Martin Luther-

Who: A German monk

What: Initiated the Protestant reformation

When: shortly after 1492

Where: Western Europe

Why: he wanted a change in religion

John Calvin-

Who: a Frenchman

What: reformed Christian communities around the select few that he believed had
been chosen by god to be saved (Calvinism)

When: 1500s

Where: France

Why: religious reformers from all over Europe came to take part in Calvinism

Henry 8th-

Who: King of England

What: declared himself head of the Church of England

When: mid 1500s

Where: England

Why: moved in the protestant direction

New Netherland- (73)

Who/What: the mid-Atlantic area controlled by the Dutch

When: 1624

Where: mouth of the Hudson River

Why: good way to take over more land

William Penn-(78)

Who: An English Quaker that led the Quakers in the New World

What: Established “West Jersey” (former New Netherlands)

-Settlers guaranteed freedom of religion and trial by jury

When: 1670’s and 80’s

Where: Current Pennsylvania

Why: offered a peaceful co-existence for people from all religions and national
backgrounds

Quakers:

Who: inhabitants from Pennsylvania

What: peaceful outlook on life

-elected reps to initiate laws

-practiced pacifism

-Focused on love and non resistance

When: 1682

Where: Pennsylvania

Why: new outlook on life: peaceful and friendly

Powhatan-

Who: The Indian tribe that conversed with the Jamestown colony

What: brought food and supplies to the sick settlers until John Smith raided them
and then they withdrew

When: `600’s

Where: Northern VA

Why: - violence with them increased when more immigrants came because of
tobacco

– Wiped out ¼ of whites

George Calvert- (58).

Who: English nobleman

What: designed and promoted the new colony

What: designed and promoted the new colony

When: 1628

Where: The New World

Why: protected Catholics

Nathanial Bacon-(59-61)
Who: A Virginian planter~ became the frontiersmen’s leader

What: - started “Bacons rebellion” ~conflict between both settlers and Native
Americans and civil Between Settlers

When: 1660’s-1670’s

Where: New World

Why: Started feuds outside VA and more planter rebellion

Sir William Berkeley- (60).

Who: Governor of VA

What: - reversed Bacon in a civil battle

-wasn’t liked because of high taxes and a monopoly

When: 1660’s-1670’s

Where: Virginia

Why: Overthrown by many rebellious farmers

Queen Elizabeth- (40).

Who: English Queen from 1558-1603

What: provided aid to the protestant Dutch to revolt against Catholic. (Sent out
6,000 English troops)

When: 1580’s

Where: England

Why: fed the flames for the international catholic-protestant conflict (1585)

King Phillip II- (40).

Who: Catholic king of Spain

What: - Plotted against Queen Elizabeth

-Sent 20,000 soldiers into Netherlands to suppress Protestantism (1567)

-1572: killed thousands of French Protestants

When: late 1500’s

Where: Spain

Why: vowed to remove all Protestants

Francis Drake- (40).

Who: English protestant

What: - raided Spanish Ships on the coasts of Mexico and Peru

– Bombarded Spanish St. Augustine in Florida

– Led the English ships to defeat the Spanish armada to protect England
from 130 ships

When: 1580’s

Where: England

Why: - started “protestant wind”

– Brought a temp. stalemate to religious wars

-solidified Protestantism in England

Richard Hakluyt- (40-41).

Who: 2 English cousins

What: -advertised advantages of colonizing across the Atlantic

– Tried to break the Iberian monopoly on New World riches

When: 1580’s and 1590’s

Where: England

Why: England started colonizing

Puritans-

Who: English

What: wanted to “purify” the Church of England of Catholics

When: late 16th century

Where: England

Why: - feared growth of turbulent cities, increase of wandering poor, rising prices,
accelerating commercial products

– Took responsibility for converting people

– Imposed new discipline

Roger Williams-

Who: Salem’s Minister

What: said that the Massachusetts was not pure b/c they weren’t separate from the
Church of England
When: 1633

Where: Massachusetts

Why: Said that government shouldn’t be concerned with religion

Anne Hutchinson-

Who: midwife, healer, and spiritual counselor in Boston

What: suggested “holy spirit” was absent in preaching’s of the same ministers

When ~ 1634

Where: Boston

Why: -Started “antinomianism” – stressed mystical nature of god’s gift of grace and
efforts individuals could make to gain salvation

-divided Boston in 2

-Gave women strength

Tobacco Coast:

Who: VA and MA

What: sent 25 mil. Pounds of tobacco annually

When: 1680’s

Where: East Coast

Why: When transportation costs inflated, tobacco popularity goes down and exports
became more diverse

• Planters reputation relied on quality of the crop

The Rice coast:

Who: Lower South

What:- indigo (blue dye) becomes big

-lots of rice being harvested

-LOTS of slaves

When: 18th century

Where: Southern countries

Why: increased slave population to 90%