A short glance on different research designs

Experim ental research Manipulative Manipul ative /nonmanipulative Natural/artifi Artificial cial Longitudinal Crosssectional /crosssectional Hypothesis Hypothe generating/te sis sting testing

Topic

Autoethnogr aphic Manipul NonNonNonNonNonative manipul manipu manipulati manipulat manipu ative lative ve ive lative Artificial Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural CrossCrosssectional sectiona l Hypothe Hypoth sis esis testing testing Crosssection al Hypoth esis testing

Quasiex

Survey

Histori Ethnograp Case cal hic study

Narrati ve Nonmanipu lative Natural

Longitudin Longitudi Longitu Longitu al nal dinal dinal Hypoth esis generat ing Hypoth esis inducti ve Weak Explan atory basicall y

Hypothesi Hypothesi Hypoth s s esis generating generatin generati g ng Hypothesis Hypothe Hypothe Hypoth Hypoth Hypothesi Hypothesi Hypoth deductive/in sis sis esis esis s inductive s esis ductive deductiv deductiv deducti deducti inductive inducti e e ve ve ve Strong Strong Weak Weak Weak Weak Weak Case-effect relationship Descriptive/e Descripti Descripti Descript Descrip Both Basically Basicall xplanatory ve ve ive tive descriptiv y e explana tory but But explanato descript ry as well ive as well Objective/su Objecti Objecti Objecti Objecti Subjective Subjectiv Subject bjective ve ve ve ve e ive reality reality reality reality reality Recursive/ Stepwis Stepwis Stepwi Recurs Recursive Recursiv Recurs stepwise e e se ive e ive Holistic Holistic/par Particul Particul Particu Holisti Holistic Holisti ticularistic aristic aristic laristic c c Surface Surface Surface InIn-depth In-depth InIn-depth or

Subject ive Recurs ive Holisti c In-

surface Collaborativ e Sample size

Less collabor ative Small

Less collabor ative Small

Test Type of research tools Basically

Test

Types of data Quantitat Quantitat ive ive Types of variables Purpose Active To find out the causeeffect relations hip between two variables Active To find out the causeeffect relations hip between two variables

depth Less Less collabo collabo rative rative Large So sampli ng Questio Reading nnaire, by intervie reading w And observat ion Quantita Closed tive type of data Attribut Attribut e e To To obtain a underst snapshot and the of event, past situation event at a and single anticipa point of te the time future

High collaborat ive Very small

High collabora tive Very small

depth High collabo rative Very small

depth High collabo rative Very small

Others key features

* subjects are random ly selected * it is done when random ization is

* subjects are not random ly selected * it is done when random ization is not

It is triangu lation approa ch

Participant Reflecti Semiobservatio Observatio ng and structur n and n and reviewi ed and interview interview ng on unstruct experien ured ces intervie w Both Both Qualitat Qualitat primarily primarily ive ive qualitative qualitative Attribute Attribute Attribut Attribute e To To find To To discover out new explore explore the developm the the insider's ent in a research experie view of unit of er's nces of reality study personal the experien informa ces for nts for expandi reflectio ng n, underst inspirati anding on of sociolog y * it is * it is * It * It guided by flexible studies studie two in nature the s the principles * it is story story i.e. of methodo of qualitativ logically researc other e her person hybrid phenome study * * nological researc Resear hypothesi her is a cher is s and inform not a naturalist ant in inform

Grounded theory Type of research

feasible * it is more laborat ory in nature * it is difficult to set up Positivi sm Quantit ative

feasible * it is more natural in nature * it is easy to set up Positivi sm Quantit ative Positivi Positiv sm ism Quanti tative Quanti tative

ic ecological hypothesi s * it is based on holistic and thick explanati on Antipositivis m Qualitativ e

this researc h

ant in this researc h.

Antipositivis m Qualitati ve

Antipositiv ism Qualit ative

Antipositiv ism Qualit ative

Explanation of the key terms used in the above table Manipulative study It refers to the deliberate control and manipulation to the conditions that determine the events in which he is interested. In simple words, in this research the researcher collects the data by manipulating and controlling the independent variable. Non-manipulative study in this study, the researcher does not deliberately control and manipulate the conditions that determine the events in which he is interested. In simple words, in this research the researcher collects the data without manipulating and controlling the independent variable. Longitudinal study- in this study, the researcher has to collect the data over an extended period of time. In other words, s/he should collect the data from informants in several times not a single point of time. He collects the data regarding the multiple variables/aspects of the informant over an extended period of time. Cross-sectional study- in this research researcher collects the data in a single point of time. Hypothesis testing study- in this research, data is collected to verify or test the existing or predetermined hypothesis but not to generate or construct the new theory or hypothesis. Hypothesis generating study- in this research data is not collected to verify or test the existing or predetermined hypothesis but to generate or construct the new theory or hypothesis.

 Cause effect relationship is strong if there is manipulation under study and weak if there is no manipulation. Explanatory study in this study the researcher does not only describe the collected data but s/he also interprets the data. It means that s/he has to go beyond the existing collected data. Thus, in this research researcher does not only describe whatever is displayed by the data but interprets the collected data based on the existing data and his/her own personal perceptions. Descriptive study opposite of explanatory Subjective reality - it takes the subjective perceptions, thoughts and beliefs of the both researcher and informants. It also believes that reality is multiple and changeable but it is not a static Objective reality opposite of subjective Recursive study- in this research, all activities like literature review, data collection, analysis of data etc. go side by side or simultaneously. It means that these activities do not go one after another. The researcher can move to step three without finishing the step two. Stepwise study opposite of recursive Holistic study - it tries to capture all the information from different perspectives of the research variable. In this research the researcher has to collect information (major and minor) from the informants in terms of different perspectives over an extended period of time. Particularistic- opposite of holistic In-depth- because it is holistic Surface- because it is particularistic High collaborative- in this research, the researcher may not complete the research without assistance or help of other persons. Normally in this research, researcher needs support or scaffolding from other stakeholders in the sense that it is a long-term natural study. Less collaborative - opposite of high Sample size- number of informants from whom data are collected. Active variable- those variables which can be manipulated and controlled in the study. Attribute opposite of active Qualitative data are those data which cannot be converted into numerical form Quantitative data- opposite of qualitative