of first form crust of the earth. The oldest mountain range of India , the Aravalis came into existence some 600,000,000 years ago. And the penetrating spurs and ridges of the same crystalline series in North and East Gujarat indicate that Gujarat was an integral part during that gigantic episode. The present configuration of peninsula started taking its shape approximately 120, 000 ,000 years earlier due to the breaking up of the Gondwana land. This Gondwana land was a connected and continuous series of South continent from South America to Australia. Then with the emergence of Himalayas and the Shivalik, in about 15 ,000,000 years, the isostatic balance was restored, the modern India frontier was sculptured out and the special type of climate, the monsoon , came in to being. By this circumstances, not only the ancient piece of Gujarat became sea facing but a few more detailed retouches, afterwards, controlled and directed far reaching consequences in both political and economic

development. An island Rajasthan sea receded through Kutch leaving the Indus to flow into Gulf of Cam bay and the twin sisters Tapi and Narmada completely reversed their courses from East to West. Then many throbs of earth movement pulsated and raised the coastal strip and this led the former island of Saurashtra and Kutch to get connected with the mainland and the little and great Rann to appear on the surface. As a result of these elevations the Indus was gradually pushed westward, the Saraswati got land locked and dried up and following process of desiccation, a vast desert unrolled its carpet of yellow sand from the North tip of Gujarat to far beyond. Gujarat's eXisting topography is a composite effect of all the chronological happenings and offers breathtaking diversity in land form s through a bird's eye view. In the middle, there is a great alluvium tract formed by the water courses from Banas to Narmada. It is definitely an India Gangatic condition on a smaller scale and the only fortunate one in the whole of peninsula. The rugged eastern flag is supported by mineral / ore rich metamorphic formations which in Narmada valley give place to the step like Deccan basalt. On the west, wavy sand dunes and mirage producing salt land stop before the linear arrangement of the massive marine Mesozoic rocks and then bedded basalt again in Kutch and Saurashtra. Near the periphery , the Girnar hill is a unique culmination of intrusive differentiations. Lastly, the coast girdle is made of tertiary deposit which is in the limelight at present for various minerals . Ref: Gujarat-its Geogrpahy and Geology by Prof. S. Mukherjee

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

GEOLOGY OF GUJARAT

The Gujarat State exposes rock belonging to the Precambrian, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Eras. Stratigraphically , the record is incomplete as the rocks of Paleozoic era are totally absent in Gujarat. The hard rock covers about 49 % of total area of Gujarat. The rest being occupied by sediments of Quaternary period. The hard rocks comprise Precambriam Metamorphites and associated Intrusives, sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras and the trap I flows constituting Deccan Volcanics of Cretaceous, Eocene age .

Era

Period

Epoch

Super Group I Group I Formation Undifferentiated

Sediments! Rann deposits

Intrusives I Extrusives

Holocene
Quaternary Pleistocene Tertiary

Pliocene
MioPliocene

Chhaya Formation I i Sand han Formation

Dw arka Formation

i Formation
Miocene
Gaj Formation Kand Formation

Cenozoic

Maniara Fort
Formation Kharinadi Formation Tarkesh w ar

Formation
Eocene Fulra Formation Kakdinadi Formation Nummulitic Formation

I
Palaeocene-Eocene Paleocene
Cretaceous-Eocene

Matanomadh
Formation

Deccan Trap s,

Mesozoic Cenozoic

associated
vol canic and inter-

trappeans

Cretaceous Upper
Lo w er-middle

Lo wer

Lameta formation Bagh Formation Wadh w an Group, Bhuj formation Dhrangadhra Group , Himmatnagar formation Katrol (Jhuran) form ation

Cretaceous

Jurassic Upper
Middle

Chari (Jum ara ) Pachchham (Jhurio) formation Syn-to-Oist-Delhi intrusive Idar Granite Erinpura Granite & Gneiss, Godhra Granite & Gneiss SendraAmbaji Granite & Gneiss Phulad Ophiolite Comple x

Neoproterozoic

Palaeo-proterozoic Meso-proterozoic
Delhi Supergroup

Sirohi Group Kumbhalgarh Group Gogunda Group

Paleo-Proterozoic
Aravali Supergroup Champaner Group Luna vada Group Jharol Group Udaipur Group

Dadhaliya Ultramafic suite

Pre-Lunavada Gneissic Complex, Pre-Champaner Gneissic Complex

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

ARCHAEAN PROTEROZOIC
Pre-Champaner gneissic complex represent a suite of rocks comprising gneisses which form the basement for Champaner group. Three phases of structural deformation are recorded from this suite of rocks. Pre Lonavada gneissic complex underlies the Lonavada group of Meta sedimentaries. At least three granitic intrusive phases have been identified with this complex.

Erinpura granite and gneiss Erinpura granite and gneiss represent the late to post Delhi acid intrusives. Idar Granite Idar Granite occurs around Idar as detached hillocks, tors, bosses, knobs and rugged pinnacled hills.

(B) MESOZOIC
After the major depositional , metamorphic and deformative episodes or Archaean and Proterozoic , there was a hiatus up to the close of Triassic in the geological activity in Gujarat. During Jurassic and cretaceous period of Mesozoic era the area witnessed intense geological activity in terms of sedimentation and volcanism. Mesozoic sediments occupy about 14,8 00 sq. mtr. area in part of Kutch , Sabarkantha , Panchmahal, Vadodara , Surendranagar, Rajkot dists , and the Deccan Traps occupy 61 ,000 sq. mtr. in Kutch and Saurashtra peninsulas and in the southern and eastern parts of the State . Kutch Mesozoic of Kutch ranges in age form middle Jurassic to late cretaceous and are bordered by the Deccan Trap in south and by the saline marsh or Rann of Kutch, in north. Mesozoic of Kutch is known for rich fossil record of marine Jurassics in India. The Mesozoic rocks have been classified as Patchum Charee, Katrol and Umiya groups. ' Subsequently , Biswas (1971) revised the stratigraphy of Kutch and proposed new nomenclature by classifying different litho-stratigraphic units in to Jhurio , Jhumra, Jhuran and Bhuj formation.

----

(A) PROTEROZOIC
1 . Palaeo Proterozoic Aravali Super Group The Aravali Super Group of rocks in Gujarat is divided in to four groups viz. Udaipur , Jharol , Lonavada and Champaner groups. Palaeo Proterozoic - Meso Proterozoic Delhi Super Group Palaeo Proterozoic - Meso Proterozoic rocks are represented by Delhi Super Group and is exposed in main Aravali hill ranges . The meta sediments and meta volcanic of Delhi Super Group in Gujarat, are intruded by variants of Erinpora and Sendra Ambaji granite which have been classified into Gogunda, Kumbhalgarh and Sirohi groups in ascending order of super position. 3 . Neo-Proterozoic Syn to Post Delhi Intrusives Godhra granite gneiss Godhra granite gneiss occurs in Chhotaudepur, Godhra and adjacent areas.

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

Patchum IJhurio) formation comprises inter-calated sequence of silted stone, shale, marlite, clay stone , coralline limestone, calcareous sand stone and grey and pink limestone . Charee IJhumra) formation comprises a sequence of shale siltstone, sandstone alternating with golden oolite. KatrollJhuran) formation: it is divided in to four litho stratigraphic units. The basal unit comprises inter calacted sequence of grey, gypsicious, shale and siltstone with ocherous nodules. The second unit is dominantly calcareous sandstone with inter-calation of shale. The third unit comprises dominantly gypsicious shale w ith minor silty and sandy inter-calation and ocherous bands. The upper most unit consists of calcareous quartzic sandstone and conglomerate inter calated with shale and siltstone. Umiya IBhuj) formation comprises sandstone iron stone , clays and trappable conglomerates. Mesozoic of Saurashtra It consists of mainly two groups; Dhangadhra group and Wadhwan group as early Cretaceous and middle Cretaceous age. Mesozoic rocks or Saurashtra are sandstone, limestone, shale etc.

flows. At some places it is circular / conical hills like Girnar , Barda, Pavagadh, Osham hills in Kutch . In eastern Gujarat, the Deccan trap occurs isolated outcrop in Vadodara and Panchmahal districts. While sporadic occurrences are found in Kheda and Sabarkantha districts. Tholeiite Gabbro, Granofire, and Nephaline syenites are important rocks.

TERTIARY
After diastropic activity and eruption of Deccan trap lava flows, the tertiary sedimentation commenced in Gujarat. Well developed tertiary sections are exposed in Kutch mainland and in parts of Saurashtra and Cam bay basin. Kutch Tertiary rocks of Kutch are known for their rich marine fossil assemblage. After the eruption of lava flows of Deccan volcanic activity, there was a period marked by a phase of extensive lateritisition under tropical condition. Subsequently, the tertiary sediments were deposited over the Mesoazoic sedimentary rocks and Deccan traps along the coastal strip of Kutch mainland. Tertiary formation of Kutch consist of three different facies, the lower one is volcanic and is represented by the lavas of Deccan trap. The middle and main part is typical marine , transgressional facies and represent stratigraphic units to the Laki Kirthar, Nari and Gaj series of Sindh, Baluchistan. The upper part is fluviatile and represent the stratigraphic equivalent to Manchar series of Sindh Baluchistan.

MESOZOIC - TERTIARY
Deccan Traps The Cretaceous - Eocene period witnessed major volcanic activity in form of widespread outpouring or lava in vast area of w estern India . It covers about 61,000 sq. mtr. area in Gujarat. The trap country is characterized by flat top hills and step like terraces formed as a result of variation in hardness of different flows and also within the same

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

FUELING THE GROWTH

South Gujarat Tertiary rocks in Surat Bharuch area of south Gujarat comprises of laterite, clay sandstone, limestone etc. The Tadkeshwar formation comprises of shale and sandstone with intercalation of calcareous sediment. Bentonite, ocherous clay , the Babaguru formation consist of gravel , sandstone, shale interbedded w ith conglomerate shale. Kand formation comprises of flaggy fossiliferous limestone. The Jhagadia formation conformably overlies the Kand formation and consists of calcareous sandstone and conglomerate clay . Cam bay Basin covers the alluvial plains of Gujarat which is a potential area for oil.

QUATERNERY
The quaternary deposits hold a place of great significance in geology of Gujarat . About 1 lakh sq. mtr. area of state is covered by quaternary sediments deposited during Pleistocene and Holocene epoch.

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

MINERAL RESOURCES
~~r~~~~~1
The
conglomerate

Mineral

Location

Origin

I Reserves

Uses

Remarks

Agate Banded
variety of

Bharuch I Kutch dists.

Sedimentary
origin

Not assessed

chalcedony

beds with Babaguru & Kand

formation are

Semi precious stone for decorative &

Leading
position

in India

Agate bearing in Bharuch dist.

Attapulgitc Polygorskete

jewellery purpose

&

with
dolomite,

Not assessed

and
sorptive properties

member

Ahmedabad
dists.

of
sorptive

limestone and

chalk of
Eocene age

of clay gi ves colloidal and

sorptive uses as oil

clay fuller's
earth

well drilling
mud, adhesive, sea lants
etc.

Barite BaS04

Kutch & Panchmahal

Sedimentary ongm

Local
occurrences
or transported

No
impoltant

module of Barite in Kakdi Nadi

fannation at

barite deposits noticed

III

Rubber, glass, paper, plastic, paints

Ahigh specific gravity mineral

Gujarat

Lifri and Naun in For copper Chemical,

sugar refining etc.

& Quartzite

area, Kui-

of Kumbhalgadh group

Chitrasani Belt is also

known
minor

For

Lead

electrical
instruments

occurrence

etc.

For Zinc

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

MINERAL RESOURCES
~~rs~!W~~1
Associated with laterite overlying the Deccan trap or tertiary formation

Mineral

location

Origin

Reserves I

Uses

Remarks

Bauxite A mixture of gibbsite, boehemite and diaspore

Kutch, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Amreli, Bhavnagar, Kheda and Surat dists.

Sedimentary

IDS mT of all grade

Chief source of aluminium metal and also used in abrasive and refractory

5 th

position in India in

reserves

Patan, Bhavnagar, Bharuch, Jamnagar, Kutch, Mehsana, Sabarkantha, Kheda,

Surendranagar

of basaltic lava flows (sedimentary)

with basaltic flows of Deccan trap formation

mT of swelling (sodium) and non swelling (Calcium)

to

fluid mud, foundry, palatisation and chemicals etc.

bentonite is regarded as one of the world's best deposits

Porbandar

Bhavnagar &65 mT in Kutch Not mixing with assessed non-plastic

day to impart

desired plasticity in
pottery

plastic variety of Kaolin

porcelene and refractory

Water

Great Rann of Kutch

Once the Rann which was a bed of sea which has raised due to earthquake or natural forces in due course of time

The Rann, Not former sea assessed basin now being filled up with alternate layers of silt, clay and sand.

Important source of NaCI, MgCb, CaSO" Kcal, K, S04 & bromide

It is important for of various types of salts

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

MINERAL RESOURCES
~:r~:r~~1
All types of rock formations have utilization of rocks in building stone
It occurs as

Mineral

Location

Origin

Reserves

Uses

Remarks

Building Stone

Almost all dists.

Igneous sedimentary and metamorphic

Potentiality

Construction
work

of building
stone in

the State
IS

Variety of rocks are available for building stone

prominent

Calcite Calcium Carbonate

Amreli and Jamnagar

Sedimentary

vems In limestone, basalt and dolomite

manufacture of
mortar,

chemical uses in manufacture of bleaching powder, cement, ceramic glass

etc .

Chalk Fine grained white limestone

Junagadh, Porbandar, Rajkot, Jamnagar dis!s.

Sedimentary

Chalk deposit is associated with miliolitic

limestone or

mT
of which

19.24 mT in
Porbandar,

22.35 mT in Jarnnagar

and 42.20
mTin Rajkot di st.

As as filler in rubber, textile, in manufacture of cement, also used in Agri as ncutrilizcr

Gujarat is the only state producing chalk

quaternary age China (Kaolinite) Mehsana, Sedimentary Patan, Sabarkan1ha, Surat, Panchmahal, Kutch, Amreli dists.
,

"'-,
j

China clay is 163 mT of which 100 found mTin associated KUlch, 60 with Idar mTin Sabarkantha granite or and2.15 mTin series and Mehsana latet ire of cretaceous age

In ceramic industries, as refractory material, as filler in rubber, paper & plastic industries

Important raw material for ceramic industry

j' /
~-

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

MINERAL RESOURCES
~~r~~~~~1
Associated with Umiya sandstone and shale formations uppermost Jurassic to Albian age in Surendranagar whereas associated with upper Jurassic to
cretaceous

Mineral

Location

Origin

Reserves

Uses
Heating

Remarks

Coal Sub- Kutch and bituminous Saurashtra dists.

Sedimentary

3.02 mT

purpose, low

temperature
carbonization,

cooking for
producing

high temperature

and for metallurgical

purposes.

Diatoma- Bhavnagar ceous earth dist.

Sedimentary

sandstone in Kutch Diatomite bed found to rest over lateritic material and in turn is confonnably overlain by clay beds

0.488 mT

Filler, life saVing drugs, absorbent in preparation of vegetable

oil etc.

A siliceous sediments made up of diatoms m,croscop'c plants

Dolomite CaCOJ, MgC03

Amreli, Metamorphic It constitutes Vadodara, part of Narmada, Champaner Bharuch, senes Banaskantha, Sabarkantha and Panchmahal Banaskantha, Igneous Vadodara, Panchmahal, Sabarkantha, Kheda, Dahod dists. Associated with igneous rocks

As

in Vadodara

ornamental
stores, manufacture

cement, magnesia, paint, pigments, tiles

etc.

Feldspar NAISi308 N for Na, K Ca and Ba

Not assessed Ceramic flux, glass, source for potassium saits, sand paper etc.

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

MINERAL RESOURCES
~:r~:~~~1
Associated with upper Gondvana sediments and occur below Dhrangadhra sandstone

Mineral

Location

Origin

I Reserves I
155.22 mT

Uses

Remarks

Fire Clay (Refractory clay)

Surendranagar, Panchmahal, Bharuch and Rajkot dists.

Sedimentary

In manufacture of refractory bricks,

electrical

It endures 1500 Deg. C

or more

porcelain, wall tiles,

stone wares,

insulation
products, foundry etc.

without any change other than dehydration

Fluorite CaF,

Baroda dist. and Bharuch and Panchmahal

Igneous

Associated with carbonatite rocks of

11.6 mT

Metallurgical industries as flux for manufacture of

hydrofluoric

cretaceous
age

acid for
fluorine

based
chemicals, cement etc.

Graphite-C

Panchmahal and Vadodara dist. Sabarkantha and Banaskantha dists.

Metamorphic Occurs in rock of Champaner

2.13 tnT

series consist
mainly of quartzite and phyllite

Used in facings, crucible etc. Grit free

graphite is

Naturally occurnng carbon

preferred for lubritants. Crystalline

graphite is

motor commutators

and crucibles

Gypsum CaS04, , H,O

Bhavnagar, Junagadh,

Sedimentary

Jamnagar,
Kutch etc.

3.37 Associated with rock silt, mT limestone and shale, Gaj clay is gypsum bearing area

As plaster of paris, Portland cement, and

filler in paper,

textil e, paint and rubber industries

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

MINERAL RESOURCES
~~r~~f~~1
Occurs in Eocene
formation of tertiary in Kutch, Tadkeshwar formation from upper eocene to oligocene in Bharuch and confined to Cam bay shale of

Mineral

location

Origin

Reserves

Uses

Remarks

Lignite (Brown coal)

Kutch, Bhavnagar, Surat, Bharuch,

Sedimentary

2139.08 mT

Utilized as substitute fuel for

bituminous
coal.

Navsari

lower Eocene
age in Surat and in Bhavnagar confined to Eocene age. Limestone Kutch, Porbandar, Junagadh, Amreli, Bhavnagar, Dahod, Panchmahal, Bharuch, Sedimentary and Associated with all metamorphic, stratigraphic

11987 mT

For
manufacture or Cement, bleaching powder, Soda ash, Caustic soda, Cal. Carbide etc. Also as flux

Igneous

horizons
in Gujarat

Narmada,
Sabarkantha, Rajkot, Surendra & Kheda dis!. Manganese Ore MnO" Metamorphic Vadodara Associated with schist, phyllite and gneiss and quartzite rock of Champaner
2.5 mT in
Panchmahal

in blast fumace.

H2 O

Different industries like metallurgical, chemical and textile

Manganese in alloy fanns is an essential input in steel making

senes

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

MINERAL RESOURCES

with rocks of Ajabgadh series of Delhi Igneous Occurs fonn of

mT

monuments,

statues,
fluorine,

slabs for
decoration
ctc.

metamorphic equivalent of limestone and dolomite

mT

raw material for

glass, pottery

intrusions in
Chhotaudepur tal. of Baroda dis!. Perlite Osam hills POPCORN of Rajkot Igneous gabro and diorite of Gimar hills
Not Formed by assessed the hydration of rhyolitic obsidian

and ceramic
industries

mineral

Ultra light weight aggregates, as filter aid in

water

Hydrated glass, a
volcanic

treatment and
purification,

rock chiefly arhyolite

in processing
of sugar

Quartz Si02

Amreli, Vadodara, Kheda, Panchmahal, Dahod dists.

Igneous

Generally quartz

4 mT

Manufacture

occurs

In

veins lenses

or ribs associated with pegmatite intrusives Sedimentary Straty fonn deposit along lignite bearing shales in lower tertiary (madh series) in Kutch
4.65 mT

of glass, refractory bricks and metallurgical fluxes

Siderite FeC03

Kutch

Production of hydrogen
steam &

Most of the
reserves

hydrogen is used in Vanaspati (oil and fat manufacture)

mined out

Geological Evolution & Mineral Resources of GUJARAT

MINERAL RESOURCES

Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Kutch, Dahod, Panchmahal, Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surendranagar, Bharuch, Surat dists. Soap Sabarkantha Stone dis!. (Steatite)

water

mT

purification and manufacture of

glass, synthetic foundry etc .

production in India

7000 mT Metamorphic Occurs in (poor Aravali reserve) system and comprises of quartzite, Schist and ultra basic rocks and quartz

Filler for

paint, paper and rubber & in plaster foundry facing and lubricants

Hydrated silicate of AI,Mg and Fe

Vadodara and dists.

Sedimentary

Associated with camptonite dyke subjected to extensive weathering

0.001 mT

Light weight and

V el)' poor insulating as small concrete patch is there

Wollastonite CaSiOJ

Banaskantha

Formed by metamorphism of si liceous limestone

Is developed 3.4 mT along the

contact zone

of granite and highly distorted bands of Calcgneisses

In Ceramic industri es, as extender in paints

Source Mineral Treasure of Gujarat - 2002, CGM, Gujarat