AN EXTEND OF CHANDLER AND GRAHAM RESULTS

CONCERNING ERROR ESTIMATES OF SPLINE

APPROXIMATION FOR The SOLUTION OF FREDHOLM
INTEGRAL EQATIONS WEIGHTED L 2 AND IN SOBOLEV
SPACES TO A MORE GENERAL CLASS OF OPERATORS

Daniela COSMA
,,Land Forces Academy Sibiu
Department of Technical Sciences Applied Mathematics

Abstract
We consider the numerical solution of a class one-dimensional noncompact integral equation by Galerkin collaction methods and their iterated
variants, using piecewise polynomials as basis functions. In particular, we obtain
new results for the stability of the approximation methods, without any
restriction on the norm of the integral operators. Furthermore we extend results
of Chandler and Graham concerning error estimates and superconvergence to a
more general class of operators.

1. Introduction

In this paper we consider the solution of the integral

equation

Au ( x ) = f ( x ) , x [ 0,1]
Au ( x ) = u ( x ) + Ku ( x )

(1.1)

By spline approximation methods where K is defined by

1 x
Ku ( x ) = k u ( y ) y 1dy ,
0
y

(1.2)

f and k are given functions and u is the unknown function. Such

equations arise in a variety of applications; for example, they occur
when boundary integral methods are applied to potential problems in a
plane region with corners. Furthermore, the class of operators (1.2)
contains integral operators with a fixed singularity at the point x = 0 .[1]
Spline approximation methods for boundary integral equations of
polygonal domains have been studied by many authors; see References
1 and the reference there. Recently Chandler and Graham [1]
investigated stability and splines of arbitrary degree for the integral
equation(1.1). in particular they obtained the optimal rate of
convergence for Galerkins method and the iterated Galerikin solution
in the L2 and the uniform norms when the corresponding operator
norm of K is smaller than one. Moreover, they could prove the
stability of the collaction methods in L if, in addition, the spline
spaces are modified in that the high-order polynomial approximations
are replaced by piecewise contest function on some of the closest
intervals to x = 0 .
Note that the integral operators (1.2) is not compact, in a
general, so that standard theories for the numerical analysis of secondkind Fredholm integral equations [1] cannot be applied. We further
remark that spline approximation methods for weakly singular integral
equations have been studied by many authors(see for instance Graham,
16
Vainikko, peasant Uba [1] and the references there).
In this paper we generalize the results of Chandler and Graham 6
in two direction.

First, we allow more generalize operators K in (1.1); for example

,the kernel k need not be continuous on(0,) and the single layer
potential for the exterior Neumann problem is covered by our results .
The corresponding class of operators, together with their analytical
properties in weighted L 2 and Sobolev spaces, is introduced in
Section 2.
Secondly, we obtain that the invariability of the operator(1.1) in
L 2 is insufficient (and of course necessary ) for the stability for our
approximation methods when the spline spaces are modified in a way
similar to that Reference 1.Insection 3 we consider Galerkins method
which discontinuous polynomials and derive the some (optimal) rate
of convergence in the L 2 norm as in Reference 1 including the super
convergence result for the iterated Galerkin solution.
It should be possible to extend the methods and results of
the present paper to the more general pseudo differential operators of
Mallin type introduced by Lewis and Parenti[1] and Elschner[1].
Rather recently Rathsfeld [1] investigated stability and convergence of
quadrate methods in weighted L 2 spaces for a certain class of such
operators, which contains integral equations of the form (1.1) and also
singular integrals of Cauchy type . Finally, we want to mention that
convergence results on Galerkin and collection methods with smooth
splines for singular integral equations on an interval can be found in
References 1.
2. A class of non-compact integral operators
To derive some analytical results about equation (1.1), we first
introduce weighted Sobolev spaces. Let l , , , and J an interval
(0,b), 0<b .Following we define the space

L2,p ,l ( J ) = u D j ( J ) , u ( x ) = x p ( 1 + x )

x j , D j u L2 ( J ) , j = o,..., l ,

endowed with the canonical norm

p .
2.1

(J)=

jp

j =0

(1 + x) p D j u L2 ( J ) .

(2.1)
where D=d/dx. Obviously, L does not depend on when b<.We
use the convention that L = L , L = L and L = L . Note that the
norm (2.1) in L ( J ) is equivalent to x u L ( J ) , where
p,
2 ,l

p, p
2 ,l

p
2 ,l

0
2.l

p
2 ,l

2 ,1

( j) =

x j D ju

j =0

p
2,0

2 ,1

p
2

2 ,1

L 2 (J ) .

(2.2)
To describe the assumptions on the operator (1.2), we regard is as a
pseudo differential operator of Mellin type on the interval (0,1). 17.13
For - < and -< <,let be the strip {z C : < Re z < } and
,

the line {z C : Re z = }. The Mellin transform of a function uC ( +

) is defined by:

u ( z ) = ( Mu ) ( z ) =
0

x z 1u ( x ) dx.

(2.3)
Recall that the relations
M

{ ( xD )

ln j xu ( x ) = (1) k z k (d / dz ) j ( Mu )( z ), j, k N

(2.4)

hold. Furthermore, for any fixed p, M extends to an isomorphism of L

P
+

, where
2 ( ) onto the space of square integrable functions on
the inverse map is given by
1 / 2 p

(M 1 u )( x) = 2 i

1/ 2 p

x z u ( z )dz .

Definition 2.(1. )
Let m be a negative integer and < 1 / 2 < .

(2.5)

A function a(z) belongs to the symbol class , if it is

analytic in the strip and satisfies the estimates
(d/dz) k a(z)=0 ((1+ z ) ), z
for all ( , ) ( , ) and k N .
m
With a symbol a , we associate the integral operator
m

(i)

m k

(ii)

Ku ( x )

(2.5)

= 2 i

x z a( z )( xu )( z )dz

1/ 2

= k ( x / y )u ( y ) y
0

dy, u L2 (0,1),

where x is the characteristic function of the interval [0,1] and the

kernel k of K is given by

for

xp
k ( x) =
x z a( z p) dz

2 i 1/ 2
arbitrary p(1 / 2 ,1 / 2 ).

(2.6)

The fact that the right-hand side of (2.5) is independent of p

follows from (2.3) and the residue theorem. Note that (2.4) is a Mellin
operator of order m with the symbol a 13 which is always continuous in
L 2 (0,1) (see Lemma 2.3 below).
Remark 2.2.
If k is the kernel function defined in (2.5), then
x

k K

D {(

ln x )

max(0,k + m+ 1)

k (x)} LP2 ( + ),

x k D k {(ln x ) max(0 ,k +m +2 ) k ( x )}) C p , k x p 1 / 2 , x +

(2.7)
for all p (1 / 2 ,1 / 2 )andk N .
The first relation follows from (2.2),(2.5) and the fact that z
k
( d / dz ) max( 0, k +m +1) a ( z ) is square integrable on
in view of (2.3).To
k
max( 0 , k +m +2 )
a ( z ) is absolutely
prove (2.7), we observe that z (d / dz )
summable on the line .
1 / 2 p

1 / 2 p

In particular, if a , = I , ,then the kernel satisfies the estimates

x k D k k ( x) C p ,k x p 1 / 2 , x +

(2.8)
For all p (1 / 2 ,1 / 2 ) and k .Chandler and Graham [1] 6 required
the assumption
x D k ( x) x dx <
for
all
k N
(2.9)
Witch is fulfilled if, for example, a , < 0 and > 1 / 2
We now study the continuity of (2.4 )in weighted Sobolev
spaces.
Lemma 2.3
Let K be the operator (2.4) with kernel k, and let p(1 / 2 ,1 / 2 ).
m
(i)
If a , then K is a continuous map of L2 ( 0,1) into L2m ( 0,1) .
1
(ii) Let a , , and suppose that for some positive integer l the
additional assumption
k L (0,1) for all p (1 / 2 ,1 / 2 )
(2.10)
is satisfied then K is a continuous operator of
p
L2, j ( 0,1) into L2,p j +1 ( 0,1) for j = 1,..., l .

p
2 ,l

Remark 2.4. It follows from (2.6)that (A

) is valid if a , .
l 1

Proof of Lemma 2.3

(i) With K we associate the corresponding Mellin operator on the halfaxis:
1
`
u(x)=
x a( z )u ( z )dz = k ( x / y )u ( y ) y dy
K
2i

r1 / 2

By Theorem 1.9 in Reference[ 1], K :L ( ) L ( ) is continuous

for all l N , p (1 / 2 ,1 / 2 ) and (1 / 2 , p] .Moreover, u xu is a
continuous map of L ( ) into L (0,1) and of L 2p (0,1) into L 2p ( +
) .Therefore k=x K x maps L (0,1) continuously into L 2pm (0,1).
(ii) Passing to the operator x p Kx p with kernel x p Kx p L (0,1),we may
0
reduce the assertion to the case p=0.Let L
be the closed subspace
j
{u L2,l : D U (1) = 0, j < l} of L2,l ( 0,1) and
the set of polynomials of
degree l-1.Then we have the direct topological sum
p,
2 ,l

p,
2 ,l

p,
2 ,l m

p
2 ,l

p
2 ,l

2 ,1

2, L

l
1

0
L2,l ( 0,1) = L

+P L 1 ,
0
+
and since u xu is a continuous map of L 2,l into L2,l ( ) ,it remains to
verify the relation K ( Pl 1 ) L2,l +1 ( 0,1) .
It is easy to check that for any r N
dy.
Kx r =x k ( x / y )( y / x) y dy = x k ( y ) y
Using (A ),from (2.9) we successively obtain x
D Kx L (O,1) for r = 0,1,..., l 1 and i = 1,..., l which proves the assertion.
r

2, L

r 1

2 ,1

References
[1] Jhoanes Elschener ,, On Spline Approximation for a class of integral
Equations. Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Karl-Weiersdra-Institut
fur Mathematik,, DDR-1086, Berlin,2006