Final Thesis

Beijing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics M.
Sc Thesis
i

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF
VORTEX INDUCED VIBRATION OF
CIRCULAR CYLINDER AND PIPES

By

Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh

04-MSc-TSE-01

Supervisor

Prof Dr. Shahab Khushnood

Faculty of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology Taxila
(Dec 2005)
University of Engineering & Technology M.Sc Thesis
i

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF VORTEX INDUCED VIBRATION OF CIRCULAR
CYLINDER AND PIPES

By

Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh

04-MSc-TSE-01

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Prof Dr. Shahab Khushnood
(Thesis Supervisor)

Faculty of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology Taxila
(Dec 2005)

ii

To my beloved parents,
Who are always with me when I need them..

iii
Acknowledgement

I cant find words to thanks ALLAH SUBHANA HU WA TAALA who gave me this
opportunity and strength to handle and complete this thesis. At this movement, I would like
to thank my teachers of my school, college and the university, who have taken all the pain to
groom me so that today I am able to achieve this milestone.

I am extremely grateful to my supervisor Professor Dr. Shahab khushnood for his
valuable guidance and cooperation throughout the execution of this research work. I would
like to offer my gratitude to Jawad Khawar for the efforts and pains, which he took to guide
me in the subject of the Aerodynamics.

Finally, I am especially thankful to my parents for their encouragement in difficult
times. I would like to express my deep appreciation to all my friends for their patience
understanding and encouragement through the period of this research work.

Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh

Dec 2005

iv
Abstract
External flows past objects have been studied extensively because of their many practical
applications. For example, airfoils are made into streamline shapes in order to increase the
lifts, and at the same time, reducing the aerodynamic drags exerted on the wings. On the
other hand, flow past a blunt body, such as a circular cylinder, usually experiences boundary
layer separation and very strong flow oscillations in the wake region behind the body. In
certain Reynolds number range, a periodic flow motion will develop in the wake as a result of
boundary layer vortices being shed alternatively from either side of the cylinder. This regular
pattern of vortices in the wake is called a Karman vortex street. It creates an oscillating flow
at a discrete frequency that is correlated to the Reynolds number of the flow. The periodic
nature of the vortex shedding phenomenon can sometimes lead to unwanted structural
vibrations, especially when the shedding frequency matches one of the resonant frequencies
of the structure. One example is the famous Tacoma Narrow bridge incident.

In order to calculate the cylinder response to the flow, one needs to solve the flow around the
body. In the last several years, research has concentrated on solving the unsteady Navier-
Stokes equation through finite-element or finite-volume methods. Through the flow solution
at a given time, it is possible to have the pressure and viscous tension distribution around the
cylinder. Consequently, one can evaluate drag and lift forces on the body. The forces are then
used to solve the motion of the cylinder. In this way, it is possible to obtain time histories of
the drag, lift and position of the cylinder.

The present study examines laminar and turbulent flows over a circular cylinder. The
incoming free stream flow is uniform with Reynolds number based on diameter of 3.8 and
12.7mm. At these Reynolds numbers, the flow is essentially two dimensional with periodic
vortex pairs shed from the downstream side of the cylinder. An implicit approach to the
solution of the unsteady two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations is used for computation of
flow parameters. This is accomplished using constant physical time stepping in the
calculations. Solutions computed using the multi-block scheme in which the dual time
stepping loops has also been specified. The Strouhal number is compared with the
experimental data of R.M.C. Sou.

v
Calculations are performed in parallel using a domain re-meshing/deforming technique with
communication requirements. Results for the unsteady shedding flow behind a circular
cylinder are presented with experimental comparisons, showing the feasibility of accurate,
efficient, time-dependent viscous calculations. Finally, a two-dimensional structural model of
the cylinder is coupled with the unsteady flow solution, and time responses of the deflections
of the structure are analyzed.

Key words: unsteady aerodynamics, vortex shedding, vortex induced vibrations,
computational fluid dynamics, numerical flow simulation, FLUENT,
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract .................................................................................................................... iv
Key words ................................................................................................................. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................ vi
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Problem Statement....................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives .................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Aim and Motivation....................................................................................... 2
1.4 Thesis Outline .............................................................................................. 2
1.5 Assumptions and Approach ......................................................................... 3
2 Vortex Induced Vibration-Literature Review................................................... 4
2.1 Mechanics of Vortex-induced Vibration........................................................ 4
2.2 Vortex Induced Vibration and Its Types........................................................ 6
2.2.1 Types .................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Experimental Studies ................................................................................... 8
2.3.1 Fluid forces on an oscillating cylinder.................................................. 10
2.3.2 Free vibrations of an elastic cylinder in a cross flow ........................... 10
2.4 Numerical Methods .................................................................................... 13
3 Solution Methodology..................................................................................... 14
3.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics................................................................... 15
3.2 Two-dimensional finite volume method (FVM)........................................ 15
3.2.1 Details of FVM based Solver............................................................... 18
3.2.2 Calculation of the Viscous Fluxes ....................................................... 21
3.3 Structural Model ......................................................................................... 23
3.3.1 Elastic Cylinder ................................................................................... 24
3.3.1.1 Single DOF Model........................................................................ 24
3.3.1.2 Double DOF Model ...................................................................... 26
3.4 Coupling Procedure.................................................................................... 29
4 Problem Setup for FLUENT ............................................................................ 30
4.1 Preprocessing ............................................................................................ 30
4.1.1 Grid generation ................................................................................... 30
4.1.1.1 General requirements of a grid .................................................... 31
4.1.1.2 Required features of a grid generator .......................................... 31
4.2 Solution and Post processing..................................................................... 33
4.2.1 Solver.................................................................................................. 33
4.2.1.1 FLUENT Solver Setup ................................................................. 33
4.3 Dynamic Mesh Update Methods ................................................................ 36
4.3.1 Spring-based Smoothing..................................................................... 36
4.3.2 Dynamic Layering Method .................................................................. 38
4.3.3 Local Remeshing Method ................................................................... 39
4.4 Solid-Body Kinematics ............................................................................... 42
5 Results and discussion .................................................................................. 43
5.1 Circular Cylinder in Cross-flow................................................................... 43
5.1.1 Stationary Circular Cylinder in Laminar Cross-flow............................. 43
5.1.2 Elastically mounted Circular Cylinder in Laminar Cross-flow.............. 48
5.1.2.1 Single DOF Model........................................................................ 50
5.1.2.2 Double DOF Model ...................................................................... 57
5.1.3 Stationary Circular Cylinder in Turbulent Cross-flow:.......................... 65
vii
5.1.4 Elastically mounted Circular Cylinder in Turbulent Cross-flow: ........... 67
5.2 Discussion.................................................................................................. 74
5.2.1 Reynolds number effects on Shedding frequency............................... 74
5.2.2 Wake Structure ................................................................................... 74
5.2.3 Vibration effects on the near wake...................................................... 75
5.2.4 Vibration characteristics...................................................................... 76
5.2.5 Comparison of Strouhal Number......................................................... 79
5.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 81
6 References....................................................................................................... 82
7 Appendix.......................................................................................................... 84
7.1 Appendix A................................................................................................. 85
7.2 Appendix B................................................................................................. 87

viii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 Flow over Cylindrical Section..................................................................................4
Figure 2-2 Coefficient of drag variation with Reynolds number ...............................................5
Figure 2-3 Experimental Setup ................................................................................................11
Figure 3-1 Block Diagram........................................................................................................14
Figure 3-2 Schematics of 2d solver..........................................................................................19
Figure 3-3 Polar angle , normal angle and outward normal to faces of a cell....................20
Figure 3-4 Resolution of velocity vector along outward normal to a face in Cartesian (x,y)
and normal-tangential (n,t) coordinates ...........................................................................20
Figure 3-5 aero elastic structural model ...................................................................................23
Figure 3-6 Single DOF Model. ................................................................................................24
Figure 3-7 Double DOF Model. ...............................................................................................26
Figure 3-8 Coupling procedure. ...............................................................................................29
Figure 4-1 Over View of the segregated solver. .....................................................................34
Figure 4-2 Overview of the coupled solver.............................................................................35
Figure 4-3 Spring-Based Smoothing on Interior Nodes: Start................................................37
Figure 4-4 Spring-Based Smoothing on Interior Nodes: End.................................................37
Figure 4-5 Dynamic Layering.................................................................................................38
Figure 4-6 Remeshing at a Deforming Boundary....................................................................40
Figure 4-7 Expanding Cylinder before Local Face Remeshing...............................................41
Figure 4-8 Expanding Cylinder after Local Face Remeshing..................................................41
Figure 5-1 2D grid around Circular cylinder ...........................................................................43
Figure 5-2 Contours of Mach number variation at Re = 200. ..................................................44
Figure 5-3 Contours of Vorticity Magnitude at Re=200..........................................................45
Figure 5-4 Contours of Velocity magnitude at Re= 1650........................................................46
Figure 5-5 Contours of Temperature Variation at Re= 1650. ..................................................46
Figure 5-6 Contours of Entropy Variation at Re= 1650. .........................................................46
Figure 5-7 Velocity Contours for laminar vortex shedding at Re = 1650 ...............................47
Figure 5-8 Coefficient of Lift & Drag variation with time at Re= 1650..................................47
Figure 5-9 Strouhal Number calculation at Re= 1650. ............................................................47
Figure 5-10 Layout of the cylindrical section. .........................................................................48
Figure 5-11 Vortex Shedding and location of section at different time intervals (Re = 2500)50
ix
Figure 5-12 Dynamic Pressure plot for Cylinder 1 at Re 2500, 4500 & 6000 respectively. ...51
Figure 5-13 Velocity contours for Cylinder 1 at Re 2500, 4500 & 6000 respectively. ...........51
Figure 5-15Velocity contours for Cylinder 2 at Re 2500, 4500 & 6000 respectively. ............52
Figure 5-16 Comparison of the experimental and numerical results for shedding frequencies.
..........................................................................................................................................54
..........................................................................................................................................54
Figure 5-18 Comparison of the experimental and numerical results for Strouhal Number. ....55
Figure 5-19 Time history plot of case A of cylinder One. .......................................................55
Figure 5-20 Comparison of the Experimental and computational rms value for cylinder one.
..........................................................................................................................................56
Figure 5-21 Comparison of the Experimental and computational rms value for cylinder two.
..........................................................................................................................................57
Figure 5-26 FFT Results for the shedding frequency at Re=2500 (cylinder 2). ......................60
..........................................................................................................................................61
..........................................................................................................................................61
Figure 5-30 Time history plot of case A of cylinder two........................................................63
..........................................................................................................................................64
..........................................................................................................................................64
Figure 5-33 Contours of turbulent Kinetic energy. .................................................................65
Figure 5-34 Contours of turbulent viscosity. ..........................................................................65
Figure 5-35 Contours of Vorticity magnitude.........................................................................66
Figure 5-36 Contours of Velocity magnitude. .........................................................................66
x
Figure 5-38 Velocity magnitude plot for Cylinder 1 at Re 2500, 4500 & 6000 respectively..68
Figure 5-40 Velocity magnitude plot for Cylinder 2 at Re 2500, 4500 & 6000 respectively..69
..........................................................................................................................................70
..........................................................................................................................................70
Figure 5-44 Time history plot of case A of cylinder two........................................................72
..........................................................................................................................................73
..........................................................................................................................................73
Figure 5-47 Formation of wake structure for laminar flow. ....................................................75
Figure 5-48 Single DOF Displacement pattern of cylinder one at 9.93m/sec. ........................76
Figure 5-49 FFT results for displacement pattern for 1D case. ...............................................77
Figure 5-50 Single DOF Displacement pattern of cylinder one at 9.93m/sec. ........................77
Figure 5-53 Trajectory plot. .....................................................................................................79
Figure 5-54 Reynolds number variation with Strouhal number (Published data)....................79
Figure 5-55 Reynolds number variation with Strouhal number (simulation results)...............80

xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 Experimental results ................................................................................................13
Table 5-1 Comparison of results ..............................................................................................44
Table 5-2 Geometry Input ........................................................................................................48
Table 5-3 Flow inputs ..............................................................................................................48
Table 5-4 Geometry Input ........................................................................................................49
Table 5-5 Flow inputs ..............................................................................................................49
Table 5-6 Time step size ..........................................................................................................53
Table 5-7 Shedding Frequency Results....................................................................................53
Table 5-8 Y-rms Results ..........................................................................................................56
Table 5-9 Time step size ..........................................................................................................57
Table 5-10 Shedding frequency results....................................................................................60
Table 5-11 Y-rms results..........................................................................................................63
Table 5-12 Time step size ........................................................................................................67
Table 5-13 Shedding Frequency results ...................................................................................69
Table 5-14 Y-rms Results ........................................................................................................72

1
1 Introduction
The flow around a circular cylinder is a classical problem of fluid dynamics, knowledge of
which is essential for basic understanding as well as for technical applications, such as grand
buildings, bridges, standpipes, transport pipelines, tubes poles and cables, all of which
attracted widespread attention.
Flow vibrations are mostly induced by
Vortex shedding
Fluid elastic instability
Turbulence and
Acoustic resonance.
Among the above four vortex shedding is the principal excitation mechanism for flow-
induced vibration in cross flows, producing alternating forces, which occur more frequently if
the flow velocity is increased. In certain Reynolds number range, a periodic flow motion will
develop in the wake as a result of boundary layer vortices being shed alternatively from either
side of the cylinder. This regular pattern of vortices in the wake is called a Karman vortex
street. It creates an oscillating flow at a discrete frequency that is correlated to the Reynolds
number of the flow. The periodic nature of the vortex shedding phenomenon can sometimes
lead to unwanted structural vibrations, especially when the shedding frequency matches one
of the resonant frequencies of the structure.
1.1 Problem Statement

Fluid-structure interactions resulting from the free vibrations of a two-dimensional elastic
cylinder in a cross flow are not well understood. Experimental data pertaining to the
interaction behavior is rather scarce. The effect of vibrating instability of a single cylinder is
investigated in a uniform flow using the power of computational methods. Owing to recent
improvements in Computational Fluid Dynamics (C.F.D.), numerical fluid force
identification is now practicable in the presence of practical configurations. The proposed
research is devoted to numerical simulation of flow-induced vibrations of tube submitted to
single-phase cross flows by using C.F.D. codes. Code coupling processes are involved to
predict fluid forces responsible for tube vibrations in the presence of fluid structure and fluid-
elastic coupling effects.
2
1.2 Objectives

This Thesis work has been undertaken to study the effect of Reynolds number on the vortex
shedding and the induced vibration. In our case we used brass cylinder of uniform cross
section at various Reynolds number varying from 2500 ~ 6000. The main objectives of this
study are to:
1. Develop a practical and reliable engineering method for the prediction of Vortex-
Induced Vibrations (VIV) of slender structures.
2. Develop technical breakthrough in the basic understanding and calculation of VIV
and Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) for slender structures, such as vertical risers,
flexible risers, catenary risers, tendons, mooring lines, cables and pipelines.
3. Develop software modules (and source code) to calculate and simulate VIV on marine
slender structures, including hydrodynamic coefficients and fatigue damage.
1.3 Aim and Motivation

The motivation of the proposed research is to employ flow-structure interaction methods
based on solving the Navier-Stokes and structural dynamics equations of motion to provide
predictions of the forces and responses of structures. Here the aim is to investigate the flow
field and to study the vortex induced vibrations and simulate the phenomenon by using
computational fluid dynamics. The present investigation attempts to examine this problem
numerically using a commercial CFD code to assess the shedding frequencies, force and the
resultant displacements and velocities in the wake. Numerical runs are carried out over a
range of reduced velocities. The reduced velocity was varied by using cylinders of two
different diameters. For the range of reduced velocity investigated, the vibration amplitude of
the cylinder is finite and increases with reduced velocity. The near-wake flow behind the
elastic cylinder, at three different Reynolds numbers in the sub-critical range, is studied in
detail and the data is used to analyze the vibration effects on the laminar and turbulence field
compared to those measured behind a relatively rigid cylinder at the same Reynolds numbers.
1.4 Thesis Outline

Chapter 1 gives a short introduction of vortex induced vibration and describes the research
overview. Chapter 2 gives details of the literature and experimental investigation in the area
of VIV. Chapter 3 describes the flow-structure interaction and its mechanics in detail. In
3
depth finite volume method and aero elastic modeling is described to establish the
understanding of the CFD code and structural response evaluation techniques. This chapter
also details the method of interaction in a fluid structure problem. After establishing the
under standing of the CFD and structural mechanics, the focus is to have good understanding
of the working and technicalities of fluent fluid solver and its dynamic mesh solver. Chapter
4 gives the details of this solver. First part of chapter 3 gives the details of the inviscid or
Euler solution methodology. Second part gives the details for the calculation of viscous
fluxes. Chapter 5 deals with the results of the project. It is distributed into Laminar and
Turbulent solution parts. All the results are compared with experimental results which are
shown as well in Chapter 5.
1.5 Assumptions and Approach

To simplify the analysis, the following assumptions are made for two dimensional flow over
the circular cylinder:
Cylinder is of uniform diameter along its length.
The material properties and uniform along the length of the cylinder.
The vortex pattern is two dimensional even in the presence of turbulent flow field.
The mid span cross section is having planar oscillation.

4
2 Vortex Induced Vibration-Literature Review
2.1 Mechanics of Vortex-induced Vibration

In an actual viscous flow, the fluid velocity at the cylinder surface is zero due to no-slip
condition. This leads to the formation of a boundary layer, which is a thin region adjacent to
the surface where viscous shear effects are important and velocity increases from zero at the
surface to local free stream value. Over the forward portion of the cylinder, the surface
pressure decreases from the stagnation point towards the shoulder. Thus, the boundary layer
develops under a favorable pressure gradient,
0 < dx dP
. The net pressure force in this region
is sufficient to overcome the resisting shear force, and the motion of fluid in flow direction is
maintained. The surface pressure eventually reaches a minimum and begins to increase
towards the rear of the cylinder. The boundary layer in this region develops under the
influence of adverse pressure gradient,
0 > dx dP
. As the pressure is increasing in the flow
direction, the fluid in the boundary layer experience a net pressure force opposite to its
direction of motion. At some point the momentum of the fluid will be insufficient to carry it
into the region of increasing pressure: the fluid adjacent to solid comes to rest, and the flow
separation from the surface occurs.

Figure 2-1 Flow over Cylindrical Section

5
Boundary layer separation results in the formation of a relatively low-pressure region behind
the cylinder that is deficient of momentum. This region is called the wake. For the separated
flow over the cylinder, there is a imbalance of the net pressure force in the flow direction; due
to relatively high pressure over the forward portion and low pressure in the wake region. This
imbalance of force results in pressure drag on the cylinder, the pressure drag dominates the
total drag at large Reynolds number; at high Reynolds number Re > 1000, skin friction drag
is only a few percent of the total.

The drag coefficient CD is used to quantify the net drag force FD on a cylinder. Dimensional
analysis show that the drag coefficient is a function only of Reynolds number Re, where CD
and Re are defined as:
) (
2
1
2
1
2 2
LD U
F
A U
F
C
D
proj
D
D

= =
1
UD
= Re
2

where and are the fluid density and viscosity, L and D are the cylinder length and
diameter, and Aproj = LD is the projected area of the cylinder normal to the flow.

Figure 2-2 Coefficient of drag variation with Reynolds number
6
At very low Reynolds numbers, Re < 5, there is no flow separation, the wake is laminar, and
the drag is predominantly due to skin friction. As the Reynolds number is increased in the
range 5 < Re < 1000, the drag coefficient decreases continuously. Because of flow separation,
the total drag is made up of both skin friction and pressure drag. In this range the skin friction
contribution decreases and the pressure drag becomes more prominent.

In the range of 10
3
< Re < 210
5
the drag coefficient is relatively constant. At Re > 210
5
the
drag coefficient curve undergoes a relatively sharp drop. Experiments show that for Reynolds
numbers less than this critical value, the boundary layer on the forward portion of the
cylinder is laminar. Separation of boundary layer occurs just upstream of midsection and a
relatively wide turbulent wake is formed. The pressure in the separated region behind the
cylinder is relatively constant and is lower than the surface pressure near the forward
stagnation point, leading to a large pressure drag.

For Re > 210
5
transitions to a turbulent boundary layer occurs on the forward portion of the
cylinder. As the turbulent boundary layer has more momentum near the surface, than the
laminar boundary layer; it can resist flow separation under the action of adverse pressure
gradient in a better manner. As a result the separation is downstream of the cylinder
midsection, and the wake is relatively narrow. The net stream wise pressure force on the
cylinder is reduced as compared to the laminar boundary layer, resulting in reduced drag
coefficient. The main stream Reynolds number where the transition takes place accompanied
by drop in drag is called the Critical Reynolds number.
2.2 Vortex Induced Vibration and Its Types

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) occurs when shedding vortices (a von Karman vortex street)
exert oscillatory forces on a cylinder in the direction perpendicular to both the flow and the
structure. The structure starts to oscillate due to these forces if it is not fixed. For fixed
cylinders, the vortex-shedding frequency is related to the non-dimensional Strouhal number.
The Strouhal number is defined as

Where
f
v
is the predominant frequency of vortex shedding,
U is the steady velocity of the flow and
7
D is the diameter of the cylinder.

The Strouhal number is found to be nearly constant with a value of 0.2 for a large range of
Reynolds numbers. This range is often called the sub-critical range and spans the Reynolds
number range of 300 2x10
5
[1].

For flow past cylinders that are free to vibrate, the phenomenon of synchronization or lock-in
is observed. For low flow speeds, the vortex-shedding frequency fv will be the same as that
of a fixed cylinder. This frequency is fixed by the Strouhal number. As the flow speed is
increased, the shedding frequency approaches the vibration frequency of the cylinder f0. In
this regime of flow speeds, the vortex-shedding frequency no longer follows the Strouhal
relationship. Rather, the shedding frequency becomes locked-in to the oscillation
frequency of the cylinder (i.e., f0 ~ fv). If the vortex-shedding frequency is close to the
natural frequency of the cylinder fn; as is often the case, large body motions are observed
within the lock-in regime (the structure undergoes near-resonance vibration).
2.2.1 Types

In a simple flow-induced vibration problem, such as that represented by a two-dimensional
structure in a cross flow, two different situations can be identified. They are:
The forced vibration case, where the structure is forced to vibrate in a flowing
medium, and
The free vibration case, where the structural vibration is entirely induced by the shed
vortices and the structure is free to vibrate and interact with the flow.
In the first case, besides the forced vibration, the structure is also subject to an induced
vibration due to the shed vortices. The forces responsible for these vibrations, therefore,
consist of a flow-induced force F1 (t) due to the shed vortices and an externally applied force
F2 (t). The externally applied force can be flow related, such as that given rise by oncoming
vortices, or mechanically applied, such as that imposed by an external exciter.
F1(t), which is generated exclusively by the motion of the structure, denotes the Movement
Induced Excitation (MIE), while F2(t), which is an external system of forces, is designated as
the Extraneously Induced Excitation (EIE). In the free vibration case, it is obvious that F2(t)
= 0. On the other hand, in the forced vibration case, F1 (t) can be either finite or zero
depending on the assumption made in formulating the problem or the conditions built into the
8
experimental setup. In one limit, F1 (t) is assumed to be zero, while in another, F1 (t) due to
the shedded vortices is fully accounted for.

These flow-induced vibration problems, whether free or forced, are coupled and are highly
non-linear. This means that the structural vibrations affect the vortex shedding behavior
which, in turn, influences the flow-induced unsteady forces. The modified forces affect the
motion of the structure, thus giving rise to the fluid-structure interaction phenomenon that
could be quite different for the different vibration cases. It is obvious that the forced vibration
case is more complicated than the free vibration case, because there is also an external
frequency of oscillation to consider besides the vortex shedding frequency and the structure
natural frequency.
2.3 Experimental Studies

There are innumerable experimental studies on the vortex-induced vibration of bluff bodies,
especially circular cylinders. These studies have examined a multitude of phenomena, from
vortex shedding from a stationary bluff body to vortex shedding from an elastic body. The
vibration caused by vortices generated by the flow past a structure depends on several factors.
The correlation of the force components, the shedding frequency, the Reynolds number, the
material damping and structural stiffness of the cylinder, and the added mass effect are just a
few of these. The literature is rich with experiments in which many of these factors have been
considered, usually by varying one or two factors and holding the rest fixed.

A great majority of studies were devoted to the forced vibration case, particularly situations
where only EIE is present (e.g. Berman 1984; Williamson and Roshko 1988; Griffin and Hall
1991; Gopalkrishnan et al. 1994). The forced vibration experiments were concerned with
situations where the excitation forces are externally imposed, which could be mechanically
applied such as those treated by Williamson and Roshko (1988) and Griffin and Hall (1991)
or they could be due to both mechanical excitation upstream vortices such as the airfoil
vibration experiments conducted by Gopalkrishnan et al. (1994). In all these investigations,
the oscillations generated by the flow- induced forces, whether they were due to the
mechanical excitations or the interaction of the oncoming vortices with the wake flow, were
not considered. As a result, the frequencies of importance were the natural frequency of body
9
and the imposed oscillation frequency. A phenomenon known as lock-on would occur when
these two frequencies were approximately equal.

Bearman presents a comprehensive review of experimental studies related to vortex shedding
from bluff bodies. He addresses the important question of the role of after body shape in
vortex induced vibration and results pertaining to a variety of after body shapes are included.
Bearman first examines the mechanism of vortex shedding from a fixed bluff body and also
studied vortex shedding from oscillating bluff bodies.

Bearman discusses free vs. forced vibrations in experiments. Forced vibration experiments
offer the advantage that the reduced velocity and amplitude ratios can be independently
varied. In free vibration experiments, these two parameters are inseparable, since varying the
reduced velocity leads to changes in the amplitude ratio. The major disadvantage of forced
vibration experiments is that only a very limited range of reduced velocities and amplitude
ratios studied will actually correspond to those encountered in a free vibration. Bearman
states that free and forced vibration flows are the same, provided that one assumes that the
exact history of motion is inconsequential.

The fundamental difference between fixed and oscillating bluff bodies is that the motion of
the cylinder can take control of the instability mechanism that leads to vortex-shedding. This
is manifested in the capture of the vortex-shedding frequency by the body natural frequency
over a range of reduced velocities. The vortex-shedding correlation length is significantly
increased when the vortex shedding frequency coincides with the body oscillation frequency.
The range of reduced velocities over which the vortex-shedding frequency coincides with the
natural frequency of the body depends on the oscillation amplitude. Larger ranges of
frequency capture result from larger oscillation amplitudes.

It is worth pointing out that the capture range will always include the reduced velocity value
corresponding to the inverse Strouhal number, and that maximum amplitude is attained near
to (but not exactly) this value. In other words, the reduced velocity for maximum amplitude is
close to 1/S. The location of this resonant point within the capture range depends on the
shape of the after body.

10
2.3.1 Fluid forces on an oscillating cylinder

Vortex-shedding from a circular cylinder produces alternating forces on the cylinder and it is
these forces which cause the cylinder to vibrate if it is free to do so. Experiments by Sarpkaya
determine the in-phase and out-of-phase components of the time dependent force acting on a
rigid circular cylinder undergoing forced transverse oscillations in a uniform stream. These
force components are used in the prediction of the dynamic response of an elastically
mounted cylinder in the synchronization range. The details of this aspect of the investigation
are relegated to the section of this review describing semi-empirical models. Preliminary
experimental work measures the mean fluid-induced force on the cylinder in the direction of
flow for various amplitudes and frequencies of cylinder oscillation in the transverse direction.
The in-line force is found to increase as A/D increases, where A is the transverse oscillation
amplitude. For a given value of A/D, the in-line force reaches a maximum for D/VT
(mathematically similar to a Strouhal number) in the range 0.180.20, where T is the
oscillation period and V has the same meaning as U. Furthermore, synchronization is found
to occur at a frequency slightly lower than the Strouhal frequency for a stationary cylinder,
0.21, corresponding to the range of Reynolds numbers considered by Sarpkaya, 500025,000.

Gopalkrishnan measures the vortex-induced lift and drag forces on a smooth circular cylinder
undergoing forced sinusoidal oscillations transverse to the free-stream. The measurements are
conducted in water. The lift force phase angle is found to be very different for large
oscillation amplitudes than for small oscillation amplitudes. This is partially responsible for
the amplitude-limited nature of VIV. The range of reduced velocities where the cylinder is
excited into oscillations by the flow (the lift coefficient excitation region) is found to not
coincide with the lock-in region. Furthermore, the excitation region is found to be dependent
on the phase, while lock-in is found to be a frequency-dependent effect.
2.3.2 Free vibrations of an elastic cylinder in a cross flow

R. M. C. So carried out a more detailed examination of the structural dynamics and wake
flow in the free vibration of an elastic cylinder in a cross flow. Here, the relationship between
the flow-induced forces and vortex shedding and the behavior at synchronization, which can
be defined as the situation where f (the natural frequency of the fluid-cylinder system) is
equal to L (the vortex shedding frequency of the vibrating cylinder), are assessed
11
simultaneously measuring the velocity field and the structural characteristics using a
combination of hotwires, EDA and laser vibrometer.

Figure 2-3 Experimental Setup

All experiments were carried out in a suction-type wind tunnel with a 0.5 m long square test
section that measured 0.35 m by 0.35 m. The experimental setup is schematically shown in
Fig. 2.1 (with the coordinate system attached to the centre of the cylinder at mid-span. In the
figure, U and V are the instantaneous velocity along the x and y direction, respectively. The
velocity U is parallel to the x direction. A Polytec Series 3000 Dual Beam Laser Vibrometer
was used to measure the bending displacements of the cylinder in the x and y directions. Two
optical heads that are connected to the laser vibrometer through optical fibers emit the laser
beams and receive the back-scattered signals from the measured object. The laser vibrometer
was used to measure only the transverse displacement, Y(t), of the cylinder by positioning the
optical heads outside the tunnel test section. While one laser beam measured Y (t) at the mid-
span of the cylinder, the other monitored the tunnel vibration at the same cross-section. The
differential signal yields a displacement measurement that is much less contaminated by
tunnel vibrations. With a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio, the error in the measured peak- to-
peak value was estimated to be between 10% to 15%. However, this accuracy will deteriorate
when the cylinder diameter becomes smaller and/or when the wind tunnel wall vibrations
become excessive.

12
The flow in the near wake was measured using a two- component laser Doppler anemometer
(EDA) system (Dantec Model 58N40 EDA with enhanced FVA signal processor). The
measuring volume has a minor axis of 1.18 mm and a major axis of 2.48 mm. Thus, the
measured mean velocity was estimated to have an error of less than 3% and the
corresponding error for the measured root mean square (rms) value was less than 10%.
Smoke generated by mosquito repellents was used to seed the flow.

A constant temperature hot-wire anemometer (DISA Model 55Mb) employing a single 5 am
Tungsten wire was used to measure the velocity at a fixed point in the wake. The hot-wire
anemometer was operated at an overheat ratio of 1.8. This data is only used to determine the
vortex shedding frequency in order to provide an independent check for the other
measurements. The resultant Y and u signals were simultaneously offset, amplified and then
digitized using a l2bit A/D board and a personal computer at a sampling frequency of 3.5
KHz per channel. The length of each record was about 30sec.The present set of experiments
was designed to investigate the effects of Ur on an elastic cylinder in a cross flow and its
vibration effects on the near wake. The effects of Ur will be examined first and finally, the
effects of cylinder vibrations on the near wake flow are studied.
A circular cylinder with a diameter d was vertically mounted in the mid-plane of the test
section and 20 cm downstream of the exit plane of the contraction. The mounting was
designed to provide a fixed support at both ends so that the cylinder deflection at the support
was essentially zero. A large vibration effect on the wake flow was desired and a very
inelastic cylinder has to be used to simulate the rigid case. Therefore, in the wake flow
experiment, brass cylinders with d 3.80mm and 12.7 mm were used instead. The blockage
was 3.63% when d 12.7 mm and was judged to be the maximum tolerable without having to
account for blockage effects on the mean drag.

These cylinders are designated as B1 and B2 for easy reference. Three different free stream
velocities were investigated for each cylinder. They gave rise to Re = 2500, 4600, 6000 for
both cylinders. The corresponding Ur is 25.62, 46.44 and 61.16 for the B1 cylinder and 0.70,
1.24, 1.64 for the B2 cylinder, respectively. The measured rms at mid-span, the cylinder
natural frequency and the measured shedding frequency of the two cylinders are reported as.
13

Table 2-1 Experimental results

2.4 Numerical Methods

Numerical methods are an alternative way to solve the fully coupled problem of VIV of bluff
bodies. For flow-induced vibration, four basic issues should be considered in any numerical
simulation:
Modeling of the flow field
Modeling of the structural vibration
Modeling of the fluidstructure interaction and
Data analysis.

The flow field behind a stationary cylinder and the flow field behind a cylinder forcibly
oscillated at a specified amplitude and frequency (the forced vibration problem) have
received considerable attention from computationalists. However, the natural approach to a
prediction of VIV in self-excited vibration is a method that couples the fluid motion and the
motion of the cylinder. This coupled approach has been taken by most of the recent
investigations into the VIV problem. Among the major methods used are time-marching
schemes, direct numerical simulation, and the vortex-in-cell method (VIC). Most of these
numerical simulations are usually restricted to the lower end of the Reynolds number
spectrum. However, large eddy simulation (LES) has been used to solve the forced vibration
problem at high Reynolds numbers and the self-excited problem at moderate Reynolds
numbers. From a numerical point of view, limits arise in the flow-field simulation of 3D
domains with large aspect ratios.

14
3 Solution Methodology

An implicit approach to the solution of the unsteady two-dimensional Navier-Stokes
equations is used for computation of flow parameters. This is accomplished using constant
global physical time stepping in the calculation. Calculations are performed in parallel using
a domain re-meshing/deforming technique with communication requirements. Results for the
unsteady shedding flow behind a circular cylinder are presented with experimental
comparisons, showing the feasibility of accurate, efficient, time-dependent viscous
calculations. Finally, a two-dimensional structural model of the cylinder is coupled with the
unsteady flow solution, and time responses of the deflections of the structure are analyzed.

The problem is modeled as shown in the block diagram.

Figure 3-1 Block Diagram

Structural
Dynamics
Fluid/structure
body motion
Fluid Force
on Structure
Fluid
Dynamics
15
3.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics

3.2 Two-dimensional finite volume method (FVM)

A real life continuous system can not be modeled on computer due to its requirement of
representation by infinite number of points. We discretize the domain into small finite cells
(differential volumes) and seek solution in those cells. We generally assume the continuum
assumption for general finite volume methodology. This means that although a
heterogeneous phenomenon exists at the atomic level of fluids, we assume that we can
represent this with reasonable accuracy by taking an average value of fluid properties over a
small differential volume. And integrating all these differential volumes gives us the overall
fluid characteristics. Time dependant Navier-Stokes equations represent the conservation of
mass, momentum and energy of a general compressible Newtonian viscous fluid. In the
absence of external forces, we can write these equations in a differential volume as following:

=
|
|
\
|
ABCD
dv
y
Q
x
Q
t
U
0
2 1
(3.1)
Where,
dxdydz dv =
(
) 1 ( dxdy dv =
Assuming unit depth for two-dimensional analysis)
v i
v i
Q Q Q
flux viscous and inviscid Q Q Q
2 2 2
1 1 1
) (
+ =
+ =

Writing in vector form:
(
(
(
(
=
t
E
v
u
U
(3.2)
16
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
=
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
=
y yy xy
yy
xy
v
t
i
x xy xx
xy
xx
v
t
i
q v u
Q
vh
p v
uv
v
or
p E v
p v
uv
v
Q
q v u
Q
uh
uv
p u
u
or
p E u
uv
p u
u
Q

0
;
) (
0
;
) (
2
2 2
2
1
2 2
1
(3.3)
I shall be discussing first about the calculation of inviscid residue for simple Euler solution. A
common approach is to write the fluxes in combine form as net flux going out of any face.
Applying Greens theorem and writing the fluxes in combined form in equation 3.1 gives,

= +
ABCD ABCD
ds n F Udxdy
t
0 . ) 1 (
(3.4)
side y side x
L n Q L n Q or dx Q dy Q ds n F
2 1 2 1
) 1 )( ( . + = =
(3.5)

= +
ABCD ABCD
dx Q dy Q Udxdy
t
0 ) (
2 1
(3.6)
) 7 . 3 ( 0
:
,
2
1
2
2
1
, 2 ,
2
1
2
2
1
, 2
,
2
1
1
2
1
, 1 ,
2
1
1
2
1
, 1
,
1
,
=
|
|
\
|
+ + +
|
|
\
|
+ + + +
|
|
\
|
+ +
+ +
+
DA
j i
CD
j i
BC
j i
AB
j i
DA
j i
CD
j i
BC
j i
AB
j i
ABCD
n
j i
n
j i
x Q x Q x Q x Q
y Q y Q y Q y Q A
t
U U
as ed approximat be can equation Above

) 9 . 3 (
) 8 . 3 ( ) (
2
1
) 1 (
2 2
p E
h
v u
p
E
volume unit per energy total E
t
t
t
+
=
+ +
=
=

Using the Newtonian Fluid assumption, the viscous stress tensor is given by:
17
) 13 . 3 (
) 12 . 3 (
) 11 . 3 ( 2
3
2
) 10 . 3 ( 2
3
2
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
= =
+ =
+ =
y
v
x
u
D
x
v
y
u
y
v
D
x
u
D
yx xy
yy
xx

First row of vector equation 3.4 corresponds to continuity equation, second and third
corresponds to momentum equation and fourth corresponds to energy equation.
The coefficient of viscosity and thermal conductivity can be related to the thermodynamic
variables using kinetic theory. Sutherlands formula of viscosity and thermal conductivity is
used which have only temperature as unknown variable.
) 14 . 3 (
) ( 4 . 110
10 458 . 1
2
3
6
K T
T
K s m
kg
x
+
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
=

Using the Fourier law of Heat conduction, the conductive heat transfer rate vector can be
written as:
y
T
k q
x
T
k q
y
x
= ) 15 . 3 (

where, thermal conductivity
k
is :
) ( 194
) ( 10 495 . 2
2
3
2
3
3
3
K T
T
K s
m kg
x k

+
=

Assuming that the intermolecular forces are negligible amongst the molecules of air, the
perfect gas assumption is used. Following Relation holds good:
P=RT (3.16)
Where, R is the gas constant.
I have assumed the fluid (air) as calorically perfect gas. This gives the constant values of
specific heats, as otherwise we have to consult thermodynamics tables or charts at each
temperature and pressure condition. So, we get additional relationships as:
18
=Cp/Cv where,
Cp = specific heat at constant pressure=
1
R
(3.17)
Cv = specific heat at constant volume=
1
R
(3.18)
3.2.1 Details of FVM based Solver

To study the unsteady flow over a circular section using CFD techniques with a structured
grid, a cell centred finite volume algorithm is used using the implicit time marching of the
Unsteady Navier-Stokes Equations. I shall be using the implicit scheme with fixed time size
for the unsteady state solution by using the segregated technique.

Spatial discretization

Now, consider a domain discretized by finite volume mesh as shown in figure (3.1). We need
to simulate an inviscid or viscous fluid passing through this domain. This fluid has a definite
mass, momentum and energy in it. Equation (3.1) states that the time rate of change of mass,
momentum and total energy of the fluid inside a fixed control volume equals the rate of
transport of those quantities through the boundary of that control volume. To solve (3.1)
numerically, we need to have fluxes calculated at the boundaries as represented in equation
(3.5).

19

Figure 3-2 Schematics of 2d solver

i-1/2
j-1/2
x-axis
y-axis
i
i-1
j
j+1
j+1/2
i+1/2
j+3/2
A
B
D
C
Cell Face (Left /Right states during flux calculation)
Line joining Cell Centres
Vertex (Grid Point) x, y coordinate
Cell centre, Primitive variables ( ,u,v,p,t)

Control Volume
AB Bottom side
BCRight side
CDTop side
DALeft side
1
.
1
.
1

L
E
G
E
N
D

20
C
D
V
x
u
y
v
y
n
x
n

CD
CD

Cell orientation with angles of its sides:

DA n

Figure 3-3 Polar angle , normal angle and outward normal to faces of a cell

Normal vector definition:

Figure 3-4 Resolution of velocity vector along outward normal to a face in Cartesian (x,y) and normal-
tangential (n,t) coordinates
C
V
t
v
n
v
tx
v
ty
v
nx
v
ny
v
CD
CD
D
x-axis
y-axis

B(x
b
,y
b
)
BC
A(x
a
,y
a
)
AB
u
v
p
t

C(x
c
,y
c
)
CD
D(x
d
,y
d
)
DA
BC
BC n
CD
CD n
AB
AB
n
DA
vecbcf
21

Next step will be to calculate the inviscid and viscous fluxes.
3.2.2 Calculation of the Viscous Fluxes

Consider now the viscous terms of equations (2.4).

) 46 . 3 (
0
0
2
1
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
=
y yy xy
y
xy
v
x xy xx
xy
xx
v
q v u
Q
q v u
Q

It is clear from the equation (3.10-13) and equation (3.15) that we need to calculate the values
of
y
T
x
T
y
v
x
v
y
u
x
u
, , , , ,
etc to calculate all the terms in equation (3.46). These terms are
actually double derivatives as
x
Q
v
1
and
y
Q
v
2
are to be calculated ultimately. So, the idea is to
calculate the
xx
,
yy
,
xy
and
y
q
at the cell surfaces and then approximate the
v
Q
1
and
v
Q
2
at
cell centres by using the equation (3.5). And finally add them to the inviscid fluxes calculated
in global time advancing scheme. Viscous flux contribution from continuity term (1st row of
equation (3.46)) is zero.
For explanation, I shall be talking about only x-momentum viscous flux, as y-momentum and
energy have to be calculated on the same pattern. Again imagine the figure (2.8) finite
volume cell ABCD. Using equation (3.5) and finding derivative of u at the cell centre in area
weighted sense:
) 47 . 3 (
ABCD
DA xDA DA CD xCD CD BC xBC BC AB xAB AB
centre
A
L n u L n u L n u L n u
x
u + + +
= |

Value of
AB
u
can be calculated at the cell face either by first order or second order
approximation. From these derivatives at the cell centres we calculated all the elements of
equation (3.46). Now again these cell centred
xx
,
yy
,
xy
and
y
q
are extrapolated to cell
22
faces by using first order approximation (simple averaging of adjacent cell centre values). It
is clear from equation (3.4) that the total viscous flux contribution of x-momentum along x-
axis is
xx
and along y-axis is

xy
. It may be written as:

) 48 . 3 (
) ) ) )
) ) ) )
ABCD
DA yDA DA xy CD yCD CD xy BC yBC BC xy AB yAB AB xy
ABCD
DA xDA DA xx CD xCD CD xx BC xBC BC xx AB xAB AB xx
centre
xy
centre
xx
A
L n L n L n L n
A
L n L n L n L n
y x

+ + +
+
+ + +
=
|
|
+ |
So, the equation will give us the sum of 2nd row values of
v
Q
1
and
v
Q
2
given above in
equation (3.46), which is basically the viscous contribution by x-component of momentum.

23
3.3 Structural Model

There are generally two types of methods to calculate the fluid-structure interaction
problems: the fluid and structure governing equations are
Loosely coupled
Fully coupled.
The loosely coupled model means that the structural response lags behind the flow field
solution. Within a time step for the loosely coupled method, the structure solver calculates the
response after the flow solver is converged. This kind of methods may be limited to first-
order temporal accuracy only regardless of the temporal accuracy of the individual solvers.

The fully coupled model is that the flow field and structure always respond simultaneously by
exchanging the aerodynamic forcing and structural displacement within each inner iteration
of a time step. Obviously, only the fully coupled model is rigorous in physical sense. Due to
the complicated non-linear fluid-structure interaction phenomenon such as transonic stall
flutter, oscillating shock waves and flow separation, etc., the fully coupled model between the
fluid and structure system is necessary and is selected for this research to achieve high
accuracy. The present study is to develop a fully coupled fluid-structure interaction model
using numerical techniques to achieve accuracy and efficiency.

Figure 3-5 aero elastic structural model

C
y

K
y

24
3.3.1 Elastic Cylinder

The elastic model used in these calculations is similar to the typical models widely used in
aeroelastic calculations. The cylinder is assumed to be mounted on the stiffness mounts.

The two dimensionality of the problem can be introduced by assuming an incompressible
laminar flow around a relatively long cylinder that is fixed at both ends. Thus the flow around
the cylinder is essentially two-dimensional. On the other hand, the cylinder motion can be
approximated by a spring-damper mass model which permits translational motion along the
stream (x) and transverse (y) directions only. Under these simplifications the complete model
is supposed to represent the first bending mode in both coordinate directions of a long cable,
pipe or such long cylindrical object in water or air, which is a relevant problem for both
marine structures and civil engineering problems.

Two types of models are used for the calculation structural response based on the degrees of
freedom available for the cylinder.
Single DOF Model.
Double DOF Model.
3.3.1.1 Single DOF Model

In this case the cylinder is connected to a single linear springs along longitudinal axes. Since
both Cl and Cd are functions of time, displacements in Y directions will be excited by the
unsteadiness in the flow.

Figure 3-6 Single DOF Model.

Let us consider a one degree-of-freedom (1DOF) elastically supported rigid circular cylinder
of diameter D, constrained to oscillate transversely due to unsteady flow of free stream
25
velocity U, shown in figure. The dimensional in-plane cross-flow displacement Y of the
structure is described by the linear oscillator. The governing equations of the structural model
are simply:
L y K y C my
y y
= + +

Where
m = Mass per unit length of the cylinder.
Cy = Damping Constant.
Ky = Stiffness along the Y direction.
L = Lift Force.
In above equation y, y and y represent the horizontal acceleration, velocity and
displacement of the moving object respectively.

This equation is already in modal form, and can be solved implicitly using the approach
which involves the decomposition of this modal equation into a system of first order
differential equation which is integrated in time. The above equation can be solved by
estimating the lift force on the body and solving the above equation. The change in the lift
force will introduce the oscillation in the body. The above equation can be solved using
explicit Euler formula.
In order to compute the change in velocity, i.e.,
dvi = Fi * dti / m
Where dti is the time step or the change in the physical time and Fi is the net force acting on
the cylinder at ith interval, which is given as:
Fi = Li -Ky * yi-1 Cy * vi-1.
This formula determines the velocity of the cylinder at each time step. The resultant
displacement can be obtained by further integrating the above equation.
yi = dvi/dti.

This model predicts the change in the position of the cylinder at ith interval. The structural
model is coupled to the Navier-Stokes equations in the unsteady-state calculations for each
time step. This coupling is fully implicit. The cylinder is assumed to be placed at coordinates
(0, 0). As the flow starts the motion of cylinder is evolved due to flow induced forces. The
CFD domain is resolved to cater the new position of the cylinder. The computational mesh is
26
either remeshed and/or introduces the spring based smoothing procedure to accommodate the
change and resolve the domain. The updated domain predicts the lift force in the next time
step and again the displacement is predicted. This procedure continues to determine the
introduced oscillation in the structure through linear coupling method.
3.3.1.2 Double DOF Model

In this case the cylinder is connected to two linear springs along each of the coordinate axes.
Since both L and D are functions of time, displacements in both coordinate directions will be
excited by the unsteadiness in the flow.

Figure 3-7 Double DOF Model.
The governing equations of the structural model are simply:
D x K x C mx
x x
= + +

L y K y C my
y y
= + +

Where
L = Lift force acting on the structure.
D = Drag force of the cylinder.
m = mass of the cylinder
Cx = damping coefficient of the dampers in x direction.
27
Cy = damping coefficient of the dampers in y direction.
Kx = spring constants of the horizontal spring.
Ky = spring constants of the vertical spring (all of which can be seen in Figure).

In above equations x, x and x represent the horizontal acceleration, velocity and
displacement of the moving object respectively. Similarly, y, y and y represent their
corresponding ones in vertical direction. In present study, this 'self-excited oscillators' is
designed to have the same response in both direction, i.e. Cx = Cy and Kx = Ky.

These equations are already in modal form (since they are fully uncoupled), and can be
solved implicitly using the approach which involves the decomposition of each of these
modal equations into a system of first order differential equations which is later diagonalized
and integrated in time. The structural model is coupled to the Navier-Stokes equations in the
unsteady-state calculations for each time step. This coupling is fully implicit, and therefore, at
the end of each pseudo-time iteration, both systems of equations are in full agreement with
each other. The cylinder is assumed to be placed at coordinates (0, 0). As the flow starts the
motion of cylinder is evolved due to flow induced forces.

The above equations can be solved by estimating the lift and drag forces on the body and
solving the above equations. The change in the lift and drag forces will introduce the
oscillation in the body. The above equation can be solved using explicit Euler formula.
In order to compute the change in velocity, i.e.,
(dvi = Fi * dti / m)y
(dvi = Fi * dti / m)x
Where dti is the time step or the change in the physical time and Fi is the net force acting on
the cylinder at ith interval, which is given as:
(Fi = Li -Ky * yi-1 Cy * vi-1.)y
(Fi = Li -Ky * yi-1 Cy * vi-1.)x

This formula determines the two dimensional velocity of the cylinder at each time step. The
resultant displacement can be obtained by further integrating the above equation.
yi = dvi/dti.
xi = dvi/dti.
28
Same coupling procedure is used as for single DOF model. But the procedure for
remeshing/smoothing becomes more complex.

29
3.4 Coupling Procedure

1. Obtain an intermediate or rigid un-steady state CFD solution for the cylinder.
2. Calculate the pressures at the CFD grid points on the cylindrical surface
3. Map pressures at the CFD grid points to forces on the wall.
4. Obtain the structural response of the cylinder through structural model.
5. Map rigid body displacements to the displacements on the CFD grid points of the
aerodynamic surface
6. Deform/re-mesh the entire CFD grid
7. Repeat steps 1-6 until pre-selected convergence criterias are met.

Figure 3-8 Coupling procedure.

Initial Flow Field &
Structural Solution
Aerodynamic Force
Calculation
Structural
Displacement
solving the
CFD Moving and
Deforming Mesh
CFD Flow Field by
solving Flow
Governing
CFD
Residue
No Yes
N
e
x
t

p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

T
i
m
e

s
t
e
p
N
e
x
t

p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

T
i
m
e

s
t
e
p
N
e
x
t

p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

T
i
m
e

s
t
e
p
N
e
x
t

p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

T
i
m
e

s
t
e
p

N
e
x
t

N
e
x
t

N
e
x
t

N
e
x
t

i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

t
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

t
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

t
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

t
i
m
e

s
t
e
p
i
m
e

s
t
e
p
i
m
e

s
t
e
p
i
m
e

s
t
e
p

30
4 Problem Setup for FLUENT
4.1 Preprocessing

To perform simulation of flow around systems on a computer, the complete domain needs to
be discretized, resulting in a finite number of points in space at which the variables such as
velocity, pressure, density, temperature etc are calculated. In order to numerically solve the
governing partial differential equations of fluid dynamics, algebraic approximations to these
partial differential equations are introduced by converting them into finite expressions. The
resulting approximate algebraic equations are subsequently solved at discrete points within
the domain of interest. The usual methods of discretization are finite difference, finite
element and finite volume. These methods use neighboring points to calculate derivatives,
and so there is the concept of a cluster of points in the flow field or domain under
consideration, called as a mesh or grid. And this process of representing the continuous
domain into discretized points is called as grid or mesh representation.
4.1.1 Grid generation

There are two main grid (or mesh) types, characterize by the connectivity of the points, called
structured and unstructured meshes. Structured meshes have a regular connectivity, which
means that each point has the same number of neighbours (except on boundaries) and we
know the expected position of each cell with respect to others in advance. Unstructured
meshes have irregular connectivity and a connectivity matrix has to be defined for position
definition of each cell. Often, a combination of both structured and unstructured meshes are
used called as Hybrid meshes.

My grid generation is based on structured approach. So, I shall be focusing on the structured
meshing. I have used boundary fitted grid. Boundary fitted meshes conform to the boundary
and no mesh line or point crosses the boundary. This has led to the development of the body
or boundary conformal mapping. The most common method of generating boundary-fitted
meshes is to have one continuous grid that fits to all the boundaries. However, it is difficult
and in many cases impossible, to fit complex domains wit just one mapping from a
rectangular computational domain without generating excessively skewed grids. In order to
overcome this problem, the domain is split up (decomposed) into a number of blocks and
31
each block is meshed, with some continuity requirements at the block interface. This is called
a multi-block approach.

An alternate to continuous boundary-fitted grids with multiple blocks is to use a boundary
fitted grid near each boundary and simple rectangular grid in the interior, and interpolate
between them. These are called overset or chimera grids.
4.1.1.1 General requirements of a grid

1. Computational grid must discretize the domain and surrounding boundary
2. Distribution of grid points must be adequate to represent the geometry of the region
properly.
3. More grid points should be generated at the region where sharp gradients of flow
variables are expected e.g., shock wave at high speeds or region of flow separation
etc.
4. To have better results with a given number of points, the grid should be clustered in a
region where flow properties are varying sharply and fewer points should be used in a
region of uniform flow properties.
5. There should be smooth variation of the grid sizes in the adjacent elements to
minimize error.
6. There should be no overlapping of the grid lines giving rise to negative volume.
7. The grid should be as regular shape as possible to give more accurate results
especially near the wall surfaces.
4.1.1.2 Required features of a grid generator

8. Based on these requirements, the desired features of a grid generator are as follows:
9. It should be able to insert points in any input line segment for increasing the grid
density in any specific region.
10. It should implement a mapping which guarantees one to one correspondence of
physical and computational domain; ensuring grid lines of the same family do not
cross each other.
11. It should have flexibility for generating grid from leading edge or trailing edge
direction with variable domain size. As with the cambered airfoil, the trailing edge
grid is preferred in O-type mesh.
32
12. It should have smoothness in the grid distribution.
13. It should be able to generate orthogonality or near orthogonality of the grid lines,
especially near boundary.
14. Options for the grid clustering in the area where sharp gradients of the flow are
expected or at near wall regions.
15. The grid generation should be time economical.
16. It should have flexibility in its variation of different parameters e.g., inlet distance
from leading edge of the airfoil or distance from trailing edge of the airfoil and the
domain exit etc.
Gambit is one of the grid generators which easily incorporate the above mentioned
features along with the capability of hand shaking with FLUENT. All grids are generated
using GAMBIT in this research.

33
4.2 Solution and Post processing
4.2.1 Solver
4.2.1.1 FLUENT Solver Setup

Two numerical methods are available in FLUENT:
segregated solver
coupled solver
Using either method, FLUENT will solve the governing integral equations for the
conservation of mass and momentum, and (when appropriate) for energy and other
scalars such as turbulence and chemical species. In both cases a control-volume-based
technique is used that consists of:
Division of the domain into discrete control volumes using a computational grid.
Integration of the governing equations on the individual control volumes to construct
algebraic equations for the discrete dependent variables (``unknowns'') such as velocities,
pressure, temperature, and conserved scalars.
Linearization of the discretized equations and solution of the resultant linear equation
system to yield updated values of the dependent variables.
The two numerical methods employ a similar discretization process (finite-volume), but
the approach used to linearize and solve the discretized equations is different.

Segregated Solution Method
Using this approach, the governing equations are solved sequentially (i.e., segregated
from one another). Because the governing equations are non-linear (and coupled), several
iterations of the solution loop must be performed before a converged solution is obtained.
Each iteration consists of the steps illustrated in Figure and outlined below:
1. Fluid properties are updated, based on the current solution. (If the calculation has just
begun, the fluid properties will be updated based on the initialized solution.)
2. The , , and momentum equations are each solved in turn using current values
for pressure and face mass fluxes, in order to update the velocity field.
3. Since the velocities obtained in Step 2 may not satisfy the continuity equation locally,
a ``Poisson-type'' equation for the pressure correction is derived from the continuity
equation and the linearized momentum equations. This pressure correction equation is
34
then solved to obtain the necessary corrections to the pressure and velocity fields and the
face mass fluxes such that continuity is satisfied.
4. Where appropriate, equations for scalars such as turbulence, energy, species, and
radiation are solved using the previously updated values of the other variables.
5. When inter phase coupling is to be included, the source terms in the appropriate
continuous phase equations may be updated with a discrete phase trajectory calculation.
6. A check for convergence of the equation set is made.
These steps are continued until the convergence criteria are met.

Figure 4-1 Over View of the segregated solver.

All analyses are carried out using segregated solver as it allows the User defines functions
for update at each time interval.

Coupled Solution Method
The coupled solver solves the governing equations of continuity, momentum, and (where
appropriate) energy and species transport simultaneously (i.e., coupled together).
Governing equations for additional scalars will be solved sequentially (i.e., segregated
35
from one another and from the coupled set) using the procedure described for the
segregated solver. Because the governing equations are non-linear (and coupled), several
iterations of the solution loop must be performed before a converged solution is obtained.
Each iteration consists of the steps illustrated in Figure below:

Figure 4-2 Overview of the coupled solver.

36
4.3 Dynamic Mesh Update Methods
Three mesh motion methods are available in FLUENT to update the mesh in the
deforming regions subject to the motion defined at the boundaries:
Spring-based smoothing
Local Remeshing
Dynamic layering
Amongst the above three only Spring-based smoothing and Local Remeshing are used in
this study so theses two will be discussed in detail.
4.3.1 Spring-based Smoothing
In the spring-based smoothing method, the edges between any two mesh nodes are
idealized as a network of interconnected springs. The initial spacing of the edges before
any boundary motion constitutes the equilibrium state of the mesh. A displacement at a
given boundary node will generate a force proportional to the displacement along all the
springs connected to the node. Using Hook's Law, the force on a mesh node can be
written as

where and are the displacements of node and its neighbor , is the
number of neighboring nodes connected to node , and is the spring constant (or
stiffness) between node and its neighbor . The spring constant for the edge connecting
nodes and is defined as

At equilibrium, the net force on a node due to all the springs connected to the node must
be zero. This condition results in an iterative equation such that

Since displacements are known at the boundaries (after boundary node positions have
been updated), above equation is solved using a Jacobi sweep on all interior nodes. At
convergence, the positions are updated such that

37

Where n+1 and n are used to denote the positions at the next time step and the current
time step, respectively. The spring-based smoothing is shown in Figures below for a
cylindrical cell zone where one end of the cylinder is moving.

Figure 4-3 Spring-Based Smoothing on Interior Nodes: Start

Figure 4-4 Spring-Based Smoothing on Interior Nodes: End

Applicability of the Spring-Based Smoothing Methods
The spring-based smoothing method can be used to update any cell or face zone whose
boundary is moving or deforming.
For non-tetrahedral cell zones (non-triangular in 2D), the spring-based method can be
used when the following conditions are met:
The boundary of the cell zone moves predominantly in one direction (i.e., no excessive
anisotropic stretching or compression of the cell zone).
The motion is predominantly normal to the boundary zone.
38
If these conditions are not met, the resulting cells may have high skewness values, since
not all possible combinations of node pairs in non-tetrahedral cells (or non-triangular in
2D) are idealized as springs.
4.3.2 Dynamic Layering Method
In prismatic (hexahedral and/or wedge) mesh zones, dynamic layering can be used to add
or remove layers of cells adjacent to a moving boundary, based on the height of the layer
adjacent to the moving surface. The dynamic mesh model in FLUENT allows to specify
an ideal layer height on each moving boundary. The layer of cells adjacent to the moving
boundary (layer j in Figure below) is split or merged with the layer of cells next to it
(layer i in Figure) based on the height (h) of the cells in layer j.

Figure 4-5 Dynamic Layering

If the cells in layer j are expanding, then cell heights are allowed to increase until

where hmin is the minimum cell height of cell layer j, hideal is the ideal cell height, and
s is the layer split factor. When this condition is met, the cells are split based on the
specified layering option:
Constant height or
Constant ratio.
With the constant height option, the cells are split to create a layer of cells with constant
height h
ideal
and a layer of cells of height h-h
ideal
.
With the constant ratio option, the cells are split such that locally, the ratio of the new cell
heights is exactly s everywhere.
If the cells in layer j are being compressed, they can be compressed until

39
Where c is the layer collapse factor. When this condition is met, the compressed layer of
cells is merged into the layer of cells above the compressed layer; i.e., the cells in layer j
are merged with those in layer i.

Applicability of the Dynamic Layering Method
The dynamic layering method can be used to split or merge cells adjacent to any moving
boundary provided the following conditions are met:
All cells adjacent to the moving face zone are either wedges or hexahedra (quadrilaterals
in 2D) even though the cell zone may contain mixed cell shapes.
The cell layers must be completely bounded by one-sided face zones, except when sliding
interfaces are used.
If the bounding face zones are two-sided walls, one must split the wall and wall-shadow
pair and use the coupled sliding interface option to couple the two adjacent cell zones.
If model contains periodic face zones in the cell zone where dynamic layering is used,
one can only use the serial version of the solver. However, if one models the periodic
zones as periodic non-conformal interfaces, then can use the parallel solver for dynamic
layering.
If the moving boundary is an internal zone, cells on both sides (possibly with different
ideal cell layer heights) of the internal zone are considered for dynamic layering.
4.3.3 Local Remeshing Method
On zones with a triangular or tetrahedral mesh, the spring-based smoothing method is
normally used. When the boundary displacement is large compared to the local cell sizes,
the cell quality can deteriorate or the cells can become degenerate. This will invalidate the
mesh (e.g., result in negative cell volumes) and consequently, will lead to convergence
problems when the solution is updated to the next time step.
To circumvent this problem, FLUENT agglomerates cells that violate the skewness or
size criteria and locally remeshes the agglomerated cells. If the new cells satisfy the
skewness and the size criteria, the mesh is locally updated with the new cells (with the
solution interpolated from the old cells). Otherwise, the new cells are discarded.
FLUENT evaluates each cell and marks it for remeshing if it meets one or more of the
following criteria:
It is smaller than a specified minimum size.
It is larger than a specified maximum size.
40
It has a skewness that is greater than a specified maximum skewness.
In addition to remeshing the volume mesh, FLUENT also allows triangular and linear
faces on a deforming boundary to be remeshed. FLUENT marks deforming boundary
faces for remeshing based on moving and deforming loops of faces. FLUENT requires
that these loops are closed.
FLUENT automatically extracts loops on the boundary of the face zone whose nodes are
moving or deforming. Consider a simple tetrahedral mesh of a cylinder whose bottom
wall is moving (see figure 4.6). On the deforming boundary, a single loop is generated at
the bottom end of the cylinder (where the nodes are moving). In a similar approach as in
the dynamic layering technique described in previous Section, FLUENT analyzes the
height of the faces connected to the nodes on the loop and subsequently, splits or merges
the faces depending on the specified ideal face height and split/merge factor.

Figure 4-6 Remeshing at a Deforming Boundary

If the faces in layer j are expanding, they are allowed to expand until

Where hideal is the ideal face height, and h is a height factor. When this condition is
met, the faces are split according to the predefined face height such that the new faces on
layer i have exactly the face height hideal. Conversely, if the layer is contracting, they are
allowed to contract until

When this condition is met, the compressed layer of faces is merged into the layer of
faces above it. The face remeshing is illustrated in Figure 4.6.
41

Figure 4-7 Expanding Cylinder before Local Face Remeshing

Figure 4-8 Expanding Cylinder after Local Face Remeshing

Applicability of the Local Remeshing Method

The local remeshing method will be used only in cell zones that contain tetrahedral or
triangular cells. If deforming face zones is define in the model and one uses local remeshing
in the adjacent cell zone, the faces on the deforming face zone can be remeshed only if the
following conditions are met:
The faces are triangular (or linear in 2D).
The faces to be remeshed are all adjacent to moving loops (i.e., moving nodes).
The faces are on the same face zone, and form an annular (i.e., closed loop).
The faces are not part of a symmetry or conformal periodic boundary.

42
4.4 Solid-Body Kinematics
FLUENT uses solid-body kinematics if the motion is prescribed based on the position and
orientation of the center of gravity of a moving object. This is applicable to both cell and face
zones.
The motion of the solid-body can be specified by the linear and angular velocity of the center
of gravity. FLUENT allows the velocities to be specified either as profiles or user-defined
functions (UDF). FLUENT assumes that the motion is specified in the inertial coordinate
system.
If the motion is specified, the components of the velocities must be described using the
following profile fields:
Linear velocity ( vx, vy,vz) as a function of time
Angular velocity (x, y, z) as a function of time
FLUENT automatically updates the center of gravity position and orientation at every time
step such that

where and are the position and orientation of the center of gravity, and
are the linear and angular velocities of the center of gravity, and is the transformation
matrix that defines the choice of . By default, is taken to be the identity matrix.

43
5 Results and discussion
The simulation of the flow around circular cylinder is carried out in two stages.
The stationary cylinder is calculated first to verify the accuracy of the code, to determine the
appropriate mesh dimension, and to provide the initial flow field for the oscillating cylinder.
Secondly the validated grid is used to carry out the study of the complete fluid structure
interaction using FLUENT.
5.1 Circular Cylinder in Cross-flow
5.1.1 Stationary Circular Cylinder in Laminar Cross-flow

To validate the time accuracy of the code, the well known case of the circular cylinder in
cross-flow is solved and the vortex shedding frequency is compared with the well known
NASA code PAB3d and its published experimental results [2].
Three different mesh dimensions are used to conduct the mesh refinement study for the
stationary cylinder consisting of 27504, 34832 and 35,742 cells respectfully. The mesh size
of 34832 and 35742 find better approximation for the flow parameters. The second mesh size
of 34832 is used as the baseline mesh for all the computations involving flow past a cylinder.
The 2D grid consisted of 34,832 cells and 6 blocks, and extended 20 diameters into the far-
field.

Figure 5-1 2D grid around Circular cylinder
The frequency with which vortices are shed in a Karman vortex street behind a stationary
circular cylinder has been studied in numerous experiments, from which a range of
dimensionless frequency or Strouhal number is tabulated along with CFD results.
44
Table 5-1 Comparison of results
Strouhal number Sr. No Reynolds number
FLUENT results PAB3D/Experimental Results
1 200 0.192
2 1650 0.206
3 3300 0.208
0.18-0.20
0.19-0.21
0.19-0.21

The flow field around the cylinder is simulated by solving the unsteady, compressible,
laminar Navier Stokes equations using an implicit, up-wind, flux difference splitting, finite
volume scheme. Turbulence is not modeled, due to the uncertain time accuracy of the models
and the fact that the Reynolds numbers are well below the Re
crit
= 30000.
The diameter of the cylinder, D at Re = 200 is 0.47 mm and the Mach number for all cylinder
cases is M = 0.3. The shedding frequencies are derived from the fast Fourier transform of the
lift coefficient, which is obtained via the writing the C
L
for the solid wall for each time step
size.
For all cases the second-order time accurate scheme is used with fixed time step size, it was
observed that approximately twenty iterations per physical time step produced the optimal
convergence per iteration.

Figure 5-2 Contours of Mach number variation at Re = 200.
However, the physics of the specific problem will dictate this number for other cases. In the
present results, twenty iterations typically reduced the residual by three orders of magnitude
at that time level.

45

Figure 5-3 Contours of Vorticity Magnitude at Re=200.
Fig 5.1 and 5.2 shows the variation in the Mach number and Vorticity magnitude contours at
200 Reynolds number predicted by Fluent for the case as considered in Pab3d results at
different time instances. The contours show the similarity of the circulation pattern following
the circular section. The alternating low and high velocity regions indicate the vortex being
shed. The body is perfectly symmetric and static. It is the nature of the flow governing
equations which dictates the shedding pattern and resulting frequency of the vortex shedding.
These results are in good agreement with the experimental results given in reference
publication. The comparison is carried out by comparing the shedding frequency or the
Strouhal number with the experimental value of Strouhal number of the static cylinder.
Strouhal number is calculated using the shedding frequency. The Fourier transform of the lift
coefficient time history gives the shedding frequency. The test case is given run at a fixed
physical time step size of 1e-7. The flow physics simulated is other cases studied are as
follows:

46
Figure 5-4 Contours of Velocity magnitude at Re= 1650.
The contours of fig 5.3 indicates similar pattern as in previous Mach number contour plot.
The change in the velocity magnitude is definitely present but the pattern generated is quite
similar. The following figures illustrate the variation in the temperature by the vortices being
shed alternately. The generation of clockwise and counter clock wise vortices is indicated by
the red and the yellow circular spots in the following figures. The oppositely moving vortices
are shed one after another and diffuse as they get mixed in to free stream.

Figure 5-5 Contours of Temperature Variation at Re= 1650.

Figure 5-6 Contours of Entropy Variation at Re= 1650.
The vortex structure is s-s, and the frequency of generation depends on the Reynolds number.
The generation of reverse spinning vortices is evident in figure below.
47

Figure 5-7 Velocity Contours for laminar vortex shedding at Re = 1650
As discussed previously, the shedding frequency is determined through the FFT of the C
L

time history. The C
L
and C
D
time history plot for Re number 1650 is given as follows:

Figure 5-8 Coefficient of Lift & Drag variation with time at Re= 1650.
The FFT results for the shedding frequency of the vortices are as under:
FFT Results for Strouhal Number
-5.00E-01
0.00E+00
5.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.50E+00
2.00E+00
2.50E+00
3.00E+00
3.50E+00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Strouhal Number
P
o
w
e
r

s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m

o
f

C
L

Figure 5-9 Strouhal Number calculation at Re= 1650.
Clockwise

Counter Clock Wise
48
5.1.2 Elastically mounted Circular Cylinder in Laminar Cross-flow
A set of simulations of flow past an elastically-mounted cylinder was run to determine the
VIV response. As discussed in chapter three, two classical aero elastic models are used for
numerical simulation, namely single degree of freedom model and double degree of freedom
model. The cylinder is assumed to take rigid body displacements. The effect of motion is on
the shedding frequency is studied with recording of the displacement and velocity history of
the cylinder. Two cylinders of same material, brass, but of different diameters are considered
for simulation. The summary of the inputs is as below:

Figure 5-10 Layout of the cylindrical section.
Geometry:
Table 5-2 Geometry Input
CYLINDER 1
Material Brass
Geometric parameters
Major Diameter Do 3.8 mm
Minor Diameter Di 3.1 mm
Length L 500mm
Flow Parameters:
Table 5-3 Flow inputs
Case A
Velocity V 9.93 m/s
Reynolds number Re 2500
Temperature T 288.15 K
Viscosity 1.79E-05 Kg/m-s
Density 1.185536 Kg/m
3

Pressure P 98042.67 Pa
Case B
Velocity V 18 m/s
3

Case C
Di
Do L
49
Velocity V 23.7 m/s
3


Geometry:
Table 5-4 Geometry Input
CYLINDER 2
Material Brass
Geometric parameters
Major Diameter Do
12.7 mm
Minor Diameter Di
10.4 mm
Length L 500mm

Flow Conditions:
Table 5-5 Flow inputs
Case A
Velocity V 3.01 m/s
3

Case B
Velocity V 5.76 m/s
3

Case C
Velocity V 7.1 m/s
3


50
5.1.2.1 Single DOF Model
For single degree of freedom model, the cylinder is allowed to vibrate in the y-direction only.
For this purpose the net force acting on the cylinder in the y-direction is considered to be the
forcing function only. The Euler formulation as discussed previously generates the resultant
velocity. The dynamic mesh is moved with this velocity for the next iteration. The resultant
displacement is calculated by integrating the velocity over the time. This dynamics is
introduced by the user defined function compiled in C++ language, detail in appendix A. The
vortex generation and shedding effects the cylindrical dynamics and the resultant motion of
the cylinder affects the flow pattern. Following figure illustrates the generation and shedding
of the vortices and the displacement of the wall at different time instances for Re 2500. The
variation in the position of the section is highlighted by the presence of the cross hair at the
global original which is the centre point of the section at the start of the simulation.

Figure 5-11 Vortex Shedding and location of section at different time intervals (Re = 2500)

The summary of the flow physics and displacements/velocity profiles for the cases under
consideration with single dof model is as under:

51

Case A Case B

Case C
Figure 5-12 Dynamic Pressure plot for Cylinder 1 at Re 2500, 4500 & 6000 respectively.

Case A Case B

Case C
Figure 5-13 Velocity contours for Cylinder 1 at Re 2500, 4500 & 6000 respectively.
52

Case A Case B

Case C

Case A Case B

Case C
Figure 5-15Velocity contours for Cylinder 2 at Re 2500, 4500 & 6000 respectively.
The above figures highlight the generation of alternately shed vortex and its pattern. All the
cases presented under single dof are given numerical runs on following time step sizes with
maximum of 50 iterations per step size for convergence.
53
Table 5-6 Time step size
Cylinder 1
Case Time step size
A 5e-05
B 1e-05
C 1e-05
Cylinder 2
A 0.0005
B 0.0001
C 1e-05

The brass pipe is assumed to be of uniform diameter internally and externally with the
density of 8.9 x 10
3
kg/m
3
. The cylinders are fixed at both ends and the first or principal
natural frequencies are 102 and 341 Hz respectively in bending mode. The cross section
under consideration is taken at the half length of the structure. The damping ratios are taken
as 0.0004 and 0.020 for the two cylinders respectively.

Table 5-7 Shedding Frequency Results
Shedding Frequency Strouhal Number ` Re no
FLUENT Experimental FLUENT Experimental
1 2500 525 545 0.201 0.209
4600 1067 984 0.225 0.208
6000 1408 1308 0.226 0.210
2 2500 46.9 49 0.198 0.207
4600 96 86 0.212 0.203
6000 121 111 0.216 0.200

The numerical results for the shedding frequency and Strouhal number is calculated through
FFT of the C
L
time history as discussed previously.
The comparison of the shedding frequency and Strouhal number is graphically
presented below.

54
Shedding Frequency Comparison
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1 2 3
Cylinder 1 Cases
S
h
e
d
d
i
n
g

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
FLUENT
Experimental

0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3
Cylinder 2 Cases
S
h
e
d
d
i
n
g

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

FLUENT
Experimental


55
Strouhal Number comparison
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
Case Numbers
S
t
r
o
u
h
a
l

N
u
m
b
e
r

FLUENT 0.201 0.225 0.226 0.198 0.212 0.216
Experimental 0.209 0.208 0.21 0.207 0.203 0.2
1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 5-18 Comparison of the experimental and numerical results for Strouhal Number.
The aero elastic model utilizes the pressure distribution on the cylinder and multiply it with
the area projected to calculate the lift force. The variation in the lift force is the forcing
function in the Euler formula based on spring damper analogy. The resultant displacement of
the cylinder in one dimensional model is as follows:

Displacement
-0.00000002
-0.000000015
-0.00000001
-0.000000005
0
0.000000005
0.00000001
0.000000015
0.00000002
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
Time
Y
-
d
i
s
p

Figure 5-19 Time history plot of case A of cylinder One.

The y-displacement results are further processed to generate the root mean square value of
the cylinder displacement. The summary of results for the one dimensional motion is as
below:
56

Table 5-8 Y-rms Results
Yrms Cylinder No
Experimental Fluent

1 4.62E-06 1.13E-05
5.76E-06 2.07E-05
7.26E-06 2.31E-05
2 8.35E-07 1.10E-06
9.28E-07 2.01E-06
1.13E-06 3.05E-06

The graphical representation of the value for the both cases is as follows:
Y-displacement
-5.00E-05
-4.00E-05
-3.00E-05
-2.00E-05
-1.00E-05
0.00E+00
1.00E-05
2.00E-05
3.00E-05
4.00E-05
5.00E-05
Case Cylinder 1
R
m
s

V
a
l
u
e

Experimental 4.62E-06 5.76E-06 7.26E-06
Fluent 1.13E-05 2.07E-05 2.31E-05
1 2 3

57
Y-displacement
-5.00E-05
-4.00E-05
-3.00E-05
-2.00E-05
-1.00E-05
0.00E+00
1.00E-05
2.00E-05
3.00E-05
4.00E-05
5.00E-05
Case
R
m
s

V
a
l
u
e
Fluent 1.10E-06 2.01E-06 3.05E-06
1 2 3

5.1.2.2 Double DOF Model
For double degree of freedom model, the cylinder is allowed to vibrate in both x and y-
directions. For this purpose the net force acting on the cylinder in the x and y-directions are
considered to be the forcing functions in the respective directions. The Euler formulation as
discussed previously generates the resultant two dimensional velocity profile. The dynamic
mesh is moved with this velocity for the next iteration. The resultant displacement is
calculated by integrating the velocity over the time. This dynamics is introduced by the user
defined function compiled in C++ language; detail in appendix A. Same input data is used for
the flow and geometric parameters. The cylinder is released to move in the flow after an
interval of 1e-4 seconds in order to develop the flow field. All the cases presented under
single dof are given numerical runs on following time step sizes with maximum of 50
iterations per step size for convergence.
Cylinder 1
Case Time step size
A 5e-05
B 1e-05
C 5e-06
Cylinder 2
A 0.0005
B 0.0002
C 5e-05
58

Case A Case B

Case C

Case A Case B

Case C
59

Case A Case B

Case C

Case A Case B

Case C
60
FFT of the C
L
time history. Following figure shows the peak for the Strouhal frequency for
the case of cylinder 2 at Reynolds number 2500. The peak of the curve corresponds to the
shedding frequency.
Figure 5-26 FFT Results for the shedding frequency at Re=2500 (cylinder 2).

Table 5-10 Shedding frequency results
Shedding Frequency Strouhal Number Cylinder no Re no
1 2500 535 545 0.205 0.209
4600 1052 984 0.222 0.208
6000 1380 1308 0.221 0.210
2 2500 48.7 49 0.205 0.207
4600 90.1 86 0.199 0.203
6000 117.5 111 0.210 0.200

The above table summaries the Strouhal number and shedding frequencies results for the two
degree of freedom case. The two dimensional motion improves the results reasonably closer
to the wind tunnel data. The comparison of the shedding frequency and Strouhal number is
graphically presented below.

61
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1 2 3
Cylinder 1 Cases
S
h
e
d
d
i
n
g

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
FLUENT
Experimental


0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3
Cylinder 2 Cases
S
h
e
d
d
i
n
g

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

FLUENT
Experimental


62
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
Case Numbers
S
t
r
o
u
h
a
l

N
u
m
b
e
r

FLUENT 0.205 0.222 0.221 0.205 0.199 0.210
Experimental 0.209 0.208 0.21 0.207 0.203 0.2
1 2 3 4 5 6

The aero elastic model utilizes the pressure distribution on the cylinder and multiply it with
the area projected to calculate the lift and drag forces. The variation in the lift and drag forces
are the forcing functions in the Euler formula based on spring damper analogy. The resultant
displacement of the cylinder in two dimensional model is as follows:
Y-displacement
-0.00000008
-0.00000006
-0.00000004
-0.00000002
0
0.00000002
0.00000004
0.00000006
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Time
Y
-
d
i
s
p

63
X-displacement
3.00E-08
3.50E-08
4.00E-08
4.50E-08
5.00E-08
5.50E-08
6.00E-08
6.50E-08
0.048 0.248 0.448 0.648 0.848 1.048 1.248
Time
X
-
d
i
s
p

Figure 5-30 Time history plot of case A of cylinder two.

below:

Table 5-11 Y-rms results
Yrms Cylinder No
Experimental Fluent

1 4.62E-06 9.40E-06
5.76E-06 1.03E-05
7.26E-06 1.66E-05
2 8.35E-07 9.50E-07
9.28E-07 1.05E-06
1.13E-06 2.21E-06

64
Y-displacement
-5.00E-05
-4.00E-05
-3.00E-05
-2.00E-05
-1.00E-05
0.00E+00
1.00E-05
2.00E-05
3.00E-05
4.00E-05
5.00E-05
Case Cylinder 1
R
m
s

V
a
l
u
e

Fluent 9.40E-06 1.03E-05 1.66E-05
1 2 3

Y-displacement
-5.00E-05
-4.00E-05
-3.00E-05
-2.00E-05
-1.00E-05
0.00E+00
1.00E-05
2.00E-05
3.00E-05
4.00E-05
5.00E-05
Case Cylinder 2
R
m
s

V
a
l
u
e
Fluent 9.50E-07 1.05E-06 2.21E-06
1 2 3


65
5.1.3 Stationary Circular Cylinder in Turbulent Cross-flow:
The numerical simulations using laminar flow approximation produced good results. In order
to compare the results and test the validity of laminar flow approximation the turbulence
models are used to simulate the vortex shedding phenomenon on a stationary and two dof
cylinder. Although turbulence it self is a three dimensional phenomenon but it is well
approximated by two dimensional models such as k- and others. For turbulence modeling I
have used two equations Wilcox k- turbulence model.
The stationary circular cylinder under consideration is the case A of the cylinder 01. The flow
parameters are as previously described with 0.2% turbulence intensity and turbulent viscosity
is taken as 1% of the actual viscosity. The time step size for this case is 1e-5 with 55
iterations per time step for optimal convergence. The flow physics is illustrated in following
figures:

Figure 5-33 Contours of turbulent Kinetic energy.

Figure 5-34 Contours of turbulent viscosity.

66

Figure 5-35 Contours of Vorticity magnitude.

Figure 5-36 Contours of Velocity magnitude.

These figures illustrate the formulation of vortex structure. The introduction of turbulence
model significantly improves the formation of reversely spinning vortex structures. The
extension of theses structures is up to 30 diameters down stream. As K- turbulence model is
well known for better wall treatment that is why it is being preferred over other turbulence
models.

67
5.1.4 Elastically mounted Circular Cylinder in Turbulent Cross-flow:
A set of simulations of turbulent flow past an elastically-mounted cylinder was run to
determine the VIV response with the presence of 0.2% turbulent intensity. As previously
discussed same aero elastic models and coupling procedures were used with the cylinder is
assumed to take rigid body displacements. The effect of motion is on the shedding frequency
is studied with recording of the displacement and velocity history of the cylinder. The
summary of the time steps sizes for the two brass cylinders in turbulent field is given below.
Each time step size used up to maximum of 60 iterations to attain appropriate convergence.
Cylinder 1
Case Time step size
A 2e-05
B 5e-06
C 5e-06
Cylinder 2
A 0.0005
B 0.0002
C 5e-05

The flow parameters are as previously described with 0.2% turbulence intensity and turbulent
viscosity is taken as 1% of the actual viscosity. The flow physics is illustrated in following
figures:

Case A Case B

Case C
68

Case A Case B

Case C
Figure 5-38 Velocity magnitude plot for Cylinder 1 at Re 2500, 4500 & 6000 respectively.

Case A Case B

Case C
69

Case A Case B

Case C
Figure 5-40 Velocity magnitude plot for Cylinder 2 at Re 2500, 4500 & 6000 respectively.
FFT of the C
L
time history. The summary of the results for the turbulent flow case is
tabulated below:
Table 5-13 Shedding Frequency results
Shedding Frequency Strouhal Number Cylinder no Re no
1 2500 553 545 0.212 0.209
4600 1047 984 0.221 0.208
6000 1366 1308 0.219 0.210
2 2500 47.8 49 0.202 0.207
4600 89 86 0.196 0.203
6000 118 111 0.211 0.200
The two dimensional motion in turbulent flow field improves the results reasonably closer to
the wind tunnel data. The comparison of the shedding frequency and Strouhal number is
graphically presented below.
70
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1 2 3
Cylinder 1 Cases
S
h
e
d
d
i
n
g

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
FLUENT
Experimental

0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3
Cylinder 2 Cases
S
h
e
d
d
i
n
g

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

FLUENT
Experimental


71
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
Case Numbers
S
t
r
o
u
h
a
l

N
u
m
b
e
r

FLUENT 0.212 0.221 0.219 0.202 0.196 0.211
Experimental 0.209 0.208 0.21 0.207 0.203 0.2
1 2 3 4 5 6

The aero elastic model utilizes the turbulent pressure distribution on the cylinder and multiply
it with the area projected to calculate the lift and drag forces. The variation in the lift and drag
forces are the forcing functions in the Euler formula based on spring damper analogy. The
resultant displacement of the cylinder in two dimensional model is as follows:
Y-displacement
-8.00E-08
-6.00E-08
-4.00E-08
-2.00E-08
0.00E+00
2.00E-08
4.00E-08
6.00E-08
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Time
Y
-
d
i
s
p

72
X-displacement
4.00E-08
4.20E-08
4.40E-08
4.60E-08
4.80E-08
5.00E-08
5.20E-08
5.40E-08
5.60E-08
5.80E-08
6.00E-08
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time
X
-
d
i
s
p

Figure 5-44 Time history plot of case A of cylinder two.

below:

Table 5-14 Y-rms Results
Yrms Cylinder No
Experimental Fluent

1 4.62E-06 9.20E-06
5.76E-06 9.80E-06
7.26E-06 1.36E-05
2 8.35E-07 9.90E-07
9.28E-07 1.20E-06
1.13E-06 1.81E-06

73
Y-displacement
-5.00E-05
-4.00E-05
-3.00E-05
-2.00E-05
-1.00E-05
0.00E+00
1.00E-05
2.00E-05
3.00E-05
4.00E-05
5.00E-05
Case Cylinder 1
R
m
s

V
a
l
u
e

Fluent 9.20E-06 9.80E-06 1.36E-05
1 2 3

Y-displacement
-2.00E-05
-1.50E-05
-1.00E-05
-5.00E-06
0.00E+00
5.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.50E-05
2.00E-05
Case Cylinder 2
R
m
s

V
a
l
u
e
Fluent 9.90E-07 1.20E-06 1.81E-06
1 2 3


74
5.2 Discussion

Flow-induced vibrations on a circular cylinder in a cross flow were investigated. The
simulations were carried out using a commercial CFD code for the cylinder modeled in 2D
with the fixed-fixed end condition. The flow around the central portion of the cylinder is
assumed to be two-dimensional and the flow-induced forces are considered to be same along
a major portion of the span. Outputs include the displacements and velocities at the mid span
of the cylinder and the flow variables in the wake.
5.2.1 Reynolds number effects on Shedding frequency
The variation in the shedding frequency is presented with the maximum error of 7.5%
for the case when Reynolds number is 6000. The prediction of the shedding frequency
or strouhal number for low Reynolds number case where the boundary layer is still
laminar is well estimated by 2D approximation. As turbulent intensity increases the
approximation does not hold valid due to the three dimensionality of the wake
structure.
The variation in the lift force is the prime source of oscillation in the y-direction of the
cylinders in cross flow. The derivation of strouhal number/ shedding frequency based
on lift force time history data through FFT is a valid calculation.
Time step size is an important factor to establish the shedding frequency. Frequency
of shedding depends on the frequency of data being generated for the calculation of
FFT. Normally a data sampling is carried out at a frequency which is 10 times the
frequency to be observed. Thus the time step size is dictated through the vortex
shedding frequency.
5.2.2 Wake Structure
The formation of the wake structure and its pattern is important for the study of the S,
P, P plus S and 2P vortex shedding. The generation of 2P structure is evident for
laminar stationary cylinder case considered for validation. Also the formations of 2S
structure in Case A of cylinder one and S+P structure for case A of cylinder 2.

P
P
P
75

Figure 5-47 Formation of wake structure for laminar flow.
A similar comparison can be drawn from the turbulent flow field. The generations of
different patterns depend on the free stream velocity and the geometry of the section.
5.2.3 Vibration effects on the near wake
The set of simulations was carried out using two brass cylinders with d 3.8 mm and 12.7 mm,
respectively. In view of the fact that the cylinder diameters were different, natural frequency
f, and reduced velocity Ur for the two brass cylinders were also quite different. However, this
is not of primary importance for this study. What is of importance is Re, which has a great
influence on the separation characteristics and hence the near-wake flow. Therefore, it is
desirable to compare the effects of vibration on the near-wake flow at the same Re. As Three
different free stream velocities were investigated for each cylinder. They gave rise to Re =
2500, 4600, 6000 for both cylinders. The corresponding Ur is 25.62, 46.44 and 61.16 for the
first cylinder and 0.70, 1.24, 1.64 for the second cylinder, respectively. The measured Y-rms
at mid-span, in respective sections above, shows relatively a large percentage of error. The
possible sources which lead us to these calculations are:
The beam is approximated with a linear spring damper model. In actual case the
linearity does not hold.
S
S
S
P
P
76
A great part of the signal could be attributed to tunnel noise, or error in the
measurements. The displacement spectrum of the tunnel test section wall is plotted in
reference which shows that a substantial amount of energy is centered at a frequency
of 30 Hz, which resulted from fan and motor vibrations transmitted through the
tunnel.
The test section is a three dimensional structure with fixed - fixed ends having a
complete deflection curve which is not exactly modeled through spring analogy.
The tested cylinder may have some variations regarding geometric or material
properties which are not considered in modeling this problem.
The laser vibrometer is used in the experimental study in the reference paper. This
technique is prone to provide faulty deflection reading due to the cylindrical surface
of the pipe. The laser light is diffracted at the round edge of the surface.

5.2.4 Vibration characteristics
The vortex shedding frequencies are determined from the FFT of the lift force and are
consistent with the fact that at these Reynolds number, St varies between 0.2 and 0.21,
synchronization is not expected. The important point to note between these two cylinders is
the difference in their vibration amplitudes and their vibration modes, as evidenced from the
spectral plots shown in Figure below.
Y-displacement Histroy
-0.0001
-0.00005
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.00E+00 2.00E-02 4.00E-02 6.00E-02 8.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.20E-01 1.40E-01
Time
Y
-
d
i
s
p

Figure 5-48 Single DOF Displacement pattern of cylinder one at 9.93m/sec.

Case a of cylinder one shows the displacement pattern as graphed above, the FFT of this
curve generates two distinct peaks.
77

Figure 5-49 FFT results for displacement pattern for 1D case.

While the same case is studied under two degree of freedom aero elastic model which
generates three peaks. The displacement pattern is as follows:
y-displacement
-0.0001
-0.00008
-0.00006
-0.00004
-0.00002
0
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.0001
0.00012
0.00E+00 1.00E-02 2.00E-02 3.00E-02 4.00E-02 5.00E-02 6.00E-02 7.00E-02 8.00E-02
Time
Y
-
d
i
s
p

Figure 5-50 Single DOF Displacement pattern of cylinder one at 9.93m/sec.

From the spectral plots of the test case, it can be seen that peaks associated with the first three
modes of vibration are clearly evident together with the vortex shedding frequency. This
suggests that the flow-induced force excite the first three modes of vibration. These results
are consistent with those reported in reference paper.
78


However a completely different picture emerges for the second cylinder.


Here only the natural frequency of the first mode is noticeable the other peak is present but it
is extremely weak and even not present in one dimensional motion case. It seems fair to
conclude that the second cylinder can be considered to be rigid, compared to the first
cylinder.
For the two dimensional case, the trajectory plot forms the lisajious figure for the free
vibration. For case a of the cylinder one the trajectory plot is as follows:

79

Figure 5-53 Trajectory plot.
5.2.5 Comparison of Strouhal Number

The Strouhal number calculated from the lift force variation shows a great deal of agreement
with the trend line as published. The general curve for single cylinder is as follows along with
the log scale curve for turbulent case in cylinder B. The range of interest is from 1E3 to 1E4.
The line for the smooth case shown below is modeled and shows a great deal of similarity
with the results being simulated.

Figure 5-54 Reynolds number variation with Strouhal number (Published data).
-5.00E-06
1.50E-05
3.50E-05
5.50E-05

Reynolds Number
S
t
r
o
u
h
a
l

N
u
m
b
e
r

80

St No. Variation With Re
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
1.00E+03 1.00E+04
Re
Log Scale
S
t

#

Figure 5-55 Reynolds number variation with Strouhal number (simulation results).

81
5.3 Conclusion

The conclusions drawn from these investigations are summarized below.
Finite volume method (FVS) is useful in simulating the flow physics specially the low sub
sonic (incompressible flows). Laminar approximation provides good approximation for the
shedding frequency especially at low Reynolds number. Strouhal number variation with
Reynolds number follows the curve generated for the smooth single cylinder case. Results
show that the root mean square displacement at mid-span y-rms increases as the reduced
velocity increases. The vortex shedding frequency, which is the most prominent in the lift
force generation and velocity output, is correctly measured by the FFT of the C
L
.
Furthermore, the transverse displacement signal also shows the multiple frequencies which
are characteristics of the unsteady drag. Thus, the findings show that fluid-cylinder
interactions far away from synchronization are essentially a linear process.
However, the turbulence field is significantly affected. Notable effects include a large
increase in wake structure and vortical motion. Even though the resultant direction of the
cylinder motion is not aligned either with the x or y direction, the cylinder vibrations are still
symmetric about the x-axis.

82
6 References
[1] Robert D. Blevins, Flow induced vibration, Van Nostrand Reinhold Ltd, 1993.

[2] Eduard Naudascher, Donald Rockwell, Flow-Induced Vibrations An engineering
guide, A.A Balkema Publisher, 1994.

[3] Bearman, P.W. 1984, Vortex shedding from oscillating bluff bodies, Ann Rev Fluid
Mech, pp.125-177.

[4] R.M.C. So, Y.Zhou, M.H.Liu, 2000, Free Vibrations of an Elastic Cylinder in a cross
flow and their effects on the near wake, Experiments in Fluids 29,2000, pp. 130-144.

[5] Steven J.Massey, Khaled S.Abdol-Hamid, 2003, Enhancement and Validation of
PAB3D for Unsteady Aerodynamics, AIAA 200-1235.

[6] Alaa Elmiligui, Khaled S.Abdol-Hamid, Steven J.Massey, S.Poul Pao, 2004
Numerical study of Flow Past a Circular Cylinder Using RANS, Hybrid RANS/LES and
PANS Formulation AIAA.

[7] Feng, C.C. 1968, The measurement of vortex induced effects in the flow past
stationary and oscillating circular and D-section cylinders, MS thesis, University of British
Columbia.

[8] Griffin, O.M. 1992, Vortex-induced vibrations of marine structures in uniform and
sheared currents, NSF Workshop on Riser Dynamics, University of Michigan.

[9] Karniadakis, G.E. 1990, Spectral element-Fourier methods for incompressible
turbulent flows, Comp Methods in Appl Mech and Eng, 80, pp. 367-380.

[10] Karniadakis, G.E., Israeli, M. & Orszag, S.A. 1991, High-order splitting methods for
the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, J Comput Phys, 97, No 2, pp. 414-443.

[11] King, R. 1977, A review of vortex-shedding research and its application, Ocean
Eng, 4, pp. 141-171.

[12] Reid, D.L. & Hinwood, J.B. 1987, An experimental rig for the study of
fluid/structure interaction between elastic cylinders and ocean flows,
in Proc 8th A-Asian Conf Coastal & Ocean Eng, Launceston, pp. 231-234.

[13] Sarpkaya, T. 1978, Fluid forces on oscillating cylinders, ASCE J Wat Port Coastal
Ocean Div WW4, 104, pp. 275-290.

[14] Bishop, R.E.D. & Hassan, A.Y. 1964, The lift and drag forces on a circular cylinder
oscillating in a flowing fluid, Proc Roy Soc Lond A, 277, pp. 51-75.

[15] Blackburn, H.M. 1992, Lift on an oscillating cylinder in smooth and turbulent
flows, PhD thesis, Monash University.
83

[16] Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) 1985, Item 85038: Circular-cylindrical
structures: dynamic response to vortex shedding, Part 1.

[17] Masey, B.S., Mechanics of Fluid, 6
th
Ed., Ch. 08: pp.251-261.

[18] Shames, I.H., Mechanics of Fluid, 3
rd
Ed., Ch. 13: pp.669-675.

84

7 Appendix

85
7.1 Appendix A

Code for two Degree of Freedom movement

#include "F:\Fluent.Inc\fluent6.1\src\udf.h"
#include<stdio.h>
static double v_prev = 0.0;
static double v_prev1=0.0;
static double y_previ=0.0;
static double x_previ =0.0;
static double time_prev=0.0;
static int it=0;
static FILE* f1;

DEFINE_CG_MOTION(ball, dt, vel, omega, time, dtime)
{
int ZONE_ID;
Thread *t,*t1;
face_t f;
Domain *d1;
real NV_VEC (A);
real force,force1,dv1,dv,mass,Kstiff,Cdamp;
/* reset velocities */
NV_S (vel, =, 0.0);
NV_S (omega, =, 0.0);
Kstiff=1406.811942710;
mass=0.003425121390;
Cdamp=0.0175608686390;
if (!Data_Valid_P ())
return;
/* get the thread pointer for which this motion is defined */
if(it==0)
{
f1=fopen("I:\\Final CFD Thesis1\\New folder\\force.txt","w+");
fprintf(f1,"time \t y-displacement \t x-displacement\t y-velocity\t x-velocity\t
force\n");
it=1;
}
t = DT_THREAD (dt);
/* compute pressure force on body by looping through all faces */
force = 0.0;
force1= 0.0;
d1=Get_Domain(1 );
ZONE_ID=RP_Get_Integer("xoneid");
t1=Lookup_Thread(d1,ZONE_ID );
begin_f_loop (f, t1)
{
F_AREA (A, f, t1);
force += F_P (f, t1)*A[1];
force1 += F_P (f, t1)*A[0];
86
}
end_f_loop (f, t1)
/* compute change in velocity, i.e., dv = F * dt / mass
velocity update using explicit Euler formula */
if( (time>1e-4) )
{
dv = dtime * (force-Kstiff*y_previ-Cdamp*v_prev) / mass;
dv1 = dtime * (force1-Kstiff*x_previ-Cdamp*v_prev1) / mass;
v_prev += dv;
v_prev1 +=dv1;
y_previ+=v_prev*dtime;
x_previ += v_prev1*dtime;

}
Message ("time = %f, y_vel = %f,x_vel = %f, force = %f\n", time, v_prev,v_prev1,force);
Message ("time = %f, x_vel = %f, force = %f\n", time, v_prev1,force1);
/* set x-component of velocity */
vel[1] = v_prev;
vel[0] = v_prev1;
if (time-time_prev>0.0)
{
fprintf(f1,"%g \t %g \t %g \t %g \t %g \t %g\t %g\n",time,y_previ, x_previ,
v_prev1,v_prev, force1, force);
time_prev=time;
}
}
DEFINE_ON_DEMAND(CLOSE_FILE)
{
fclose(f1);
}

87
7.2 Appendix B

Code for single Degree of Freedom movement

#include "F:\Fluent.Inc\fluent6.1\src\udf.h"
#include<stdio.h>
static double v_prev = 0.0;
static double v_prev1=0.0;
static double y_previ=0.0;
static double x_previ =0.0;
static double time_prev=0.0;
static int it=0;
static FILE* f1;

DEFINE_CG_MOTION(ball, dt, vel, omega, time, dtime)
{
int ZONE_ID;
Thread *t,*t1;
face_t f;
Domain *d1;
real NV_VEC (A);
real force,force1,dv1,dv,mass,Kstiff,Cdamp;
/* reset velocities */
NV_S (vel, =, 0.0);
NV_S (omega, =, 0.0);
Kstiff=1406.811942710;
mass=0.003425121390;
Cdamp=0.0175608686390;
if (!Data_Valid_P ())
return;
/* get the thread pointer for which this motion is defined */
if(it==0)
{
f1=fopen("I:\\Final CFD Thesis1\\New folder\\force.txt","w+");
fprintf(f1,"time \t y-displacement \t x-displacement\t y-velocity\t x-velocity\t
force\n");
it=1;
}
t = DT_THREAD (dt);
/* compute pressure force on body by looping through all faces */
force = 0.0;
force1= 0.0;
d1=Get_Domain(1 );
ZONE_ID=RP_Get_Integer("xoneid");
t1=Lookup_Thread(d1,ZONE_ID );
begin_f_loop (f, t1)
{
F_AREA (A, f, t1);
force += F_P (f, t1)*A[1];
force1 += F_P (f, t1)*A[0];
88
}
end_f_loop (f, t1)
/* compute change in velocity, i.e., dv = F * dt / mass
velocity update using explicit Euler formula */
if( (time>1e-4) )
{
dv = dtime * (force-Kstiff*y_previ-Cdamp*v_prev) / mass;
v_prev += dv;
y_previ+=v_prev*dtime;

}
Message ("time = %f, y_vel = %f,x_vel = %f, force = %f\n", time, v_prev,v_prev1,force);
/* set x-component of velocity */
vel[1] = v_prev;
if (time-time_prev>0.0)
{
fprintf(f1,"%g \t %g \t %g \t %g \t %g \t %g\t %g\n",time,y_previ, v_prev,force);
time_prev=time;
}
}
DEFINE_ON_DEMAND(CLOSE_FILE)
{
fclose(f1);
}

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Beijing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics M.

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