You are on page 1of 14



   


 !"!#%$'&(*)+,-/."010 23 43)5 6
8# 7:9<;>=@?BA*=AC9<;-ED FD -HGCIJ;LKLM NOD7;3?QP@?RD SLT;*N8;37VUXW*Y; Z[W*Y\; 9]D[G@^/; 9_G@; *?B;@`/;.0YVUa7LM N ;LU ;@M3?RZ[;*6b3?B;C`c;edRD[`3Y@?B;fFVA*N,N8;gZ[;ih`3?jM37\GCkl=S3?B;,mnD7FVA37VUB; 9oUB^nG@;eZJM
=@pcDqZ[AC9<A*=@p/D ;rG3YsZJM37`@M@`c;r;LUH9<; 9t^@FL?uD Uu9f9<A*7VUvY/7;w9<A*Y/?BFV;yxsZ[M/W*Y; ZqZ[;rUBA*YUj;sZJM
Ua?jM/G3D UaD A*7XM37M Z zVURD W*Y;9VIJ;C9oU"FVA*7c9oUjM3N,N8;37VU?B^LdB^*?B^@;*6{|7FV;}W*YcD3FVA*7FV;3?a7;~.0YUa7LM3NF\IJ;C9oU!9MUapSC9<;W*YcD3G3D U!W*Y;(hOZ[; 99D[`37/D daD FMURD[A*7L97\; 9<A*7U4=LMC9vGCM37L9ZJMUBLUB;Hm W*Y/D
7A3Yc9}D7VUB^*?B;C9V9<;63U;37VdRD7 ;CM ?RZ[;G3D9<FLYUj;fZJID[G/^@;G@;.0YVUa7LM3Ng1;LU%MT;@FZqY/D{7A3Yc9
A*PL9<;*?T;*?BA*7L9W*Y;3Z W*Y;C9M ?j`3Y@N8;37VUu9W3Y/D=A3Y@?a?jM D ;*7VU LUa?B;MTLM37\FV^ 9FVA*7VUa?B;.0YVUa7LM N6
.0YUa7LM3N;LU ;CM3?RZ ;7;=/?B^ 9<;*7Uj;37VU-|FLpM/FLY@7@-0W*YLI Y@7;FV;*?UjM Dq7;UB;*7GCM 7FV;QG/;ZJM
=@pcDqZ[AC9<A*=@p/D ;G3YZJM37`@M@`/;*6'ZC7;9VIJM@` D U|=LMC9vP/?BA 9V9<;*?0Y@7OUjM3PcZ[;CM YFVA3N,=/Z[;U|G@;FV;HW*YcD
9<;2djM D UGCM 7c9gZ[; 92?B;@FLp;3?BFLp; 9_9\Y@?Z[;Z[M37L`/M@`/;64;W*YcD -xyUa?jMT;3?u9yFV; 9Ua?BA3D9
=@pcDqZ[AC9<A*=@p;C9-@7A3Yc9ODq7VUB^*?B; 9V9<;*-cFV;9<A37VU'W3Y;3Z W*Y; 9FVA*7\FV;*=VURD[A37c9bG/;ZJM9D[`37/D daD FMURD[A*7@6
\A3?u9<W*Y;27A*YL9t=LM3?RZ A*7c9FVA*N,N8;37VUv=A3YVTA*7L9kl7A*Yc9G/^LUB;*?aNOD7\;*?W*Y\;7A*Yc9e7A3Yc9
?B^LdB^*?BA37c9rxZ[M:N83N8;FLpA 9<;wW*Y;7AU?B;Dq7VUB;*?RZ[A/FLYVUB;*Y@?*3UW*YLIJ; 9oUjkRFV;W*Y\;ZJM
9DJ` 7/D dRD[FM\UaD A*7#89<;Ua?BA*YT;CkBUjkR;3ZqZ ;!M37c9ZJMbUjUj;
! M37c9Z[Me=@pcDqZ[AC9<A*=@pcD[;G3YZJM37`@M@`c;eDqZ|zM~W*Y;3Z W*Y;C9QW*Y;C9oUaD A*7c9};LU8=@?BA*P/Z S*N8; 9
dBA*7G@M3N8;*7VUjM YVKiW3Y/D -8GCM37L9tY@7;2Z[M3?j`/;N8; 9\Y@?B;*-A*7U^LUB^NOD9;*7i^T/D[G@;37FV;w=LM3?
ALUURZ[A*Pn3?B;C`/;*6%;i7cI[; 9oU=LMC9Z ;_=@?B;*NOD ;*?xe9VIqD7VUB^*?B;C9V9<;*?8M3YfZ[M37L`@M/`/;n;LUbDqZ{; 9oU
FV;*?UjM Dq7;*N8;37VUrdjM3YK G@; G3D?B; W*Y\; ZJID7UB^*?BLUwM/FVFVA*?BG@^ M3Y ZJM37`@M@`c; ?B;*N8A*7Uj;
Y@7cD[W*Y;3N8;*7VU3xHZ[MdRD7OG*Y[}S*N8;v9D[S@FZ ;^*=A/W*Y;A*daY@?B;37VU=@Y/P/ZqD ^ 98Z[; 9^@FL?RD Uu9G*Y
NMUap^3NMURD[FD[;37;LUg=@p/DZ[A 9<A*=/p;6}A*YUB;LdBA3D9 3?B;C`c; 9<; G3DJ9oUaDq7L`3Y\; G@; 9M3YU?B;C9
=@pcDqZ[AC9<A*=@p;C9W*Y/D19VIDq7VUB^*?B; 9V9<S*?B;37VU=LM ?Z ;f=LM@9V9<^M3YZJM37`@M@`c;-=LM3?Z ;djM D U%W*Y\;FV;
9<A*7U1dRDq7LM Z[;3N8;*7VUZ[;C9=/?BA*P/Z S*N8; 9W*YLIDqZ
NOD U4;*7^T/D[G@;37FV;}W3Y/D3G@A37@7S*?B;37VUG*?BA D UxZJM
=@pcDqZ[AC9<A*=@p/D ;,G*YOZJM 7L`@M/`/;M3YURD Ua?B;,G@;OG3D9<FDq=/ZqDq7;M3YVUBA*7\A*N8;6
3?B;@`/;^LUjM D U!=@pcDqZ[AC9<A*=@p;;LU!NMUap^3NMURD[FD[;37C-';LU49VIqDqZC9VIJ;C9oU{D7VUB^*?B;C9V9<^M3YEZJM37`@M@`/;
F\IJ;C9oU0M3YvUa?jMT;3?u9,GCI Y@7\;EUB;*7UuM\URD T;XG@;(?B;djA37G@;3?!ZIJM3?RD Uap@N8^UaD W*Y;9\Y/?!Y@7;(PLM@9<;G@;ZJM
Z[A@` D[W3Y;6b|7VUa?B;*=/?RD9<;rFVA Z[A 9V9MCZ[;eW*Y/D59VIJ;C9oUO9<A3Z[G/^@;w=LM ?Y@7^@FLp;@FfR9<A*7t9ozc9oUBS*N8;
9VIJ^UuM 7VU?B^LT^3Z ^FVA*7U?jMcG3D[FUBA3Dq?B;@-NM D9_W*YcDO;*YUY@7\;`3?jM 7G@;>Dq7VdRZY;37FV;9\Y@?(Y@7
7A3N,P@?B;FVA*7c9D G@^*?jM P/Z[;G@;i?B;@FLp;*?FLp; 9GCM37L9 Z[;nG/A*NM Dq7;G/;iZ[MiZ[AC`CD[W*Y\;fA*Y~G@;
ZIJM37LMCZ zc9<;wG*YsZ[M37L`@M/`/;6\;C9U?jM\TLM3YVKyG/;>3?B;@`/;9<A*7VU=A3Y@?Z[M:=@pcDqZ[AC9<A*=@pcD[;G3Y
1

 
     !"$#%&"(')*+-,./"/0)'

" /#12

  "

#345 #6/5 .7+ " 4/)'

* * ."8'9 :<;=>0&?/'@" A">B 'C>"D? ?/% %'/FEGEH4#6IJ4"LK

>NO9&3 > P+QR+ * S'>9C>  CK%T6 9U@V. 9&")C> CIW

T6 9>UYX*Z.+\[]^_+`a&bc]5"IC0 CIW6de /##6/'/0U*&"/""%C>> C@'fg"

i/Zj'9&"k3l/0k."
h

im1BjK>T6 9U X*O.+'/ nn4O'o#% pJZ/

'/24#BJ>fW

90/" g -'>r'* Cs "'  


q

-,t'0U*&"=Du'/ vwC" /"CLDx

l
*yz&"<"{"\'C" "Y+3 k
}|~'3"K</@PC/" +CQ'Ig"

e'9&Q/3s'!g"

i/Zj
h

im1Bjr/+*  92*#6r">\''/ nnC++e


h

.+C>6'/ nnC/Y3#6>"Kz* A #6?'/ }DL k/* P ;3 Y'\

#6#6P" O
h

ZjOU<#6#6Q" >\."

ULl#6/#6" .+

Zj-
h

ZjD<'> l09/3J>"D

Zj

1BjKd9U.+IJ/ n*l09C>> C'> 8J>"K


h

1BjC>@'> 1;3Y"Df'7+ 

Zjt
h

1Bj 

#  g"C>"D@'/  " 3"2"# LDo /##6'>  U />5&+'/ A '"/0$./

# //'B" #ZB /8K

z "

iI1 jJ/ n3 %."DJ /


h

Zj6./"
h

1Bj/C/%#6/#6 1;3=K

>o'/  . 90% ?G"Q#6#6!`>>>_/_a K/o./"P3! ln  p'

'/

Zj 
h

1Bj+ m"@#B#6'C+  "* 6+9ULl]"JK


h

!U{!.  ' +\'C/"  "* />Kmdu9U</= +A"YI'o."09 

 #"'OZ'C" "Y+3 >KL?"/g"A" &m & J Y6/ %" /"I'C/"  "* />K



'D
h



de /"" &>Kz

CJ '?R'

#6#6

'*./"LK
q

'C" " 

"nw''C"/#6?'
h

 ;* YB P#6#6\" ##6K

  rnC'C/ j

09&" ##6

pJ

9&&?C*j'C" " 

o  9>U~>Z P#6#6LD>#0BI'C/"  "* />U

Q'C" "Y+3 >Dm ##6!"  k90"A" / I'C;3, @ \#6 & O2 " CLD

UL09 1;3""."JCn4@f /3#6 6C/" "CK

 JD2HJ/+Q s/?2s #1  !'vJ/">H" J1"DG. ~n 3#B

09 /#1'>9+s/"/"LDU+ +C/ "K


M

H'C"n3  r/ O /##6

1;3* n=Kp ?f ? /n= "J! #/"'w'.+ /z0<" /3"wJp 09&n 3#6

.+
h

\CJ ''/I  /0 nC'C/  + 0kUGp>Jde +" &jK" /

.9&U"C?!'

 ##6)/ 5'
h

 3  I'


h

C>J'/z'/O /nC'C j

pJBde +"jR" /k.9/6C+ "C+  '/

Gottlob Frege, Ecrits logiques et philosophiques , Seuil 1971, collection Points,


srie Essais.
2

 
   !" #$#%& ' (*)" ## ,+.-0/.11# 23&#
45 -6/. 7# / 8 -9%: 7 /"%# - ;"145 - -< -=/.$> ?$@ ##/" -A-.
# -  -B #C /#D"-0/.$#' 
E #F /0/  -G/.H 3I#J #:-0 - K%-ML JNDO?QPK /045 -R#S"/M-T8&#%U#F
" ## (":# "**NV 3WF3X-GYW3[Z]\ E PF '  -.^# ^/. /B -.KJ(3W_a`R&/.
bN@(3813X-]b(38;PJ#'3( /M- /  -=)a1" #"-0/ /.*)c # H" ## (":# "
# "7  * V8
" "7 /M-.
 #:-0 0  8
 /045 -M-.#"- 
# "7 8
" ## (":# "d -D"(:eT fg ###"-@ /Qh# "7 8"i#'  -C# h 8
" 4C/.# /jkl# b3I#l45 -24C <
kWm" ## W":# "no:l# -  -B #8
p &# >I)mNq5/M7&#Jr6 #"-BWFX-Gs 
#YV/B;P #t/. 7 u)a:#'% :- )v  U/ # e

89$WF& /M-68wU#' V 3&#&#:- U&?' -.1w#'QFNQs 
# V/BPC -6
N@q5/M7#%r6 #:-0QPx/.#$- "-y(3# # "z&#'>U# 0#"-= p %& ( /045 -a: 7 &/
YF:1- /045%# -.#"-{#d45<45^ ?}|B -=vV 3&#". /04D-0 #b4@&#4Db'3 #
 /0/  -R 7&#/f3X-] b ?~|0 -TS # - #"-81"%- /045K #"-]

4C45 #'C# -=/.1  4C J((;# - #"-y#1  -v45<45H


4C45_3(/.u
8" #:7 #"-B #'# UWX-0  8 #/." ## ,+.-0/  -Y# 4;T9>'
4D,|'   )c# " /.^ b"Wt /0/. -]< -0/.bF# 4;FY(: 6g"o/.  8 )
# 'C /0/B #'5,|0 "-./645 -T5 -
/ 8; "7 #"-/.# /.K#%#'Q -68# 
 >C
8#"-# %# -  -B #8`]#'   >8D8$/. > -TCW%# -  -B #%/  #$" #""-=cr6 /f/.8U^#$" # ":-yX-# . #-0 # #:-f(3 ?}|0 -a'W: -0/.
 -M-.X-. W57 8/D7 /B -.C5" # ":-
E #5 ?~|0-./ C7 D/ ( #5'3LD@"/M- #'# #"&) 9 /j4@u/jD7 *)'# 
4C?'#:-y 8; 7 &/c%# -  -B #8M -0 7 45#:-f#C# #" -. N@ " /B'
" X-. & K WU# dJ-./0/.$Pd# o / +j-{ 8z 7 /^# -T-B #8R 
? ##  (3W# # "  - /MT8 -.45#:-1&#"-.(WU8&? *%- 45<45
"/M- # i> -0  -B #  WU'#"- (3 #"3&#"-./."# # 8&/.-.45#"-@9W
# -  -B # 3&#$# #"H4D8(%? #9 #1#' V /T'3 #K/  /M-.z8/.  
3&#1-B /TS"'0U/.b" 4C45^# -  -B #b#'3W8X-'&'1(3 ?}|B -R /.  u/.#
# # "14D8(;1# Q"&'WeB I`f#'Q" >8 )-. :-y" 4C458#'Q-.  5":; 
(3 #C/. .u/."@$8I{C  3I#)'W@# -T-0 #5#58X- $#'Q
?' -0 &
#Y:-=/.>8b YW3W #t" #:7# / Y m"ov/T&458X-2l# w6-. 'Y
/.  -BKB-B TJ #"-w#&#"-./j< -'G8X-"#:-0  45#:-w i#' R 7 />]#
 /T ## UY3&#i/. 4D#b M -0 7 45#:- (X-.t -" 4@4@(z-.WH -R-.(b-.


  ! #"#%$'&( ') ! *+ ,- !."!0/1"
/- 2!3" 4 5+7689 :;:< =>6? @BA/ 6' CD  E5#:F"GH IJ/ 0 H!
 :;)+ B :< =K +L/11 *) 43" K" B4MN + POQ Q)  R!"G%$KS!#GT! U +V/1"
! 3" M!W X! +YZ:;) !BR"[#"!W/":<+ Y I
+ W- [="
9"/  *\9  M  $[]_^ 1#" +T

/`acbdfe" gBgM4:<

/hgR"# V +i/`#"! j

 :;)+L  V kR"# f) )+ BM lDA  Gm nU  o"! 4LEAGm! %$
p "
Lq"#rL sK"!N!/ :< t)R:< 1"/u+( +%6Z#"!l/"Q#"/` L!
) `;!:< 4  +F3/vwN x/;q"# $
^q 4 y) !-y l ! ?"/-/ _ + . N B9 !y[ =z/?];) !te
!/ CS!#G ${dF =7|/ | o '/"f R"+M @S G}9  ! @  | M H
]x) !qe~ 6o 

)  ~ :;:<



)/1"+3!   + 6g 4:<! 

4!`q m :<o:<!  $US!#GVgM   o)  * :;:<L R"KE)M-:<o)"!t +


)!) q 4 8 76 !:;:<) )+q M!#6 /-/"./"
) #qN`/- r`"+9 !s) w9"/! 
9  M 3o/ [93"s */*g3"! =E#$cK ) !*=4-:< :< =/-n"! T  $yd<Q) ! 
:< :<[!   T)+ l+1(/*!_  T) ) #q M ?sN  . ! /* 
  ') ) #q M!_ ? s)" 4 R<  ')  7) "!' ?!/!XS!#G%6/
)!) q 4 <-:;)  3"+4 9  6 ;/-/#t E)M-:<  #8)Mm!t$1!) "#{
9"/  '9  M %6 u / u +l)  =c)"#F 4#+) ![O  l) !$
p " +) ) q 4 Tq Y+ NM 4  T:< {) "!t Y" 4Q ! w"  L:< :<
! 3" M!#6/1"[ R"+4 .T/"T)!) q 4 .!Mm T D"GV) "#W3! :<!
#"r/ _!E? ./[];)M+ ) Y :;)+q M!"/` eg vM! 6 Y ! 
D"G;+w/"')  %$
(X- ! 9 _ )  
[)!  )"#;8) !!) ! +1="`q-w
) !<r;4!`q m :<[:< +%$%&zx)  ?!:;:; "!N/ Fu!/`/-1G#N/ 
) ! y n +V :8:; "! =3 ) "!B3"Go +:< :<Q/"!G %6 K!/`/. 
 :;:< +h BCJ4 r :;:; q0!_!/-/  )  4:< 2!.  
 :;:; q"+4 W =7.! gBg3m! K- ! 9   $y /11 ! ]; W"!MN.9  ByZ#"
/U7"!8eF!/`/-GN/ ;"! E;/ =3! Rtg43"!+q"` 6+1)"? ! /_  F
D gBg43"!N/  Hg3" Fo/   Rn =xq"!) "!N/ Q|="#`qF/1"|) !
 +;#"!w + %$&PD" F"_/1")+qN-/- 3?W  "4  X)  %$
"!t4  8 :;)+="!' 4X:< +r R %"!))"B "!="! :<! 
2

Le principe de compositionalit dit que le sens et la dnotation dune expression est


fonction du sens et de la dnotation de ses constituants simples.
3
Ibid., pp.170-234 ( Recherches logiques .)
4


      ! "# %$&'("#)*  ++)," -
.&/ ($0/  1/ /2
3
@

"54 .&&6 7$# 89 :(" ($" #;    7 < =  > ? ( 0"# ?2



  (A " BCD EGF0H0 < IJ .KCD (# (0/E I4 .MLN(/ O4# PK

"?(Q12R9S4# T/ # <  U(" V("# W  T ? ( 0"# X./  PE  ?# #  <# (Y8
#Z"  [8\  ] D^%_"#`(Z 2

),#)*Ea.  \4 & _a?.  b $AW

M. cd),0 ?.&e  f .K% ?O  7),g#),: ? ( 0"# U.  :E  ?# h4# .  : gS 
 _# "21iY" j (]#   X?k (lh T(" ($"  6  fE ? U < X  * <"# ?2
m f  T./  fE ? ? ./&)* "jf4 E ? ?# nCoE  O((?(/E 12cW< 
" GF0" Zp(")*),*("# # A " ,4 Xp# (l,(")* #   8q r prstE ? ku2

m = SM""# S v#),0 / vw[MK#jxbiy (A )B(.K?Cz1 8]v# 8A YMC0/ _ %?# 
?e"#)e/ *PK%"?_?4 :6Pv SM""# S TO)e AS #)e 04 O<# (y
{" A W< ZPh4 C0 " X" S # (| / 8} ~# P"#)e/ ;K; S&"?" S
K.K Z ]2ko$ X?' SM"" S aM.K? 0 r" 8* )eF0  #j0 
S&"?" S ?e4 :" (y_# A0Me T$0SM(8# 8YL:O "E Q),e4 /q y
),"),# (][b]"# (<  (g ]& b# D# __12-o  a \< "  ), 8d!K
S&"?" S # K# __1f&r(.K?C> < 4 (j& 4# C0"# & 
K __*" (A" (< h  * "# " _#), (?# p4 ?CA " k# 0 < LrK.K 0 ]2
m  #j0 

K.K> (<N

iy 8] #)D4 % "# & ((N >(&"

S&"?" S  8#)," (AT4 K    " A " A 0"  #M# "
K4 #M1npse("  ]\_#  $0  0" {.  PA),=(" KC; ),# (L>g ]
? e  k(Z?/ , n Cx S "# "?_ 4 ruE YsK*_#  $A  0" t./  kA)kOA)& 
" Jl(  " eu'" +o?j('$A?_  : .K?Cr ?a("S # (#*?
# (lAS Q" 8/ ("  M&KEBa4# ./Mv?C/)* "(/E

 " 8# /

 )*E 12pR[4 .&&|" S #)," (A,.KC4 KK_#  $0 0"# ' .Ch ?
? OKOg:Y4 f({ .CW ?h  *H7), 8Z?4   #A)/ :KP_#  $A  0" 2
(O4 #   O.C?" 8q  AS "0*rKOK_#  $0 0 " 4# (), 1 e/ ) Q
?("#)* "8# 8p4 XK.K" e <? 1K_# "6F 4 XL2
3

Kf4 C0 " f{8 < "#&5XK_#  $0 0 " *" (oE# U? OKfg1niy 8] #)

 " r# X),"x  t.  :l 0# (rT # 12#&)e_& :  h)," X *("# 
(" 8$"#A),



} ]"# S4 

# ), 8JA" (< 

"#

 # (  (0 4 12

Hilary Punam, Signification, rfrence et strotypes , cahier philosophie , Les


Editions Minuit, numro 5 1985.
5


        
!" #$#&%&!' ( )$  * ,+-/.0
2143.0

&5&6 5&789' )8:;< =>2:?@BA?CDFE?!
G0 IHJ &5&
=/KL
MON:P' )
/.0 
! (QP* 5 R:!0 S!
T6  ' U #&5GV  M '!W X/.YAZ M[]\^ 26
' )!8%
F.M%M% _7' )28%`
 R a )b #> cM 9#5)Md'e O U:; 5&f
' )b MU%
g:hRikjmln1
' T M)UR./
!
'o nMJ
 pq2  p,8 M* r $#  &
8)Tb0 TbM1nsn! & /
p O !X
!a t  > M
:u vp)Mw x
%T
 PRivy{z$z|z
f7a f
'M:ZI_8g:Z!
Jb. )!$ &}U/M~ &5&g:;./   !`U! 7%  
/.Mp &ba ""M 
 5
(
 &2
~
0.8HJ2 N & U(SM
'   / 8bG K>
&2.Ye
b Y1? O
O & 'a 2:u, ! \ ) n8H?KL2 JNR0
H &5&KL
M)NF   M *  0a O
*pFp &ba M9 #$#&%& &~ M_Ub. /
' ) | &*  'o &db6'e!M22 MU!F* bIG *   J8
 &JU!
/.Mp &ba U. 0J* 2 /a / 8 g8  #$#&%&* 1
ba 4a <0 a M #5 'a  > M.Y  } &wU HJ2 N
%! .
 'o &
b6'e!M22 MU!g: &
' b 2`* 2 /a ?0.0p &a M4'& &<U!X/.0
x'!.026 ?
</.AZC
D:
 p)M)0.0p
!%> M' 9d8%

2X
*p} 5& 5& 2 U92 b
' $   bI'a 2d
] b'o  b6'e 2 Uc& \ -
7#&&' %* h0
p &a M
1D{'!.M6 
&%
' 08% {' ~U78 & 2 0 I
&O f&< te!f8
' * t&M U!  . !
2 2 QP 5 R1 ba ?5  O
 &UM
a 0 #> M'a ! 5 bq8 t& \* P
bRM & &-'a k
, 'o &b6'eM22 MUxh 8b

5 u 2
)
%#5  g0.0TK>  U!o)%#&f&g1
sn! &9QP* t V & &}
I 5&' ) {0 Ia 0b #> M'a  > M<.YX &5GI8
H#> pONX! \  
!}H \ 0a M 5 \  /u  06 5 U)NU g
%/M2=
.
  \ /a M  5 \ 2 =  06 > MU1?  
! ' ))
  &%g:W0
a 0 #> M'a ! 5 R.
 &5,\ > M48 w   \ Mb1s ?v&&/.Mp) 

QP 5 R:w  &5HN./  2Wa M #5 'a  > M! \  XM
! \ b
I'  $ 9' ))
  &%g1Q
q I' ))7
0 F
M  > M
:{/.*HJN
 !\ n
,\ M
6
)T/ MUwhM U! X* '  
 $ > '   E
 _U!
!%' 0 / /6 & /.oHJN"b.0 '  $ '  

&%
(U  
/.0 K>'o > M~
F' \
&,E qJ.0  5&_8
2' &' b.M6 U*
\  
 &'e 
]U O )!$ &g1snc8)SM a 0 #> M'a ! 5 c
/.oHJN6
 $ _ %
   &*  
!' O)
 * %1~3 a 0 #> M'a ! 5 (.HN:!
7

! \ 2:6 m $ >  g1Z#  ZUb. r4' 
 & mU.Y
x#5
 m' XU gH# 
 $ 5 RN,
M xa M #5 'a  > M,
'  k 8 ,  &X' ))
  &%g1
'

 
       
! "#  $&%'(' )* $(' *+-,$. *+0/! 1$
+23*  4
2$5( # 6 78#9,8# */: ;+< ='>4'> ?$* 9@A1 B$+C* D E F .GIHJ  LK(  
> 5# +< M5 N+ $O++5' P$'QO+R* D SK#O$*B11 PT  U+V$UW$3* X *+YZW
  9# [2$N1
*+Y\1DV?]\'# W$W1
^T   *11
9+<#* * 8 *+5'  _1
>' (^D 5 * 11 O`a8 8 G
b $*.?$3> c$^  6#  $'>c1
$E+2
3  4 2$
# E   O+YdK[$R$OB+e$*.4?$* ' 8  
$TB+< fGHJ ^D * 
9  9#*++<Q X$O+0O$ +g+<# R *+5 '# V? _1
$9+23*  4
2$5( # 8* D
8#h' 1T  i,j# */*Glk5 O+m+23  4
2$
# +n O+o8#p+M  +<# q$+R4 F> *+m r>?$W1B
*+
 R$ 
Q ' +Y( s' fGLtZ$#6 5 +23  4
2$ # Ou   v$O+!(' 1
$
#  $*B++V$*  _ U'# V? O+R1
O+n'#
>?>O+$++<#
> *+R@w U8#[Gyxd$ +g X2$O+j5  *+Y
1$^ F Q 8 R(Q*+< R(?$* 
#   1B1
T s *+YB+<> fG
b V( $nZ@z1B B$O
 { {T  1 T  O+|
> *+M c}lpD~ f8# (' {# 8 V .?$* +
,I #I+O  *+55Q *+ $5[' 1B+0/{?#8 e O$*O0#   6'#
>?>D  F
2$O1
fG
#8 w1
|8#h,K ^/$*
M  M F' +2 # M(d.VO+5 $ Z1$ p+<#   oT 
1B
1 #
o# U,R R$* g/XT f #8 |1
RK# hT *+5 l 1DO#1B
# '# #  o
8#[G
x 88 1B s,j O$*8/M h$5#Dr  +23*  4
2$5( # _T  44'Q ' G b $P F 1 ff+2
1B
# 7'  9@=1B
F>      +<>  *+v Fv' ( *+B1 *+YU#O++2DW1 =
# 5 #DIT    $ $*1 +<  O+v VF: O$VF'>Q1
A1$A $(' A'> 11  1
p+
+5W+Yp$*  *+Gl8$*+_ T 5 L'>Q1
L 5 u$ $*1 +< u   O+YN$O1$W1
T  {$S?$# .Z@
1B
O$i' *+Y'> z 1B1
O`8 8 fG  O+Yp`(@`D' q'>+<> 8 R. O$`1
@  I # e$O+
 5 _$(' _ m1
$^? (' K8 *11
G2e m'# #O+g# 95# (?$O h5# p+5 ' M1$^B+<++2
#
n+< =#*+< 91
$T *+Y
# +:#n1
*+:8#+zT  5 +<# m$+e4'# '> 8  I *+
,I #I+^O  *+55Q *+X $5(' 11 *+0/*Gy (   8  l# '> #  ?$O PT 1$' 1$5( # mT 
+ >p$*W1 J V[' C L8#J 0+V$'>4'> ' 5 #* (' zD V? *11
3*DW1
#0  L .?$* 
#  $'> 
Q' u   $O+X[' |$* 3 O$* ' fG   [l# L 5 #* $+M
T r 44'> ' ?$* gO$ +{1
v2$O+L : 5# I+u*
*+5Q O+z # `a $( 11 *+L L4?$* jT 
#
#(?$* PR$3*  T 5 w1 +V$3 9 n'>4?>' f* 4.4'Q ' _O$ +81
' + N$ +j 1

rO$* +9+<# $ ?$ # o$1
O+wR$OD +f  |1@ P1
$+23  4
2$
# w>O3$*1 8 V
#(?$* 4D Dj$* 44'> ' jL'# V# 8 zO$* +u1B
F 1 6[ v |'>C$*j1
O+
  F\ _1  O$*OG
 *+j>O3$'O+ 1
$o+23*  4
2$5( # OO$* ++V$9#  
# I[?$ 
#   *11
#8 y F
>1 > 8 V+6T R 41D  w+5m 1B1
fG +V$#w1$+<#
>?> I w1 8#  '> 1G9k$
+23*  4
2$5( # I 5 w *# g[' R4 F> mO$* +j1
$R'' 9*  ID * 
9$*N 5 9+<#.? 9


    "!$#%&'(&)#* !+, 
$  -./ #%01 )
#%& 2 # 1 !3
4657"8)9(: ;< >=;$ ?)&)&@ A8 B-C &D #C3E "
?  =  F  G:1 &7&@#%)  2 #1 C2 H I1#J*(KI +LM N= # MA& O# 
! !+P Q!+ /R! !+:KTS"ULQVKI&!< #3LP* Q"8)9(A)Q? )D # W ) X
IY1 &3)&&+!U3 )"&Z)4
[ \C
]* ^1#_ # `"# 1 )O#ab&\"!3^ c&)'! ! & d(e& `O#%# 
_ !3f f&g(.D'&g&&/# g  .h&)&'#TS"]&ij])
)&_#_  =k4 [  (&)# lK+LB ),  &k&&nm >#1& Uo1 +&,Z*
& <*< &p 2 q
4srt@ #u *! E& 8)v V)F* -1#*_# `O#1 )O#A&FZKIL
C"# W .w&&O#)Dx&&4J5-1 D qD9@ &&)2 #%!< )O# `I&@ .D-&y&O#)
KI&&$LvI? # D T  -fS"F z z! ! & # 1 )O#&4I{|/(&}F& ~
C"# 9!+3 F1#*_ # `O#1 "# GV"!+0K+L$m')) CA V& CD&/
`"D )1 #Zw& #Z(KIL(NC &)`"# # O#i&)h&&k4p!< *_e(
#% 2 qO# ") k  fC&P!+E!+`.`O#ZC ! !3& )#Z(7&T P& #*(
E ",O#Z#Z( > )?)&6 `.`O#1 )# D4

 . ) O# &  & .h&)

{C" !

SO

*%# &

&

!< ) /

(!< O#U&Q D>)H & # !+&# `"# f _ 9!+C4 o R  .h&)
&}KIO#_>La#Zh ' F"D #  .O#  # >Y% #W&}(a #%!< Z# k4

5a"D # 

*  #!< # DP GK6"#_ L`O# 2)M:!+)u #k&1#_)* A=)E l: )V1 )_ O#V S
l
( $& )#Z(&!+)4nk&!<  #9%U_ )D >)Ck ?)#% Zl 
 # ?) (!< O#)@#Znh :A *V &):&V!< )&DQ(!< O# ) #
)?)X &))tD  _ T>"D # />%&& .h&)47!+E!+p)& o
*  _& &_

&

!+ /

!$!+

K1?)"=)$L cK< S"&qO# `/sL }K<  ?)"=WL

 4

_&)))* 1# `O#&"!+7 #(0)


?)s& p#%&! =&D =
&8 D () )# %# hB .D #% B#%)#1 ) / &R1 )_O#R#&C? #
* &)v!< &/(!+ O#g #V#!$# w&]D"!+

 )

)* &(k4

KW#*_UL+& ($&  . )).D #%!+ YE "BKID ( l 1 `D$L


 o #%1#3C`"#)clc )c1 )_ /#}  #%!< k4 5e!< )&(!+ O#
1#_)>l>KWO#*_ L>&) 1 D&_ O#  & )&k4
5)%# &g ]D& .h&)^ 7 !< &p(!< O# ) .O#)#)]&]e #
&)D"!$#%)M1#TZ7  ~yY* x1#_ # `O# 1 )O#P%&G!+ 
M4 QE ":b )
& )#Z1##%`D #ZZ#%=  k f ( 8!< )O#Z(

* & #ZC ))

)G )?)#%M 

#%# ? # }b&i!+ 
4>+) %&c #I& ~f* ^1#_ # `"# 1 )O#}e!+ K+ 8 L

 
 
*+ ,#- ./

0

 

 
!"
1%2
34
56(

"



#$
&%$'
()

#$
89 + #-:'



;<

#-#-/=
3 >0@? A
8)CBDE + 
F>G, H0I J
8 I
0 ?K?  
E4LM0N'=
5O P.
G
QRS,QT0C'=
U0E=
GS5G
$ 0V,JW)
X  / Y #$
Z
2[ =#$\<]/<^L ?/
 _" a`bG
8#dceV
f
Q =
0 + 0
 ?Qghji3
R7_k/<^L ?/
 UG=S,l_ =g + 
m n<k/^ ?3 /

0 + #$
o + 
oGSV$!
5,p 5
a LR,R"
$")rqst=
  0JFu#$
5v0F`bG
3#

+ 
R J
8 a%$k? 3#wp3#s9xzyv{[0

0",
|0<F/^ ?3 /
$()~}
2%$0",
|0p? 3#$3#sp0
/<^ ?/=
3 0 + #$
v0
E:
8 >=" d?3V%SA
($()Q
SA
%20
T 2#-G
-0S4G
#- =0 #$,Lx8#s.VL

:
3 

0/,4hL

0 + =S,/F0 + 
3 1
!

0

#-G
"{cxA{

#s 42
4P $ = + . 
#$
WP#-%o#(Lx5L{b
#s 4"#s
  L\ + V G
M#$
8sMP#-d%o,#s"(
%o0

0

#-6(x8={

0",
 

0

84
5

00
=.

0


 
K=W + V $sxK{-0",G
3 $0M + P
/)(
Pg0",
 LC"4 
60
 N0Lu<9#$= pgV _!
4^L

$#$:#$\#-G
27M + PG
3 o0V 0 + P
L/// + P
L/ 
GF
3  .WT
6FJhY#$k0
\<p" ShV.
9 + 
6k <
 Sp7F
=
#$G
[0|<^^La
[0aG9
3 Q#s.kL,
f
67k,LT0]#$0
 )
}G
3 _ 0Pv=/
3 Lo
340
3 VE"N " =V <C/<^L ?/
 
/.
gNuA
_L' ^ C L0S4
lG./Vl_ LLSG
Q:
3 g/<^ ?
phk5g ]a"
6<9/<^L ?/
 _ 0
43#,a + P
/~`bG
8#
 0,G
4f
W 0
7O-0PY#wM/,h.V
   + VM"O SYW,
#$VL= 0
SwM  + VA0

4
M^0"!
 W)},/
V#s ? 
^#$
"s
#$G
0SG


2o/
L2 "G
W
4
0
7 + ^ 0M0E<%o/<^ ?/=
3 s(-0$?4
=

2
"GS
^ 
/4LA
4Y V0P/~0t!
4VL#$
5pw
3 #$
0
 + V?,  + V<
=hL."
0E S, #w

L/0 S</0$
84=SV.,^L.
  
0
-<, #$
 -/4A
Y "<0<^^LW)
5

Ibid, p.42
9


   
  
     ! #"$ &% ')(  *+,+ -)/.

 /.10!2 3 /.$
) /.104 /.576).8$ 9  :
82* .;.8$ =<>
 
  ?$
2 $  @
A.  ) /.
B 
2CD. E B E
 F 
+ G(

+ H A3$ > JIK/.8 )2CLNM @ 
+ GO8$&%+
P  Q.

SR8 B .7 OT ). B   Q. B B  B .$U
$ V
 W.$
D.J V2*
 YX
K)Z.%+ [  ?2*6
2*
\ )% ]^_ B/B U La`b
  & D.E3a +\ & Q.A)& c)( 
/. B 
2C2*  /. B dO$
 .e
f .8 + B 73/.7
'gh 
) Dij$
$& 
/..7 + Lkl h,  (
+)7 m nO8 o
B 
2C$
  -&   pO1 o\   CX,  B 
D(
q D.7 B 
 /.$ ]Kn2*)r
'

) V
+334 /. f  B 
&gts 2 & 933$ : c2*). f 2 \ 
g: )\  Q.m$ 3
2*
/.
 B/B 2C3&
 u 
q 
 v a2*). f 2 & 
*gw  Q.x
$o)u) y B . 10 B   Q.b<,$

 
 9)Z.*& ) E 
Y  7 .zL|{*10!3l 
2C
 .4
 B F
}  ~)& /  F& +
  7 .z0 B \ & Q.q58<57,$   $ $   /..7
) 0^  .=ZO .$
2*  /.
q 
  LAM

  Q.7
@  Q.4
B  D(, B 2C2*
/.4 + A  
q  B .8 ( YO8$&%+
  =
,  ( 
j8 .u )i732*
   & ,q  ). B $)r) B  ./.
C). /. B Z.q&, ' w 
O,$ B 
2C$  
$ C + 
 E<
0K 
+ m +(
+ G)& '( B y
+ 
) G
82* .;.8 .
 E$


$ , , D.
G( y
+  e$ B -
 . B 3 @"$ &% L*
( B   #
  
 & H  & H AIK/.8 )2_
 ? 
) G( + j(
v
/.10
D.b6).8$ 0


W   B .
C$U
2*
L
M \% + O7 B .7 F  = )i$  /  
&0x<:$$
2*  /.')7
10J&$U "$ &%
+  Q.W& 
h3+ J& ) \t.$6).$ 0)X1$
$  
$ j  *2*).q p mIK/.8 )24]L*& 4

 -3  
- j3
2  G  COq& .)& J. D. j Q.7, B .7 
B   Q.n  ( 'h 
) L
).8$ B 
  / D B F"$ &% e +\(
 ^) v\
  Q.7
y ^ f 2 & .87  gy

) L /.8$ 2*
/. .10)\ B 
2C).$
B n, )%+ Q.7 C  3  ( 
+ L
M%2*
D. ~> (\ 
^e.8()&3}, )%+ Q.7 ~$ \.7 (\  \\
SR8 B .7 ( .$>


) u "$ &%+ L}{* Y /. O;O7 B 3 2*
/.* 
* eOq& .!
 9  y %  O8 B .7
) A  /.
)Z.q%  :)w.$
D. N  N
\.8 
&Lj*& B +  Q.y)& 
#/. /.#

IK/.8 )2 , D.1$
 .p > R7 B .7 O .* V$ .7 O& + AV 2  /.7 LT + E  B &
, B
Z., ) t n,  ( 
j /.
.$
R8q *  #$O$
<j  w  B 

 a
q 
  h
+
O& /  ?D.$
7 .$@ 4\e  Q.7 ^3 .7\%&
)  Llk} @ 
+ 
SR8 B .7 O )i Q.$ 0}2 \ yK  Q.
)Z.q%L
.x
$ (
3<A B 
8$  
& B P
D.1$ 
+ j ).x$ $   /..7

y /.
 _
2  
e jO83 )
2*
D. B 
+H$
   $
$ 
/..8 
+    ).
 B/B & / ,  '/ij 
\ m
Z.$
q  B  n$
$& 
/..7 B u +\ & Q.)& n Oq& .

 & j %  O7 B .7
) #   /.&R) Q. 2*
/. 
q   w#  , a   B ).$L .
B

10

 
      
!"#" $
% &'   ()'*+,+ )&-./" 10 !.23
4 .5+6 ,.26&%#& 7.2%84 69: 2
;=<>?
'$".@.202./A  :?'B ' '.@ 
'C2D 
@ DE9& F ,+G
;" = H'2I.2
'
G'"B+@./" 2.J4&+H
K+ :GL<
M "
N +  "
# I"
O 8:
NF4.@'2.2
P(?QR.+S'=9
;+HK'54

+0T HD4:.C/ 'U:)'+$+"


V&TWX'@YR&[Z.2&=<=\G]"'^+*_a`Hb&bV1+
ced&fdghCg bGijkZ.2=3K S+l4:I.  'mn4 
;Io"
p'lp2.@.2"
q .2G
'DA"
DI"+I']
B , 'G/.@"9&+"
F
B+
Fr[G-.2"
D*Z.2&U sWX'@D3
G]"'t+"
 +  
9uv 
  QR".+ .2"
'
; ( WX'@
;G

;' " ,.2"


wx 
;'x4
y-./" H'x.2I- I+ @. '"
z{'| A ,'2I.2"
'
G" 
.2I"+,+'QR.+ =<
M %4}& $+"
;4&} 8~:}&AQR.+ S4&.27"
B& V2.@  A4&}& ,+ "
;4&}& :%(S+I'"+S
 +"[.2 H " H.2?T
'"
!3e"
x4.2F .2D4
3 H'2I.2
'
;I(+T "
 

 &v2
x+ ?& :-" 'I2ImF $
qI-& & 'j4".K\
 H< +
I+9 .p+q' '4' T
[&v2
*+"P
'H HG/I.2"
'
;4 .C &+$ 7.2'
GlF&v2"
 $+,+&' &" ,.2"
<e
O
;
O@./ -"'lB4&+H
/.2" ]
#+"
K  
P", H'2' 
"H ,'2' "+$ 2I[@.2'- .2'N:q4&+&'4.2I4  &I./G/< M 4.C +$r[G-.2
  
q ,'2I.2"
'
;"
D'
G&.2I&o(+$H ,'2' "+$ 2I:6/:"
6+ @.2oo+, -.2<
QR+ QR.+ =3N+ "
&v2
j+  
;'. p"$"'@.2H j4".C 
+$&v }#" , =<+:"
 
G -  ,.B:+,+ m.2+:@ 
'I/9+, #'@.2m+
+"%+ :w
AH :"
 4".C &+$ 7.2y"& yG@.2=3D4&+H

&I I./"+ =3& ^'



/o(
G:-  H.K'F'B+"
:4&. '@.2.2+  p - &+
:=<
M x
;
G2 @.2T+, -.2[
 H4&&+  5
'
G 4&}& ,+ "
;4&}& "
UI/ ]
)'/'l<
D& 'l4+,  /69&  6+ 8+, -.2@./" /?"& ?:"
 D4.C &+, 7.2? "
54 

([4.24&.2G4 .+.e'+,+ [ 4.2I'&4 qWX'@Y1'


$"'&.]
S

;#l4:"
;I? VQR.+V lF H:V+F!}:7"
;?UWXG@3:8 
P - 
KI- & I
4&+,
V} '!3s+ .2I !G2=< M S:"
 8&
G - " H.A
;A@.2'- GX+
8
     

'H ,
;7.2 A"
UU &.2T9& T4.I $
<@.2*D9& @ *"
14 
A"l'@./" H.2
+
t:+:"
&I"
t QR.+ p& +
{l4 "
;.'D   @} I&. 
I& -"+ '2)( '+,+ [WX'@D<
S 
6
;: .2
V V"9
;.C- .m+

:+:"
./K']
 8QR".+F44:"
;(BWXG! m?.2.2C/'? B4 '-  H.
6

John Searle, LIntentionalit , Les Editions Minuits, 1985 pour la traduction en


langue franaise.
11

 
     "!
#%$ &(')*% ,+,-. (
  /10
$ 
"23 $45
6 .7 .8!
8$9 :;<2
 .>=%?" @#*..A$4B*B
C%$ D%$ E CB2
-$ %$ 
F#
#> G(')*% 5HI1 J2* #/ @"$ K
&L CJ#
D>#
.(')% M*2A>N *

2
-$ %$ D"#F#**@MK $A..2A>M G$O;%$4@"$ P."8_a`,bb1 ced&fd&ghCg b'iM/ $OK $
D" Q G"$O-$ 0/1R/1@*M*&2
#*PTS%*%$ 

5UHVL2 4  J2
 AW  O$CF

K @X')*% Y./,/1[ZF\).@].$ ^ _/1?/1`R$4.% 9$C;a5cbd`K $a
 .
$9NK
N*#2
@.)ef :. >$9J#>
I/1.>  *g$9
$ $  (;V2.ghLA$C-$4i *@
A"$ >#&;">$ ,./,/1,. 9 ,ef ,/1j5
k eO
 lN (&$9." O$O;:g.A"N m2
>$CF/1L*/3$4.j5')% J
 *nhJ *V/3$4
V$ D D#.J2
-$ "$ ,K $#D" ..o CMj!@0Re4 *
R l
$4A>#" O$O;3 3 p*.q2*#*
$C#/1A. 9 ,*Nrs Aj
/&5tu -P" .
,K
(-$. 
$ DvD#."!
0PK $@.eC2*2
.WhL. 9 M*Q')% J.eO

0.Sw ;
\ CJ-$ 

>x$4
#
$ > /1.yD> .a5z's7AjY {*#
$9 OE _|`"!
0Y}>K $
D%$CF .12"/3$~ X2 4 m$4AD" 9
A>Y@ * C<K
;"$ 
\i*.z[$O A>')% a\
2
.0**AK
 K
Y-#%$O;%$ K
`/,  
5yV>/,/1A [D>$ K
 
.A>* $9..%$ 
 3$4A>"
ef  * A> *7@ 9 $,2@"/12
*#D%$4$9 C
#D#
., - 3$O -2% & .-$.$ 1K
,. .13$O -2
a5
rs A"/ 2*#
>
$ K
 `-$CF$ D%$ -
%$ X
xA. >$9
/1AP2{


j(>?
>5 6 2*03.-$ *#>
%$ :*J* AM"!
0PK $n$OA$ .sK
N."
C<-$ F$ D%$ -
%$ Ee4 *{"/1@eC;?"[X *{#>
32;l
!
 F$ K
<
3
1K

Oe9$4.-$ *#
"/3$4@  
\Xrs Aj
/&\R*#
 22.XK @ K @ 2
 C
*.
*a\-;

O$41*M CeO..2.j5
') rs A"/&\ B2;l
!@ F$ K @Be ;E2@ ADvD%$CA.2@ *`A$C-$4
Oe .-$ 2*#
$Oe4 *
$9.-$ }> w_a`,bbD"#F#*
5 k e *2
#%$ @.*
2
#** C"XS */1 O L C

"$ $ $O-$  x">


$O 9$9F $O;%$ K @
*
*>$ .W*#/1."UK
M>
;~$ M Q-
5a'~ $ AW CL.@.2.%$ 3D"#F#*
\
h`.[2@$4A\~')% x
E.
].$ y2NK @[ OeO2.%$ "
*\sef E$4
$ $  \Vh_A$O-$9 *@
$4A>-$ $ :#
# 
"%$ .*c.K ef *@c$4.-$ 
c*#@2[ C
*@
.-$ *5yHV2 4 
\d< Ce4$ #*x* C[$ $O-$ < {">
$O o 9$9F $C;"$ K
\K ef *
$4@$ $  G@JA!@N2
#"/3$4@q Oe .-$ &e4 *"/Q
PD>$ WK @J2
 .
2 0/1a\2* $OK @.>hc *[
*2
 3K e4$9
./,@> Cx>!
*xD%$ 

Oe .-$ 5

12



   !"#$&% ' ( )*+*,%.-/% % $0(12+3%.!)% 4 % /*5  
!)

6

%.!+!*,% !

*"%*,%7*+*8!"9 *

+!/*,% !*

% :;:0!+*<=)

>?&*8

$ % % !!)  @*8 !A  1  B C*,%D!/% :E% F,E% !(&G!HI&*JK!C*8;@F+!F+ "
!/ *J( /*LMD N"O2 /%7*P !D
*<5QR )!S&!+2F+T1)=UV"#!
 *8XW:E%.! !"ZY$S7 ?*H[]\&^_E` \abWIc)d \eJfhgi\j`^ke,l mn l ol c,^fEl pnBe8pl fZin\Oe8p_;f\
S\qc+pnc+\r"fsl.nS \t l c,^` \u\n"fZSvf$\_uwl.nvWVpxqin\y_vo$v_\nc+\z_\&eJf$\{fpi}|Epi_~eoEl tv\
r^_in\

ln+f\n/e,l pn&^le

rpi _[]\^_E` \

c+\` ^

n\

S vupn"f#_\

r^&e

gi\

` \e

e,lmn l oEl c,^)fl pn/eAn)\ke8pn+fKr^&e(S&^n/eA`^Cf$f$\'Kv&^nupl.neWl`n\qe8\Bc+pn+f\n"f$\r^&e


S\
c+\ec+pn)c`.i/e,l pn/e\frpi _~e)i l fX`^wSle8ci/e+e,l pne)i_A`^fe8\
S \AUVi+fn^u3
^gi\eJfEl pnHS\O[]\^_E` \@\&eJf3Upi_giplr)\n/e8\f~l7` V
U i"fn^u gi\XWS&^n/ec+\e
[
]
Svoln l fEl pn/elnS\t l c,^` \&eWc+\ n/d\&eJfr^&ec+\gi le8\f#_pi+\S&^ne`^f$f$\gi l
Svf$\_uwl.n\`d\t+f\ne,l pn&nrpi__$^l fc+pne,l Sv_\_
S\i+t^e)r\cf~eLS\el S v\e
ri"f#n^uwl \nn\eId.in\qr^_;f#WS&^n/eA` \Cc,^e2pxS \i+tCl.n)Sl l Si/e(_vo$v_\_$^l \n+fS\i+t
\t+f\ne,l pne(Sl o;ov_\n+f\eWhr^_in)\yuu\kln+f\n/e,l pn&WVl`&^in@v` vu\n+fsl.u
rp_;f~^n+f
gi/l\eJf` ^zn^)fi_\yS\`d\t+f\ne,l pnuu\Xfc+pu
u\`d\t+f\ne,l pnqSvr\nSS\`^
n^)f#i _\k\t^/cf\Sd.injp}|E\fs^i)gi\`inqupfo$^l f_vov_\n)c+\yY$S&^n/e{` \qc,^&e@S \`d\&^i
c)d\&eJf`^jc+pu
r)pe,l fEl pnc luwl gi)\qS\k`7d \&^i)abWIc+\Ogi/l\eJfS^n/eC` ^@ff\n\qe)i+o;oEl fRr^e
rpi_Svf\_uwl.n)\_`d\t+f\ne,l pn'QR\Bgi/l^@c+pn"f#_\O`d.l.n"f#i/l fEl pnAc)d \eJfhgi)\q` ^BS voEl.n l fl pn
uu\ASdl.n+f\ne,l pnH\fSd\t+f$\n/e,l pn\i"fgi\@`7dl.n+f\n/e,l pnvf$^ `le+e8\BS\&ec+pnSl fl pn/e
gi/lHe8pl \n+fe"^fEleJo~^&l f\er^_y`d\t+f\ne,l pn^ ` \_ze)i _y` ^

uvc+pnn^le+e"^nc+\S \

`7d \t+f\n/e,l pn


n\
c^nm \(r^&e5` \(_` \
gi l\eJf^e+e,lmn)v32`7d.ln+f\n/e,l pn&
K^n/e
` \Cc,^ S_\AS \Ce8pnA\trpe8vHe)i_V`d.l.n"f$\n+fEl pn^`l f$vB[]\^_E` \f\n+f\AS\HSvupn+f_\_
gi)\XWzn)pf$^u
u\n"fW\n

c+\

gi/ljc+pnc+\_n)\

S\&e\tr_\&e+e,l pne

lnS\t l c,^` \&e` \&e

c+pn)Sl fEl pn/eHS\e"^fEl7eJo$^ cfEl pnr\i+\n"fRf_\jSvoEl.n/l \er^__$^rr)p_;f^i+t\tr _\e+e,l pn/e


\`7` \e"uu\ejZln/e,lin{upfVf\`gi\k5\^i{r\i+ff_\j
lnS\t l c,^` \u\n+fhSvoEl.n/l
c+pu
u\zfpi+fc+\Pgi/lZ^Puu\MeJf_icfi _\gi)\M`^Pe)i/eJf$^n)c+\Pgi/lZ^zc,^i/e8vT+;;
\tr)v_El \nc+\ l7e)i\`` \W5gi\`7` \gi\e8pl f`^n^fi_\S \c+\f;f\=eJf_icfi _\XQR\f;f\
^n^` /e8\\eJf5^` ^ ` \r)pi_3` \&ezS\i+tf\__\eWc,^_c+\Tgi/llu
rp_;f\Tc)d \eJf
` \upf
3+;;A
Upi_{c+\e_$^&l7e8pn/ein9uu\^/cf$\r/eJc)p` p&m&l gi)\\f{S\euu\eupf~e
r\i+\n+fe,l mn l ol \_'S\ecp&e8\eSl oov_\n+f\eI^&l7ec)d\&eJf]\nw\_f#i3S \@c+pn)Sl fEl pn/ewS \
e"^fEl7eJo$^ cfEl pnHgi lXe8pn+f]oEl tv \e@r^_`7d \trv_El \nc+\BSdGi nOlnSl l Si\fnpnjr^&eHr^_S\e
7

Ibid., p.245
13

 
     !#"$%&(')+*$*$ $,+-.' 0/
$1213(*4'5763 $$1894 $;:<=% "4> &?$=**$@
"4A'  B1$ C
D  'EF +1AE G*$48 $'5402HI'JK A LM ! N@N%' OG $QPL$CSR4 
T )5? UEVWX*4Y4%' $ $*4YZ F[*]\64 NL  $^ 8_XEF K $O`')
)6 4 NF L $a

12R&'

*cb L

 $'%0#deF4 f')VgF*Fh ! $iPL$4C jM

Y&EF8EF]'gV$7F $ L2 &k'  l BF4m'7') 66&]7"   $ N$)


*

4YF')

%1& $

Y1A5



')

EF K $n_F

*4 F*4*$   $

L4 L $F'%' , $ N$  ')o)6 4 NF L $3"<Fp$q ,4 $F * r VW4
 
s1$GE4t**  g T B &o')V) F*C '$CEu')S)6& N $#s @  %&
1$ Cv  w $12*4g0exyT Czb j{|EF(')V)$3> L$12*,1A )}'*{$R4'1A EF(&V)
*> 'g'1 ~Y6&0 D &V)K  ,E4ep* p&9'gV F* $( #E!')V)$
*N/ @"  &5.E4> $12*g @  %&v1$ l;d  
&V)K .*2 &
'gV F* '$C]EV) K z (E&0 V) K * | &='!1$?9
 L'  } 8
de N5/t'
 )z F&9( $  ( V)b j{+43 T CF L "o( $12*( 
EF2gT ;640/4x L 1O 0-.'2"4 T  $ AN$L1242 $121T C50

14

You might also like