Objectives

Urban Dialectics, an Inquiry & Design Colloquy, operating under the umbrella of Urban Algorisms, an Inquiry, Instruction, Design, and Development Ensemble (ii.2d), publishes the Journal of Inquiry in Design Pedagogy (JIDEP). Urban Dialectics is committed to promoting a culture of excellence in the management of our resources and in the sustainable use of the environment. To this end, it has set up JIDEP as a forum for training emerging scholars in the discipline of research, academic discourse, and in the dissemination of empirically acquired scientific knowledge. The Journal of Inquiry in Design Pedagogy [JIDEP] is a double blind peer-reviewed serialisation that targets graduate and undergraduate student participation in critical scientific research inquiry, discovery, and knowledge dissemination. Being a citable publication with wide cross-border distribution, it is dedicated to promoting novel research based concepts, theory development, and innovative design solutions in the built environment. The journal also serves as an instrument through which contributors and readers learn the very essential skill of scholarly scientific research reflection, reporting, and structured contention.

Scope

The journal documents and disseminates contemporary empirical thought, from the unique perspective of the unfettered and imaginative vantage point of subtle, youthful minds. It fully acknowledges their peculiar penchant for radical creativity. The journal enjoys a broad reach within the discipline of the built environment. It brings together resourcefulness in architectural theory, structures, technology, building environmental science, planning, urban design, conservation, and housing design and policy.

Ready-to-referee manuscripts should be dispatched to:

The Editor-in-chief, Journal of Inquiry in Desing Pedagogy [JIDEP]; http://www.fimen.net/UrbanDialectics.html; http://www.urbanalgorisms.net, E-mail: ii.2d_udjidep@yahoo.co.uk; Telephone +254-727-594-421/+250-788-829-576

[Volume 1, number 1, June 2013, Printable version]

end of the journal, in the last pages, The journal publishes electronically.

Publication of papers is carried out without charge to the authors, A guide to authors is included at the

Objectives
Urban Dialectics, an Inquiry & Design Colloquy, operating under the umbrella of Urban Algorisms, an Inquiry, Instruction, Design, and Development Ensemble (ii.2d), publishes the Journal of Inquiry in Design Pedagogy (JIDEP). Urban Dialectics is committed to promoting a culture of excellence in the management of our resources and in the sustainable use of the environment. To this end, it has set up JIDEP as a forum for training emerging scholars in the discipline of research, academic discourse, and in the dissemination of empirically acquired scientific knowledge. The Journal of Inquiry in Design Pedagogy [JIDEP] is a double blind peer-reviewed serialisation that targets graduate and undergraduate student participation in critical scientific research inquiry, discovery, and knowledge dissemination. Being a citable publication with wide cross-border distribution, it is dedicated to promoting novel research based concepts, theory development, and innovative design solutions in the built environment. The journal also serves as an instrument through which contributors and readers learn the very essential skill of scholarly scientific research reflection, reporting, and structured contention.

Scope
The journal documents and disseminates contemporary empirical thought, from the unique perspective of the unfettered and imaginative vantage point of subtle, youthful minds. It fully acknowledges their peculiar penchant for radical creativity. The journal enjoys a broad reach within the discipline of the built environment. It brings together resourcefulness in architectural theory, structures, technology, building environmental science, planning, urban design, conservation, and housing design and policy.

Ready-to-referee manuscripts should be dispatched to:

The Editor-in-chief, Journal of Inquiry in Desing Pedagogy [JIDEP]; http://www.fimen.net/UrbanDialectics.html; http://www.urbanalgorisms.net, E-mail: ii.2d_udjidep@yahoo.co.uk; Telephone +254-727-594-421/+250-788-829-576 in electronic form only. Publication of papers is carried out without charge to the authors, A guide to authors are included at the end of the journal, in the last pages, The journal publishes electronically only.

Editorial Board
Editor-in-Chief..Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Workforce Development Authority Art editor....Philip Ochieng Okello (M., Arch), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology (JKUAT), Kenya.
(WDA), Rwanda,

Associate Editors:

Environmental Management Planning & DesignJames K. A. Koske (PhD), Kenyatta University (KU), Kenya, Architecture, Urban Design & Conservation...Bernard Njuguna Muqwima (PhD), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology (JKUAT), Kenya, Sociology & Planning....Sampson Mwangi Wokabi (PhD), Egerton (EU), Kenya, Structural Aesthetics & Technology..Christopher Muthini Mbatha (Dr., Ing), University of Nairobi (UoN), Kenya, Urbanisation, Housing design & Policy...Jeremiah Nyabuti Ayonga (PhD), Moi University, Kenya.

Honourary Editor:

Sampson Ikewochukwu Umenne...MARCON, MAAK, MIAZ, MACZ, reg. arch., Consultant, Human Settlement Development, Deputy Director and Head of the Department of Architecture, Polytechnic of Namibia, Private Box 13388, Windhoek, Republic of Namibia

Review

Every paper is separately reviewed by three referees, and their counsel communicated to the author (s) within 3 months of receipt of the papers. The authors (s) are expected to address all advised amendments and to tender the revised paper within 3 months from the date that the referees direction was sent out to them. Late submiss ion that fails to meet this schedule will be regarded as utterly new submissions. Such papers will then be taken all over again, through the full process of review. Author (s) whose papers qualify for publication will each be given a free copy of the particular journal issue that contains their as-published papers. Complete copies of all issues of the journal will be made available to interested readers, at a prescribed cost.

Copyright

Authors should be careful to only submit to the Journal of Inquiry in Design Pedagogy [JIDEP], original unpublished works, which are not under consideration for publication somewhere else. By submitting a manuscript, authors in effect sanction the transfer of copyright for their article to the publisher, once the article is accepted for publication. This copyright covers the unreserved right to reproduce and distribute the article, and also reprints, photographic reproductions, microfilm, or any other reproduction of a similar nature, and also of any other form, including translations. The journal endeavors to ensure technical exactness and dependability of ideas and opinions. Author(s) however are fully liable for compliance with copyright laws and the rules as well as ethics of plagiarism, with regard to referencing, citations, quotes and reproductions. They carry full responsibility over the information contained in their respective papers.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Philip Ochieng Okello (pcmokello@yahoo.co.uk) & Tetsumi Horikoshi (horikoshi.tetsumi@nitech.ac.jp) Micro climate and thermal comfort in urban parks and their surrounding built up area A case of Meijou Park, located at the center of Nagoya city, Japan

Leah Wamuyu Maringa (mamagimony@yahoo.co.uk) & Paul Mwangi (pmmaringa@yahoo.co.uk) Improving the performance of human resource systems in Kenyan e-hotels

Maringa

Bernard Njuguna Mugwima (mugwima@yahoo.com) & Ephraim (ewahome@hotmail.com) Perceptions in commons: A case of the historic old town Mombasa

W.

Wahome

Maina Maringa (maina_maringa@yahoo.com) & Peter J. Miano (mmwai_pj@yahoo.com) A proposed state-of-art automation training centre of excellence for TVET that is designed to meet the needs of identified programmes Leah Wamuyu Maringa (mamagimony@yahoo.co.uk) & Paul (pmmaringa@yahoo.co.uk) Primary activity efficiency of the work process in ICT based hotels Mwangi Maringa

Maina Maringa (maina_maringa@yahoo.co.uk) & Paul Mwangi Maringa (pmmaringa@yahoo.co.uk) Setting up a model college of technology in Kigali city The Kicukiro College of Technology (KCoT)

TABLE OF CONTENTS FORE MATTER Objectives of the Journal01 Scope of the Journal.01 Manuscript dispatch advice02 Paper review policy..02 Copyright rules of the Journal02 List of Contributors to this issue03 Guide to authors..11 MAIN TEXT Table of Contents.04 Paper Listing 1. Micro climate and thermal comfort in urban parks and their surrounding built up area A case of Meijou Park, located at the center of Nagoya city, Japan, Philip Ochieng Okello (pcmokello@yahoo.co.uk) & Tetsumi Horikoshi (horikoshi.tetsumi@nitech.ac.jp)...........................................................................................................................................05 Improving the performance of human resource systems in Kenyan E-hotels, Leah Wamuyu Maringa (mamagimony@yahoo.co.uk) & Paul Mwangi Maringa (pmmaringa@yahoo.co.uk)..............................................................................................................................................17
2.

Perceptions in commons: A case of old town Mombasa, Bernard Njuguna Mugwima (Mugwima@yahoo.com) & Ephraim W. Wahome (ewahome@hotmail.com).............................................................................................................................................44
3.

4. A proposed state-of-art automation training centre of excellence for TVET that is designed to meet the needs of identified programmes, Maina Maringa (maina_maringa@yahoo.com) & Peter J. Miano (mmwai_pj@yahoo.com)...................................70 Primary activity efficiency of the work process in ICT based hotels, Leah Wamuyu Maringa (mamagimony@yahoo.co.uk) & Paul Mwangi Maringa (pmmaringa@yahoo.co.uk)...................................................................................................................................................87
5.

6. Setting up a model college of technology in Kigali city The Kicukiro College of Technology (KCoT), Maina Maringa (maina_maringa@yahoo.com) & Paul Mwangi Maringa (pmmaringa@yahoo.co.uk)...................................................................................106 Guide to Authors.156

Micro climate and thermal comfort in urban parks and their surrounding built up area A case of Meijou Park, located at the center of Nagoya city, Japan,
Philip Ochieng Okello (M., Arch, B.Arch hons, corporate m.a.a.k, reg. Arch), Principal intricate Design, Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology (JKUAT), P.O Box, 62000, Nairobi, Kenya, Tel: +254 735446755, +254 704588906. Email: pmcokello@yahoo.co.uk & Tetsumi Horikoshi, (Bsc Eng., Msc Eng., Doctor of Engineering, MAIJ, MSHACSEJ, MCPIJ, MSHES), Professor of Engineering, Department of Architecture and Design, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso - Cho, Showa Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, 4668555, Nagoya Institute of Technology 11 406, TEL: +8152-735-5509, Email: horikoshi.tetsumi@nitech.ac.jp

Abstract

Several research studies have been carried out on the issue of mitigating urban heat islands and thermal comfort in cities. In one such study, Gill et all, (2007), suggested that if the green cover in cities would be increased by 10%, there would be a considerable reduction in urban temperatures. However there still exists a knowledge gap as far as outdoor thermal comfort is concerned (Swaid et al, 1993; Nikolopoulou et al, 2001; Givoni et al, 2003). It is from this realisation that this paper seeks to establish facts about thermal comfort and microclimatic conditions around the Meijo Park that is located at the center of Nagoya city, Japan. The objective of this research was to clarify the microclimate of Meijou Park and its surrounding built up area and further to use the data obtained from the observations to analyze the conditions for thermal comfort that result from the hypothesized cooling effect of the park on its surrounding built up environment. Observations were carried out on the 11th & 22nd of August, 2009 and finally on the 28th of August, 2010. The study concluded that by creating of Cool Islands within the urban area, spaces of greenery when used optimally in urban design would lead to mitigation of heat islands. Additionally with regard to the impact of urban geometry on thermal comfort, it was established that areas with higher SVF were relatively more comfortable than those with lower SVF. The study also verified conditions for thermal comfort.

Key words: Urban Heat Island (UHI), thermal comfort, cool islands, greenery ratio, Sky View Factor (SVF).

Improving the performance of human resource systems in Kenyan E-hotels

Leah Wamuyu Maringa (Msc-HTM, Bsc-HRM, H/Dip-IM, O/Dip-IM), Senior Lecture and Head of Department, Rwanda University Tourism College (RUTC), P.O. BOX, 5150, Kigali, Rwanda, Tel: (+250 0783271990, +254 716735052; Fax: (+250 575551), Email: mamagimony@yahoo.co.uk & Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD, M.A. Planning U & R, B.Arch hons, corporate m.a.a.k, m.k.i.p, reg. Arch), Associate Professor in Architecture & Planning, Senior Expert, Planning & Project Management, Workforce Development Authority, (WDA), P.O Box, 2707, Kigali, Rwanda, Tel: +250788829576, +254 727594421, Email: pmmaringa@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract
Efficient delivery of services depends a lot on timely unimpeded information transfer between and within the various activity nodes in an e-hotel. This paper focuses attention on the performance of the Human Resource Systems activity node of an e-hotel, as it is catalysed by the Information Communication Technology (ICT) revolution that has so transformed global human economic and social activities. This relationship with ICT is given premium especially because potential customers today have become ICT literate, seeking information on hotel services and communicating through the ICT medium. Hotels that fail to adopt this technology then are hard pressed to survive. The inquiry adopts the cross-sectional sample survey design scientific methodology with a logical systematic and repeatable sequence of procedures, which are ordered into a coherent descriptive research design. For representativeness, reliability and validity, it makes use of the proportional allocation procedure, blending simple random sampling with cluster and stratified sampling to maximise homogeneity of sample units. The study establishes a clear dependency of efficient delivery of service in the human resource systems on the application of ICT. This positive response to ICT interventions grows with rising hotel star rating, but with a slump for the trends in the 3rd and 4th star rating of e-hotels, and this, tallies well with the eventual increases in levels of computerisation and computer literacy. By and large there is no differentiation in responsiveness for personnel management, hotel infrastructure, and general activity coordination, the three functions of human resource management. It is necessary then for e-hotels with low star rating to prioritise investments that improve their physical facilities along with the quality of their personnel. They ought to emphasise more investment on computerisation, while building in an efficient ICT infrastructure. These e-hotels should set internal ICT policies for all operations and services while insisting on all communication with customers to be computer based.

Key words: Performance, ICT, Human Resource Systems

Perceptions in commons: A case of old town Mombasa

Bernard Njuguna Mugwima (B.Arch Hons, M.A Planning, PhD, m.a.a.k, m.k.i.p, reg., Arch), Architect/ Planner, Lecturer, Department of Landscape Architecture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya, Tel: +254 722332866; E-mail: mugwima@yahoo.com & Ephraim W. Wahome (PhD), Senior Lecturer, Department of History and Archaeology, University of Nairobi (UoN), P.O. Box 32150, Nairobi, Kenya, Tel: +254 ; Email: ewahome@uonbi.ac.ke, ewahome@hotmail.com

Abstract

The dynamics of growth and development places enormous strain on land use activities in urban historic areas. With this growth, new spatial patterns emerge that lead to both visual and functional contradictions, which are manifested in an inappropriate scale within urban historic areas. The variety and complexity that is inherent in traditional cities is being replaced by insipid high-rise forms of accommodation. The Old Town of Mombasa, Kenya, is one such historic area that is losing its historic built-up heritage and individuality at an alarming rate. Mombasa has been a leading trading town for centuries thereby creating an architectural legacy of historic buildings and spaces. Its old town has ornately carved doors, covered balconies, narrow streets and alleyways that accord it a truly unique character. The study posits that the standards and guidelines governing conservation ignore community participation, and this creates a social disconnect and in consequence, visual contradictions in the resulting urban-scape. This study seeks to establish the attitudes of residents towards their urban environment. It further endeavours to establish the factors underlying their perception of the urban historic neighbourhood that they inhabit. In order to effectively elicit the attitude of these residents towards built their urban environment, a semantic differential scale was put to use in a field survey that involved a sample of 693 residents. The principal component analysis that is based on correlation matrices was used to establish the latent structure of a large set of variables that influence the perception of these residents regarding the urban conserved area that they occupied. The results suggested that conservation in the old town should strive to achieve appropriate order, maintenance and upkeep as well as scale while creating serial vision. Such conservation would also seek to engender open views and panoramas where possible, enhance orientation and continuity, and achieve the necessary complexity without creating an information overload or monotony. This flexible approach would then form the basis for a framework of conservation that reflected local distinctiveness, and one which would be endowed with an experiential rather than habitual built environment.

Keywords: Conservation, Old Town of Mombasa, Attitudes, Likability, Factor Analysis, Complexity

A proposed state-of-art automation training centre of excellence for TVET that is designed to meet the needs of identified programmes
Maina Maringa, (Ph.D., CEng & MIMechE), Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Acting Executive Dean, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, The Technical University of Kenya (TUK), P.O. BOX, 52428 NAIROBI, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya, Tel: +254 727 594 564, Email: maina_maringa@yahoo.com & Peter J. Miano (MSc,, MIET-(UK), Assistant Dean, School of Engineering Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya (TUK), P.O. BOX, 52428 NAIROBI, 00200, Kenya, Tel: +254 720321405, Email: mmwai_pj@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
Automation refers to the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services (Alan Katz, 2009). Indeed, within the framework of industrialisation, automation is a step beyond mechanisation. Whereas mechanisation provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well (Ian Brady, 2012). Its wide and ever increasing application in the world today, and the attendant costs of automation systems, demand well trained skilled and competent personnel to design manufacture and operate automation systems. This need can only be met by the establishment of well thought out automation laboratories to support the skilling of users in design manufacture and operation of automation systems. It is such a laboratory that this paper articulates.

Key Words: Skills Training, Control Systems, Automation Engineering Laboratories, Automation Equipment, State-of-Art Laboratories.

Primary activity efficiency of the work process in ICT based hotels

Leah Wamuyu Maringa (Msc-HTM, Bsc-HRM, H/Dip-IM, O/Dip-IM), Senior Lecture and Head of Department, Rwanda University Tourism College (RUTC), P.O. BOX, 5150, Kigali, Rwanda, Tel: (+250 08302737/ 462609; Fax: (+250 575551), Email: mamagimony@yahoo.co.uk & Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD, M.A. Planning U & R, B.Arch hons, corporate m.a.a.k, m.k.i.p, reg. Arch), Associate Professor in Architecture & Planning, Senior Expert, Planning & Project Management, Workforce Development Authority, (WDA), P.O Box, 2707, Kigali, Rwanda, Tel: +250 788829576, +254 727594421, Email: pmmaringa@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract
Increasingly, the world has become one common market to the extent that all business now confronts worldwide competition. To retain the competitive edge business adaptation to groundbreaking trends especially of technology is a critical prerequisite. Hotels are no exception. They are inundated by the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) revolution, which demands ICT compliance for all services. Inquiry into the nature of hotels and their ICT anchorage then is crucial. A vital concern is the way in which ICT supports better delivery of services at all seminal levels of operation of these hotels. The survey recognizes the natural ordering of hotels into spatial clusters of circuits, and in terms of star rating, roping in those ranks that have ICT relevance. Thus the 2 to 5 star rated hotels. Deep probing structured interview schedule survey instruments are used in the field inquiry. A descriptive, cross sectional sample survey research design is adopted to ensure detailed description of the observed phenomenon and effective representative coverage of the field of inquiry. The work process emerges as being variously sensitive to ICT stimulus in its levels of efficiency. Recipe costing and stock control systems are the most responsive functions of this activity level. Rooming follows closely. Conferencing and banqueting also displays some modest measure of response. At the bottom are, electric points of sale, and automated mini-bars. This then is the hierarchy of recommended points of intervention when seeking to improve efficiency in the work process of ehotels. In its reverse form, it represents the need level for adaptation of e-hotels, in order for them to achieve ICT compliance, and therefore to meaningfully begin to benefit from its application in this primary activity level.

Key words: Efficiency, Information and Communication Technology, Work Process, Primary Activities

10

Setting up a model college of technology in Kigali city The Kicukiro College of Technology (KCoT)

Maina Maringa, (Ph.D,, CEng & MIMechE), Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Acting Executive Dean, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, The Technical University of Kenya (TUK), P.O. BOX, 52428 NAIROBI, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya, Tel: +254 727 594 564, Email: maina_maringa@yahoo.com

& Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD, M.A. Planning U & R, B.Arch hons, corporate m.a.a.k, m.k.i.p, reg. Arch), Associate Professor in Architecture & Planning, Senior Expert, Planning & Project Management, Workforce Development Authority, (WDA), P.O Box, 2707, Kigali, Rwanda, Tel: +250 788829576, +254 727594421, Email: pmmaringa@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract

The paper considers the implementation phase of an intervention in the TVET system, in the sense of practical setting up of training institutions. It presents findings of a study undertaken in the month of November 2007 for the Ministry of Education (MINEDUC) in Rwanda, to explore possibilities of setting up a diploma level technical college. This new entity would complement and support the role of the only other diploma awarding technical college in the country, the Tumba College of Technology (TCoT). The paper presents in sequence, a background study of technical education in the country, an assessment of the need for skilled manpower at different levels in the nation and proposals to address the identified shortfalls in the technical education system of Rwanda. Both short and long term proposals to address the shortage of technical teachers in the country are put forward in the paper, and details of setting up the proposed college at the then site of ETO Kicukiro, presented, complete with timelines and budgets.

Key words: Technical Education, Rwanda, Institutional Establishment, Skills Training

11

Guide to authors
Submission of manuscripts
One electronic copy each in MS Word and PDF of all manuscripts accompanied by all original figures and tables should be submitted by email to the Editor-in-chief, Journal of Inquiry In Design Pedagogy [JIDEP]; http://www.urbanalgorisms.net, E-mail: ii.2d_udjidep@yahoo.co.uk; Telephone +254-727-594-421/+250-788-829-576. These will all be submitted in English, and be original unpublished works, which are not under consideration for publication anywhere else. The manuscripts shall be subjected to blind review. Revision may therefore be necessary before a ruling is made to either accept or reject papers. The authors shall be obligated to send a pdf soft copy of the manuscript in its final form to the Editor-in-chief, in concert with an ms word soft copy, once a paper has been accepted. These submissions will be in a standard word processing package.

Preparation of manuscripts

Manuscripts must be clearly typed, set into a one-and-a-half spacing, and fitted on a 210 x 297mm - A4 paper with a portrait orientation, and a 250mm margin all round. Use of a high-resolution laser printer is recommended. Every paper manuscript will adhere to the following topical structure and content:

Title page

This serves as the cover page for the paper. It will contain in order: (a) a concise, informative title that plainly outlines the problem for inquiry, and its intrinsic concerns; (b) the full names, professional and academic credentials, and affiliations of all authors; (c) the full mailing address, telephone, fax numbers, and e-mail addresses of these authors. Subsequent pages must be kept free of any identifying mark (s) of the author (s).

Abstract

This is the first page of the paper. It will be introduced by not more than 5 keywords that identify the theme of inquiry for the paper. The abstract needs to be an accurate, conventionally structured, and informative and be within 150-200 words. It should address generic contentions, context, methods, findings, conclusions, implications, and recommendations of the research that the paper presents.

Text

The text should all be fully justified. All paragraphs shall be separated by one blank line. Sections will be given chronological numbers, and bold section titles. Sub titles shall be restricted to one level only. They will be numbered in a similar manner and be bold too. Titles will be separated from preceding text by two bare lines, and from succeeding text with one blank line. Conventional style and formatting will in all other situations be use. Papers should be formatted to conform to the following topical structure: 1.0: Introduction, 2.0: The Problem, 3.0: Aims & Objectives, 4.0: Methods, 5.0: Analysis, 6.0: Results, 7.0: Findings, 8.0: Conclusions, 9.0: Implications, 10.0: Recommendations, 11.0: Bibliography, 12.0: Appendices.

Introduction

The introduction will explicitly point out the purpose of the inquiry that is embodied in the paper. It will also sketch out well the subject area well, and the accompanying propositions, objectives, and scope of the research. It will further briefly review relatable past research. It will thereafter unequivocally single out the research gap of interest. This introduction must steer clear of the appearance of a historical narrative or that of a literature review.

Frameworks, Models, and Methodologies

Effective communication that is founded on clear and accurate diagrams is essential here. A manifest command of the operational meanings of these research concepts is vital. Other critical explanations may be displayed in the appendices. It is necessary for a valid and reliable course of inquiry, which implicitly confirms innovation, and one that makes isomorphism and therefore the repeatability of research certain, to come through. Value should be accorded to originality of thought and a derived modeling. Replication of previously published novelties may only be done for their absolutely crucial and strictly supportive elements.

12

Results-findings and Discussion

Results and findings shall be delivered through data presentation and analysis that is anchored on explanatory discussions. Economical use of illustrative tables and figures that are not repetitious is encouraged. These illustrative tools must be disposed to enable easy comprehension. Analysis and discussion must concise, being restricted to the results of the research, which the paper emerges from. Analysis should principally be focused on theoretical issues. Discussions in turn ought to prioritise, both the theoretical and practical challenges that were outlined at the outset, for inquiry. They should clearly reveal the resulting trends and interactions, in order to effectively guide subsequent inference making.

Conclusions, Recommendations and Implications

Conclusions should be brief and to the point. They are expected to highlight new concepts, the advancement of new theory, contribution to knowledge, and discovery, which the inquiry accomplishes. The research gap and practical problems that provoked research must be shown to have been convincingly resolved. Resulting Implications should preferably be bulleted or featured in point form. These implications should be sequenced along the lines of policy development, desirable public contribution, and involvement by practitioners, technocrats and professionals, in a process of possible implementation.

Acknowledgments

Authors are encouraged to acknowledge their financial and academic benefactors in accordance with convention. In carrying out this exercise they should maintain extreme brevity, and relevance to the inquiry that the paper reports on.

Notes and references

All explanatory notes and references shall be shown by appropriately inserting a superscript number in the text. A complete schedule of these notes and references must eventually be put on view at the end of the paper. Journal references that are relied upon in the paper, should include, all the names and initials of the authors, year of publication, title of paper; as well as all the entire journal titles, volume numbers, and the first and last page numbers. References to books should include the edition, all editor(s) and all authors, the publishers and also place of publication of these books. It is the responsibility of the authors to crosscheck the accuracy of their referencing. Contributing authors are advised to adhere to the following style of referencing:

Internet Journal articles

Ruita, Gashoki Gitonga, 2006, Seminal Attributes of the Quality of the Urban Environment, http//www.biocicityenvit.ppa.nrb/sustcitymgmt.htm

Journal articles
Wairimu, M. Nyandeto, 2000, Suggestions on the Generic Description of Social Sustainability in Cities , The Journal of

Environment, vol. 47, 2000: 49-58

Book
Judge, Gimony, 2006, A Critical Appraisal of the Basic Factors of Environmental Sustainability in Cities, Grove Publishers, Nairobi, Kenya

Edited book
Umpire, L. Wamuyu, 1994, Seminal Attributes of the Quality of the Urban Environment, in P. M. Maringa (ed.), Urban insights, ASAP Publishers, Nairobi, Kenya: 130-155

Length

Authors should endeavor to contain their papers within 3,000 to 5,000 words that tally with 10 to 15 pages of 1.5 spacing in font 11 lettering, and in a 250mm all round margin. Seminal papers that feature momentous discovery of knowledge, or extreme novelty will be allowed a higher limit of 10,000 to 15,000 words, or to 20 to 30 pages.

13

Key Words
Authors are expected to provide not more than five indexing words that effectively sum up the content of the paper, to a casual scanner or browser.

Tables, illustrations and captions

These must be kept to a minimum. Tables must be typed on separate sheets and saved as separate files. They should not be included as part of the text. Artwork for illustrations should be provided in a clear scanned form. It should be in a finished format that is suitable for reproduction, as the publisher will normally not recreate the illustrations. These illustrations are to be sent electronically, preferably in the JPEG image format. The TIFF (tagged image file), or EPS (encapsulated postscript) formats are also acceptable options. Captions to the illustrations should be included in this artwork submission. Tables and figures should be labeled using Arabic numerals that specify their intended location in the text. The desired position of these tables and illustrations should be shown clearly in the paper. This is best achieved by actually featuring them in these intended positions, aside from providing them on a separate sheet and file. The author(s) must arrange for permission to the reproduce the illustrations and tables that are supplied for use in the articles. Tables and figures should always be preceded by introductory text. Their respective titles should be placed above, while legends and acknowledgements of sources are located immediately below these tables and figures. These acknowledgements of sources should also be underlined. Titles of tables and figures should be bolded and be of font size 10 lettering. Further, they should be single-spaced and with an underlining of the last line. Legends and acknowledgements of sources of tables and figures likewise ought to be single-spaced but with an italicised font size 8 lettering. These tables and figures are to be numbered with sequenced numerals that correspond to the sections and subsections of the paper, where they specifically are to be featured.

Conventions

Authors are advised to confine themselves solely to the conventional SI units. All numbers of two or more digits, and also the single digits when attached to units of measure should be in Numeral form. Acronyms and abbreviations ought come after their full translation and be in parenthesis when first encountered in the text of the paper. It is only then that they can appear as unadorned acronyms that are capitalised, in accordance with prevailing convention.

Book reviews and notes

Book reviews should be kept within 1,000 to1 500 words. They must reflect an objective evaluation of the text that they discuss, in regarding its contribution to the discovery of knowledge. Reviews should only be conducted in subject areas that expressly conform to prescribed scope and focus of this journal. Voluntary book reviews will normally not be accepted for publication. Notes that appreciably aim to draw attention to an important trend of thought that courses through previous papers that are published in this journal, or to critic postulations of individual past papers should be of 500-1,000 words. All reviews and notes should be typed, be of one-and-a-half-spacing and fitted on an A4 portrait paper orientation, with a 250mm all round margins. All attendant citations must fully respect accepted convention. Headings of reviews and notes should spell clearly, the title, author, origin, publisher, date and number of pages of the text under review or critical analysis, as shown here below: LIVING IN YESTERYEARS MBUI-IMWE, JOSEPH KABURUSHU, 2006 MARIDADI YA UTU PUBLISHERS pp., 150, Kshs., 2000, paper back ISBN Number xxyyzzz No payment will be made against reviews and notes. Contributors can however cite their publication, and thereby gain the requisite credit. Proofs These will only be released to author(s), when time allows. They must be attended to appropriately and returned in 7 days. At this point in time no major alterations will be accommodated.

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