Angls Recursos per a loralitat

En aquest document hi trobars resumides algunes qestions lxiques i gramaticals que tajudaran a consolidar i augmentar les teves habilitats a lhora de participar als grups de conversa. Shi inclouen recursos per als nivells mitj i avanat. Si trobes vocabulari o estructures que sn difcils o desconeguts per a tu, no cal que els facis servir. La intenci s que sigui un esquema recordatori, i no una eina de consulta exhaustiva. Si vols trobar ms informaci o exemples, a lltima pgina et suggerim la bibliografia on podrs consultar-los.

Word Order

Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Interrogative Questions (different types)

Subject + Verb + Object Example: I ate an apple. Subject + Auxiliary do + not + Verb + Object Example: I do not like you. Yes/No Questions Wh- questions Question tags or tail questions Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Verb + Object. Example: Do you like Barcelona? Wh- pronoun + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Verb + (Object) Example: Who are you teasing? Affirmative sentence + negative question tag Example: Paul is working, isnt he? Negative sentence + positive question tag Example: Mike hasnt passed his exams, has he? Echo Questions A: I went to Alaska. B: You went to Alaska?

Present Simple

Present

A: I like pizza. N: I dont like pizza. Q: Do I like pizza? A: Mariah is running a marathon. N: Mariah isnt running a marathon. Q: Is Mariah running a marathon? A: I have been to England. N: I havent been to England. Q: Have you ever been to England? A: I have been standing since eight oclock. N: I havent been standing since eight oclock. Q: Have I been standing since eight oclock? A: Jane looked sad. N: Jane didnt look sad. Q: Did Jane look sad? A: My friends and I were studying at the library. N: My friends and I werent studying at the library. Q: Were my friends and I studying at the library? A: Penelope had eaten an apple. N: Penelope hadnt eaten an apple. Q: Had Penelope eaten an apple? A: The boys in the orphanage had been drawing all day. N: The boys in the orphanage hadnt been drawing all day. Q: Had the boys in the orphanage been drawing all day?

Present Continuous

Verbal Tenses

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous Past Simple

Past

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Will

A: Ill (will) come tomorrow morning. N: I wont (will not) come tomorrow morning. Q: Will I come tomorrow morning? A: I am going to the opera. N: I am not going to the opera. Q: Am I going to the opera? A: Were seeing a musical at the theatre next week. N: We arent seeing a musical at the theatre next week. Q: Are we seeing a musical at the theatre next week? A: My train leaves at 5.30 p.m. N: My train doesnt leave at 5.30 p.m. Q: Does my train leave at 5.30 p.m.? A: Chandra will be working all day tomorrow. N: Chandra will not be working all day tomorrow. Q: Will Chandra be working all day tomorrow? A: Lydia has already learned to drive. N: Lydia hasnt learned to drive a car yet. Q: Has Lydia learned to drive yet? A: Johanna helped Loise pack the suitcases. N: Johanna didnt help Loise pack the suitcases. Q: Did Johanna help Loise pack the suitcases? A: I can stand speaking in public. N: I cant stand speaking in public. Q: Can I stand speaking in public? A: If I work late tomorrow, hell make my dinner. A: I would win the lottery if I bought it. A: If you had signed the list, we would have arrived to the Pyrenees on time. A: If you heat ice, it melts. A: Stand up now! N: Dont stand up now!

Going to

Future

Present Continuous

Present Simple

Verbal Tenses

Continuous Future

to infinitive

Gerunds and Infinitives Conditional

bare infinitive

Gerund

First (open conditions) Second (hypothetical or unreal conditions) Third (unreal conditions in past time reference) Zero (cause and effect)

Imperative

Can Could Be able to May Might Must Have to Need + to infinitive Neednt + infinitive Neednt have + past participle Should Ought to Shall Used to Will Would

A: Ruth can draw. A: My friends and I could search the web for the most suitable information. A: Lucy is able to talk on the phone while she is driving. A: It may rain tomorrow; there are some dark clouds out there. A: Lisa might invite Nathaniel to her glamorous party. A: You must behave properly at the museum! A: I have to go to work or they will fire me. A: They need to write a letter. N: He neednt worry for his girlfriend. N: You neednt have bought me that expensive necklace. A: Tim should do more exercise; hes putting on weight. A: Miriam ought to talk properly in a formal class. Q: Shall I walk to the store with you? A: William used to play in the park when he was 7. A: The phone is ringing. That will be for me. A: Nobody would agree with that idea.

Modal verbs

Prepositional and Phrasal Verbs

Verb + preposition (more known as Prepositional Verbs) Verb + adverb (Phrasal Verbs)

A: Yu is listening to the radio. N: Yu is not listening to the radio. Q: Is Yu listening to the radio? A: Turn on the heat! Its cold. N: Dont turn on the heat, its not too cold. Q: Can you turn on the heat? It is cold!

Passive

Passive Voice

A: Romeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare. N: Romeo and Juliet wasnt written by William Shakespeare. Q: Was Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare? A: My leg got hurt when I was practicing snowboard. N: My leg did not get hurt when I was practicing snowboard. Q: Did my leg get hurt when I was practicing snowboard? A: I had / got the washing machine repaired yesterday. N: I hadnt / didnt get the washing machine repaired yesterday. Q: Did I have / get the washing machine repaired yesterday?

Get passive

Have/get + object + past participle

be appear seem keep

Ian is a doctor. The room appears to be brighter than when I last saw it. He walked into what seemed to be a cave. It kept him awake. He had remained alert the whole time. Mark stayed calm during all the evening. Andrew felt happy for Teddys marks. Their bodies have become adapted to high latitudes. Dont get upset about it! She proved to be an extremely enthusiastic teacher. The children went completely crazy at the party. The traffic lights turned green and I pulled away. I eventually came to appreciate his work. Nick has grown to be a good man. It sounds unnatural to you, I expect. They looked all right to me.

Linking verbs

remain stay feel become get prove go turn come grow sound look

Sequence of arguments

in the first place, first of all, firstly, at first sight Example: In the first place, I think people must try to avoid offending each other secondly, in the second place Example: Secondly, you have to respect every human being finally, lastly, and... [See also To sum up] Example: Lastly, people should be more sensitive as regards certain issues.

Linking words and structures

Time Indicators

next, then, after that, while + phrase, in the meantime, suddenly, all of a sudden, finally, in the end Example: While she argued with Tom, I was reading a book. apart from this / that, besides Example: Besides, I believe global warming is bad for our health because of in short, in conclusion, in brief Example: In short, what I wanted to say was that because of this / that / noun, for this / that reason, thats why, therefore, as a result (of this), consequently, so Example: As a result of this great problem, we must apply some wise decisions. however, but, on the one hand on the other hand, although / though + phrase, in spite of / despite + noun or verb in ing form Example: However, when we reflect on the issue of global warming, we tend to think about as a matter of fact, in fact, actually, that is (to say), in other words, for example, such as Example: Actually, what I wanted to explain is in my opinion, from my point of view, personally, as far as Im concerned Example: As far as Im concerned, I believe that we must do something to prevent

To add Information To sum up Causes and consequences

To establish contrast To emphasize and give examples To express a personal opinion

Adverbs of indefinite frequency Adverbs of degree Adverbs of certainty Adverbs of time

always, frequently, generally, hardly ever, never, normally, occasionally, often, sometimes, usually, rarely Example: She always goes by bus everywhere. absolutely, almost, completely, entirely, just, quite, really, totally Example: Sarah totally freaks me out. certainly, definitely, probably Example: Certainly, Mariah didnt come because she feels ill. already, finally, lately, recently, immediately, now, soon, then, after, before Example: Duke Frederick died soon after. generally, naturally, apparently, luckily, wisely, basically, fortunately Example: Taemin is a naturally bright student. consequently, accordingly, therefore Example: Consequently, all troops have been withdrawn. so that, in order that, in order to Example: He trained hard in order to improve his performance. though, no matter (that) Example: I was hunting for work. Jobs were scarce though. where?, when?, wherever?, whenever?... Example: Where do you live? where, when, wherever, while... Example: Saturday is the day when I get my hair done.

Adverbs

Comment adverbs Adverbs of result or consequence Adverbs of purpose Adverbs of concession Interrogative adverbs Relative adverbs

Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, since Example: The path was dark, yet I slowly found my way. both and, not only but also, either or, neither nor, whether or Example: Andy both plays the piano and the violin. Time: after, before, when, while, since, until Cause and effect: because, since, now that, as, in order to Opposition: although, though, even though, whereas, while Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, in case (that) The hamburger is cheaper than the cheeseburger. This hamburger is better than the cheeseburger. This hamburger is worse than the cheeseburger. The door is farther / further than the window. Mariah is older / elder than Kitty. The hamburger is more expensive than the hot dog. The hamburger is less expensive than the hot dog. The cheeseburger is the cheapest.

- er (adjectives with one syllable)

Comparatives

Irregulars: good bad far old

better worse further / farther older / elder

more than (adjectives with two or more syllables) less than (adjectives with two or more syllables)

Superlatives

the + adjective + -est (adjectives with one syllable) Irregulars: good bad far old the best the worst the furthest / farthest the oldest / eldest

Hamburgers are the best type of food. Hamburgers are the worst type of food. That door is the furthest / farthest in the house. Mariah is the eldest / oldest of her family. The hot dog is the most expensive. The hamburger is as expensive as the fishburger. Its just as bad as I predicted it would be. Shes nearly as old as I was when I got married. The hot dog isnt as expensive as the hamburger. The hot dog isnt so expensive as the cheeseburger. The hot dog isnt nearly as expensive as the cheeseburger. The hot dog isnt quite as expensive as the hamburger. It was so dark (that) I couldnt see her face. It was too dark (for me) (to see her face). It wasnt light enough (for me) (to see her face). It was so dark as to make it impossible to see her face. It wasnt as bad a result as Id expected. It wasnt such a bad result as I had expected. As the illness progressed the patients grew more and more detached from reality. The longer you leave it, the worse itll get. Im more sad than disappointed. as + adjective + as Listening to her was as interesting as watching paint dry. like + noun or verb phrase The cruise ship was like a skyscraper lying on its side.

the most + adjective (adjectives with two or more syllables) as as just as as nearly as as not + as/so as not nearly + as/(so) as not quite + as/so as so + adjective + (that) too + adjective (+ for/to phrase) (not) adjective + enough (+ for/to phrase) so + adjective + as to as + adjective + a + noun + as such a + adjective + noun + as/that Repeating the same comparative

Comparison

Other types of comparison

Adjectives with as, so, too, enough and such

the... the Contrasting two related qualities Describing something by comparing it to something else which has similar qualities

Bibliografia:
DIGNEN, Sheila et al. Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students with key. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2007, 191 pg. ISBN: 978-1-4058-5298-2. FERNNDEZ CARMONA, Rodrigo et al. English Grammar with exercises. Madrid: Pearson Education, cop. 2001, 319 pgs. ISBN: 84-205-2990-7. FOLEY, Mark et al. Longman Advanced Learners grammar. Harlow: Longman, 2003, 348 pg. ISBN: 0582-403839. GRAVER, B.D. Advanced English Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986, 320 pg. ISBN: 0-19432181-9. HEWINGS, Martin. Advanced Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, 294 pg. ISBN: 0-521-53291-4. POWELL, Debra et al. Grammar Practice for Upper Intermediate Students with key. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008, 224 pg. ISBN: 978-1-4058-5300-2. SWAN, Michael. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, 639 pg. ISBN: 0-19431185-6. VINCE, Michael et al. Advanced Language Practice with key. English Grammar and Vocabulary. Oxford: Macmillan, 2003, 326 pg. ISBN: 978-1-4050-0762-7. VINCE, Michael. Intermediate Language Practice with key. English Grammar and Vocabulary. Oxford: Macmillan, 2003, 304 pg. ISBN: 978-0-2307-2699-4.

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