PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

(SI UNITS)

Table A-1

Table A-2 0

Table A-2

Table A-21

Table A-3

Table A-2 2
Table A-23
Table A-2 4

Table A -4
Table A-5
Table A -6
Table A-7
Table A -8
Figure A -9
T-s
Figure A -1 0
Table A -1 1
Table A -1 2
Ta b Ie A - 13
Figure A -1 4 P-h
Figure A -1 5

Table A-2 5
Table A-2 6
Table A-27
Table A-2 8
Kp

Figure A-29
Figure A-3 0
Figure A-31
Table A-3 2

Table A -1 6
Table A -1 7
Table A -1 8
Table A -1 9

Table A-3 3
k =

Table A-3 4
k = 1.4

908

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

TABLE A -1
Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties

Substance

Formula

Air
Ammonia
Argon
Benzene
Bromine
n-Butane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chloroform
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12)
Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21)
Ethane
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene
Helium
n-Hexane
Hydrogen (normal)
Krypton
Methane
Methyl alcohol
Methyl chloride
Neon
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen
Propane
Propylene
Sulfur dioxide
Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a)
Trichlorofluoromethane ( R - l l )
Water
Xenon

--nh3
Ar
c6 h6
Br2
C4 H 1 0
C0 2
CO
CCI 4
Cl 2
CH CI 3
c c i2 f 2
c h c i 2f
c 2h6
c 2 h 5o h
c2h4
He

^6^14

H2
Kr
CH 4
CH 3 OH
CH 3 CI
Ne
n2
n 2o
0 2

C3H8
^3^6
so2
c f 3 c h 2f
CCI 3 F
h 2o
Xe

Molar mass,
M kg/kmol
28.97
17.03
39.948
78.115
159.808
58.124
44.01
28.011
153.82
70.906
119.38
120.91
102.92
30.070
46.07
28.054
4.003
86.179
2.016
83.80
16.043
32.042
50.488
20.183
28.013
44.013
31.999
44.097
42.081
64.063
102.03
137.37
18.015
131.30

Gas
constant,
R kJ/kg-K*
0.2870
0.4882
0.2081
0.1064
0.0520
0.1430
0.1889
0.2968
0.05405
0.1173
0.06964
0.06876
0.08078
0.2765
0.1805
0.2964
2.0769
0.09647
4.1240
0.09921
0.5182
0.2595
0.1647
0.4119
0.2968
0.1889
0.2598
0.1885
0.1976
0.1298
0.08149
0.06052
0.4615
0.06332

Critical-point properties
Temperature,
K

Pressure,
MPa

Volume,
m3/kmol

132.5
405.5
151
562
584
425.2
304.2
133
556.4
417
536.6
384.7
451.7
305.5
516
282.4
5.3
507.9
33.3
209.4
191.1
513.2
416.3
44.5
126.2
309.7
154.8
370
365
430.7
374.2
471.2
647.1
289.8

3.77
11.28
4.86
4.92
10.34
3.80
7.39
3.50
4.56
7.71
5.47
4.01
5.17
4.48
6.38
5.12
0.23
3.03
1.30
5.50
4.64
7.95

0.0883
0.0724
0.0749
0.2603
0.1355
0.2547
0.0943
0.0930
0.2759
0.1242
0.2403
0.2179
0.1973
0.1480
0.1673
0.1242
0.0578
0.3677
0.0649
0.0924
0.0993
0.1180
0.1430
0.0417
0.0899
0.0961
0.0780
0.1998
0.1810
0.1217
0.1993
0.2478
0.0560
0.1186

6 . 6 8

2.73
3.39
7.27
5.08
4.26
4.62
7.88
4.059
4.38
22.06
5.88

The unit kJ/kg-K is equivalent to kPa-m3/kg-K. The gas constant is calculated from R = R JM , where Ru - 8.31447 kJ/kmol-K and M is the molar
mass.
Source: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp. 117-236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1.

909
APPEN DIX 1

(a) At 300 K
Gas

Formula

Air
Argon
Butane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Ethane
Ethylene
Helium
Hydrogen
Methane
Neon
Nitrogen
Octane
Oxygen
Propane
Steam

_
o
=C
o

Ar
C0 2
CO
C 2 H6
c2 h4
He
h2
ch4
Ne
n2
^8^18
0 2

C3 H8
h 2o

Gas constant, R
kJ/kg-K
0.2870
0.2081
0.1433
0.1889
0.2968
0.2765
0.2964
2.0769
4.1240
0.5182
0.4119
0.2968
0.0729
0.2598
0.1885
0.4615

cp

kJ/kg-K

kJ/kg-K

1.005
0.5203
1.7164
0.846
1.040
1.7662
1.5482
5.1926
14.307
2.2537
1.0299
1.039
1.7113
0.918
1.6794
1.8723

0.718
0.3122
1.5734
0.657
0.744
1.4897
1.2518
3.1156
10.183
1.7354
0.6179
0.743
1.6385
0.658
1.4909
1.4108

1.400
1.667
1.091
1.289
1.400
1.186
1.237
1.667
1.405
1.299
1.667
1.400
1.044
1.395
1.126
1.327

Note: The unit kJ/kg-K is equivalent to kJ/kg-C.

Source: Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/E by Kyle, B. G., 2000. Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

910

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

TABLE A-2
Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases ( Continued)

{b) At various temperatures

cp
Temperature,
K
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
900
1 0 0 0

kJ/kg-K

kJ/kg-K

cp

kJ/kg-K

Air
1.003
1.005
1.008
1.013
1 . 0 2 0

1.029
1.040
1.051
1.063
1.075
1.087
1.099
1 . 1 2 1

1.142

0.716
0.718
0.721
0.726
0.733
0.742
0.753
0.764
0.776
0.788
0.800
0.812
0.834
0.855

1 0 0 0

14.051
14.307
14.427
14.476
14.501
14.513
14.530
14.546
14.571
14.604
14.645
14.695
14.822
14.983

9.927
10.183
10.302
10.352
10.377
10.389
10.405
10.422
10.447
10.480
10.521
10.570
10.698
10.859

kJ/kg-K

Carbon dioxide, C02

1.401
1.400
1.398
1.395
1.391
1.387
1.381
1.376
1.370
1.364
1.359
1.354
1.344
1.336

0.791
0.846
0.895
0.939
0.978
1.014
1.046
1.075
1 . 1 0 2

1.126
1.148
1.169
1.204
1.234

Hydrogen, H2
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
900

cv

1.416
1.405
1.400
1.398
1.398
1.397
1.396
1.396
1.395
1.394
1.392
1.390
1.385
1.380

0.602
0.657
0.706
0.750
0.790
0.825
0.857
0 . 8 8 6

0.913
0.937
0.959
0.980
1.015
1.045

1.314
1.288
1.268
1.252
1.239
1.229
1 . 2 2 0

1.213
1.207
1 . 2 0 2

1.197
1.193
1.186
1.181

cp

kJ/kg-K

1 . 1 1 0
1 . 1 2 1

1.145
1.167

0.742
0.743
0.744
0.747
0.752
0.759
0.768
0.778
0.789
0.801
0.813
0.825
0.849
0.870

Carbon monoxide, CO
1.039
1.040
1.043
1.047
1.054
1.063
1.075
1.087
1 . 1 0 0

1.113
1.126
1.139
1.163
1.185

Nitrogen, N2
1.039
1.039
1.041
1.044
1.049
1.056
1.065
1.075
1.086
1.098

kJ/kg-K

0.743
0.744
0.746
0.751
0.757
0.767
0.778
0.790
0.803
0.816
0.829
0.842
0 . 8 6 6
0 . 8 8 8

1.400
1.399
1.398
1.395
1.392
1.387
1.382
1.376
1.370
1.364
1.358
1.353
1.343
1.335

Oxygen, 02
1.400
1.400
1.399
1.397
1.395
1.391
1.387
1.382
1.376
1.371
1.365
1.360
1.349
1.341

0.913
0.918
0.928
0.941
0.956
0.972
0.988
1.003
1.017
1.031
1.043
1.054
1.074
1.090

0.653
0.658
0 . 6 6 8

0.681
0.696
0.712
0.728
0.743
0.758
0.771
0.783
0.794
0.814
0.830

1.398
1.395
1.389
1.382
1.373
1.365
1.358
1.350
1.343
1.337
1.332
1.327
1.319
1.313

Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p. 783, Table A-4M . Originally published in Tables of Thermal
Properties of Gases, NBS Circular 564, 1955.

911

APPEN DIX 1

TABLE A -2
Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases ( Concluded)____________________________________________________

(c)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ As a function of tempera

cp = a + bT + c T 2 + dT 3
_____________________________________________( I in K, cp in kJ/kmol-K)___________________________________________

% error

Temperature ---------------S u bstan ce

Form ula

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Air
Hydrogen
Carbon
monoxide
Carbon
dioxide
Water vapor
Nitric oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrogen
dioxide
Ammonia
Sulfur
Sulfur
dioxide
Sulfur
trioxide
Acetylene
Benzene
Methanol
Ethanol
Hydrogen
chloride
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
/-Butane
n-Pentane
n-Hexane
Ethylene
Propylene

n2
02

28.90
25.48
28.11
29.11

CO

28.16

co 2

22.26
32.24
29.34
24.11

h 2o

NO
N20
no
nh

s2

2
3

22.9
27.568
27.21

so 2

25.78

so 3

16.40
21.8
-3 6 .2 2
19.0
19.9

c 2h

2
c 6h 6
c h 4o
C2H60
HCI
4
c 2h 6
ch

C4H i 0
c 4h 10
c 5h 12
c 2h
c 3h

4
5

30.33
19.89
6.900
-4 .0 4
3.96
-7 .9 1 3
6.774
6.938
3.95
3.15

b
-0 .1 5 7 1
1.520
0.1967
-0 .1 9 1 6

x 1 0 "z
X 1 0 -2
X 10-2
x lO -2

0.1675 X l O " 2
5.981
0.1923
-0 .0 9 3 9 5
5.8632

x
X
X
x

lO
lO
lO
lO

"2
'2
"2
'2

0.8081
-0 .7 1 5 5
0.4802
0.4003

X 10-5

x 10 5
X lO -5
X 10 5

0.5372 x 10 5
-3 .5 0 1
1.055
0.9747
-3 .5 6 2

range, K

M ax.

Avg.

1 0 -9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9
10 9

273-1800
273-1800
273-1800
273-1800

0.59
1.19
0.72
1.01

0.34
0.28
0.33
0.26

-2 .2 2 2 X 1 0 -9

273-1800

0.89

0.37

7.469
-3 .5 9 5
-4 .1 8 7
10.58

10 9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9

273-1800
273-1800
273-1500
273-1500

0.67
0.53
0.97
0.59

0.22
0.24
0.36
0.26

x
X
x
X

10 -5
10 5
lO -5
1 0 -5

-2 .8 7 3
1.312
-1 .9 6 6
-0 .8 7 0 4

x
X
X
X

x
x
X
X

5.715 x l O ' 2
2.5630 X l O ' 2
2.218 X lO * 2

-3 .5 2 x 10-5
0.99072 X 10-5
-1 .6 2 8 X 10-5

7.87 X 1 0 -9
-6 .6 9 0 9 X 1 0 -9
3.986
lO " 9

273-1500
273-1500
273-1800

0.46
0.91
0.99

0.18
0.36
0.38

5.795 X l O ' 2

-3 .8 1 2 X 1 0 -5

8.612 X 1 0 -9

273-1800

0.45

0.24

14.58
9.2143
48.475
9.152
20.96

X
X
X
X
x

lO 2
lO 2
lO -2
lO '2
lO '2

-1 1 .2 0
-6 .5 2 7
-3 1 .5 7
-1 .2 2
-1 0 .3 8

x
X
x
x
X

10-5
10-5
10-5

-0 .7 6 2 0
5.024
17.27
30.48
37.15
41.60
45.43
55.22
15.64
23.83

X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
x

lO 2
lO -2
lO 2
lO '2
lO '2
lO -2
lO 2
lO '2
lO '2
lO 2

1.327
1.269
-6 .4 0 6
-1 5 .7 2
-1 8 .3 4
-2 3 .0 1
-2 2 .4 6
-2 8 .6 5
-8 .3 4 4
-1 2 .1 8

X
x
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X

10-5
10-5
10-5

10 5

1 0 -5

10 5

10-5
10-5
10-5
10-5
10 5

1 0 -5

32.42
18.21
77.62
-8 .0 3 9
20.05

X
X
X
X
X

1 0 -9
1 0 -9
lO '9
lO '9
1 0 -9

273-1300
273-1500
273-1500
273-1000
273-1500

0.29
1.46
0.34
0.18
0.40

0.13
0.59
0.20
0.08
0.22

-4 .3 3 8
-1 1 .0 1
7.285
31.74
35.00
49.91
42.29
57.69
17.67
24.62

X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

1 0 -9
lO '9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9
lO " 9
lO " 9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9

273-1500
273-1500
273-1500
273-1500
273-1500
273-1500
273-1500
273-1500
273-1500
273-1500

0.22
1.33
0.83
0.40
0.54
0.25
0.56
0.72
0.54
0.73

0.08
0.57
0.28
0.12
0.24
0.13
0.21
0.20
0.13
0.17

Source.- B. G. Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984). Used with permission.

912

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

iiib h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h i
Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods

[a) Liquids
Boiling data at 1 atm

Substance

Normal
boiling
point, C

Ammonia

-3 3 .3

Latent heat of
vaporization
hfg, kJ/kg
1357

Freezing data
Freezing
point, C

Latent heat
of fusion
hjfl kJ/kg

-7 7 .7

322.4

Liquid properties
Temperature,
C
-3 3 .3
- 2 0
0

Argon
Benzene
Brine (20% sodium
chloride by mass)
n-Butane
Carbon dioxide
Ethanol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene glycol
Glycerine
Helium
Hydrogen
Isobutane
Kerosene
Mercury
Methane

103.9
-0 .5
-7 8 .4 *
78.2
78.6
198.1
179.9
-2 6 8 .9
-2 5 2 .8
-1 1 .7
204-293
356.7
-1 6 1 .5

Methanol
Nitrogen

64.5
-1 9 5 .8

-1 8 5 .9
80.2

161.6
394

385.2
230.5 (at 0C)
838.3
855
800.1
974
2 2 . 8

445.7
367.1
251
294.7
510.4

-1 8 9 .3
5.5
-1 7 .4
-1 3 8 .5
-5 6 .6
-1 1 4 .2
-1 5 6
- 10.8
18.9

28
126

25
-1 8 5 .6
2 0

2 0

80.3

-0 .5

109
108
181.1

25

2 0 0 . 6

2 0

-2 5 9 .2
-1 6 0
-2 4 .9
-3 8 .9
-1 8 2 .2

59.5
105.7

-9 7 .7

99.2
25.3

11.4
58.4

2 0
2 0

-2 6 8 .9
-2 5 2 .8
-1 1 .7
2 0

25
-1 6 1 .5
- 1 0 0

Octane
Oil (light)
Oxygen
Petroleum
Propane

124.8
-1 8 3

-4 2 .1

1 1 0 0

198.6
306.3
212.7
230-384
427.8

- 2 1 0

-5 7 .5

180.7

-2 1 8 .8

13.7

-1 8 7 .7

80.0

25
-1 9 5 .8
-1 6 0
2 0

25
-1 8 3
2 0

-4 2 .1
0

Refrigerant-134a

-2 6 .1

217.0

-9 6 .6

50
-5 0
-2 6 .1
0

Water

25
1 0 0

2257

0 . 0

333.7

25
50
75
1 0 0

Density
p, kg/m3

Specific
heat
cp, kJ/kg-K

682
665
639
602
1394
879

4.43
4.52
4.60
4.80
1.14
1.72

1150
601
298
783
789
1109
1261
146.2
70.7
593.8
820
13,560
423
301
787
809
596
703
910
1141
640
581
529
449
1443
1374
1295
1207

3.11
2.31
0.59
2.46
2.84
2.84
2.32

1 0 0 0

997
988
975
958

2 2 . 8
1 0 . 0

2.28
2 . 0 0

0.139
3.49
5.79
2.55
2.06
2.97
2 . 1 0

1.80
1.71
2 . 0

2.25
2.53
3.13
1.23
1.27
1.34
1.43
4.22
4.18
4.18
4.19
4.22

* Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature
of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of -56.5C.)

913

APPEN DIX 1

Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods ( Concluded)

(b) Solids (values are for room Jemperature unless indicated otherwise)
Specific heat,
cp kJ/kg-K

Density,
p kg/m3

Substance

Density,
p kg/m3

Substance

Specific heat,
cp kJ/kg-K

Nonmetals

Metals
Aluminum
200 K
250 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
450 K
500 K
Bronze (76% Cu, 2% In ,
2% Al)
Brass, yellow (65% Cu,
35% Zn)
Copper
-1 7 3 C
-10 0 C
-5 0 C
0C
27C
100C
200C
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Nickel
Silver
Steel, mild
Tungsten

8,280

0.797
0.859
0.902
0.929
0.949
0.973
0.997
0.400

8,310

0.400

2,700

Asphalt
Brick, common
Brick, fireclay (500C)
Concrete
Clay
Diamond
Glass, window
Glass, pyrex
Graphite
Granite
Gypsum or plaster board
Ice
200 K
220 K
240 K
260 K
273 K
Limestone
Marble
Plywood (Douglas Fir)
Rubber (soft)
Rubber (hard)
Sand
Stone
Woods, hard (maple, oak, etc.)
Woods, soft (fir, pine, etc.)

0.254
0.342
0.367
0.381
0.386
0.393
0.403
0.45
0.128
1.000
0.440
0.235
0.500
0.130

8,900

7,840
11,310
1,730
8,890
10,470
7,830
19,400

2110
1922
2300
2300
1000
2420
2700
2230
2500
2700
800

0.920
0.79
0.960
0.653
0.920
0.616
0.800
0.840
0.711
1.017
1.09

921
1650
2600
545
1100
1150
1520
1500
721
513

1.56
1.71
1.86
2.01
2.11
0.909
0.880
1.21
1.840
2.009
0.800
0.800
1.26
1.38

(c) Foods
Specific heat,

Food
Apples
Bananas
Beef round
Broccoli
Butter
Cheese, swiss
Cherries
Chicken
Corn, sweet
Eggs, whole
Ice cream

Water
content,
% (mass)
84
75
67
90
16
39
80
74
74
74
63

Freezing Above
point, C freezing
-1 .1
-0 .8
-0 .6

3.65
3.35
3.08
3.86

-1 0 .0
-1 .8
-2 .8
-0 .6
-0 .6
-5 .6

2.15
3.52
3.32
3.32
3.32
2.95

Specific heat,

Below
freezing

Latent
heat of
fusion,
kJ/kg

1.90
1.78
1.68
1.97
1.04
1.33
1.85
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.63

281
251
224
301
53
130
267
247
247
247
210

kJ/kg-K

Freezing
point, C

Above
freezing

Below
freezing

Latent
heat of
fusion,
kJ/kg

-0 . 2
-0 .6
-0 .8
-0 .6
-2 .2
-2 .2
-0 .3
-0 .8
-0 .5

4.02
3.79
3.75
3.45
2.98
3.62
3.96
3.86
3.99
2.98
3.96

2.04
1.95
1.94
1.82
1.65
1.89
2.01
1.97
2.02
1.65
2.01

317
294
291
261
214
277
311
301
314
214
311

kJ/kg-K

Food
Lettuce
Milk, whole
Oranges
Potatoes
Salmon fish
Shrimp
Spinach
Strawberries
Tomatoes, ripe
Turkey
Watermelon

Water
content,
% (mass)
95
88
87
78
64
83
93
90
94
64
93

-0 .4

Source: Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated. Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from ASHRAE,
Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chapter 30,
Table 1. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods.

914

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Saturated water Temperature table_______________________________________________________________________

Temp.,

Sat.
press.,

T C

psat kpa

Specific volume,

Internal energy,

Enthalpy,

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

Sat.
liquid,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,
hf

Vf

vg

Uf

Ufg

ug

0.01
5
10
15
20

0.6117
0.8725
1.2281
1.7057
2.3392

0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001001
0.001002

206.00
147.03
106.32
77.885
57.762

0.000
21.019
42.020
62.980
83.913

2374.9
2360.8
2346.6
2332.5
2318.4

2374.9
2381.8
2388.7
2395.5
2402.3

25
30
35
40
45

3.1698
4.2469
5.6291
7.3851
9.5953

0.001003
0.001004
0.001006
0.001008
0.001010

43.340
32.879
25.205
19.515
15.251

104.83
125.73
146.63
167.53
188.43

2304.3
2290.2
2276.0
2261.9
2247.7

2409.1
2415.9
2422.7
2429.4
2436.1

Entropy,
kJ/kg-K

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Sat.
Evap., vapor,

hfg

hg

Sf

2500.9
2489.1
2477.2
2465.4
2453.5

2500.9
2510.1
2519.2
2528.3
2537.4

0.0763
0.1511
0.2245
0.2965

9.1556
8.9487
8.7488
8.5559
8.3696

9.1556
9.0249
8.8999
8.7803
8.6661

104.83
125.74
146.64
167.53
188.44

2441.7
2429.8
2417.9
2406.0
2394.0

2546.5
2555.6
2564.6
2573.5
2582.4

0.3672
0.4368
0.5051
0.5724
0.6386

8.1895
8.0152
7.8466
7.6832
7.5247

8.5567
8.4520
8.3517
8.2556
8.1633

0.001

21.020
42.022
62.982
83.915

0.0000

50
55
60
65
70

12.352
15.763
19.947
25.043
31.202

0.001012
0.001015
0.001017
0.001020
0.001023

12.026
9.5639
7.6670
6.1935
5.0396

209.33
230.24
251.16
272.09
293.04

2233.4
2219.1
2204.7
2190.3
2175.8

2442.7
2449.3
2455.9
2462.4
2468.9

209.34
230.26
251.18
272.12
293.07

2382.0
2369.8
2357.7
2345.4
2333.0

2591.3
2600.1
2608.8
2617.5
2626.1

0.7038
0.7680
0.8313
0.8937
0.9551

7.3710
7.2218
7.0769
6.9360
6.7989

8.0748
7.9898
7.9082
7.8296
7.7540

75
80
85
90
95

38.597
47.416
57.868
70.183
84.609

0.001026
0.001029
0.001032
0.001036
0.001040

4.1291
3.4053
2.8261
2.3593
1.9808

313.99
334.97
355.96
376.97
398.00

2161.3
2146.6
2131.9
2117.0
2102.0

2475.3
2481.6
2487.8
2494.0
2500.1

314.03
335.02
356.02
377.04
398.09

2320.6
2308.0
2295.3
2282.5
2269.6

2634.6
2643.0
2651.4
2659.6
2667.6

1.0158
1.0756
1.1346
1.1929
1.2504

6.6655
6.5355
6.4089
6.2853
6.1647

7.6812
7.6111
7.5435
7.4782
7.4151

100
105
110
115
120

101.42
120.90
143.38
169.18
198.67

0.001043
0.001047
0.001052
0.001056
0.001060

1.6720
1.4186
1.2094
1.0360
0.89133

419.06
440.15
461.27
482.42
503.60

2087.0
2071.8
2056.4
2040.9
2025.3

2506.0
2511.9
2517.7
2523.3
2528.9

419.17
440.28
461.42
482.59
503.81

2256.4
2243.1
2229.7
2216.0
2202.1

2675.6
2683.4
2691.1
2698.6
2706.0

1.3072
1.3634
1.4188
1.4737
1.5279

6.0470
5.9319
5.8193
5.7092
5.6013

7.3542
7.2952
7.2382
7.1829
7.1292

125
130
135
140
145

232.23
270.28
313.22
361.53
415.68

0.001065
0.001070
0.001075
0.001080
0.001085

0.77012
0.66808
0.58179
0.50850
0.44600

524.83
546.10
567.41
588.77
610.19

2009.5
1993.4
1977.3
1960.9
1944.2

2534.3
2539.5
2544.7
2549.6
2554.4

525.07
546.38
567.75
589.16
610.64

2188.1
2173.7
2159.1
2144.3
2129.2

2713.1
2720.1
2726.9
2733.5
2739.8

1.5816
1.6346
1.6872
1.7392
1.7908

5.4956
5.3919
5.2901
5.1901
5.0919

7.0771
7.0265
6.9773
6.9294
6.8827

150
155
160
165
170

476.16
543.49
618.23
700.93
792.18

0.001091
0.001096
0.001102
0.001108
0.001114

0.39248
0.34648
0.30680
0.27244
0.24260

631.66
653.19
674.79
696.46
718.20

1927.4
1910.3
1893.0
1875.4
1857.5

2559.1
2563.5
2567.8
2571.9
2575.7

632.18
653.79
675.47
697.24
719.08

2113.8
2098.0
2082.0
2065.6
2048.8

2745.9
2751.8
2757.5
2762.8
2767.9

1.8418
1.8924
1.9426
1.9923
2.0417

4.9953
4.9002
4.8066
4.7143
4.6233

6.8371
6.7927
6.7492
6.7067
6.6650

175
180
185
190
195
200

892.60
1002.8
1123.5
1255.2
1398.8
1554.9

0.001121
0.001127
0.001134
0.001141
0.001149
0.001157

0.21659
0.19384
0.17390
0.15636
0.14089
0.12721

740.02
761.92
783.91
806.00
828.18
850.46

1839.4
1820.9
1802.1
1783.0
1763.6
1743.7

2579.4
2582.8
2586.0
2589.0
2591.7
2594.2

741.02
763.05
785.19
807.43
829.78
852.26

2031.7
2014.2
1996.2
1977.9
1959.0
1939.8

2772.7
2777.2
2781.4
2785.3
2788.8
2792.0

2.0906
2.1392
2.1875
2.2355
2.2831
2.3305

4.5335
4.4448
4.3572
4.2705
4.1847
4.0997

6.6242
6.5841
6.5447
6.5059
6.4678
6.4302

915

APPEN DIX 1

Saturated water Temperature table ( Concluded)

Temp.,
T C

Sat.
press.,
Psat kPa

Specific volume,

Internal energy,

Enthalpy,

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

Sat.
liquid,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,
hf

Evap.,

hfg

Entropy,
kJ/kg-K

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Sat.
Evap., vapor,

Vf

VB

u,

uig

Ug

ht

Sf

sfg

0.11508
0.10429
0.094680
0.086094
0.078405

872.86
895.38
918.02
940.79
963.70

1723.5
1702.9
1681.9
1660.5
1638.6

2596.4
2598.3
2599.9
2601.3
2602.3

874.87
897.61
920.50
943.55
966.76

1920.0
1899.7
1878.8
1857.4
1835.4

2794.8
2797.3
2799.3
2801.0
2802.2

2.3776
2.4245
2.4712
2.5176
2.5639

4.0154
3.9318
3.8489
3.7664
3.6844

6.3930
6.3563
6.3200
6.2840
6.2483

205
210
215
220
225

1724.3
1907.7
2105.9
2319.6
2549.7

0.001164
0.001173
0.001181
0.001190
0.001199

230
235
240
245
250

2797.1
3062.6
3347.0
3651.2
3976.2

0.001209
0.001219
0.001229
0.001240
0.001252

0.071505
0.065300
0.059707
0.054656
0.050085

986.76
1010.0
1033.4
1056.9
1080.7

1616.1
1593.2
1569.8
1545.7
1521.1

2602.9
2603.2
2603.1
2602.7
2601.8

990.14
1013.7
1037.5
1061.5
1085.7

1812.8
1789.5
1765.5
1740.8
1715.3

2802.9
2803.2
2803.0
2802.2
2801.0

2.6100
2.6560
2.7018
2.7476
2.7933

3.6028
3.5216
3.4405
3.3596
3.2788

6.2128
6.1775
6.1424
6.1072
6.0721

255
260
265
270
275

4322.9
4692.3
5085.3
5503.0
5946.4

0.001263
0.001276
0.001289
0.001303
0.001317

0.045941
0.042175
0.038748
0.035622
0.032767

1104.7
1128.8
1153.3
1177.9
1202.9

1495.8
1469.9
1443.2
1415.7
1387.4

2600.5
2598.7
2596.5
2593.7
2590.3

1110.1
1134.8
1159.8
1185.1
1210.7

1689.0
1661.8
1633.7
1604.6
1574.5

2799.1
2796.6
2793.5
2789.7
2785.2

2.8390
2.8847
2.9304
2.9762
3.0221

3.1979
3.1169
3.0358
2.9542
2.8723

6.0369
6.0017
5.9662
5.9305
5.8944

280
285
290
295
300

6416.6
6914.6
7441.8
7999.0
8587.9

0.001333
0.001349
0.001366
0.001384
0.001404

0.030153
0.027756
0.025554
0.023528
0.021659

1228.2
1253.7
1279.7
1306.0
1332.7

1358.2
1328.1
1296.9
1264.5
1230.9

2586.4
2581.8
2576.5
2570.5
2563.6

1236.7
1263.1
1289.8
1317.1
1344.8

1543.2
1510.7
1476.9
1441.6
1404.8

2779.9
2773.7
2766.7
2758.7
2749.6

3.0681
3.1144
3.1608
3.2076
3.2548

2.7898
2.7066
2.6225
2.5374
2.4511

5.8579
5.8210
5.7834
5.7450
5.7059

305
310
315
320
325

9209.4
9865.0
10,556
11,284
12,051

0.001425
0.001447
0.001472
0.001499
0.001528

0.019932
0.018333
0.016849
0.015470
0.014183

1360.0
1387.7
1416.1
1445.1
1475.0

1195.9
1159.3
1121.1
1080.9
1038.5

2555.8
2547.1
2537.2
2526.0
2513.4

1373.1
1402.0
1431.6
1462.0
1493.4

1366.3
1325.9
1283.4
1238.5
1191.0

2739.4
2727.9
2715.0
2700.6
2684.3

3.3024
3.3506
3.3994
3.4491
3.4998

2.3633
2.2737
2.1821
2.0881
1.9911

5.6657
5.6243
5.5816
5.5372
5.4908

330
335
340
345
350

12,858
13,707
14,601
15,541
16,529

0.001560
0.001597
0.001638
0.001685
0.001741

0.012979
0.011848
0.010783
0.009772
0.008806

1505.7
1537.5
1570.7
1605.5
1642.4

993.5
945.5
893.8
837.7
775.9

2499.2
2483.0
2464.5
2443.2
2418.3

1525.8
1559.4
1594.6
1631.7
1671.2

1140.3
1086.0
1027.4
963.4
892.7

2666.0
2645.4
2622.0
2595.1
2563.9

3.5516
3.6050
3.6602
3.7179
3.7788

1.8906
1.7857
1.6756
1.5585
1.4326

5.4422
5.3907
5.3358
5.2765
5.2114

355
360
365
370
373.95

17,570
18,666
19,822
21,044
22,064

0.001808
0.001895
0.002015
0.002217
0.003106

0.007872
0.006950
0.006009
0.004953
0.003106

1682.2
1726.2
1777.2
1844.5
2015.7

706.4
625.7
526.4
385.6
0

2388.6
2351.9
2303.6
2230.1
2015.7

1714.0
1761.5
1817.2
1891.2
2084.3

812.9
720.1
605.5
443.1
0

2526.9
2481.6
2422.7
2334.3
2084.3

3.8442
3.9165
4.0004
4.1119
4.4070

1.2942
1.1373
0.9489
0.6890
0

5.1384
5.0537
4.9493
4.8009
4.4070

Source: Tables A -4 through A -8 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The
routine used in calculations is the highly accurate SteamJAPWS, which incorporates the 1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary
Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, issued by The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This formulation
replaces the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher, and Kell (NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984), which is also available in EES
as the routine STEAM. The new formulation is based on the correlations of Saul and Wagner (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 893, 1987) with modifica
tions to adjust to the International Temperature Scale of 1990. The modifications are described by Wagner and Pruss (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22,
783, 1993). The properties of ice are based on Hyland and Wexler, Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of H20
from 173.15 K to 473.15 K, ASHRAE Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983.

916

PR O PERTY TAB LES AND CHARTS

Saturated water Pressure table___________________________________________________________________________

Press.,
P kPa

Sat.
tem p.,

Specific volume,

Internal energy,

Enthalpy,

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kj/kg

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

liquid,

vapor,

liquid,

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Entropy,
kJ/kg-K
Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,
s*

Uf

UfK

hf

hfg

hg

Sf

1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

6.97
13.02
17.50
21.08
24.08

0.001000 129.19
0.001001 87.964
0.001001 66.990
0.001002 54.242
0.001003 45.654

29.302
54.686
73.431
88.422
100.98

2355.2
2338.1
2325.5
2315.4
2306.9

2384.5
2392.8
2398.9
2403.8
2407.9

29.303
54.688
73.433
88.424
100.98

2484.4
2470.1
2459.5
2451.0
2443.9

2513.7
2524.7
2532.9
2539.4
2544.8

0.1059
0.1956
0.2606
0.3118
0.3543

8.8690
8.6314
8.4621
8.3302
8.2222

8.9749
8.8270
8.7227
8.6421
8.5765

4.0
5.0
7.5
10
15

28.96
32.87
40.29
45.81
53.97

0.001004
0.001005
0.001008
0.001010
0.001014

121.39
137.75
168.74
191.79
225.93

2293.1
2282.1
2261.1
2245.4
2222.1

2414.5
2419.8
2429.8
2437.2
2448.0

121.39
137.75
168.75
191.81
225.94

2432.3
2423.0
2405.3
2392.1
2372.3

2553.7
2560.7
2574.0
2583.9
2598.3

0.4224
0.4762
0.5763
0.6492
0.7549

8.0510
7.9176
7.6738
7.4996
7.2522

8.4734
8.3938
8.2501
8.1488
8.0071

20
25
30
40
50

60.06
64.96
69.09
75.86
81.32

0.001017
0.001020
0.001022
0.001026
0.001030

7.6481
6.2034
5.2287
3.9933
3.2403

251.40
271.93
289.24
317.58
340.49

2204.6
2190.4
2178.5
2158.8
2142.7

2456.0
2462.4
2467.7
2476.3
2483.2

251.42
271.96
289.27
317.62
340.54

2357.5
2345.5
2335.3
2318.4
2304.7

2608.9
2617.5
2624.6
2636.1
2645.2

0.8320
0.8932
0.9441
1.0261
1.0912

7.0752
6.9370
6.8234
6.6430
6.5019

7.9073
7.8302
7.7675
7.6691
7.5931

75
91.76
100
99.61
101.325 99.97
125
105.97
150
111.35

0.001037
0.001043
0.001043
0.001048
0.001053

2.2172
1.6941
1.6734
1.3750
1.1594

384.36
417.40
418.95
444.23
466.97

2111.8
2088.2
2087.0
2068.8
2052.3

2496.1
2505.6
2506.0
2513.0
2519.2

384.44
417.51
419.06
444.36
467.13

2278.0
2257.5
2256.5
2240.6
2226.0

2662.4
2675.0
2675.6
2684.9
2693.1

1.2132
1.3028
1.3069
1.3741
1.4337

6.2426
6.0562
6.0476
5.9100
5.7894

7.4558
7.3589
7.3545
7.2841
7.2231

175
200
225
250
275

116.04
120.21
123.97
127.41
130.58

0.001057
0.001061
0.001064
0.001067
0.001070

1.0037
0.88578
0.79329
0.71873
0.65732

486.82
504.50
520.47
535.08
548.57

2037.7
2024.6
2012.7
2001.8
1991.6

2524.5
2529.1
2533.2
2536.8
2540.1

487.01
504.71
520.71
535.35
548.86

2213.1
2201.6
2191.0
2181.2
2172.0

2700.2
2706.3
2711.7
2716.5
2720.9

1.4850
1.5302
1.5706
1.6072
1.6408

5.6865
5.5968
5.5171
5.4453
5.3800

7.1716
7.1270
7.0877
7.0525
7.0207

300
325
350
375
400

133.52
136.27
138.86
141.30
143.61

0.001073
0.001076
0.001079
0.001081
0.001084

0.60582
0.56199
0.52422
0.49133
0.46242

561.11
572.84
583.89
594.32
604.22

1982.1
1973.1
1964.6
1956.6
1948.9

2543.2
2545.9
2548.5
2550.9
2553.1

561.43
573.19
584.26
594.73
604.66

2163.5
2155.4
2147.7
2140.4
2133.4

2724.9
2728.6
2732.0
2735.1
2738.1

1.6717
1.7005
1.7274
1.7526
1.7765

5.3200
5.2645
5.2128
5.1645
5.1191

6.9917
6.9650
6.9402
6.9171
6.8955

450
500
550
600
650

147.90
151.83
155.46
158.83
161.98

0.001088
0.001093
0.001097
0.001101
0.001104

0.41392
0.37483
0.34261
0.31560
0.29260

622.65
639.54
655.16
669.72
683.37

1934.5
1921.2
1908.8
1897.1
1886.1

2557.1
2560.7
2563.9
2566.8
2569.4

623.14
640.09
655.77
670.38
684.08

2120.3
2108.0
2096.6
2085.8
2075.5

2743.4
2748.1
2752.4
2756.2
2759.6

1.8205
1.8604
1.8970
1.9308
1.9623

5.0356
4.9603
4.8916
4.8285
4.7699

6.8561
6.8207
6.7886
6.7593
6.7322

700
750

164.95
167.75

0.001108
0.001111

0.27278
0.25552

696.23
708.40

1875.6
1865.6

2571.8
2574.0

697.00
709.24

2065.8
2056.4

2762.8
2765.7

1.9918
2.0195

4.7153
4.6642

6.7071
6.6837

T * C

34.791
28.185
19.233
14.670
10.020

917

APPEN DIX 1

Saturated water Pressure table ( Concluded)

Specific volume,

Internal energy,

Enthalpy,

Entropy,

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K
Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

ug

h,

hfg

hs

Sf

1856.1
1846.9
1838.1
1829.6
1821.4

2576.0
2577.9
2579.6
2581.3
2582.8

720.87
731.95
742.56
752.74
762.51

2047.5
2038.8
2030.5
2022.4
2014.6

2768.3
2770.8
2773.0
2775.2
2777.1

2.0457
2.0705
2.0941
2.1166
2.1381

4.6160
4.5705
4.5273
4.4862
4.4470

6.6616
6.6409
6.6213
6.6027
6.5850

779.78
796.96
813.10
828.35
842.82

1805.7
1790.9
1776.8
1763.4
1750.6

2585.5
2587.8
2589.9
2591.8
2593.4

781.03
798.33
814.59
829.96
844.55

1999.6
1985.4
1971.9
1958.9
1946.4

2780.7
2783.8
2786.5
2788.9
2791.0

2.1785
2.2159
2.2508
2.2835
2.3143

4.3735
4.3058
4.2428
4.1840
4.1287

6.5520
6.5217
6.4936
6.4675
6.4430

0.11344
0.099587
0.088717
0.079952
0.066667

876.12
906.12
933.54
958.87
1004.6

1720.6
1693.0
1667.3
1643.2
1598.5

2596.7 878.16
908.47
2599.1
2600.9 936.21
961.87
2602.1
2603.2 1008.3

1917.1
1889.8
1864.3
1840.1
1794.9

2795.2
2798.3
2800.5
2801.9
2803.2

2.3844
2.4467
2.5029
2.5542
2.6454

4.0033
3.8923
3.7926
3.7016
3.5402

6.3877
6.3390
6.2954
6.2558
6.1856

0.001235
0.001252
0.001286
0.001319
0.001352

0.057061
0.049779
0.039448
0.032449
0.027378

1045.4
1082.4
1148.1
1205.8
1258.0

1557.6
1519.3
1448.9
1384.1
1323.0

2603.0
2601.7
2597.0
2589.9
2581.0

1049.7
1087.4
1154.5
1213.8
1267.5

1753.0
1713.5
1639.7
1570.9
1505.2

2802.7
2800.8
2794.2
2784.6
2772.6

2.7253
2.7966
2.9207
3.0275
3.1220

3.3991
3.2731
3.0530
2.8627
2.6927

6.1244
6.0696
5.9737
5.8902
5.8148

295.01
303.35
311.00
318.08
324.68

0.001384
0.001418
0.001452
0.001488
0.001526

0.023525
0.020489
0.018028
0.015988
0.014264

1306.0
1350.9
1393.3
1433.9
1473.0

1264.5
1207.6
1151.8
1096.6
1041.3

2570.5
2558.5
2545.2
2530.4
2514.3

1317.1
1363.7
1407.8
1450.2
1491.3

1441.6
1379.3
1317.6
1256.1
1194.1

2758.7
2742.9
2725.5
2706.3
2685.4

3.2077
3.2866
3.3603
3.4299
3.4964

2.5373
2.3925
2.2556
2.1245
1.9975

5.7450
5.6791
5.6159
5.5544
5.4939

13,000
14,000
15,000
16,000
17,000

330.85
336.67
342.16
347.36
352.29

0.001566
0.001610
0.001657
0.001710
0.001770

0.012781
0.011487
0.010341
0.009312
0.008374

1511.0
1548.4
1585.5
1622.6
1660.2

985.5
928.7
870.3
809.4
745.1

2496.6
2477.1
2455.7
2432.0
2405.4

1531.4
1571.0
1610.3
1649.9
1690.3

1131.3
1067.0
1000.5
931.1
857.4

2662.7
2637.9
2610.8
2581.0
2547.7

3.5606
3.6232
3.6848
3.7461
3.8082

1.8730
1.7497
1.6261
1.5005
1.3709

5.4336
5.3728
5.3108
5.2466
5.1791

18,000
19,000
20,000
21,000
22,000
22,064

356.99
361.47
365.75
369.83
373.71
373.95

0.001840
0.001926
0.002038
0.002207
0.002703
0.003106

0.007504
0.006677
0.005862
0.004994
0.003644
0.003106

1699.1
1740.3
1785.8
1841.6
1951.7
2015.7

675.9
598.9
509.0
391.9
140.8
0

2375.0
2339.2
2294.8
2233.5
2092.4
2015.7

1732.2
1776.8
1826.6
1888.0
2011.1
2084.3

777.8
689.2
585.5
450.4
161.5
0

2510.0
2466.0
2412.1
2338.4
2172.6
2084.3

3.8720
3.9396
4.0146
4.1071
4.2942
4.4070

1.2343
1.0860
0.9164
0.7005
0.2496
0

5.1064
5.0256
4.9310
4.8076
4.5439
4.4070

Sat.
tem p.,

Sat.
liquid,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

T C

Vf

vi

Uf

800
850
900
950
1000

170.41
172.94
175.35
177.66
179.88

0.001115
0.001118
0.001121
0.001124
0.001127

0.24035
0.22690
0.21489
0.20411
0.19436

719.97
731.00
741.55
751.67
761.39

1100
1200
1300
1400
1500

184.06
187.96
191.60
195.04
198.29

0.001133
0.001138
0.001144
0.001149
0.001154

0.17745
0.16326
0.15119
0.14078
0.13171

1750
2000
2250
2500
3000

205.72
212.38
218.41
223.95
233.85

0.001166
0.001177
0.001187
0.001197
0.001217

3500
4000
5000
6000
7000

242.56
250.35
263.94
275.59
285.83

8000
9000
10,000
11,000
12,000

Press.,
P kPa

Evap.,

Evap.,

sg

918

PR O PE R TY TABLES AND CHARTS

Superheated water
T

m 3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

Sat.t
50
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

14.670
14.867
17.196
19.513
21.826
24.136
26.446
31.063
35.680
40.296
44.911
49.527
54.143
58.758
63.373
67.989
72.604

P = 0.01 MPa (45.81C)*

2437.2
2443.3
2515.5
2587.9
2661.4
2736.1
2812.3
2969.3
3132.9
3303.3
3480.8
3665.4
3856.9
4055.3
4260.0
4470.9
4687.4

2583.9
2592.0
2687.5
2783.0
2879.6
2977.5
3076.7
3280.0
3489.7
3706.3
3929.9
4160.6
4398.3
4642.8
4893.8
5150.8
5413.4

8.1488
8.1741
8.4489
8.6893
8.9049
9.1015
9.2827
9.6094
9.8998
10.1631
10.4056
10.6312
10.8429
11.0429
11.2326
11.4132
11.5857

P = 0.20 MPa (120.21C)

Sat.
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0.88578
0.95986
1.08049
1.19890
1.31623
1.54934
1.78142
2.01302
2.24434
2.47550
2.70656
2.93755
3.16848
3.39938
3.63026

Sat.
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0.37483
0.42503
0.47443
0.52261
0.57015
0.61731
0.71095
0.80409
0.89696
0.98966
1.08227
1.17480
1.26728
1.35972
1.45214

2529.1
2577.1
2654.6
2731.4
2808.8
2967.2
3131.4
3302.2
3479.9
3664.7
3856.3
4054.8
4259.6
4470.5
4687.1

2706.3
2769.1
2870.7
2971.2
3072.1
3277.0
3487.7
3704.8
3928.8
4159.8
4397.7
4642.3
4893.3
5150.4
5413.1

7.1270
7.2810
7.5081
7.7100
7.8941
8.2236
8.5153
8.7793
9.0221
9.2479
9.4598
9.6599
9.8497
10.0304
10.2029

P = 0.50 MPa (151.83C)

2560.7
2643.3
2723.8
2803.3
2883.0
2963.7
3129.0
3300.4
3478.6
3663.6
3855.4
4054.0
4259.0
4470.0
4686.6

2748.1
2855.8
2961.0
3064.6
3168.1
3272.4
3484.5
3702.5
3927.0
4158.4
4396.6
4641.4
4892.6
5149.8
5412.6

6.8207
7.0610
7.2725
7.4614
7.6346
7.7956
8.0893
8.3544
8.5978
8.8240
9.0362
9.2364
9.4263
9.6071
9.7797

m 3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

m 3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

P = 0.05 MPa (81.32C)

2483.2

2645.2

7.5931

1.6941

2505.6

2675.0

3.4187
3.8897
4.3562
4.8206
5.2841
6.2094
7.1338
8.0577
8.9813
9.9047
10.8280
11.7513
12.6745
13.5977
14.5209

2511.5
2585.7
2660.0
2735.1
2811.6
2968.9
3132.6
3303.1
3480.6
3665.2
3856.8
4055.2
4259.9
4470.8
4687.3

2682.4
2780.2
2877.8
2976.2
3075.8
3279.3
3489.3
3706.0
3929.7
4160.4
4398.2
4642.7
4893.7
5150.7
5413.3

7.6953
7.9413
8.1592
8.3568
8.5387
8.8659
9.1566
9.4201
9.6626
9.8883
10.1000
10.3000
10.4897
10.6704
10.8429

1.6959
1.9367
2.1724
2.4062
2.6389
3.1027
3.5655
4.0279
4.4900
4.9519
5.4137
5.8755
6.3372
6.7988
7.2605

2506.2
2582.9
2658.2
2733.9
2810.7
2968.3
3132.2
3302.8
3480.4
3665.0
3856.7
4055.0
4259.8
4470.7
4687.2

2675.8 7.3611
2776.6 7.6148
2875.5 7.8356
2974.5 8.0346
3074.5 8.2172
3278.6 8.5452
3488.7 8.8362
3705.6 9.0999
3929.4 9.3424
4160.2 9.5682
4398.0 9.7800
4642.6 9.9800
4893.6 10.1698
5150.6 10.3504
5413.3 10.5229

P = 0.30 MPa (133.52C)

0.60582
0.63402
0.71643
0.79645
0.87535
1.03155
1.18672
1.34139
1.49580
1.65004
1.80417
1.95824
2.11226
2.26624
2.42019

2543.2
2571.0
2651.0
2728.9
2807.0
2966.0
3130.6
3301.6
3479.5
3664.3
3856.0
4054.5
4259.4
4470.3
4686.9

2724.9 6.9917
2761.2 7.0792
2865.9 7.3132
2967.9 7.5180
3069.6 7.7037
3275.5 8.0347
3486.6 8.3271
3704.0 8.5915
3928.2 8.8345
4159.3 9.0605
4397.3 9.2725
4642.0 9.4726
4893.1
9.6624
5150.2 9.8431
5413.0 10.0157

P = 0.60 MPa (158.83C)

0.31560
0.35212
0.39390
0.43442
0.47428
0.51374
0.59200
0.66976
0.74725
0.82457
0.90179
0.97893
1.05603
1.13309
1.21012

2566.8
2639.4
2721.2
2801.4
2881.6
2962.5
3128.2
3299.8
3478.1
3663.2
3855.1
4053.8
4258.8
4469.8
4686.4

2756.2
2850.6
2957.6
3062.0
3166.1
3270.8
3483.4
3701.7
3926.4
4157.9
4396.2
4641.1
4892.4
5149.6
5412.5

*The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at the specified pressure.

f Properties of saturated vapor at the specified pressure.

P = 0.10 MPa (99.61C)

3.2403

6.7593
6.9683
7.1833
7.3740
7.5481
7.7097
8.0041
8.2695
8.5132
8.7395
8.9518
9.1521
9.3420
9.5229
9.6955

7.3589

p = 0.40 MPa (143.61C)

0.46242
0.47088
0.53434
0.59520
0.65489
0.77265
0.88936
1.00558
1.12152
1.23730
1.35298
1.46859
1.58414
1.69966
1.81516

2553.1
2564.4
2647.2
2726.4
2805.1
2964.9
3129.8
3301.0
3479.0
3663.9
3855.7
4054.3
4259.2
4470.2
4686.7

2738.1
2752.8
2860.9
2964.5
3067.1
3273.9
3485.5
3703.3
3927.6
4158.9
4396.9
4641.7
4892.9
5150.0
5412.8

6.8955
6.9306
7.1723
7.3804
7.5677
7.9003
8.1933
8.4580
8.7012
8.9274
9.1394
9.3396
9.5295
9.7102
9.8828

P = 0.80 MPa (170.41C)

0.24035
0.26088
0.29321
0.32416
0.35442
0.38429
0.44332
0.50186
0.56011
0.61820
0.67619
0.73411
0.79197
0.84980
0.90761

2576.0
2631.1
2715.9
2797.5
2878.6
2960.2
3126.6
3298.7
3477.2
3662.5
3854.5
4053.3
4258.3
4469.4
4686.1

2768.3
2839.8
2950.4
3056.9
3162.2
3267.7
3481.3
3700.1
3925.3
4157.0
4395.5
4640.5
4891.9
5149.3
5412.2

6.6616
6.8177
7.0402
7.2345
7.4107
7.5735
7.8692
8.1354
8.3794
8.6061
8.8185
9.0189
9.2090
9.3898
9.5625

919

APPEN DIX 1

TABLE A -6
S u perheated w ater ( C on cluded )

T
C

m 3/kg

Sat.
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0.19437
0.20602
0.23275
0.25799
0.28250
0.30661
0.35411
0.40111
0.44783
0.49438
0.54083
0.58721
0.63354
0.67983
0.72610

Sat.
225
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0.12374
0.13293
0.14190
0.15866
0.17459
0.19007
0.22029
0.24999
0.27941
0.30865
0.33780
0.36687
0.39589
0.42488
0.45383

Sat.
225
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0.07995
0.08026
0.08705
0.09894
0.10979
0.12012
0.13015
0.13999
0.15931
0.17835
0.19722
0.21597
0.23466
0.25330
0.27190
0.29048

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

S
kJ/kg-K

P = 1.00 MPa (179.88C)

2582.8
2622.3
2710.4
2793.7
2875.7
2957.9
3125.0
3297.5
3476.3
3661.7
3853.9
4052.7
4257.9
4469.0
4685.8

2777.1
2828.3
2943.1
3051.6
3158.2
3264.5
3479.1
3698.6
3924.1
4156.1
4394.8
4640.0
4891.4
5148.9
5411.9

6.5850
6.6956
6.9265
7.1246
7.3029
7.4670
7.7642
8.0311
8.2755
8.5024
8.7150
8.9155
9.1057
9.2866
9.4593

P = 1.60 MPa (2 0 1 .3 7 X )
2594.8
2645.1
2692.9
2781.6
2866.6
2950.8
3120.1
3293.9
3473.5
3659.5
3852.1
4051.2
4256.6
4467.9
4684.8

2792.8
2857.8
2919.9
3035.4
3146.0
3254.9
3472.6
3693.9
3920.5
4153.4
4392.6
4638.2
4890.0
5147.7
5410.9

6.4200
6.5537
6.6753
6.8864
7.0713
7.2394
7.5410
7.8101
8.0558
8.2834
8.4965
8.6974
8.8878
9.0689
9.2418

P = 2.50 MPa (223.95C)

2602.1
2604.8
2663.3
2762.2
2852.5
2939.8
3026.2
3112.8
3288.5
3469.3
3656.2
3849.4
4049.0
4254.7
4466.3
4683.4

2801.9
2805.5
2880.9
3009.6
3127.0
3240.1
3351.6
3462.8
3686.8
3915.2
4149.2
4389.3
4635.6
4887.9
5146.0
5409.5

6.2558
6.2629
6.4107
6.6459
6.8424
7.0170
7.1768
7.3254
7.5979
7.8455
8.0744
8.2882
8.4897
8.6804
8.8618
9.0349

V
kJ/kg

m 3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

m 3/kg

P = 1.20 MPa (187.96C)

0.16326
0.16934
0.19241
0.21386
0.23455
0.25482
0.29464
0.33395
0.37297
0.41184
0.45059
0.48928
0.52792
0.56652
0.60509

2587.8 2783.8
2612.9 2816.1
2704.7 2935.6
2789.7 3046.3
2872.7 3154.2
2955.5 3261.3
3123.4 3477.0
3296.3 3697.0
3475.3 3922.9
3661.0 4155.2
3853.3 4394.0
4052.2 4639.4
4257.5 4891.0
4468.7 5148.5
4685.5 5411.6

6.5217
6.5909
6.8313
7.0335
7.2139
7.3793
7.6779
7.9456
8.1904
8.4176
8.6303
8.8310
9.0212
9.2022
9.3750

P = 1.80 MPa (207.11C)

0.11037
0.11678
0.12502
0.14025
0.15460
0.16849
0.19551
0.22200
0.24822
0.27426
0.30020
0.32606
0.35188
0.37766
0.40341

2597.3
2637.0
2686.7
2777.4
2863.6
2948.3
3118.5
3292.7
3472.6
3658.8
3851.5
4050.7
4256.2
4467.6
4684.5

2795.9
2847.2
2911.7
3029.9
3141.9
3251.6
3470.4
3692.3
3919.4
4152.4
4391.9
4637.6
4889.6
5147.3
5410.6

6.3775
6.4825
6.6088
6.8246
7.0120
7.1814
7.4845
7.7543
8.0005
8.2284
8.4417
8.6427
8.8331
9.0143
9.1872

P = 3.00 MPa (233.85C)

h
kJ/kg

kJ/kg

S
kJ/kg-K

P = 1.40 MPa (195.04C)

0.14078
0.14303
0.16356
0.18233
0.20029
0.21782
0.25216
0.28597
0.31951
0.35288
0.38614
0.41933
0.45247
0.48558
0.51866

P
0.09959
0.10381
0.11150
0.12551
0.13860
0.15122
0.17568
0.19962
0.22326
0.24674
0.27012
0.29342
0.31667
0.33989
0.36308

2591.8
2602.7
2698.9
2785.7
2869.7
2953.1
3121.8
3295.1
3474.4
3660.3
3852.7
4051.7
4257.0
4468.3
4685.1

2788.9
2803.0
2927.9
3040.9
3150.1
3258.1
3474.8
3695.5
3921.7
4154.3
4393.3
4638.8
4890.5
5148.1
5411.3

6.4675
6.4975
6.7488
6.9553
7.1379
7.3046
7.6047
7.8730
8.1183
8.3458
8.5587
8.7595
8.9497
9.1308
9.3036

2.00 MPa (212.38C)

2599.1
2628.5
2680.3
2773.2
2860.5
2945.9
3116.9
3291.5
3471.7
3658.0
3850.9
4050.2
4255.7
4467.2
4684.2

2798.3
2836.1
2903.3
3024.2
3137.7
3248.4
3468.3
3690.7
3918.2
4151.5
4391.1
4637.1
4889.1
5147.0
5410.3

6.3390
6.4160
6.5475
6.7684
6.9583
7.1292
7.4337
7.7043
7.9509
8.1791
8.3925
8.5936
8.7842
8.9654
9.1384

P = 3.50 MPa (242.56C)

0.06667

2603.2

2803.2

6.1856

0.05706

2603.0

2802.7 6.1244

0.07063
0.08118
0.09056
0.09938
0.10789
0.11620
0.13245
0.14841
0.16420
0.17988
0.19549
0.21105
0.22658
0.24207

2644.7
2750.8
2844.4
2933.6
3021.2
3108.6
3285.5
3467.0
3654.3
3847.9
4047.7
4253.6
4465.3
4682.6

2856.5
2994.3
3116.1
3231.7
3344.9
3457.2
3682.8
3912.2
4146.9
4387.5
4634.2
4886.7
5145.1
5408.8

6.2893
6.5412
6.7450
6.9235
7.0856
7.2359
7.5103
7.7590
7.9885
8.2028
8.4045
8.5955
8.7771
8.9502

0.05876
0.06845
0.07680
0.08456
0.09198
0.09919
0.11325
0.12702
0.14061
0.15410
0.16751
0.18087
0.19420
0.20750

2624.0
2738.8
2836.0
2927.2
3016.1
3104.5
3282.5
3464.7
3652.5
3846.4
4046.4
4252.5
4464.4
4681.8

2829.7
2978.4
3104.9
3223.2
3338.1
3451.7
3678.9
3909.3
4144.6
4385.7
4632.7
4885.6
5144.1
5408.0

6.1764
6.4484
6.6601
6.8428
7.0074
7.1593
7.4357
7.6855
7.9156
8.1304
8.3324
8.5236
8.7053
8.8786

920
PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

S u p erh ea ted w ater ( Continued)

T
C

m 3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

m 3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

m 3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

P - 4.0 MPa (250.35C)

Sat.
275
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0.04978
0.05461
0.05887
0.06647
0.07343
0.08004
0.08644
0.09886
0.11098
0.12292
0.13476
0.14653
0.15824
0.16992
0.18157

Sat.
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0.03245
0.03619
0.04225
0.04742
0.05217
0.05667
0.06102
0.06527
0.07355
0.08165
0.08964
0.09756
0.10543
0.11326
0.12107

Sat.
325
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0.020489
0.023284
0.025816
0.029960
0.033524
0.036793
0.039885
0.042861
0.045755
0.048589
0.054132
0.059562
0.064919
0.070224
0.075492
0.080733

2601.7
2668.9
2726.2

2827 A
2920.8
3011.0
3100.3
3279.4
3462.4
3650.6
3844.8
4045.1
4251.4
4463.5
4680.9

2800.8
2887.3
2961.7
3093.3
3214.5
3331.2
3446.0
3674.9
3906.3
4142.3
4383.9
4631.2
4884.4
5143.2
5407.2

6.0696
6.2312
6.3639
6.5843
6.7714
6.9386
7.0922
7.3706
7.6214
7.8523
8.0675
8.2698
8.4612
8.6430
8.8164

P = 6.0 MPa (275.59C)

2589.9
2668.4
2790.4
2893.7
2989.9
3083.1
3175.2
3267.2
3453.0
3643.2
3838.8
4040.1
4247.1
4459.8
4677.7

2784.6
2885.6
3043.9
3178.3
3302.9
3423.1
3541.3
3658.8
3894.3
4133.1
4376.6
4625.4
4879.7
5139.4
5404.1

5.8902
6.0703
6.3357
6.5432
6.7219
6.8826
7.0308
7.1693
7.4247
7.6582
7.8751
8.0786
8.2709
8.4534
8.6273

P = 9.0 MPa (303.35C)

2558.5
2647.6
2725.0
2849.2
2956.3
3056.3
3153.0
3248.4
3343.4
3438.8
3632.0
3829.6
4032.4
4240.7
4454.2
4672.9

2742.9
2857.1
2957.3
3118.8
3258.0
3387.4
3512.0
3634.1
3755.2
3876.1
4119.2
4365.7
4616.7
4872.7
5133.6
5399.5

5.6791
5.8738
6.0380
6.2876
6.4872
6.6603
6.8164
6.9605
7.0954
7.2229
7.4606
7.6802
7.8855
8.0791
8.2625
8.4371

P = 4.5 MPa (257.44C)

0.04406
0.04733
0.05138
0.05842
0.06477
0.07076
0.07652
0.08766
0.09850
0.10916
0.11972
0.13020
0.14064
0.15103
0.16140

2599.7
2651.4
2713.0
2818.6
2914.2
3005.8
3096.0
3276.4
3460.0
3648.8
3843.3
4043.9
4250.4
4462.6
4680.1

2798.0
2864.4
2944.2
3081.5
3205.7
3324.2
3440.4
3670.9
3903.3
4140.0
4382.1
4629.8
4883.2
5142.2
5406.5

6.0198
6.1429
6.2854
6.5153
6.7071
6.8770
7.0323
7.3127
7.5647
7.7962
8.0118
8.2144
8.4060
8.5880
8.7616

P = 7.0 MPa (285.83C)

0.027378
0.029492
0.035262
0.039958
0.044187
0.048157
0.051966
0.055665
0.062850
0.069856
0.076750
0.083571
0.090341
0.097075
0.103781

2581.0
2633.5
2770.1
2879.5
2979.0
3074.3
3167.9
3261.0
3448.3
3639.5
3835.7
4037.5
4245.0
4457.9
4676.1

2772.6
2839.9
3016.9
3159.2
3288.3
3411.4
3531.6
3650.6
3888.3
4128.5
4373.0
4622.5
4877.4
5137.4
5402.6

5.8148
5.9337
6.2305
6.4502
6.6353
6.8000
6.9507
7.0910
7.3487
7.5836
7.8014
8.0055
8.1982
8.3810
8.5551

P = 10.0 MPa (311.00C)

0.018028
0.019877
0.022440
0.026436
0.029782
0.032811
0.035655
0.038378
0.041018
0.043597
0.048629
0.053547
0.058391
0.063183
0.067938
0.072667

2545.2
2611.6
2699.6
2833.1
2944.5
3047.0
3145.4
3242.0
3338.0
3434.0
3628.2
3826.5
4029.9
4238.5
4452.4
4671.3

2725.5
2810.3
2924.0
3097.5
3242.4
3375.1
3502.0
3625.8
3748.1
3870.0
4114.5
4362.0
4613.8
4870.3
5131.7
5398.0

5.6159
5.7596
5.9460
6.2141
6.4219
6.5995
6.7585
6.9045
7.0408
7.1693
7.4085
7.6290
7.8349
8.0289
8.2126
8.3874

P = 5.0 MPa (263.94C)

0.03945
0.04144
0.04535
0.05197
0.05784
0.06332
0.06858
0.07870
0.08852
0.09816
0.10769
0.11715
0.12655
0.13592
0.14527

2597.0
2632.3
2699.0
2809.5
2907.5
3000.6
3091.8
3273.3
3457.7
3646.9
3841.8
4042.6
4249.3
4461.6
4679.3

2794.2
2839.5
2925.7
3069.3
3196.7
3317.2
3434.7
3666.9
3900.3
4137.7
4380.2
4628.3
4882.1
5141.3
5405.7

5.9737
6.0571
6.2111
6.4516
6.6483
6.8210
6.9781
7.2605
7.5136
7.7458
7.9619
8.1648
8.3566
8.5388
8.7124

P = 8.0 MPa (295.01C)

0.023525
0.024279
0.029975
0.034344
0.038194
0.041767
0.045172
0.048463
0.054829
0.061011
0.067082
0.073079
0.079025
0.084934
0.090817

2570.5
2592.3
2748.3
2864.6
2967.8
3065.4
3160.5
3254.7
3443.6
3635.7
3832.7
4035.0
4242.8
4456.1
4674.5

2758.7
2786.5
2988.1
3139.4
3273.3
3399.5
3521.8
3642.4
3882.2
4123.8
4369.3
4619.6
4875.0
5135.5
5401.0

5.7450
5.7937
6.1321
6.3658
6.5579
6.7266
6.8800
7.0221
7.2822
7.5185
7.7372
7.9419
8.1350
8.3181
8.4925

P = 12.5 MPa (327.81C)

0.013496 2505.6

2674.3 5.4638

0.016138
0.020030
0.023019
0.025630
0.028033
0.030306
0.032491
0.034612
0.038724
0.042720
0.046641
0.050510
0.054342
0.058147

2826.6
3040.0
3201.5
3343.6
3476.5
3604.6
3730.2
3854.6
4102.8
4352.9
4606.5
4864.5
5127.0
5394.1

2624.9
2789.6
2913.7
3023.2
3126.1
3225.8
3324.1
3422.0
3618.8
3818.9
4023.5
4233.1
4447.7
4667.3

5.7130
6.0433
6.2749
6.4651
6.6317
6.7828
6.9227
7.0540
7.2967
7.5195
7.7269
7.9220
8.1065
8.2819

921

APPEN DIX 1

TABLE A -6
Superheated water ( Con clud ed )
kJ/kg

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

P = 15.0 MPa (342.16C)

Sat.
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0.010341
0.011481
0.015671
0.018477
0.020828
0.022945
0.024921
0.026804
0.028621
0.032121
0.035503
0.038808
0.042062
0.045279
0.048469

2455.7
2520.9
2740.6
2880.8
2998.4
3106.2
3209.3
3310.1
3409.8
3609.3
3811.2
4017.1
4227.7
4443.1
4663.3

375
400
425
450
500
550
600
650
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0.001978
0.006005
0.007886
0.009176
0.011143
0.012736
0.014140
0.015430
0.016643
0.018922
0.021075
0.023150
0.025172
0.027157
0.029115

1799.9
2428.5
2607.8
2721.2
2887.3
3020.8
3140.0
3251.9
3359.9
3570.7
3780.2
3991.5
4206.1
4424.6
4647.2

375
400
425
450
500
550
600
650
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300

0.001641
0.001911
0.002538
0.003692
0.005623
0.006985
0.008089
0.009053
0.009930
0.011521
0.012980
0.014360
0.015686
0.016976
0.018239

1677.0
1855.0
2097.5
2364.2
2681.6
2875.1
3026.8
3159.5
3282.0
3511.8
3733.3
3952.9
4173.7
4396.9
4623.3

2610.8
2693.1
2975.7
3157.9
3310.8
3450.4
3583.1
3712.1
3839.1
4091.1
4343.7
4599.2
4858.6
5122.3
5390.3

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

P = 17.5 MPa (354.67C)

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

P = 20.0 MPa (365.75C)

0.007932

2390.7 2529.5 5.1435

0.005862

2294.8

2412.1

4.9310

0.012463
0.015204
0.017385
0.019305
0.021073
0.022742
0.024342
0.027405
0.030348
0.033215
0.036029
0.038806
0.041556

2684.3
2845.4
2972.4
3085.8
3192.5
3295.8
3397.5
3599.7
3803.5
4010.7
4222.3
4438.5
4659.2

5.7211
6.0212
6.2424
6.4266
6.5890
6.7366
6.8735
7.1237
7.3511
7.5616
7.7588
7.9449
8.1215

0.009950
0.012721
0.014793
0.016571
0.018185
0.019695
0.021134
0.023870
0.026484
0.029020
0.031504
0.033952
0.036371

2617.9
2807.3
2945.3
3064.7
3175.3
3281.4
3385.1
3590.1
3795.7
4004.3
4216.9
4433.8
4655.2

2816.9
3061.7
3241.2
3396.2
3539.0
3675.3
3807.8
4067.5
4325.4
4584.7
4847.0
5112.9
5382.7

5.5526
5.9043
6.1446
6.3390
6.5075
6.6593
6.7991
7.0531
7.2829
7.4950
7.6933
7.8802
8.0574

4.0345
5.1400
5.4708
5.6759
5.9643
6.1816
6.3637
6.5243
6.6702
6.9322
7.1668
7.3821
7.5825
7.7710
7.9494

0.001792
0.002798
0.005299
0.006737
0.008691
0.010175
0.011445
0.012590
0.013654
0.015628
0.017473
0.019240
0.020954
0.022630
0.024279

3.9313
4.4758
5.1473
5.4422
5.7956
6.0403
6.2373
6.4074
6.5599
6.8301
7.0695
7.2880
7.4906
7.6807
7.8602

0.001701
0.002105
0.003434
0.004957
0.006933
0.008348
0.009523
0.010565
0.011523
0.013278
0.014904
0.016450
0.017942
0.019398
0.020827

1702.8
1914.9
2253.3
2497.5
2755.3
2925.8
3065.6
3190.9
3308.3
3531.6
3749.0
3965.8
4184.4
4406.1
4631.2

3.8290
4.1145
4.5044
4.9449
5.4744
5.7857
6.0170
6.2078
6.3740
6.6613
6.9107
7.1355
7.3425
7.5357
7.7175

0.001560
0.001731
0.002009
0.002487
0.003890
0.005118
0.006108
0.006957
0.007717
0.009073
0.010296
0.011441
0.012534
0.013590
0.014620

3.7642
4.0029
4.2746
4.5896
5.1762
5.5563
5.8245
6.0373
6.2179
6.5225
6.7819
7.0131
7.2244
7.4207
7.6048

0.001503
0.001633
0.001816
0.002086
0.002952
0.003955
0.004833
0.005591
0.006265
0.007456
0.008519
0.009504
0.010439
0.011339
0.012213

1609.7
1745.2
1892.9
2055.1
2393.2
2664.6
2866.8
3031.3
3175.4
3432.6
3670.9
3902.0
4130.9
4360.5
4591.8

2902.4
3111.4
3276.7
3423.6
3561.3
3693.8
3823.5
4079.3
4334.6
4592.0
4852.8
5117.6
5386.5

P = 30.0 MPa

P = 40.0 MPa
1742.6
1931.4
2199.0
2511.8
2906.5
3154.4
3350.4
3521.6
3679.2
3972.6
4252.5
4527.3
4801.1
5075.9
5352.8

kJ/kg

5.3108
5.4438
5.8819
6.1434
6.3480
6.5230
6.6796
6.8233
6.9573
7.2037
7.4288
7.6378
7.8339
8.0192
8.1952

P = 25.0 MPa
1849.4
2578.7
2805.0
2950.6
3165.9
3339.2
3493.5
3637.7
3776.0
4043.8
4307.1
4570.2
4835.4
5103.5
5375.1

1738.1
2068.9
2452.9
2618.9
2824.0
2974.5
3103.4
3221.7
3334.3
3551.2
3764.6
3978.6
4195.2
4415.3
4639.2

1791.9
2152.8
2611.8
2821.0
3084.8
3279.7
3446.8
3599.4
3743.9
4020.0
4288.8
4555.8
4823.9
5094.2
5367.6

P = 35.0 MPa

1716.6
1874.4
2060.7
2284.7
2722.6
3025.4
3252.6
3443.5
3614.6
3925.8
4216.8
4499.4
4778.9
5058.1
5338.5

3.8724
4.2144
4.7751
5.1946
5.6331
5.9093
6.1229
6.3030
6.4623
6.7409
6.9853
7.2069
7.4118
7.6034
7.7841

P = 60.0 MPa

P = 50.0 MPa
1638.6
1787.8
1960.3
2160.3
2528.1
2769.5
2947.1
3095.6
3228.7
3472.2
3702.0
3927.4
4152.2
4378.6
4607.5

1762.4
1988.6
2373.5
2671.0
2997.9
3218.0
3399.0
3560.7
3711.6
3996.3
4270.6
4541.5
4812.4
5085.0
5360.2

1699.9
1843.2
2001.8
2180.2
2570.3
2901.9
3156.8
3366.8
3551.3
3880.0
4182.1
4472.2
4757.3
5040.8
5324.5

3.7149
3.9317
4.1630
4.4140
4.9356
5.3517
5.6527
5.8867
6.0814
6.4033
6.6725
6.9099
7.1255
7.3248
7.5111

922

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Compressed liquid water

T
C

m3/kg

kJ/kg
P

Sat.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340

h
kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

m3/kg

kJ/kg

5 MPa (263.94C)

0.0012862 1148.1
0.0009977
0.04
0.0009996
83.61
0.0010057 166.92
0.0010149 250.29
0.0010267 333.82
0.0010410 417.65
0.0010576 501.91
0.0010769 586.80
0.0010988 672.55
0.0011240 759.47
0.0011531 847.92
0.0011868 938.39
0.0012268 1031.6
0.0012755 1128.5

1154.5
5.03
88.61
171.95
255.36
338.96
422.85
507.19
592.18
678.04
765.09
853.68
944.32
1037.7
1134.9

0.0020378
0.0009904
0.0009929
0.0009992
0.0010084
0.0010199
0.0010337
0.0010496
0.0010679
0.0010886
0.0011122
0.0011390
0.0011697
0.0012053
0.0012472
0.0012978
0.0013611
0.0014450
0.0015693
0.0018248

1785.8
0.23
82.71
165.17
247.75
330.50
413.50
496.85
580.71
665.28
750.78
837.49
925.77
1016.1
1109.0
1205.6
1307.2
1416.6
1540.2
1703.6

1826.6
20.03
102.57
185.16
267.92
350.90
434.17
517.84
602.07
687.05
773.02
860.27
949.16
1040.2
1134.0
1231.5
1334.4
1445.5
1571.6
1740.1

kJ/kg-K

m3/kg

kJ/kg

3.3603
0.0003
0.2943
0.5685
0.8260
1.0691
1.2996
1.5191
1.7293
1.9316
2.1271
2.3174
2.5037
2.6876
2.8710
3.0565
3.2488

0.0016572
0.0009928
0.0009951
0.0010013
0.0010105
0.0010221
0.0010361
0.0010522
0.0010708
0.0010920
0.0011160
0.0011435
0.0011752
0.0012121
0.0012560
0.0013096
0.0013783
0.0014733
0.0016311

0.0001
0.2954
0.5705
0.8287
1.0723
1.3034
1.5236
1.7344
1.9374
2.1338
2.3251
2.5127
2.6983
2.8841

0.0014522
0.0009952
0.0009973
0.0010035
0.0010127
0.0010244
0.0010385
0.0010549
0.0010738
0.0010954
0.0011200
0.0011482
0.0011809
0.0012192
0.0012653
0.0013226
0.0013980

1393.3
0.12
83.31
166.33
249.43
332.69
416.23
500.18
584.72
670.06
756.48
844.32
934.01
1026.2
1121.6
1221.8
1329.4

1407.9
10.07
93.28
176.37
259.55
342.94
426.62
510.73
595.45
681.01
767.68
855.80
945.82
1038.3
1134.3
1235.0
1343.3

P = 30 MPa
4.0146
0.0005
0.2921
0.5646
0.8208
1.0627
1.2920
1.5105
1.7194
1.9203
2.1143
2.3027
2.4867
2.6676
2.8469
3.0265
3.2091
3.3996
3.6086
3.8787

0.0009857
0.0009886
0.0009951
0.0010042
0.0010155
0.0010290
0.0010445
0.0010623
0.0010823
0.0011049
0.0011304
0.0011595
0.0011927
0.0012314
0.0012770
0.0013322
0.0014014
0.0014932
0.0016276
0.0018729

0.29
82.11
164.05
246.14
328.40
410.87
493.66
576.90
660.74
745.40
831.11
918.15
1006.9
1097.8
1191.5
1288.9
1391.7
1502.4
1626.8
1782.0

29.86
111.77
193.90
276.26
358.86
441.74
525.00
608.76
693.21
778.55
865.02
952.93
1042.7
1134.7
1229.8
1328.9
1433.7
1547.1
1675.6
1838.2

h
kj/kg

kJ/kg-K

P = 15 MPa (342.16C)

P = 10 MPa (311.00C)
2.9207

P = 20 MPa (365.75C)
Sat.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380

h
kJ/kg

1585.5
0.18
83.01
165.75
248.58
331.59
414.85
498.50
582.69
667.63
753.58
840.84
929.81
1021.0
1115.1
1213.4
1317.6
1431.9
1567.9

1610.3
15.07
97.93
180.77
263.74
346.92
430.39
514.28
598.75
684.01
770.32
858.00
947.43
1039.2
1134.0
1233.0
1338.3
1454.0
1592.4

3.6848
0.0004
0.2932
0.5666
0.8234
1.0659
1.2958
1.5148
1.7243
1.9259
2.1206
2.3100
2.4951
2.6774
2.8586
3.0410
3.2279
3.4263
3.6555

P = 50 MPa
0.0003
0.2897
0.5607
0.8156
1.0564
1.2847
1.5020
1.7098
1.9094
2.1020
2.2888
2.4707
2.6491
2.8250
3.0001
3.1761
3.3558
3.5438
3.7499
4.0026

0.0009767
0.0009805
0.0009872
0.0009962
0.0010072
0.0010201
0.0010349
0.0010517
0.0010704
0.0010914
0.0011149
0.0011412
0.0011708
0.0012044
0.0012430
0.0012879
0.0013409
0.0014049
0.0014848
0.0015884

0.29
80.93
161.90
243.08
324.42
405.94
487.69
569.77
652.33
735.49
819.45
904.39
990.55
1078.2
1167.7
1259.6
1354.3
1452.9
1556.5
1667.1

49.13 -0 .0 0 1 0
129.95
0.2845
0.5528
211.25
292.88
0.8055
374.78
1.0442
456.94
1.2705
539.43
1.4859
622.36
1.6916
705.85
1.8889
790.06
2.0790
875.19
2.2628
2.4414
961.45
1049.1
2.6156
1138.4
2.7864
1229.9
2.9547
1324.0
3.1218
1421.4
3.2888
1523.1
3.4575
1630.7
3.6301
1746.5
3.8102

923

APPEN DIX 1

Saturated ice -w ater vapor

Temp.,
T C

Sat.
press.,

Specific volume,

Internal energy,

Enthalpy,

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

Sat.
ice,

^sat kPa

0.01 0.61169 0.001091

0
0.61115 0.001091
-2
0.51772 0.001091
-4
0.43748 0.001090
-6
0.36873 0.001090
0.30998 0.001090
-8
-1 0
0.25990 0.001089
0.21732 0.001089
-1 2
-1 4
0.18121 0.001088
-1 6
0.15068 0.001088
0.12492 0.001088
-1 8
-2 0
0.10326 0.001087
-2 2
0.08510 0.001087
-2 4
0.06991 0.001087
-2 6
0.05725 0.001087
-2 8
0.04673 0.001086
-3 0
0.03802 0.001086
-3 2
0.03082 0.001086
-3 4
0.02490 0.001085
0.02004 0.001085
-3 6
-3 8
0.01608 0.001085
-4 0
0.01285 0.001084

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
ice,

u,
205.99 -3 3 3.4 0
206.17 -3 3 3.4 3
241.62 -3 3 7.6 3
283.84 -3 4 1.8 0
334.27 -3 4 5.9 4
394.66 -3 5 0.0 4
467.17 -354.12
554.47 -3 5 8.1 7
659.88 -3 6 2 .1 8
787.51 -3 6 6.1 7
942.51 -3 7 0.1 3
1131.3
-3 7 4.0 6
-3 7 7.9 5
1362.0
1644.7
-3 8 1.8 2
-3 8 5.6 6
1992.2
2421.0
-3 8 9.4 7
2951.7
-3 9 3.2 5
3610.9
-3 9 7.0 0
4432.4
-4 00.72
5460.1
-4 0 4 .4 0
-4 0 8.0 7
6750.5
-4 1 1 .7 0
8376.7

Subl.,
Ujg

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
ice,

ug

hi

2374.5 -3 3 3.4 0
2374.5 -333.43
2371.8 -337.63
2369.0 -3 4 1.8 0
2366.2 -345.93
2363.5 -3 5 0.0 4
2360.7 -354.12
2357.9 -3 5 8.1 7
2 1 1 1 . 2 2355.2 -3 6 2 .1 8
2718.6 2352.4 -366.17
2719.7 2349.6 -370.13
2720.9 2346.8 -3 7 4.0 6
2722.0 2344.1 -3 7 7.9 5
2723.1 2341.3 -3 8 1.8 2
2724.2 2338.5 -3 8 5.6 6
2725.2 2335.7 -3 89.47
2726.2 2332.9 -3 9 3.2 5
2727.2 2330.2 -3 9 7.0 0
2728.1 2327.4 -4 0 0.7 2
2729.0 2324.6 -4 0 4 .4 0
2729.9 2321.8 -4 0 8.0 7
2730.7 2319.0 -4 1 1 .7 0
2707.9
2707.9
2709.4
2710.8
2712.2
2713.5
2714.8
2716.1

Subl.,

Entropy,
kJ/kg-K
Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
ice,

Subl.,

hig

he

s,

sig

2833.9
2833.9
2834.5
2835.0
2835.4
2835.8
2836.2
2836.6
2836.9
2837.2
2837.5
2837.7
2837.9
2838.1
2838.2
2838.3
2838.4
2838.4
2838.5
2838.4
2838.4
2838.3

2500.5
2500.5
2496.8
2493.2
2489.5
2485.8
2482.1
2478.4
2474.7
2471.0
2467.3
2463.6
2459.9
2456.2
2452.5
2448.8
2445.1
2441.4
2437.7
2434.0
2430.3
2426.6

-1 .2 20 2
-1 .2 2 0 4
-1 .2 3 5 8
-1 .2 51 3
-1 .2 66 7
-1.2821
-1 .2 97 6
-1 .3 1 3 0
-1 .3 2 8 4
-1 .3 4 3 9
-1 .3 59 3
-1 .3 74 8
-1.3903
-1 .4 05 7
-1 .4 21 2
-1 .4 36 7
-1.4521
-1 .4 67 6
-1.4831
-1 .4 9 8 6
-1.5141
-1 .5 29 6

10.374
10.375
10.453
10.533
10.613
10.695
10.778
10.862
10.947
11.033
11.121
11.209
11.300
11.391
11.484
11.578
11.673
11.770
11.869
11.969
12.071
12.174

Sat.
vapor,
9.154
9.154
9.218
9.282
9.347
9.413
9.480
9.549
9.618
9.689
9.761
9.835
9.909
9.985
10.063
10.141
10.221
10.303
10.386
10.470
10.557
10.644

FIGURE A -9

Entropy, kJ/kg-K

PROPERTY TABLES AND C H A R TS

T-s

Copyright 1984. From NBS/NRC Steam Tables/1 by Lester Haar, John S. Gallagher, and George S. Kell. Reproduced by permission o f Routledge/Taylor & Francis
Books, Inc.

6
Entropy, kJ/kg-K

Copyright 1984. From NBS/NRC Steam Tables/1 by Lester Haar, John S. Gallagher, and George S. Kell. Reproduced by permission o f Routledge/Taylor &
Francis Books, Inc.

926

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Saturated refrigerant-134a Temperature table

_____________________________________________________

Specific volume,

Internal energy,

Enthalpy,

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

Sat.
Temp., press.,
T C /^ t kPa

Sat.
liquid,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

-4 0
-3 8
-3 6
-3 4
-3 2

51.25
56.86
62.95
69.56
76.71

Vf

vg

0.0 0 0 7 0 5 4
0 .00070 83
0.0 0 0 7 1 1 2
0.0 0 0 7 1 4 2
0.0 0 0 7 1 7 2

0.36081
0.32732
0.29751
0 .27090
0.24711

-3 0
-2 8
-2 6
-2 4
-2 2

84.43
92.76
101.73
111.37
121.72

0.0 0 0 7 2 0 3
0.0 0 0 7 2 3 4
0.0 0 0 7 2 6 5
0 .00072 97
0.0 0 0 7 3 2 9

-2 0
-1 8
-1 6
-1 4
-1 2

132.82
144.69
157.38
170.93
185.37

-1 0
-8
-6
-4
-2

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Uf

ufg

ug

hf

-0 .0 3 6
2 .475
4.992
7.517
10.05

207.40
206.04
204.67
203.29
201.91

207.31

0 . 0 0 0

208.51
209.66
210.81
211.96

0 .2 2 5 8 0
0 .20666
0 .1 8 9 4 6
0 .17395
0 .1 5 9 9 5

12.59
15.13
17.69
20.25
22.82

200.52
199.12
197.72
196.30
194.88

0.0 0 0 7 3 6 2
0.0 0 0 7 3 9 6
0 .0 0 0 7 4 3 0
0.0 0 0 7 4 6 4
0.0 0 0 7 4 9 9

0 .14729
0.13583
0.12542
0.11597
0 .10736

25.39
27.98
30.57
33.17
35 .78

2 0 0.74
217.08
2 3 4.44
252.85
2 7 2.36

0.00075 35
0.0007571
0.0 0 0 7 6 0 8
0.0 0 0 7 6 4 6
0.0 0 0 7 6 8 4

0 .09951 6
0 .09235 2
0 .08580 2
0.0 7 9 8 0 4
0 .0 7 4 3 0 4

0
2
4
6
8

293.01
3 1 4.84
3 3 7.90
3 6 2.23
3 8 7 .8 8

0 .00077 23
0.0 0 0 7 7 6 3
0.0 0 0 7 8 0 4
0.0 0 0 7 8 4 5
0.0 0 0 7 8 8 7

10
12
14
16
18

414.89
443.31
473.19
504.58
537.52

0.0 0 0 7 9 3 0
0.0 0 0 7 9 7 5
0.0 0 0 8 0 2 0
0.0 0 0 8 0 6 6
0.0 0 0 8 1 1 3

Entropy,
kJ/kg-K

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

hfg

he

2.515
5.037
7.566
10.10

225.86
224.61
223.35
222.09
220.81

2 2 5.86
227.12
2 2 8.39
2 2 9.65
230.91

213.11
214.25
2 1 5.40
216.55
2 1 7.70

12.65
15.20
17.76
20.33
22.91

193.45
192.01
190.56
189.09
187.62

218.84
219.98
221.13
222.27
2 2 3.40

38.40
41.03
43.66
46.31
4 8 .96

186.14
184.64
183.13
181.61
180.08

0.0 6 9 2 5 5
0 .06461 2
0 .0 6 0 3 3 8
0.0 5 6 3 9 8
0 .05276 2

51.63
54.30
56.99
59.68
62.39

0 .04940 3
0.0 4 6 2 9 5
0 .04341 7
0.0 4 0 7 4 8
0.038271

65.10
67.83
70.57
73.32
76.08

Sat.
liquid,

Sf

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

0.01072
0 .0 2 1 3 8
0 .0 3 1 9 9
0 .04253

0 .9 6 8 6 6
0.95511
0 .9 4 1 7 6
0.9 2859
0 .9 1 5 6 0

0 .9 6 8 6 6
0 .96584
0 .96315
0 .96058
0.95813

219.52 232.17
218.22 233.43
216.92 2 3 4.68
215.59 235.92
214.26 S237.17

0.05301
0 .0 6 3 4 4
0 .07382
0 .08414
0.09441

0 .9 0 2 7 8
0.89012
0 .8 7 7 6 2
0.86527
0 .85307

0 .95579
0 .95356
0 .9 5 1 4 4
0.94941
0 .94748

25.49
28.09
30 .6 9
33 .3 0
35.92

212.91
211.55
2 1 0.18
2 0 8.79
2 0 7.38

238.41
239.64
240.87
242.09
243.30

0 .10463
0.11481
0 .12493
0.13501
0 .1 4 5 0 4

0.84101
0 .8 2908
0 .8 1729
0.80561
0 .7 9406

0 .94564
0 .94389
0 .94222
0.94063
0.93911

2 2 4.54
225.67
226.80
227.92
229 .0 4

38 .5 5
41 .1 9
43 .8 4
46 .5 0
49.17

2 0 5.96
204.52
203.07
201.60
200.11

244.51
245.72
246.91
248.10
249 .2 8

0 .1 5 5 0 4
0 .1 6 4 9 8
0 .17489
0 .18476
0 .1 9 4 5 9

0.7 8263
0 .7 7 1 3 0
0 .7 6 0 0 8
0 .7 4896
0 .7 3 7 9 4

0 .93766
0 .93629
0.93497
0 .93372
0 .93253

178.53
176.97
175.39
173.80
172.19

230.16
231.27
232 .3 8
233 .4 8
234 .5 8

51.86
54.55
57.25
59.97
62.69

198.60
197.07
195.51
193.94
192.35

250.45
251.61
252.77
253.91
2 5 5.04

0 .2 0 4 3 9
0.21415
0.22387
0 .23356
0 .2 4 3 2 3

0.72701
0.7 1616
0 .7 0 5 4 0
0.69471
0 .68410

0 .9 3 1 3 9
0.93031
0 .92927
0 .92828
0 .92733

170.56
168.92
167.26
165.58
163.88

235.67
236.75
237.83
238.90
239.96

65.43
68.18
70.95
73.73
76.52

190.73
189.09
187.42
185.73
184.01

256.16
257.27
258.37
259.46
260.53

0 .25286
0 .26246
0 .2 7 2 0 4
0 .28159
0 .29112

0 .67356
0 .6 6 3 0 8
0 .65266
0 .6 4 2 3 0
0 .6 3 1 9 8

0.92641
0 .92554
0.92470
0 .92389
0 .9 2 3 1 0

0 . 0 0 0 0 0

927

APPEN DIX 1

Saturated refrigerant-134a Temperature table ( Concluded)

Sat.
Temp., press.,
T C
Psat kPa

Specific volume,

Internal energy,

Enthalpy,

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

Sat.
liquid,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Entropy,
kJ/kg-K
Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

ug

hf

hfg

hg

Sf

sfg

20
22
24
26
28

572.07
608.27
646.18
685.84
727.31

0.0008161
0.0008210
0.0008261
0.0008313
0.0008366

0.035969
0.033828
0.031834
0.029976
0.028242

78.86
81.64
84.44
87.26
90.09

162.16
160.42
158.65
156.87
155.05

241.02
242.06
243.10
244.12
245.14

79.32
82.14
84.98
87.83
90.69

182.27
180.49
178.69
176.85
174.99

261.59
262.64
263.67
264.68
265.68

0.30063
0.31011
0.31958
0.32903
0.33846

0.62172
0.61149
0.60130
0.59115
0.58102

0.92234
0.92160
0.92088
0.92018
0.91948

30
32
34
36
38

770.64
815.89
863.11
912.35
963.68

0.0008421
0.0008478
0.0008536
0.0008595
0.0008657

0.026622
0.025108
0.023691
0.022364
0.021119

92.93
95.79
98.66
101.55
104.45

153.22
151.35
149.46
147.54
145.58

246.14
247.14
248.12
249.08
250.04

93.58
96.48
99.40
102.33
105.29

173.08
171.14
169.17
167.16
165.10

266.66
267.62
268.57
269.49
270.39

0.34789
0.35730
0.36670
0.37609
0.38548

0.57091
0.56082
0.55074
0.54066
0.53058

0.91879
0.91811
0.91743
0.91675
0.91606

vf

"g

Uf

ufg

40
42
44
46
48

1017.1
1072.8
1130.7
1191.0
1253.6

0.0008720
0.0008786
0.0008854
0.0008924
0.0008996

0.019952
0.018855
0.017824
0.016853
0.015939

107.38
110.32
113.28
116.26
119.26

143.60
141.58
139.52
137.42
135.29

250.97
251.89
252.80
253.68
254.55

108.26
111.26
114.28
117.32
120.39

163.00
160.86
158.67
156.43
154.14

271.27
272.12
272.95
273.75
274.53

0.39486
0.40425
0.41363
0.42302
0.43242

0.52049
0.51039
0.50027
0.49012
0.47993

0.91536
0.91464
0.91391
0.91315
0.91236

52
56
60
65
70
75

1386.2
1529.1
1682.8
1891.0
2118.2
2365.8

0.0009150
0.0009317
0.0009498
0.0009750
0.0010037
0.0010372

0.014265
0.012771
0.011434
0.009950
0.008642
0.007480

125.33
131.49
137.76
145.77
154.01
162.53

130.88
126.28
121.46
115.05
108.14
100.60

256.21
257.77
259.22
260.82
262.15
263.13

126.59
132.91
139.36
147.62
156.13
164.98

149.39
144.38
139.10
132.02
124.32
115.85

275.98
277.30
278.46
279.64
280.46
280.82

0.45126
0.47018
0.48920
0.51320
0.53755
0.56241

0.45941
0.43863
0.41749
0.39039
0.36227
0.33272

0.91067
0.90880
0.90669
0.90359
0.89982
0.89512

80
85
90
95
100

2635.3
2928.2
3246.9
3594.1
3975.1

0.0010772
0.0011270
0.0011932
0.0012933
0.0015269

0.006436
0.005486
0.004599
0.003726
0.002630

171.40
180.77
190.89
202.40
218.72

92.23
82.67
71.29
56.47
29.19

263.63
263.44
262.18
258.87
247.91

174.24
184.07
194.76
207.05
224.79

106.35
95.44
82.35
65.21
33.58

280.59
279.51
277.11
272.26
258.37

0.58800
0.61473
0.64336
0.67578
0.72217

0.30111
0.26644
0.22674
0.17711
0.08999

0.88912
0.88117
0.87010
0.85289
0.81215

Source: Tables A - l l through A-13 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado.
The routine used in calculations is the R134a, which is based on the fundamental equation of state developed by R. Tillner-Roth and H.D. Baehr, An
International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for temperatures from 170 K to 455 K
and Pressures up to 70 MPa, J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994. The enthalpy and entropy values of saturated liquid are set to zero at
40C (and -40F).

928
PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Saturated refrigerant-134a Pressure table

Press.,
P kPa

Specific volume,

Internal energy,

Enthalpy,

Entropy,

m 3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

k J/ k g -K

Sat.
tem p.,

Sat.
liquid,

T'sat c
u

Vf

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Uf

u fg

ug

h,

hfg

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,
s fg

Sat.
vapor,

hs

Sf

60

-3 6 .9 5

0 .0 0 0 7 0 9 8

0.31121

3 .7 9 8 205 .3 2

209 .1 2

3.841 2 2 3.95

2 2 7.79

0 .0 1 6 3 4

0.9480 7

0.96441

70

-3 3 .8 7

0.0 0 0 7 1 4 4

0 .26929

7.6 8 0 2 0 3.20

210.88

7.730 222.00

229.73

0 .03267

0 .9 2 7 7 5

0 .960 42

80

-3 1 .1 3

0 .0 0 0 7 1 8 5

0.237 53

11.15

2 0 1 .3 0

212.4 6

11.21

2 2 0.25

2 3 1.4 6

0.04711

0 .9 09 9 9

0 .95 7 1 0

90

-2 8 .6 5

0.0 0 0 7 2 2 3

0 .2 12 6 3

14.31

199.57

2 1 3.8 8

14.37

2 1 8.65

233 .0 2

0 .0 6 0 0 8

0 .8 9 4 1 9

0.954 2 7

100

-2 6 .3 7

0 .0 0 0 7 2 5 9

0 .1 9 2 5 4

17.21

197.98

215.19

17.28

2 17.16

2 3 4.4 4

0 .0 7 1 8 8

0 .8 7 9 9 5

0 .9 51 83

120

-2 2 .3 2

0 .0 0 0 7 3 2 4

0 .16212

22.4 0

195.11

217.51

22.49

2 1 4.48

236.97

0 .0 9 2 7 5

0 .8 550 3

0 .9 4 7 7 9

140

-1 8 .7 7

0 .0 0 0 7 3 8 3

0 .14014

26.9 8

192.57

2 1 9.5 4

2 7 .08

2 1 2 .0 8

23 9.16

0.11 0 87

0 .8 3 3 68

0 .9 4 45 6

160

-1 5 .6 0

0 .000 74 37

0 .1 2 3 4 8

31.09

190.27

2 2 1.3 5

31.21

2 0 9 .90

241.11

0 .1 2 6 9 3

0 .8 1 4 9 6

0 .9 4 1 90

180

-1 2 .7 3

0 .0 0 07 4 8 7

0.11041

34.83

188.16

2 2 2.99

34.97

2 0 7.90

242.86

0 .14139

0 .7 982 6

0 .9 3 9 65

200

-1 0 .0 9

0 .0 0 0 7 5 3 3

0 .09986 7

38.2 8

186.21

224.48

38.43

206.03

2 44.46

0.15457

0 .7 831 6

0 .937 73

240

- 5 .3 8

0 .0 0 0 7 6 2 0

0 .08389 7

44 .4 8

182.67

2 2 7.14

4 4.66

2 0 2.62

2 4 7 .2 8

0 .1 7 7 9 4

0 .7 5 6 6 4

0.93 4 5 8

280

- 1 .2 5

0 .0 0 0 7 6 9 9

0 .07235 2

49.97

179.50

2 2 9.46

50.18

199.54

2 49.72

0 .1 9 8 2 9

0.73381

0 .9 3 2 1 0

320

2.46

0.0 0 0 7 7 7 2

0.0 6 3 6 0 4

54.92

176.61

2 31.52

5 5.16

196.71

2 5 1 .8 8

0 .2 1 63 7

0 .7 1 3 6 9

0 .9 3 00 6

360

5.82

0.0007841

0.0 5 6 7 3 8

59.44

173.94

2 3 3.38

59.72

194.08

253.81

0 .2 3 2 7 0

0 .6 9 566

0 .92836

400

8.91

0 .0 0079 07

0.05120 1

63.6 2

171.45

2 3 5.07

63.94

191.62

2 5 5 .5 5

0.24761

0 .6 7 929

0.92691

450

12.46

0.0 0 0 7 9 8 5

0.0 4 5 6 1 9

68.4 5

168.54

2 3 7 .0 0

68.81

188.71

2 5 7.53

0 .2 6 4 6 5

0 .6 60 6 9

0 .9 25 3 5

500

15.71

0.0 0 0 8 0 5 9

0.0 4 1 1 1 8

72.93

165.82

2 3 8.75

73.33

185.98

259.30

0 .2 8 0 2 3

0.64377

0 .9 2 4 0 0

550

18.73

0 .0 0 0 8 1 3 0

0.0 3 7 4 0 8

77.10

163.25

240.35

77.54

183.38

260.92

0.29461

0.62821

0.92 2 8 2

600

21.5 5

0 .0 0 0 8 1 9 9

0.0 3 4 2 9 5

81.0 2

160.81

2 4 1.83

81.51

180.90

2 6 2 .4 0

0 .3 0 79 9

0 .6 1 3 7 8

0.92177

650

24.2 0

0.0 0 0 8 2 6 6

0.0 3 1 6 4 6

84.72

158.48

243.20

85.26

178.51

263.77

0.32051

0 .6 0 0 3 0

0.92081

700

26.69

0.0008331

0.02936 1

8 8 .24

156.24

2 4 4.48

88.82

176.21

265.03

0 .3 3 2 3 0

0 .58763

0 .9 1 9 9 4

750

29.06

0.0 0 0 8 3 9 5

0.027371

91.59

154.08

245.67

92.22

173.98

266.20

0 .3 4 3 4 5

0 .5756 7

0 .91 9 12

800

31.31

0 .0 0 0 8 4 5 8

0.025621

94.79

152.00

2 46.79

95.47

171.82

267.29

0 .35 4 0 4

0.56431

0 .9 1 8 3 5

850

33.45

0 .0 0 0 8 5 2 0

0 .024 06 9

97.87

149.98

2 4 7.8 5

98.6 0

169.71

268.31

0 .3 6 4 1 3

0 .5 53 4 9

0 .9 17 6 2

900

35.51

0 .0 0 0 8 5 8 0

0 .02268 3

100.83

148.01

2 4 8.85

101.61

167.66

2 6 9.26

0 .3 7 37 7

0 .5 4 315

0.9 1692

950

37 .4 8

0.00086 41

0.0 2 1 4 3 8

103.69

146.10

2 4 9.79

104.51

165.64

2 70.15

0.38301

0 .53 3 2 3

0 .9 16 2 4

1000

39.37

0 .0 0 0 8 7 0 0

0 .02031 3

106.45

144.23

2 5 0.68

107.32

163.67

2 70.99

0 .3 9 1 89

0 .5 2 3 6 8

0 .9 1 5 58

1200

46.29

0 .0 0 0 8 9 3 4

0.0 1 6 7 1 5

116.70

137.11

253.81

117.77

156.10

273.87

0.42441

0 .4886 3

0.9 1 30 3

1400

52.40

0.0 0 0 9 1 6 6

0 .0 1 41 0 7

125.94

130.43

256.37

127.22

148.90

276.12

0 .45315

0 .4 573 4

0 .9 10 5 0

1600

57.88

0.0 0 0 9 4 0 0

0 .01212 3

134.43

124.04

258.47

135.93

141.93

2 77.86

0 .47911

0 .4 28 7 3

0 .9 07 8 4

1800

62.87

0 .0 0 0 9 6 3 9

0 .0 1 0 5 5 9

142.33

117.83

260.17

144.07

135.11

279.17

0 .5 0 2 9 4

0 .4 0 2 0 4

0 .9 04 9 8

2000

67 .4 5

0.0 0 0 9 8 8 6

0.0 0 9 2 8 8

149.78

111.73

261.51

151.76

128.33

280.09

0 .52509

0 .3 7 6 7 5

0 .9 01 8 4

2500

77.54

0 .0 0 1 0 5 6 6

0.0 0 6 9 3 6

166.99

96.47

26 3.45

169.63

111.16

2 80.79

0.57531

0 .31 69 5

0 .8 9 2 26

3000

86 .1 6

0 .0 0 1 1 4 0 6

0.0 0 5 2 7 5

183.04

8 0.22

2 63.26

186.46

9 2.6 3

2 7 9.09

0 .62 1 18

0 .2 57 7 6

0 .8 78 9 4

929
APPEN DIX 1

TABLE A -1 3
Superheated refrigerant-134a

T
C

1/

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

Sat.
-2 0
-1 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0.31121
0.33608
0.35048
0.36476
0.37893
0.39302
0.40705
0.42102
0.43495
0.44883
0.46269
0.47651
0.49032
0.50410

Sat.
-1 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0.11041
0.11189
0.11722
0.12240
0.12748
0.13248
0.13741
0.14230
0.14715
0.15196
0.15673
0.16149
0.16622

Sat.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140

0.07235
0.07282
0.07646
0.07997
0.08338
0.08672
0.09000
0.09324
0.09644
0.09961
0.10275
0.10587
0.10897
0.11205
0.11512
0.11818

P = 0.06 MPa (7sat = -3 6 .9 5 C )

209.12
220.60
227.55
234.66
241.92
249.35
256.95
264.71
272.64
280.73
288.99
297.41
306.00
314.74

227.79
240.76
248.58
256.54
264.66
272.94
281.37
289.97
298.74
307.66
316.75
326.00
335.42
344.99

0.9644
1.0174
1.0477
1.0774
1.1066
1.1353
1.1636
1.1915
1.2191
1.2463
1.2732
1.2997
1.3260
1.3520

P = 0.18 MPa (7;at= -1 2 .7 3 C )

222.99
225.02
232.48
240.00
247.64
255.41
263.31
271.36
279.56
287.91
296.42
305.07
313.88

242.86
245.16
253.58
262.04
270.59
279.25
288.05
296.98
306.05
315.27
324.63
334.14
343.80

0.9397
0.9484
0.9798
1.0102
1.0399
1.0690
1.0975
1.1256
1.1532
1.1805
1.2074
1.2339
1.2602

P = 0.28 MPa ( f sat = -1 .2 5 C )

229.46
230.44
238.27
246.13
254.06
262.10
270.27
278.56
286.99
295.57
304.29
313.15
322.16
331.32
340.63
350.09

249.72
250.83
259.68
268.52
277.41
286.38
295.47
304.67
314.00
323.46
333.06
342.80
352.68
362.70
372.87
383.18

0.9321
0.9362
0.9680
0.9987
1.0285
1.0576
1.0862
1.1142
1.1418
1.1690
1.1958
1.2222
1.2483
1.2742
1.2997
1.3250

P = 0.10 MPa ( r sat = -2 6 .3 7 C )

0.19254
0.19841
0.20743
0.21630
0.22506
0.23373
0.24233
0.25088
0.25937
0.26783
0.27626
0.28465
0.29303
0.30138

215.19
219.66
226.75
233.95
241.30
248.79
256.44
264.25
272.22
280.35
288.64
297.08
305.69
314.46

234.44
239.50
247.49
255.58
263.81
272.17
280.68
289.34
298.16
307.13
316.26
325.55
334.99
344.60

0.9518
0.9721
1.0030
1.0332
1.0628
1.0918
1.1203
1.1484
1.1762
1.2035
1.2305
1.2572
1.2836
1.3096

P = 0.20 MPa (7sat = -1 0 .0 9 C )

0.09987
0.09991
0.10481
0.10955
0.11418
0.11874
0.12322
0.12766
0.13206
0.13641
0.14074
0.14504
0.14933

224.48
224.55
232.09
239.67
247.35
255.14
263.08
271.15
279.37
287.73
296.25
304.92
313.74

244.46
244.54
253.05
261.58
270.18
278.89
287.72
296.68
305.78
315.01
324.40
333.93
343.60

0.9377
0.9380
0.9698
1.0004
1.0303
1.0595
1.0882
1.1163
1.1441
1.1714
1.1983
1.2249
1.2512

P = 0.32 MPa ( r sat = 2.46C)

P = 0.14 MPa ( rsat = -1 8 .7 7 C )

0.14014

219.54

239.16

0.9446

0.14605
0.15263
0.15908
0.16544
0.17172
0.17794
0.18412
0.19025
0.19635
0.20242
0.20847
0.21449

225.91
233.23
240.66
248.22
255.93
263.79
271.79
279.96
288.28
296.75
305.38
314.17

246.36
254.60
262.93
271.38
279.97
288.70
297.57
306.59
315.77
325.09
334.57
344.20

0.9724
1.0031
1.0331
1.0624
1.0912
1.1195
1.1474
1.1749
1.2020
1.2288
1.2553
1.2814

P = 0.24 MPa (7;at = -5 .3 8 C )

0.08390

227.14

247.28

0.9346

0.08617
0.09026
0.09423
0.09812
0.10193
0.10570
0.10942
0.11310
0.11675
0.12038
0.12398

231.29
238.98
246.74
254.61
262.59
270.71
278.97
287.36
295.91
304.60
313.44

251.97
260.65
269.36
278.16
287.06
296.08
305.23
314.51
323.93
333.49
343.20

0.9519
0.9831
1.0134
1.0429
1.0718
1.1001
1.1280
1.1554
1.1825
1.2092
1.2356

P = 0.40 MPa ( 7 ^ = 8.91C)

0.06360

231.52

251.88

0.9301

0.051201

235.07

255.55

0.9269

0.06609
0.06925
0.07231
0.07530
0.07823
0.08111
0.08395
0.08675
0.08953
0.09229
0.09503
0.09775
0.10045
0.10314

237.54
245.50
253.50
261.60
269.82
278.15
286.62
295.22
303.97
312.86
321.89
331.07
340.39
349.86

258.69
267.66
276.65
285.70
294.85
304.11
313.48
322.98
332.62
342.39
352.30
362.35
372.54
382.87

0.9544
0.9856
1.0157
1.0451
1.0739
1.1021
1.1298
1.1571
1.1840
1.2105
1.2367
1.2626
1.2882
1.3135

0.051506
0.054213
0.056796
0.059292
0.061724
0.064104
0.066443
0.068747
0.071023
0.073274
0.075504
0.077717
0.079913
0.082096

235.97
244.18
252.36
260.58
268.90
277.32
285.86
294.53
303.32
312.26
321.33
330.55
339.90
349.41

256.58
265.86
275.07
284.30
293.59
302.96
312.44
322.02
331.73
341.57
351.53
361.63
371.87
382.24

0.9305
0.9628
0.9937
1.0236
1.0528
1.0814
1.1094
1.1369
1.1640
1.1907
1.2171
1.2431
1.2688
1.2942

930
PR O PE R TY TABLES AND CHARTS

Superheated refrigerant-134a ( Continued )

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg-K

0.50 MPa ( f sat = 15.71C)

Sat.
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160

0.041118
0.042115
0.044338
0.046456
0.048499
0.050485
0.052427
0.054331
0.056205
0.058053
0.059880
0.061687
0.063479
0.065256
0.067021
0.068775

Sat.
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180

0.025621
0.027035
0.028547
0.029973
0.031340
0.032659
0.033941
0.035193
0.036420
0.037625
0.038813
0.039985
0.041143
0.042290
0.043427
0.044554

Sat.
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180

0.016715
0.017201
0.018404
0.019502
0.020529
0.021506
0.022442
0.023348
0.024228
0.025086
0.025927
0.026753
0.027566
0.028367
0.029158

238.75 259.30
242.40 263.46
250.84 273.01
259.26 282.48
267.72 291.96
276.25 301.50
284.89 311.10
293.64 320.80
302.51 330.61
311.50 340.53
320.63 350.57
329.89 360.73
339.29 371.03
348.83 381.46
358.51 392.02
368.33 402.72

P = 0.80 MPa

(rsat =

246.79
254.82
263.86
272.83
281.81
290.84
299.95
309.15
318.45
327.87
337.40
347.06
356.85
366.76
376.81
386.99

0.9240
0.9383
0.9703
1.0011
1.0309
1.0599
1.0883
1.1162
1.1436
1.1705
1.1971
1.2233
1.2491
1.2747
1.2999
1.3249

31.31C)

267.29
276.45
286.69
296.81
306.88
316.97
327.10
337.30
347.59
357.97
368.45
379.05
389.76
400.59
411.55
422.64

0.9183
0.9480
0.9802
1.0110
1.0408
1.0698
1.0981
1.1258
1.1530
1.1798
1.2061
1.2321
1.2577
1.2830
1.3080
1.3327

P = 1.20 MPa (Fsat = 46.29C)

253.81 273.87
257.63 278.27
267.56 289.64
277.21 300.61
286.75 311.39
296.26 322.07
305.80 332.73
315.38 343.40
325.03 354.11
334.77 364.88
344.61 375.72
354.56 386.66
364.61 397.69
374.78 408.82
385.08 420.07

0.9130
0.9267
0.9614
0.9938
1.0248
1.0546
1.0836
1.1118
1.1394
1.1664
1.1930
1.2192
1.2449
1.2703
1.2954

P = 0.60 MPa (rsat = 21.55C)

P = 0.70 MPa (Fsat = 26.69C)

0.034295

241.83

262.40

0.9218

0.029361

244.48

265.03

0.9199

0.035984
0.037865
0.039659
0.041389
0.043069
0.044710
0.046318
0.047900
0.049458
0.050997
0.052519
0.054027
0.055522
0.057006

249.22
257.86
266.48
275.15
283.89
292.73
301.67
310.73
319.91
329.23
338.67
348.25
357.96
367.81

270.81
280.58
290.28
299.98
309.73
319.55
329.46
339.47
349.59
359.82
370.18
380.66
391.27
402.01

0.9499
0.9816
1.0121
1.0417
1.0705
1.0987
1.1264
1.1536
1.1803
1.2067
1.2327
1.2584
1.2838
1.3088

0.029966
0.031696
0.033322
0.034875
0.036373
0.037829
0.039250
0.040642
0.042010
0.043358
0.044688
0.046004
0.047306
0.048597

247.48
256.39
265.20
274.01
282.87
291.80
300.82
309.95
319.19
328.55
338.04
347.66
357.41
367.29

268.45
278.57
288.53
298.42
308.33
318.28
328.29
338.40
348.60
358.90
369.32
379.86
390.52
401.31

0.9313
0.9641
0.9954
1.0256
1.0549
1.0835
1.1114
1.1389
1.1658
1.1924
1.2186
1.2444
1.2699
1.2951

P = 0.90 MPa (Fsat = 35.51C)

0.022683
0.023375
0.024809
0.026146
0.027413
0.028630
0.029806
0.030951
0.032068
0.033164
0.034241
0.035302
0.036349
0.037384
0.038408
0.039423

248.85
253.13
262.44
271.60
280.72
289.86
299.06
308.34
317.70
327.18
336.76
346.46
356.28
366.23
376.31
386.52

269.26
274.17
284.77
295.13
305.39
315.63
325.89
336.19
346.56
357.02
367.58
378.23
389.00
399.88
410.88
422.00

0.9169
0.9327
0.9660
0.9976
1.0280
1.0574
1.0860
1.1140
1.1414
1.1684
1.1949
1.2210
1.2467
1.2721
1.2972
1.3221

P = 1.40 MPa ( f sat = 52.40C)

P = 1.00 MPa ( f sat = 39.37C)

0.020313
0.020406
0.021796
0.023068
0.024261
0.025398
0.026492
0.027552
0.028584
0.029592
0.030581
0.031554
0.032512
0.033457
0.034392
0.035317

250.68
251.30
260.94
270.32
279.59
288.86
298.15
307.51
316.94
326.47
336.11
345.85
355.71
365.70
375.81
386.04

270.99
271.71
282.74
293.38
303.85
314.25
324.64
335.06
345.53
356.06
366.69
377.40
388.22
399.15
410.20
421.36

0.9156
0.9179
0.9525
0.9850
1.0160
1.0458
1.0748
1.1031
1.1308
1.1580
1.1846
1.2109
1.2368
1.2623
1.2875
1.3124

P = 1.60 MPa (7;at = 57.88C)

0.014107

256.37

276.12

0.9105

0.012123

258.47

277.86

0.9078

0.015005
0.016060
0.017023
0.017923
0.018778
0.019597
0.020388
0.021155
0.021904
0.022636
0.023355
0.024061
0.024757

264.46
274.62
284.51
294.28
304.01
313.76
323.55
333.41
343.34
353.37
363.51
373.75
384.10

285.47
297.10
308.34
319.37
330.30
341.19
352.09
363.02
374.01
385.07
396.20
407.43
418.76

0.9389
0.9733
1.0056
1.0364
1.0661
1.0949
1.1230
1.1504
1.1773
1.2038
1.2298
1.2554
1.2807

0.012372
0.013430
0.014362
0.015215
0.016014
0.016773
0.017500
0.018201
0.018882
0.019545
0.020194
0.020830
0.021456

260.89
271.76
282.09
292.17
302.14
312.07
322.02
332.00
342.05
352.17
362.38
372.69
383.11

280.69
293.25
305.07
316.52
327.76
338.91
350.02
361.12
372.26
383.44
394.69
406.02
417.44

0.9163
0.9535
0.9875
1.0194
1.0500
1.0795
1.1081
1.1360
1.1632
1.1900
1.2163
1.2421
1.2676

931

APPEN DIX 1

Enthalpy, kJ/kg

FIGURE A -1 4
P-h
Note: The reference point used for the chart is different than that used in the R-134a tables. Therefore, problems should be solved using all property data
either from the tables or from the chart, but not from both.
Reprinted by permission o f American Society o f Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.

PR O PERTY TAB LES AND CHARTS

(a)

P' <

l l l '' I I I I I I i i i i

P
T
V

PR

FIGURE A -1 5
Used with permission o f Dr. Edward E. Obert, University o f Wisconsin.

933

APPEN DIX 1

Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude

Pressure,
kPa

Gravity
g, m/s2

Speed of
Sound,
m/s

Density,
kg/m3

Viscosity
ix, kg/m-s

Thermal
Conductivity,
W/m-K

9.80

101.33
98.95
96.61
94.32
92.08

9.807
9.806
9.805
9.805
9.804

340.3
339.5
338.8
338.0
337.2

1.225

1.789
10 5
1.783
10~ 5
1.777 x 10~ 5
1.771 x 10~ 5
1.764
10 - 5

0.0253
0.0252
0.0252
0.0251
0.0250

8.50
7.20
5.90
4.60
3.30

89.88
87.72
85.60
83.53
81.49

9.804
9.803
9.802
9.802
9.801

336.4
335.7
334.9
334.1
333.3

1.090
1.069
1.048
1.027

1.758
10 " 5
1.752
10 " 5
1.745
10 - 5
1.739 x 10 - 5
1.732 x 10- 5

0.0249
0.0248
0.0247
0.0245
0.0244

2400
2600
2800

0.70
-0 .5 9
-1 .8 9
-3 .1 9

79.50
77.55
75.63
73.76
71.92

9.800
9.800
9.799
9.799
9.798

332.5
331.7
331.0
330.2
329.4

1.007
0.987
0.967
0.947
0.928

1.726 x 10 5
1.720 x 10 5
1.713
10 5
1.707
10~ 5
1.700
10 5

0.0243
0.0242
0.0241
0.0240
0.0239

3000
3200
3400
3600
3800

-4 .4 9
-5 .7 9
-7 .0 9
-8 .3 9
-9 .6 9

70.12
68.36
66.63
64.94
63.28

9.797
9.797
9.796
9.796
9.795

328.6
327.8
327.0
326.2
325.4

0.909
0.891
0.872
0.854
0.837

1.694
1.687
1.681
1.674
1.668

10- 5
10 - 5
10 5
10~ 5
10 5

0.0238
0.0237
0.0236
0.0235
0.0234

4000
4200
4400
4600
4800

-1 0 .9 8
-1 2 .3
-1 3 .6
-1 4 .9
-1 6 .2

61.66
60.07
58.52
57.00
55.51

9.794
9.794
9.793
9.793
9.792

324.6
323.8
323.0
322.2
321.4

0.819
0.802
0.785
0.769
0.752

1.661
1.655
1.648
1.642
1.635

10 5
10 5
10 - 5
10 5
10 - 5

0.0233
0.0232
0.0231
0.0230
0.0229

5000
5200
5400
5600
5800

-1 7 .5
-1 8 .8
- 20.1
-2 1 .4
-2 2 .7

54.05
52.62
51.23
49.86
48.52

9.791
9.791
9.790
9.789
9.785

320.5
319.7
318.9
318.1
317.3

0.736
0.721
0.705
0.690
0.675

1.628
10 ~ 5
1.622
10 5
1.615
10 5
1.608 x lO ' 5
1.602
10 - 5

0.0228
0.0227
0.0226
0.0224
0.0223

6000
6200
6400
6600
6800

-2 4 .0
-2 5 .3
-2 6 .6
-2 7 .9
-2 9 .2

47.22
45.94
44.69
43.47
42.27

9.788
9.788
9.787
9.786
9.785

316.5
315.6
314.8
314.0
313.1

0.660
0.646
0.631
0.617
0.604

1.595
10 5
1.588
10 - 5
1.582 x 10 - 5
1.575
lO ' 5
1.568
10 5

7000
8000
9000

-3 0 .5
-3 6 .9
-4 3 .4

41.11
35.65
30.80

9.785
9.782
9.779

312.3
308.1
303.8

0.590
0.526
0.467

1.561
10 ' 5
1.527
10 - 5
1.493 x 10 ~ 5

-4 9 .9
-5 6 .5
-5 6 .5
-5 6 .5
-5 6 .5

26.50
19.40
14.17
10.53
7.57

9.776
9.770
9.764
9.758
9.751

299.5
295.1
295.1
295.1
295.1

0.414
0.312
0.228
0.166

1.458
10 ~ 5
1.422
10 " 5
1.422
10 5
1.422 x l O 5
1.422
10 - 5

Altitude,
m
0
2 0 0

400
600
800
1 0 0 0
1 2 0 0

1400
1600
1800
2 0 0 0
2 2 0 0

1 0 , 0 0 0
1 2 , 0 0 0

14,000
16,000
18,000

Temperature,
C
15.00
13.70
12.40
1 1 . 1 0

2 . 0 0

1 . 2 0 2

1.179
1.156
1.134
1 . 1 1 2

0 . 1 2 2

0 . 0 2 2 2
0 . 0 2 2 1
0 . 0 2 2 0

0.0219
0.0218
0.0217
0 . 0 2 1 2

0.0206
0 . 0 2 0 1

0.0195
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195

Source-. U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45 latitude and varies with
the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z = 0) are taken to be P = 101.325 kPa, T = 15C, p = 1.2250 kg/m3,
g = 9.80665 m2/s.

934

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of air

kJ/kg

Pr

kJ/kg

vr

s
kJ/kg-K

kJ/kg

Pr

kJ/kg

0.3363
0.3987
0.4690
0.5477
0.6355

142.56
149.69
156.82
164.00
171.13

1707.0
1512.0
1346.0
1205.0
1084.0

1.29559
1.34444
1.39105
1.43557
1.47824

580
590
600
610
620

586.04
596.52
607.02
617.53
628.07

14.38
15.31
16.28
17.30
18.36

419.55
427.15
434.78
442.42
450.09

115.7

230
240

199.97
209.97
219.97
230.02
240.02

96.92

2.37348
2.39140
2.40902
2.42644
2.44356

250
260
270
280
285

250.05
260.09
270.11
280.13
285.14

0.7329
0.8405
0.9590
1.0889
1.1584

178.28
185.45
192.60
199.75
203.33

979.0
887.8
808.0
738.0
706.1

1.51917
1.55848
1.59634
1.63279
1.65055

630
640
650
660
670

638.63
649.22
659.84
670.47
681.14

19.84
20.64
2 1 . 8 6

23.13
24.46

457.78
465.50
473.25
481.01
488.81

92.84
88.99
85.34
81.89
78.61

2.46048
2.47716
2.49364
2.50985
2.52589

290
295
298
300
305

290.16
295.17
298.18
300.19
305.22

1.2311
1.3068
1.3543
1.3860
1.4686

206.91
210.49
212.64
214.07
217.67

676.1
647.9
631.9
621.2
596.0

1.66802
1.68515
1.69528
1.70203
1.71865

680
690
700
710
720

691.82
702.52
713.27
724.04
734.82

25.85
27.29
28.80
30.38
32.02

496.62
504.45
512.33
520.23
528.14

75.50
72.56
69.76
67.07
64.53

2.54175
2.55731
2.57277
2.58810
2.60319

310
315
320
325
330

310.24
315.27
320.29
325.31
330.34

1.5546
1.6442
1.7375
1.8345
1.9352

221.25
224.85
228.42
232.02
235.61

572.3
549.8
528.6
508.4
489.4

1.73498
1.75106
1.76690
1.78249
1.79783

730
740
750
760
780

745.62
756.44
767.29
778.18
800.03

33.72
35.50
37.35
39.27
43.35

536.07
544.02
551.99
560.01
576.12

62.13
59.82
57.63
55.54
51.64

2.61803
2.63280
2.64737
2.66176
2.69013

340
350
360
370
380

340.42
350.49
360.58
370.67
380.77

2.149
2.379
2.626
2.892
3.176

242.82
250.02
257.24
264.46
271.69

454.1
422.2
393.4
367.2
343.4

1.82790
1.85708
1.88543
1.91313
1.94001

800
820
840
860
880

821.95
843.98
866.08
888.27
910.56

47.75
52.59
57.60
63.09
68.98

592.30
608.59
624.95
641.40
657.95

48.08
44.84
41.85
39.12
36.61

2.71787
2.74504
2.77170
2.79783
2.82344

390
400
410
420
430

390.88
400.98
411.12
421.26
431.43

3.481
3.806
4.153
4.522
4.915

278.93
286.16
293.43
300.69
307.99

321.5
301.6
283.3
266.6
251.1

1.96633
1.99194
2.01699
2.04142
2.06533

900
920
940
960
980

932.93
955.38
977.92
1000.55
1023.25

75.29
82.05
89.28
97.00
105.2

674.58
691.28
708.08
725.02
741.98

34.31
32.18
30.22
28.40
26.73

2.84856
2.87324
2.89748
2.92128
2.94468

440
450
460
470
480

441.61
451.80
462.02
472.24
482.49

5.332
5.775
6.245
6.742
7.268

315.30
322.62
329.97
337.32
344.70

236.8
223.6
211.4
189.5

2.08870
2.11161
2.13407
2.15604
2.17760

1046.04
1068.89
1091.85
1114.86
1137.89

114.0
123.4
133.3
143.9
155.2

758.94
776.10
793.36
810.62
827.88

25.17
23.72
23.29
21.14
19.98

2.96770
2.99034
3.01260
3.03449
3.05608

490
500
510
520
530

492.74
503.02
513.32
523.63
533.98

7.824
8.411
9.031
9.684
10.37

352.08
359.49
366.92
374.36
381.84

179.7
170.6
162.1
154.1
146.7

2.19876
2.21952
2.23993
2.25997
2.27967

1161.07
1184.28
1207.57
1230.92
1254.34

167.1
179.7
193.1
207.2
2 2 2 . 2

845.33
862.79
880.35
897.91
915.57

18.896
17.886
16.946
16.064
15.241

3.07732
3.09825
3.11883
3.13916
3.15916

540
550
560
570

544.35
555.74
565.17
575.59

389.34
396.86
404.42
411.97

139.7
133.1
127.0

2.29906
2.31809
2.33685
2.35531

1277.79
1301.31
1324.93

238.0
254.7
272.3

933.33
951.09
968.95

14.470
13.747
13.069

3.17888
3.19834
3.21751

2 0 0
2 1 0
2 2 0

1 1 . 1 0
1 1 . 8 6
1 2 . 6 6

13.50

2 0 0 . 1

1 2 1 . 2

1 0 0 0
1 0 2 0

1040
1060
1080
1 1 0 0
1 1 2 0

1140
1160
1180
1 2 0 0
1 2 2 0

1240

1 1 0 . 6

105.8
1 0 1 . 2

s
kJ/kg-K

935

APPEN DIX 1

Ideal-gas properties of air ( Concluded)

kJ/kg

12.435 3.23638
11.835 3.25510

1600
1620

1757.57
1782.00

1022.82
1040.88
1058.94
1077.10
1095.26

11.275
10.747
10.247
9.780
9.337

3.27345
3.29160
3.30959
3.32724
3.34474

1640
1660
1680
1700
1750

450.5
478.0
506.9
537.1
568.8

1113.52
1131.77
1150.13
1168.49
1186.95

8.919
8.526
8.153
7.801
7.468

3.36200
3.37901
3.39586
3.41247
3.42892

1800
1850
1900
1950
2 0 0 0

601.9
636.5
672.8
710.5
750.0

1205.41
1223.87
1242.43
1260.99
1279.65

7.152
6.854
6.569
6.301
6.046

3.44516
3.46120
3.47712
3.49276
3.50829

kJ/kg

Pr

kJ/kg

1260
1280

1348.55
1372.24

290.8
310.4

986.90
1004.76

1300
1320
1340
1360
1380

1395.97
1419.76
1443.60
1467.49
1491.44

330.9
352.5
375.3
399.1
424.2

1400
1420
1440
1460
1480

1515.42
1539.44
1563.51
1587.63
1611.79

1500
1520
1540
1560
1580

1635.97
1660.23
1684.51
1708.82
1733.17

s
kJ/kg-K

u
kJ/kg

vr

s
kJ/kg-K

791.2
834.1

1298.30
1316.96

5.804
5.574

3.52364
3.53879

1806.46
1830.96
1855.50
1880.1
1941.6

878.9
925.6
974.2
1025
1161

1335.72
1354.48
1373.24
1392.7
1439.8

5.355
5.147
4.949
4.761
4.328

3.55381
3.56867
3.58335
3.5979
3.6336

2003.3
2065.3
2127.4
2189.7
2252.1

1310
1475
1655
1852
2068

1487.2
1534.9
1582.6
1630.6
1678.7

3.994
3.601
3.295
3.022
2.776

3.6684
3.7023
3.7354
3.7677
3.7994

2050 2314.6
2 1 0 0
2377.7
2150 2440.3
2 2 0 0
2503.2
2250 2566.4

2303
2559
2837
3138
3464

1726.8
1775.3
1823.8
1872.4
1921.3

2.555
2.356
2.175

3.8303
3.8605
3.8901
3.9191
3.9474

Pr

2 . 0 1 2

1.864

Note: The properties Pr (relative pressure) and vr (relative specific volume) are dimensionless quantities used in the analysis of isentropic processes, and
should not be confused with the properties pressure and specific volume.
Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 785-86, table A -5 . Originally published in J. H. Keenan and
J. Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948).

936

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N 2

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

s
kJ/kmol-K

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

17,563
17,864
18,166
18,468
18,772

12,574
12,792
13,011
13,230
13,450

212.066
212.564
213.055
213.541
214.018

230
240
250

6,391
6,683
6,975
7,266

4,562
4,770
4,979
5,188

182.639
183.938
185.180
186.370

600
610
620
630
640

260
270
280
290
298

7,558
7,849
8,141
8,432
8,669

5,396
5,604
5,813
6,190

187.514
188.614
189.673
190.695
191.502

650
660
670
680
690

19,075
19,380
19,685
19,991
20,297

13,671
13,892
14,114
14,337
14,560

214.489
214.954
215.413
215.866
216.314

300
310
320
330
340

8,723
9,014
9,306
9,597
9,888

6,229
6,437
6,645
6,853
7,061

191.682
192.638
193.562
194.459
195.328

700
710
720
730
740

20,604
20,912
21,529
21,839

14,784
15,008
15,234
15,460
15,686

216.756
217.192
217.624
218.059
218.472

350
360
370
380
390

10,180
10,471
10,763
11,055
11,347

7,270
7,478
7,687
7,895
8,104

196.173
196.995
197.794
198.572
199.331

750
760
770
780
790

22,149
22,460
22,772
23,085
23,398

15,913
16,141
16,370
16,599
16,830

218.889
219.301
219.709
220.113
220.512

400
410
420
430
440

11,640
11,932
12,225
12,518
12,811

8,314
8,523
8,733
8,943
9,153

200.071
200.794
201.499
202.189
202.863

800
810
820
830
840

23,714
24,027
24,342
24,658
24,974

17,061
17,292
17,524
17,757
17,990

220.907
221.298
221.684
222.067
222.447

450
460
470
480
490

13,105
13,399
13,693
13,988
14,285

9,363
9,574
9,786
9,997
1 0 , 2 1 0

203.523
204.170
204.803
205.424
206.033

850
860
870
880
890

25,292
25,610
25,928
26,248
26,568

18,224
18,459
18,695
18,931
19,168

222.822
223.194
223.562
223.927
224.288

500
510
520
530
540

14,581
14,876
15,172
15,469
15,766

10,423
10,635
10,848
11,062
11,277

206.630
207.216
207.792
208.358
208.914

900
910
920
930
940

26,890
27,210
27,532
27,854
28,178

19,407
19,644
19,883
20,362

224.647
225.002
225.353
225.701
226.047

550
560
570
580
590

16,064
16,363
16,662
16,962
17,262

11,492
11,707
11,923
12,139
12,356

209.461
209.999
210.528
211.049
211.562

950
960
970
980
990

28,501
28,826
29,151
29,476
29,803

20,603
20,844
21,086
21,328
21,571

226.389
226.728
227.064
227.398
227.728

0
2 2 0

6 , 0 2 1

2 1 , 2 2 0

2 0 , 1 2 2

937

APPEN DIX 1

TABLE A -1 8
Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N 2 ( Concluded)_______ ___________________________________________________________

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

30,129
30,784
31,442
32,101
32,762

21,815
22,304
22,795
23,288
23,782

228.057
228.706
229.344
229.973
230.591

1760
1780
1800
1820
1840

56,227
56,938
57,651
58,363
59,075

41,594
42,139
42,685
43,231
43,777

247.396
247.798
248.195
248.589
248.979

33,426
34,092
34,760
35,430
36,104

24,280
24,780
25,282
25,786
26,291

231.199
231.799
232.391
232.973
233.549

1860
1880
1900
1920
1940

59,790
60,504
61,220
61,936
62,654

44,324
44,873
45,423
45,973
46,524

249.365
249.748
250.128
250.502
250.874

26,799
27,308
27,819
28,331
28,845

234.115
234.673
235.223
235.766
236.302

1960
1980

1240
1260
1280

36,777
37,452
38,129
38,807
39,488

63,381
64,090
64,810
66,612
68,417

47,075
47,627
48,181
49,567
50,957

251.242
251.607
251.969
252.858
253.726

1300
1320
1340
1360
1380

40,170
40,853
41,539
42,227
42,915

29,361
29,378
30,398
30,919
31,441

236.831
237.353
237.867
238.376
238.878

2150
2250
2300
2350

70,226
72,040
73,856
75,676
77,496

52,351
53,749
55,149
56,553
57,958

254.578
255.412
256.227
257.027
257.810

1400
1420
1440
1460
1480

43,605
44,295
44,988
45,682
46,377

31,964
32,489
33,014
33,543
34,071

239.375
239.865
240.350
240.827
241.301

2400
2450
2500
2550
2600

79,320
81,149
82,981
84,814
86,650

59,366
60,779
62,195
63,613
65,033

258.580
259.332
260.073
260.799
261.512

1500
1520
1540
1560
1580

47,073
47,771
48,470
49,168
49,869

34,601
35,133
35,665
36,197
36,732

241.768
242.228
242.685
243.137
243.585

2650
2700
2750
2800
2850

88,488
90,328
92,171
94,014
95,859

66,455
67,880
69,306
70,734
72,163

262.213
262.902
263.577
264.241
264.895

1600
1620
1640
1660
1680

50,571
51,275
51,980
52,686
53,393

37,268
37,806
38,344
38,884
39,424

244.028
244.464
244.896
245.324
245.747

2900
2950
3000
3050
3100

97,705
99,556
101,407
103,260
105,115

73,593
75,028
76,464
77,902
79,341

265.538
266.170
266.793
267.404
268.007

1700
1720
1740

54,099
54,807
55,516

39,965
40,507
41,049

246.166
246.580
246.990

3150
3200
3250

106,972
108,830
110,690

80,782
82,224
83,668

268.601
269.186
269.763

1 0 0 0
1 0 2 0

1040
1060
1080
1 1 0 0
1 1 2 0

1140
1160
1180
1 2 0 0
1 2 2 0

_________ kJ/kmol________ kJ/kmol________ kJ/kmol-K

2 0 0 0

2050
2 1 0 0

2 2 0 0

Source: Tables A-1 8 through A-25 are adapted from Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 787-98. Originally
published in JANAF, Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971.

938
PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of oxygen,

0 2

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

s
kJ/kmol-K

230
240
250

6,404
6,694
6,984
7,275

4,575
4,782
4,989
5,197

196.171
197.461
198.696
199.885

600
610
620
630
640

17,929
18,250
18,572
18,895
19,219

12,940
13,178
13,417
13,657
13,898

226.346
226.877
227.400
227.918
228.429

260
270
280
290
298

7,566
7,858
8,150
8,443
8,682

5,405
5,613
5,822
6,032
6,203

201.027
202.128
203.191
204.218
205.033

650
660
670
680
690

19,544
19,870
20,197
20,524
20,854

14,140
14,383
14,626
14,871
15,116

228.932
229.430
229.920
230.405
230.885

300
310
320
330
340

8,736
9,030
9,325
9,620
9,916

6,242
6,453
6,664
6,877
7,090

205.213
206.177
207.112
208.020
208.904

700
710
720
730
740

21,184
21,514
21,845
22,177
22,510

15,364
15,611
15,859
16,107
16,357

231.358
231.827
232.291
232.748
233.201

350
360
370
380
390

10,213
10,511
10,809
11,109
11,409

7,303
7,518
7,733
7,949
8,166

209.765
210.604
211.423
213.002

750
760
770
780
790

22,844
23,178
23,513
23,850
24,186

16,607
16,859
17,111
17,364
17,618

233.649
234.091
234.528
234.960
235.387

400
410
420
430
440

11,711
12,314
12,618
12,923

8,384
8,603
8,822
9,043
9,264

213.765
214.510
215.241
215.955
216.656

800
810
820
830
840

24,523
24,861
25,199
25,537
25,877

17,872
18,126
18,382
18,637
18,893

235.810
236.230
236.644
237.055
237.462

450
460
470
480
490

13,228
13,525
13,842
14,151
14,460

9,487
9,710
9,935
10,160
10,386

217.342
218.016
218.676
219.326
219.963

850
860
870
880
890

26,218
26,559
26,899
27,242
27,584

19,150
19,408
19,666
19,925
20,185

237.864
238.264
238.660
239.051
239.439

500
510
520
530
540

14,770
15,082
15,395
15,708
16,022

10,614
10,842
11,071
11,301
11,533

220.589
221.206
221.812
222.409
222.997

900
910
920
930
940

27,928
28,272
28,616
28,960
29,306

20,445
20,706
20,967
21,228
21,491

239.823
240.203
240.580
240.953
241.323

550
560
570
580
590

16,338
16,654
16,971
17,290
17,609

11,765
11,998
12,232
12,467
12,703

223.576
224.146
224.708
225.262
225.808

950
960
970
980
990

29,652
29,999
30,345
30,692
31,041

21,754
22,017
22,280
22,544
22,809

241.689
242.052
242.411
242.768
242.120

0
2 2 0

1 2 , 0 1 2

2 1 2 . 2 2 2

939

APPEN DIX 1

Ideal-gas properties of oxygen,

Concluded)
V O
> 0 2 (
-----------

T
K
1 0 0 0
1 0 2 0

1040
1060
1080
1 1 0 0
1 1 2 0

1140
1160
1180
1 2 0 0
1 2 2 0

1240
1260
1280

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

s
kJ/kmol-K

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

s
kJ/kmol-K

31,389
32,088
32,789
33,490
34,194

23,075
23,607
24,142
24,677
25,214

243.471
244.164
244.844
245.513
246.171

1760
1780
1800
1820
1840

58,880
59,624
60,371
61,118
61,866

44,247
44,825
45,405
45,986
46,568

263.861
264.283
264.701
265.113
265.521

34,899
35,606
36,314
37,023
37,734

25,753
26,294
26,836
27,379
27,923

246.818
247.454
248.081
248.698
249.307

1860
1880
1900
1920
1940

62,616
63,365
64,116
64,868
65,620

47,151
47,734
48,319
48,904
49,490

265.925
266.326
266.722
267.115
267.505

38,447
39,162
39,877
40,594
41,312

28,469
29,018
29,568
30,118
30,670

249.906
250.497
251.079
251.653
252.219

1960
1980

66,374
67,127
67,881
69,772
71,668

50,078
50,665
51,253
52,727
54,208

267.891
268.275
268.655
269.588
270.504

2150
2250
2300
2350

73,573
75,484
77,397
79,316
81,243

55,697
57,192
58,690
60,193
61,704

271.399
272.278
273.136
273.891
274.809

2 0 0 0

2050
2 1 0 0

1300
1320
1340
1360
1380

42,033
42,753
43,475
44,198
44,923

31,224
31,778
32,334
32,891
33,449

252.776
253.325
253.868
254.404
254.932

1400
1420
1440
1460
1480

45,648
46,374
47,102
47,831
48,561

34,008
34,567
35,129
35,692
36,256

255.454
255.968
256.475
256.978
257.474

2400
2450
2500
2550
2600

83,174
85,112
87,057
89,004
90,956

63,219
64,742
66,271
67,802
69,339

275.625
276.424
277.207
277.979
278.738

1500
1520
1540
1560
1580

49,292
50,024
50,756
51,490
52,224

36,821
37,387
37,952
38,520
39,088

257.965
258.450
258.928
259.402
259.870

2650
2700
2750
2800
2850

92,916
94,881
96,852
98,826
100,808

70,883
72,433
73,987
75,546
77,112

279.485
280.219
280.942
281.654
282.357

1600
1620
1640
1660
1680

52,961
53,696
54,434
55,172
55,912

39,658
40,227
40,799
41,370
41,944

260.333
260.791
261.242
261.690
262.132

2900
2950
3000
3050
3100

102,793
104,785
106,780
108,778
110,784

78,682
80,258
81,837
83,419
85,009

283.048
283.728
284.399
285.060
285.713

1700
1720
1740

56,652
57,394
58,136

42,517
43,093
43,669

262.571
263.005
263.435

3150
3200
3250

112,795
114,809
116,827

86,601
88,203
89,804

286.355
286.989
287.614

2 2 0 0

940
PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, C0 2

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

230
240
250

6,601
6,938
7,280
7,627

4,772
5,026
5,285
5,548

202.966
204.464
205.920
207.337

600
610
620
630
640

22,280
22,754
23,231
23,709
24,190

17,291
17,683
18,076
18,471
18,869

243.199
243.983
244.758
245.524
246.282

260
270
280
290
298

7,979
8,335
8,697
9,063
9,364

5,817
6,091
6,369
6,651
6,885

208.717
210.062
211.376
212.660
213.685

650
660
670
680
690

24,674
25,160
25,648
26,138
26,631

19,270
19,672
20,078
20,484
20,894

247.032
247.773
248.507
249.233
249.952

300
310
320
330
340

9,431
9,807
10,186
10,570
10,959

6,939
7,230
7,526
7,826
8,131

213.915
215.146
216.351
217.534
218.694

700
710
720
730
740

27,125
27,622
28,121
28,622
29,124

21,305
21,719
22,134
22,522
22,972

250.663
251.368
252.065
252.755
253.439

350
360
370
380
390

11,351
11,748
12,148
12,552
12,960

8,439
8,752
9,068
9,392
9,718

219.831
220.948
222.044
223.122
224.182

750
760
770
780
790

29,629
30,135
30,644
31,154
31,665

23,393
23,817
24,242
24,669
25,097

254.117
254.787
255.452
256.110
256.762

400
410
420
430
440

13,372
13,787
14,206
14,628
15,054

10,046
10,378
10,714
11,053
11,393

225.225
226.250
227.258
228.252
229.230

800
810
820
830
840

32,179
32,694
33,212
33,730
34,251

25,527
25,959
26,394
26,829
27,267

257.408
258.048
258.682
259.311
259.934

450
460
470
480
490

15,483
15,916
16,351
16,791
17,232

11,742
12,091
12,444
12,800
13,158

230.194
231.144
232.080
233.004
233.916

850
860
870
880
890

34,773
35,296
35,821
36,347
36,876

27,706
28,125
28,588
29,031
29,476

260.551
261.164
261.770
262.371
262.968

500
510
520
530
540

17,678
18,126
18,576
19,029
19,485

13,521
13,885
14,253
14,622
14,996

234.814
235.700
236.575
237.439
238.292

900
910
920
930
940

37,405
37,935
38,467
39,000
39,535

29,922
30,369
30,818
31,268
31,719

263.559
264.146
264.728
265.304
265.877

550
560
570
580
590

19,945
20,407
20,870
21,337
21,807

15,372
15,751
16,131
16,515
16,902

239.135
239.962
240.789
241.602
242.405

950
960
970
980
990

40,070
40,607
41,145
41,685
42,226

32,171
32,625
33,081
33,537
33,995

266.444
267.007
267.566
268.119
268.670

0
2 2 0

941

APPEN DIX 1

Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, C 0 2 ( Concluded)______________________________________

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

K_____________kJ/kmol_________ kJ/kmol________ kJ/kmol -K

42,769
43,859
44,953
46,051
47,153

34,455
35,378
36,306
37,238
38,174

269.215
270.293
271.354
272.400
273.430

1760
1780
1800
1820
1840

86,420
87,612
88,806
90,000
91,196

71,787
72,812
73,840
74,868
75,897

301.543
302.217
302.884
303.544
304.198

48,258
49,369
50,484
51,602
52,724

39,112
40,057
41,006
41,957
42,913

274.445
275.444
276.430
277.403
278.361

1860
1880
1900
1920
1940

92,394
93,593
94,793
95,995
97,197

76,929
77,962
78,996
80,031
81,067

304.845
305.487
306.122
306.751
307.374

43,871
44,834
45,799
46,768
47,739

297.307
280.238
281.158
282.066
282.962

1960
1980

1240
1260
1280

53,848
54,977
56,108
57,244
58,381

98,401
99,606
100,804
103,835
106,864

82,105
83,144
84,185
86,791
89,404

307.992
308.604
309.210
310.701
312.160

1300
1320
1340
1360
1380

59,522
60,666
61,813
62,963
64,116

48,713
49,691
50,672
51,656
52,643

283.847
284.722
285.586
286.439
287.283

2150
2250
2300
2350

109,898
112,939
115,984
119,035
122,091

92,023
94,648
97,277
99,912
102,552

313.589
314.988
316.356
317.695
319.011

1400
1420
1440
1460
1480

65,271
66,427
67,586
68,748
66,911

53,631
54,621
55,614
56,609
57,606

288.106
288.934
289.743
290.542
291.333

2400
2450
2500
2550
2600

125,152
128,219
131,290
134,368
137,449

105,197
107,849
110,504
113,166
115,832

320.302
321.566
322.808
324.026
325.222

1500
1520
1540
1560
1580

71,078
72,246
73,417
74,590
76,767

58,606
59,609
60,613
61,620
62,630

292.114
292.888
292.654
294.411
295.161

2650
2700
2750
2800
2850

140,533
143,620
146,713
149,808
152,908

118,500
121,172
123,849
126,528
129,212

326.396
327.549
328.684
329.800
330.896

1600
1620
1640
1660
1680

76,944
78,123
79,303
80,486
81,670

63,741
64,653
65,668
66,592
67,702

295.901
296.632
297.356
298.072
298.781

2900
2950
3000
3050
3100

156,009
159,117
162,226
165,341
168,456

131,898
134,589
137,283
139,982
142,681

331.975
333.037
334.084
335.114
336.126

1700
1720
1740

82,856
84,043
85,231

68,721
69,742
70,764

299.482
300.177
300.863

3150
3200
3250

171,576
174,695
177,822

145,385
148,089
150,801

337.124
338.109
339.069

1 0 0 0
1 0 2 0

1040
1060
1080
1 1 0 0
1 1 2 0

1140
1160
1180
1 2 0 0
1 2 2 0

2 0 0 0

2050
2 1 0 0

2 2 0 0

942
PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

230
240
250

6,391
6,683
6,975
7,266

4,562
4,771
4,979
5,188

188.683
189.980
191.221
192.411

600
610
620
630
640

17,611
17,915
18,221
18,527
18,833

12,622
12,843
13,066
13,289
13,512

218.204
218.708
219.205
219.695
220.179

260
270
280
290
298

7,558
7,849
8,140
8,432
8,669

5,396
5,604
5,812
6,190

193.554
194.654
195.713
196.735
197.543

650
660
670
680
690

19,141
19,449
19,758
20,068
20,378

13,736
13,962
14,187
14,414
14,641

220.656
221.127
221.592
222.052
222.505

300
310
320
330
340

8,723
9,014
9,306
9,597
9,889

6,229
6,437
6,645
6,854
7,062

197.723
198.678
199.603
200.500
201.371

700
710
720
730
740

20,690
21,315
21,628
21,943

14,870
15,099
15,328
15,558
15,789

222.953
223.396
223.833
224.265
224.692

350
360
370
380
390

10,181
10,473
10,765
11,058
11,351

7,271
7,480
7,689
7,899
8,108

202.217
203.040
203.842
204.622
205.383

750
760
770
780
790

22,258
22,573
22,890
23,208
23,526

16,022
16,255
16,488
16,723
16,957

225.115
225.533
225.947
226.357
226.762

400
410
420
430
440

11,644
11,938
12,232
12,526
12,821

8,319
8,529
8,740
8,951
9,163

206.125
206.850
207.549
208.252
208.929

800
810
820
830
840

23,844
24,164
24,483
24,803
25,124

17,193
17,429
17,665
17,902
18,140

227.162
227.559
227.952
228.339
228.724

450
460
470
480
490

13,116
13,412
13,708
14,005
14,302

9,375
9,587
9,800
10,014
10,228

209.593
210.243
210.880
211.504
212.117

850
860
870
880
890

25,446
25,768
26,091
26,415
26,740

18,379
18,617
18,858
19,099
19,341

229.106
229.482
229.856
230.227
230.593

500
510
520
530
540

14,600
14,898
15,197
15,497
15,797

10,443
10,658
10,874
11,090
11,307

212.719
213.310
213.890
214.460
215.020

900
910
920
930
940

27,066
27,392
27,719
28,046
28,375

19,583
19,826
20,070
20,314
20,559

230.957
231.317
231.674
232.028
232.379

550
560
570
580
590

16,097
16,399
16,701
17,003
17,307

11,524
11,743
11,961
12,181
12,401

215.572
216.115
216.649
217.175
217.693

950
960
970
980
990

28,703
29,033
29,362
29,693
30,024

20,805
21,051
21,298
21,545
21,793

232.727
233.072
233.413
233.752
234.088

0
2 2 0

6 , 0 2 0

2 1 , 0 0 2

943
APPEN DIX 1

Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO ( Concluded)_________________________

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

K____________ kJ/kmol________ kJ/kmol

s
kJ/kmol-K
253.991
254.398
254.797
255.194
255.587

30,355
31,020
31,688
32,357
33,029

22,041
22,540
23,041
23,544
24,049

234.421
235.079
235.728
236.364
236.992

1760
1780
1800
1820
1840

56,756
57,473
58,191
58,910
59,629

42,123
42,673
43,225
43,778
44,331

33,702
34,377
35,054
35,733
36,406

24,557
25,065
25,575
26,088
26,602

237.609
238.217
238.817
239.407
239.989

1860
1880
1900
1920
1940

60,351
61,072
61,794
62,516
63,238

44,886
45,441
45,997
46,552
47,108

255.976
256.361
256.743
257.122
257.497

37,095
37,780
38,466
39,154
39,844

27,118
27,637
28,426
28,678
29,201

240.663
241.128
241.686
242.236
242.780

1960
1980

63,961
64,684
65,408
67,224
69,044

47,665
48,221
48,780
50,179
51,584

257.868
258.236
258.600
259.494
260.370

1300
1320
1340
1360
1380

40,534
41,226
41,919
42,613
43,309

29,725
30,251
30,778
31,306
31,836

243.316
243.844
244.366
244.880
245.388

2150
2250
2300
2350

70,864
72,688
74,516
76,345
78,178

52,988
54,396
55,809
57,222
58,640

261.226
262.065
262.887
263.692
264.480

1400
1420
1440
1460
1480

44,007
44,707
45,408
46,110
46,813

32,367
32,900
33,434
33,971
34,508

245.889
246.385
246.876
247.360
247.839

2400
2450
2500
2550
2600

80,015
81,852
83,692
85,537
87,383

60,060
61,482
62,906
64,335
65,766

265.253
266.012
266.755
267.485
268.202

1500
1520
1540
1560
1580

47,517
48,222
48,928
49,635
50,344

35,046
35,584
36,124
36,665
37,207

248.312
248.778
249.240
249.695
250.147

2650
2700
2750
2800
2850

89,230
91,077
92,930
94,784
96,639

67,197
68,628
70,066
71,504
72,945

268.905
269.596
270.285
270.943
271.602

1600
1620
1640
1660
1680

51,053
51,763
52,472
53,184
53,895

37,750
38,293
38,837
39,382
39,927

250.592
251.033
251.470
251.901
252.329

2900
2950
3000
3050
3100

98,495
100,352
104,073
105,939

74,383
75,825
77,267
78,715
80,164

272.249
272.884
273.508
274.123
274.730

1700
1720
1740

54,609
55,323
56,039

40,474
41,023
41,572

252.751
253.169
253.582

3150
3200
3250

107,802
109,667
111,534

81,612
83,061
84,513

275.326
275.914
276.494

1 0 0 0
1 0 2 0

1040
1060
1080
1 1 0 0
1 1 2 0

1140
1160
1180
1 2 0 0
1 2 2 0

1240
1260
1280

2 0 0 0

2050
2 1 0 0

2 2 0 0

1 0 2 , 2 1 0

944

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H 2

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

260
270
280
290

7,370
7,657
7,945
8,233

5,209
5,412
5,617
5,822

126.636
127.719
128.765
129.775

1440
1480
1520
1560
1600

42,808
44,091
45,384
46,683
47,990

30,835
31,786
32,746
33,713
34,687

177.410
178.291
179.153
179.995
180.820

298
300
320
340
360

8,468
8,522
9,100
9,680
10,262

5,989
6,027
6,440
6,853
7,268

130.574
130.754
132.621
134.378
136.039

1640
1680
1720
1760
1800

49,303
50,622
51,947
53,279
54,618

35,668
36,654
37,646
38,645
39,652

181.632
182.428
183.208
183.973
184.724

380
400
420
440
460

10,843
11,426

7,684
8 , 1 0 0

12,594
13,179

8,518
8,936
9,355

137.612
139.106
140.529
141.888
143.187

1840
1880
1920
1960

55,962
57,311
58,668
60,031
61,400

40,663
41,680
42,705
43,735
44,771

185.463
186.190
186.904
187.607
188.297

480
500
520
560
600

13,764
14,350
14,935
16,107
17,280

9,773
10,193
10,611
11,451
12,291

144.432
145.628
146.775
148.945
150.968

2250

63,119
64,847
66,584
68,328
70,080

46,074
47,386
48,708
50,037
51,373

189.148
189.979
190.796
191.598
192.385

640
680
720
760
800

18,453
19,630
20,807
21,988
23,171

13,133
13,976
14,821
15,669
16,520

152.863
154.645
156.328
157.923
159.440

2300
2350
2400
2450
2500

71,839
73,608
75,383
77,168
78,960

52,716
54,069
55,429
56,798
58,175

193.159
193.921
194.669
195.403
196.125

840
880
920
960

24,359
25,551
26,747
27,948
29,154

17,375
18,235
19,098
19,966
20,839

160.891
162.277
163.607
164.884
166.114

2550
2600
2650
2700
2750

80,755
82,558
84,368
86,186
88,008

59,554
60,941
62,335
63,737
65,144

196.837
197.539
198.229
198.907
199.575

1 2 0 0

30,364
31,580
32,802
34,028
35,262

21,717
22,601
23,490
24,384
25,284

167.300
168.449
169.560
170.636
171.682

2800
2850
2900
2950
3000

89,838
91,671
93,512
95,358
97,211

66,558
67,976
69,401
70,831
72,268

200.234
200.885
201.527
202.157
202.778

1240
1280
1320
1360
1400

36,502
37,749
39,002
40,263
41,530

26,192
27,106
28,027
28,955
29,889

172.698
173.687
174.652
175.593
176.510

3050
3100
3150
3200
3250

99,065
100,926
102,793
104,667
106,545

73,707
75,152
76,604
78,061
79,523

203.391
203.995
204.592
205.181
205.765

1 0 0 0

1040
1080
1 1 2 0

1160

1 2 , 0 1 0

2 0 0 0

2050
2 1 0 0

2150
2 2 0 0

945

APPEN DIX 1

TABLE A23
Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H20

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

s
kJ/kmol-K

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

230
240
250

7,295
7,628
7,961
8,294

5,466
5,715
5,965
6,215

178.576
180.054
181.471
182.831

600
610
620
630
640

20,402
20,765
21,130
21,495
21,862

15,413
15,693
15,975
16,257
16,541

212.920
213.529
214.122
214.707
215.285

260
270
280
290
298

8,627
8,961
9,296
9,631
9,904

6,466
6,716
6,968
7,219
7,425

184.139
185.399
186.616
187.791
188.720

650
660
670
680
690

22,230
22,600
22,970
23,342
23,714

16,826
17,112
17,399
17,688
17,978

215.856
216.419
216.976
217.527
218.071

300
310
320
330
340

9,966
10,302
10,639
10,976
11,314

7,472
7,725
7,978
8,232
8,487

188.928
190.030
191.098
192.136
193.144

700
710
720
730
740

24,088
24,464
24,840
25,218
25,597

18,268
18,561
18,854
19,148
19,444

218.610
219.142
219.668
220.189
220.707

350
360
370
380
390

11,652
11,992
12,331
12,672
13,014

8,742
8,998
9,255
9,513
9,771

194.125
195.081
196.012
196.920
197.807

750
760
770
780
790

25,977
26,358
26,741
27,125
27,510

19,741
20,039
20,339
20,639
20,941

221.215
221.720

400
410
420
430
440

13,356
13,699
14,043
14,388
14,734

10,030
10,290
10,551
10,813
11,075

198.673
199.521
200.350
201.160
201.955

800
810
820
830
840

27,896
28,284
28,672
29,062
29,454

21,245
21,549
21,855
22,162
22,470

223.693
224.174
224.651
225.123
225.592

450
460
470
480
490

15,080
15,428
15,777
16,126
16,477

11,339
11,603
11,869
12,135
12,403

202.734
203.497
204.247
204.982
205.705

850
860
870
880
890

29,846
30,240
30,635
31,032
31,429

22,779
23,090
23,402
23,715
24,029

226.057
226.517
226.973
227.426
227.875

500
510
520
530
540

16,828
17,181
17,534
17,889
18,245

12,671
12,940
13,211
13,482
13,755

206.413
207.112
207.799
208.475
209.139

900
910
920
930
940

31,828
32,228
32,629
33,032
33,436

24,345
24,662
24,980
25,300
25,621

228.321
228.763
229.202
229.637
230.070

550
560
570
580
590

18,601
18,959
19,318
19,678
20,039

14,028
14,303
14,579
14,856
15,134

209.795
210.440
211.075
211.702
212.320

950
960
970
980
990

33,841
34,247
34,653
35,061
35,472

25,943
26,265
26,588
26,913
27,240

230.499
230.924
231.347
231.767
232.184

0
2 2 0

2 2 2 . 2 2 1

222.717
223.207

946

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H20 ( Continued)

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

35,882
36,709
37,542
38,380
39,223

27,568
28,228
28,895
29,567
30,243

232.597
233.415
234.223
235.020
235.806

1760
1780
1800
1820
1840

70,535
71,523
72,513
73,507
74,506

55,902
56,723
57,547
58,375
59,207

258.151
258.708
259.262
259.811
260.357

40,071
40,923
41,780
42,642
43,509

30,925
31,611
32,301
32,997
33,698

236.584
237.352
238.110
238.859
239.600

1860
1880
1900
1920
1940

75,506
76,511
77,517
78,527
79,540

60,042
60,880
61,720
62,564
63,411

260.898
261.436
261.969
262.497
263.022

34,403
35,112
35,827
36,546
37,270

240.333
241.057
241.773
242.482
243.183

1960
1980

1240
1260
1280

44,380
45,256
46,137
47,022
47,912

80,555
81,573
82,593
85,156
87,735

64,259
65,111
65,965
70,275

263.542
264.059
264.571
265.838
267.081

1300
1320
1340
1360
1380

48,807
49,707
50,612
51,521
52,434

38,000
38,732
39,470
40,213
40,960

243.877
244.564
245.243
245.915
246.582

2250
2300
2350

90,330
92,940
95,562
98,199
100,846

72,454
74,649
76,855
79,076
81,308

268.301
269.500
270.679
271.839
272.978

1400
1420
1440
1460
1480

53,351
54,273
55,198
56,128
57,062

41,711
42,466
43,226
43,989
44,756

247.241
247.895
248.543
249.185
249.820

2400
2450
2500
2550
2600

103,508
106,183
108,868
111,565
114,273

83,553
85,811
88,082
90,364
92,656

274.098
275.201
276.286
277.354
278.407

1500
1520
1540
1560
1580

57,999
58,942
59,888
60,838
61,792

45,528
46,304
47,084
47,868
48,655

250.450
251.074
251.693
252.305
252.912

2650
2700
2750
2800
2850

116,991
119,717
122,453
125,198
127,952

94,958
97,269
99,588
101,917
104,256

279.441
280.462
281.464
282.453
283.429

1600
1620
1640
1660
1680

62,748
63,709
64,675
65,643
66,614

49,445
50,240
51,039
51,841
52,646

253.513
254.111
254.703
255.290
255.873

2900
2950
3000
3050
3100

130,717
133,486
136,264
139,051
141,846

106,605
108,959
111,321
113,692
116,072

284.390
285.338
286.273
287.194
288.102

1700
1720
1740

67,589
68,567
69,550

53,455
54,267
55,083

256.450
257.022
257.589

3150
3200
3250

144,648
147,457
150,272

118,458
120,851
123,250

288.999
289.884
290.756

1 0 0 0
1 0 2 0

1040
1060
1080
1 1 0 0
1 1 2 0

1140
1160
1180
1 2 0 0
1 2 2 0

2 0 0 0

2050
2 1 0 0

2150
2 2 0 0

6 8 , 1 1 1

947
APPEN DIX 1

TABLE A24
Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, 0

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

1 0 0 0

1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2 0 0 0

2050
2 1 0 0

2150
2 2 0 0

2250
2300
2350

6,852
6,892
11,197
21,713
32,150
34,234
36,317
38,400
40,482
42,564
43,605
44,646
45,687
46,728
47,769
48,811
49,852

298
300
500

s
kJ/kmol-K

4,373
4,398
7,040
13,398
19,679
20,931
22,183
23,434
24,685
25,935
26,560
27,186
27,811
28,436
29,062
29,688
30,314

160.944
161.079
172.088
186.678
195.143
196.488
197.751
198.941
200.067
201.135
201.649
202.151
202.641
203.119
203.588
204.045
204.493

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol -K

2400
2450
2500
2550
2600
2650
2700
2750
2800
2850
2900
2950
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500

50,894
51,936
52,979
54,021
55,064
56,108
57,152
58,196
59,241
60,286
61,332
62,378
63,425
65,520
67,619
69,720
71,824
73,932

30,940
31,566
32,193
32,820
33,447
34,075
34,703
35,332
35,961
36,590
37,220
37,851
38,482
39,746
41,013
42,283
43,556
44,832

204.932
205.362
205.783
206.196
206.601
206.999
207.389
207.772
208.148
208.518
208.882
209.240
209.592
210.279
210.945
211.592

s
kJ/kmol-K

2 1 2 . 2 2 0

212.831

Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol-K

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

77,015
78,801
80,592
82,388
84,189
85,995
87,806
89,622
91,442
93,266
95,095
96,927
98,763
102,447
106,145
109,855
113,578
117,312

57,061
58,431
59,806
61,186
62,572
63,962
65,358
66,757
68,162
69,570
70,983
72,400
73,820
76,673
79,539
82,418
85,309

298
300
500
1 0 0 0

1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2 0 0 0

2050
2 1 0 0

2150
2 2 0 0

2250
2300
2350

9,188
9,244
15,181
30,123
46,046
49,358
52,706
56,089
59,505
62,952
64,687
66,428
68,177
69,932
71,694
73,462
75,236

6,709
6,749
11,024
21,809
33,575
36,055
38,571
41,123
43,708
46,323
47,642
48,968
50,301
51,641
52,987
54,339
55,697

183.594
183.779
198.955
219.624
232.506
234.642
236.672
238.606
240.453
242.221
243.077
243.917
244.740
245.547
246.338
247.116
247.879

2400
2450
2500
2550
2600
2650
2700
2750
2800
2850
2900
2950
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500

8 8 , 2 1 2

248.628
249.364
250.088
250.799
251.499
252.187
252.864
253.530
254.186
254.832
255.468
256.094
256.712
257.919
259.093
260.235
261.347
262.429

Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at

25C, 1 atm__________________________________________________

hf
Substance

Formula

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Water vapor
Water
Hydrogen peroxide
Ammonia
Methane
Acetylene
Ethylene
Ethane
Propylene
Propane
n-Butane
n-Octane
n-Octane
n-Dodecane
Benzene
Methyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Hydroxyl

C(s)
H 2(g)
N 2(g)

2(g)
CO (g)
CO 2(g)
0

H 2 0(g)
H 2 0()
H 2 0 2 (g)
NH 3 (g)
CH 4 (g)
C 2 H 2 (g)
C 2 H 4 (g)
C 2 H6 (g)
C 3 H 6 (g)
C 3 H8 (g)

C 8 H 18()
^12^26^
C 6 H 6 (g)
CH 3 OH(g)
CH 3 OH()
C 2 H 5 OH(g)
C 2 H 5 OH()
0 (g)
H(g)
N(g)
OH(g)

s
kJ/kmol-K

gf

kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol

-1 1 0 ,5 3 0
-3 9 3 ,5 2 0
-2 4 1 ,8 2 0
-2 8 5 ,8 3 0
-1 3 6 ,3 1 0
-4 6 ,1 9 0
-7 4 ,8 5 0
+226,730
+52,280
-8 4 ,6 8 0
+20,410
-1 0 3 ,8 5 0
-1 2 6 ,1 5 0
-2 0 8 ,4 5 0
-2 4 9 ,9 5 0
-2 9 1 ,0 1 0
+82,930
-2 0 0 ,6 7 0
-2 3 8 ,6 6 0
-2 3 5 ,3 1 0
-2 7 7 ,6 9 0
+249,190
+218,000
+472,650
+39,460

-1 3 7 ,1 5 0
-3 9 4 ,3 6 0
-2 2 8 ,5 9 0
-2 3 7 ,1 8 0
-1 0 5 ,6 0 0
-1 6 ,5 9 0
-5 0 ,7 9 0
+209,170
+6 8 , 1 2 0
-3 2 ,8 9 0
+62,720
-2 3 ,4 9 0
-1 5 ,7 1 0
+16,530
+6,610
+50,150
+ 129,660
-1 6 2 ,0 0 0
-1 6 6 ,3 6 0
-1 6 8 ,5 7 0
-1 7 4 ,8 9 0
+231,770
+203,290
+455,510
+34,280

5.74
130.68
191.61
205.04
197.65
213.80
188.83
69.92
232.63
192.33
186.16
200.85
219.83
229.49
266.94
269.91
310.12
466.73
360.79
622.83
269.20
239.70
126.80
282.59
160.70
161.06
114.72
153.30
183.70

Source: From JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, Ml: Dow Chemical Co., 1971); Selected
Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, NBS Technical Note 270-3, 1968; and API
Research Project 44 (Carnegie Press, 1953).

949

APPEN DIX 1

Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons

Fuel (phase)

Formula

Carbon (s)
Hydrogen (g)
Carbon monoxide (g)
Methane (g)
Methanol ()
Acetylene (g)
Ethane (g)
Ethanol ()
Propane ()
Butane ()
1-Pentene ()
Isopentane ()
Benzene ()
Hexene ()
Hexane ()
Toluene ()
Heptane ()
Octane ()
Decane ()
Gasoline {)
Light diesel ()
Heavy diesel ()
Natural gas (g )

C
h2
CO
ch4
c h 4o
c 2h2
C 2 H6
C 2 H60
^3^8
C4 H 1 0
C5 H 10
c 5 h 12
c6h6
^6 ^ 1 2
c 6 h 14
c 7 h8
c 7 h 16
C-8 H i 8
C 1 0 H2 2
CHL87n
1.8/7
Cfl^l.7n
^n^3.8n^0.1n

Molar
mass,
kg/kmol

Density, 1
kg/L

1 2 . 0 1 1

2.016
28.013
16.043
32.042
26.038
30.070
46.069
44.097
58.123
70.134
72.150
78.114
84.161
86.177
92.141
100.204
114.231
142.285
1 0 0 - 1 1 0

170
2 0 0

18

0.790

0.790
0.500
0.579
0.641
0.626
0.877
0.673
0.660
0.867
0.684
0.703
0.730
0.72-0.78
0.78-0.84
0 .82-0.88

'A t 1 atm and 20C.

2At 25C for liquid fuels, and 1 atm and normal boiling temperature for gaseous fuels.
3At 25C. Multiply by molar mass to obtain heating values in kJ/kmol.

Enthalpy of
vaporization ,2
kJ/kg

Specific
heat, 1 cp
kJ/kg-K

0.708
14.4
1.05

509
1168

172
919
335
362
363

433
392
366
412
365
363
361
350
270
230

2 . 2 0

2.53
1.69
1.75
2.44
2.77
2.42
2 . 2 0

2.32
1.72
1.84
2.27
1.71
2.24
2.23
2 . 2 1

2.4
2 . 2

1.9
2

Higher
heating
value ,3
kJ/kg

Lower
heating
value ,3
kJ/kg

32,800
141,800

1 2 0 , 0 0 0

32,800

1 0 , 1 0 0

1 0 , 1 0 0

55,530
22,660
49,970
51,900
29,670
50,330
49,150
47,760
48,570
41,800
47,500
48,310
42,400
48,100
47,890
47,640
47,300
46,100
45,500
50,000

50,050
19,920
48,280
47,520
26,810
46,340
45,370
44,630
44,910
40,100
44,400
44,740
40,500
44,600
44,430
44,240
44,000
43,200
42,800
45,000

950

PR O PERTY TAB LES AND CHARTS

Natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant Kp

p v c p v c

The equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction v a A + v b B

vc C + v d D is defined as Kp =

P aa P r

Temp.
K
298
500
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000

H2

2H

-1 6 4 .0 0 5
-9 2 .8 2 7
-3 9 .8 0 3
-3 0 .8 7 4
-2 4 .4 6 3
-1 9 .6 3 7
-1 5 .8 6 6
-1 2 .8 4 0
-1 0 .3 5 3
-8 .2 7 6
-6 .5 1 7
-5 .0 0 2
-3 .6 8 5
-2 .5 3 4
-1 .5 1 6
-0 .6 0 9
0.202
0.934
2.486
3.725
4.743
5.590

02

20

-1 8 6 .9 7 5
-1 0 5 .6 3 0
-4 5 .1 5 0
-3 5 .0 0 5
-2 7 .7 4 2
-2 2 .2 8 5
-1 8 .0 3 0
-1 4 .6 2 2
-1 1 .8 2 7
-9 .4 9 7
-7 .5 2 1
-5 .8 2 6
-4 .3 5 7
-3 .0 7 2
-1 .9 3 5
-0 .9 2 6
-0 .0 1 9
0.796
2.513
3.895
5.023
5.963

N2 ^

2N

-3 6 7 .4 8 0
-2 1 3 .3 7 2
-9 9 .1 2 7
-8 0 .0 1 1
-6 6 .3 2 9
-5 6 .0 5 5
-4 8 .0 5 1
-4 1 .6 4 5
-3 6 .3 9 1
-3 2 .0 1 1
-2 8 .3 0 4
-2 5 .1 1 7
-2 2 .3 5 9
-1 9 .9 3 7
-1 7 .8 0 0
-1 5 .8 9 8
-1 4 .1 9 9
-1 2 .6 6 0
-9 .4 1 4
-6 .8 0 7
-4 .6 6 6
-2 .8 6 5

H20 F i H ? + V 20 2
-9 2 .2 0 8
-5 2 .6 9 1
-2 3 .1 6 3
-1 8 .1 8 2
-1 4 .6 0 9
-1 1 .9 2 1
-9 .8 2 6
-8 .1 4 5
-6 .7 6 8
-5 .6 1 9
-4 .6 4 8
-3 .8 1 2
-3 .0 8 6
-2 .4 5 1
-1 .8 9 1
-1 .3 9 2
-0 .9 4 5
-0 .5 4 2
0.312
0.996
1.560
2.032

H20 *= V 2H2 + OH
-1 0 6 .2 0 8
-6 0 .2 8 1
-2 6 .0 3 4
-2 0 .2 8 3
-1 6 .0 9 9
-1 3 .0 6 6
-1 0 .6 5 7
-8 .7 2 8
-7 .1 4 8
-5 .8 3 2
-4 .7 1 9
-3 .7 6 3
-2 .9 3 7
-2 .2 1 2
-1 .5 7 6
-1 .0 8 8
-0 .5 0 1
-0 .0 4 4
0.920
1.689
2.318
2.843

C 0 2 CO + V 20 2
-1 0 3 .7 6 2
-5 7 .6 1 6
-2 3 .5 2 9
-1 7 .8 7 1
-1 3 .8 4 2
-1 0 .8 3 0
-8 .4 9 7
-6 .6 3 5
-5 .1 2 0
-3 .8 6 0
-2 .8 0 1
-1 .8 9 4
-1 .1 1 1
-0 .4 2 9
0.169
0.701
1.176
1.599
2.490
3.197
3.771
4.245

V 2N2 + V 20 2 NO
-3 5 .0 5 2
-2 0 .2 9 5
-9 .3 8 8
-7 .5 6 9
-6 .2 7 0
-5 .2 9 4
-4 .5 3 6
-3 .9 3 1
-3 .4 3 3
-3 .0 1 9
-2 .6 7 1
-2 .3 7 2
-2 .1 1 4
-1 .8 8 8
-1 .6 9 0
-1 .5 1 3
-1 .3 5 6
-1 .2 1 6
-0 .9 2 1
-0 .6 8 6
-0 .4 9 7
-0 .3 4 1

Source: Gordon J. Van Wylen and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, English/SI Version, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley &
Sons, 1986), p. 723, table A.14. Based on thermodynamic data given in JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, Ml: Thermal Research Laboratory, The
Dow Chemical Company, 1971).

2.0

3.0 4.05.0

Reduced pressure, P

0.500

0.400

0.300

FIGURE A-29
0.100

Source: Redrawn from Gordon van Wylen

and Richard Sontag, Fundamentals of Classical
Thermodynamics, (SI version), 2d ed., Wiley,
New York, 1976. Reprinted by permission o f John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.

952

PR O PERTY TAB LES AND CHARTS

FIGURE A-30
Source: Redrawn from Gordon van Wylen
and Richard Sontag, Fundamentals of Classical
Thermodynamics, (SI version), 2d ed., Wiley,
New York, 1976. Reprinted by permission o f John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Reduced pressure, P

Normal Temperature
Barom etric Pressure: 101.325 kPa

i Level

1992 Am erican Society o f Heating,

Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

FIGURE A-31
Reprinted by permission o f the American Society o f Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA; used with permission.

954

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

k+

TABLE A32

+ (k A _ _ J_
A*

'

k I

V .
1

One-dimensional isentropic compressible-flow functions for an ideal

gas with k = 1.4
Ma

A/A*

0.9

0.1094
0.2182
0.3257
0.4313
0.5345
0.6348
0.7318
0.8251
0.9146

OO
5.8218
2.9635
2.0351
1.5901
1.3398
1.1882
1.0944
1.0382
1.0089

1 . 0

1 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 0 0 0 0

0
0. 1

Ma*

0 . 2

0.3
0.4
0.5
0 . 6

0.7
0 . 8

1.2

1.4
1 . 6
1 . 8
2 . 0
2 . 2

2.4
2 . 6
2 . 8

3.0
5.0
oc

1.1583
1.2999
1.4254
1.5360
1.6330
1.7179
1.7922
1.8571
1.9140
1.9640
2.2361
2.2495

1.0304
1.1149
1.2502
1.4390
1.6875
2.0050
2.4031
2.8960
3.5001
4.2346
25.000
OC

P/P0

P/Po

777-0

1 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 0 0 0 0

0.9930
0.9725
0.9395
0.8956
0.8430
0.7840
0.7209
0.6560
0.5913
0.5283
0.4124
0.3142
0.2353
0.1740
0.1278
0.0935
0.0684
0.0501
0.0368
0.0272
0.0019

0.9950
0.9803
0.9564
0.9243
0.8852
0.8405
0.7916
0.7400
0.6870
0.6339
0.5311
0.4374
0.3557
0.2868
0.2300
0.1841
0.1472
0.1179
0.0946
0.0760
0.0113

0.9980
0.9921
0.9823
0.9690
0.9524
0.9328
0.9107
0.8865
0.8606
0.8333
0.7764
0.7184
0.6614
0.6068
0.5556
0.5081
0.4647
0.4252
0.3894
0.3571
0.1667

955

APPEN DIX 1

Tni TnM a, =

(k -

2kM&\ k +

+ A-'Maf
Pi

1+

One-dimensional normal-shock functions for an ideal gas with k

1
k

kM di\

+ 1

2 + (k -

Pi

T 2/ T i

T2

2 + M a](k

1 .2

l)M a f

1)

2 + M a 2(k - 1)
1 + M a \ {k 2Ll + Ma\(k -

1. 0
1.1

(k +

P?

Max

l)/2 (*+ 1)/[2(*- 1)]

l)/ 2 j

\ { k - l ) / 2 f (*_l)

1.3
1.4
1.5
1. 6

1.7
1. 8

1.9
2 . 0
2.1
2 . 2

2.3
2.4
2.5
2 . 6

2.7
2 . 8

2.9
3.0
4.0
5.0
OO

Ma2

P2/Pi

P2 /Pl

T2'T i

^0 2 ^ 0 1

1 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 0 0 0 0

0.9118
0.8422
0.7860
0.7397
0.7011
0.6684
0.6405
0.6165
0.5956
0.5774
0.5613
0.5471
0.5344
0.5231
0.5130
0.5039
0.4956
0.4882
0.4814
0.4752
0.4350
0.4152
0.3780

1.2450
1.5133
1.8050
2.4583
2.8200
3.2050
3.6133
4.0450
4.5000
4.9783
5.4800
6.0050
6.5533
7.1250
7.7200
8.3383
8.9800
9.6450
10.3333
18.5000
29.000

1.1691
1.3416
1.5157
1.6897
1.8621
2.0317
2.1977
2.3592
2.5157
2.6667
2.8119
2.9512
3.0845
3.2119
3.3333
3.4490
3.5590
3.6636
3.7629
3.8571
4.5714
5.0000

0.9989
0.9928
0.9794
0.9582
0.9298
0.8952
0.8557
0.8127
0.7674
0.7209
0.6742
0.6281
0.5833
0.5401
0.4990
0.4601
0.4236
0.3895
0.3577
0.3283
0.1388
0.0617

00

6 . 0 0 0 0

1.0649
1.1280
1.1909
1.2547
1.3202
1.3880
1.4583
1.5316
1.6079
1.6875
1.7705
1.8569
1.9468
2.0403
2.1375
2.2383
2.3429
2.4512
2.5632
2.6790
4.0469
5.8000
OO

2 . 1 2 0 0

Ma,

P02/Pi
1.8929
2.1328
2.4075
2.7136
3.0492
3.4133
3.8050
4.2238
4.6695
5.1418
5.6404
6.1654
6.7165
7.2937
7.8969
8.5261
9.1813
9.8624
10.5694
11.3022
12.0610
21.0681
32.6335
OO

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

T0

(k

+ (k-

Po =

k+

(2

D*
M>
X

t*

Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4

Ma

k)V

0 . 0
0.1

p_

0 . 2

0.3
0.4
0.5

P*~ 1 + M a 2
V_
y*

p*

+
k Ma 2

0 . 6

0.7
0 . 8

0.9
1.0
1.2

1.4
1.6
1 . 8
2 . 0
2 . 2

2.4
2 . 6
2 . 8

3.0

PJP5

TIT*

0.0468
0.1736
0.3469
0.5290
0.6914
0.8189
0.9085
0.9639
0.9921

1.2679
1.2591
1.2346
1.1985
1.1566
1.1141
1.0753
1.0431
1.0193
1.0049

0.0560
0.2066
0.4089
0.6151
0.7901
0.9167
0.9929
1.0255
1.0245

1 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 0 0 0 0

0.9787
0.9343
0.8842
0.8363
0.7934
0.7561
0.7242
0.6970
0.6738
0.6540

1.0194
1.0777
1.1756
1.3159
1.5031
1.7434
2.0451
2.4177
2.8731
3.4245

W
0 . 0 0 0 0

pip*

V/V*

2.4000
2.3669
2.2727
2.1314
1.9608
1.7778
1.5957
1.4235
1.2658
1.1246

0.0237
0.0909
0.1918
0.3137
0.4444
0.5745
0.6975
0.8101
0.9110

1 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 0 0 0 0

0.9118
0.8054
0.7017
0.6089
0.5289
0.4611
0.4038
0.3556
0.3149
0.2803

0.7958
0.6410
0.5236
0.4335
0.3636
0.3086
0.2648
0.2294
0.2004
0.1765

1.1459
1.2564
1.3403
1.4046
1.4545
1.4938
1.5252
1.5505
1.5711
1.5882

0 . 0 0 0 0

0 . 0 0 0 0

APPENDIX

PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

(ENGLISH UNITS)

Table A-1E

Table A-16E

Table A-2E

Table
Table
Table
Table

Table A-3E
Table A-4E
Table A-5E
Table A-6E
Table A-7E
Table A-8E
Figure A-9E T-s
Figure A-1OE
Table A -1 1E
Table A-12E
Table A-13E
Figure A-14E P-h

A-17E
A-18E
A-19E
A-20E
co2

Table A-21E
Table A-22E
Table A-23E
Table A-26E
Table A-27E
Figure A-31E

957

958
PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties

Substance

Formula

Air
Ammonia
Argon
Benzene
Bromine
n-Butane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chloroform
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12)
Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21)
Ethane
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene
Helium
n-Hexane
Hydrogen (normal)
Krypton
Methane
Methyl alcohol
Methyl chloride
Neon
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen
Propane
Propylene
Sulfur dioxide
Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a)
Trichlorofluoromethane ( R - l l )
Water
Xenon

---

Molar
mass, M
Ibm/lbmol

28.97
17.03
39.948
78.115
159.808
58.124
44.01
28.011
153.82
70.906
119.38
120.91
102.92
30.020
c2 h6
c 2 h 5o h
46.07
c2h4
28.054
He
4.003
86.178
^6^14
2.016
h2
Kr
83.80
ch4
16.043
CH 3 OH
32.042
CH 3 CI
50.488
Ne
20.183
n2
28.013
n 2o
44.013
0 2
31.999
C3 H3
44.097
C3 H6
42.081
S0 2
64.063
CF 3 CH2F 102.03
CCI 3 F
137.37
H20
18.015
Xe
131.30

nh3
Ar
c6h6
Br2
C4Hio
C0 2
CO
CCI 4
Cl 2
CH CI 3
CCI 2 F 2
c h c i 2f

Gas constant, R
Btu /
Ibm-R*

psia-ft3/
Ibm-R*

0.06855
0.1166
0.04971
0.02542
0.01243
0.03417
0.04513
0.07090
0.01291
0.02801
0.01664
0.01643
0.01930
0.06616
0.04311
0.07079
0.4961
0.02305
0.9851
0.02370
0.1238
0.06198
0.03934
0.09840
0.07090
0.04512
0.06206
0.04504
0.04719
0.03100
0.01946
0.01446

0.3704
0.6301
0.2686
0.1374
0.06714
0.1846
0.2438
0.3831
0.06976
0.1517
0.08988
0.08874
0.1043
0.3574
0.2329
0.3825
2.6809
0.1245
5.3224
0.1280

0 . 1 1 0 2

0.01513

0 . 6 6 8 8

0.3349
0.2125
0.5316
0.3830
0.2438
0.3353
0.2433
0.2550
1.1675
0.1052
0.07811
0.5956
0.08172

Critical-point properties
Temperature,
R
238.5
729.8
272
1 0 1 2

1052
765.2
547.5
240
1001.5
751
965.8
692.4
813.0
549.8
929.0
508.3
9.5
914.2
59.9
376.9
343.9
923.7
749.3
80.1
227.1
557.4
278.6
665.9
656.9
775.2
673.6
848.1
1164.8
521.55

Pressure,
psia
547
1636
705
714
1500
551
1071
507
661
1 1 2 0

794
582
749
708
926
742
33.2
439
188.1
798
673
1154
968
395
492
1054
736
617
670
1143
588.7
635
3200
852

Volume,
ft3/lbmol
1.41
1.16
1 . 2 0

4.17
2.17
4.08
1.51
1.49
4.42
1.99
3.85
3.49
3.16
2.37
2 . 6 8

1.99
0.926
5.89
1.04
1.48
1.59
1.89
2.29
0 . 6 6 8

1.44
1.54
1.25
3.20
2.90
1.95
3.19
3.97
0.90
1.90

Calculated from R = Ru/M, where Ru = 1.98588 Btu/lbmol-R = 10.7316 psia-ft3/lbmol-R and M is the molar mass.
Source: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp. 117-236, and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1.

959
APPEN DIX 2

TABLE A-2 E
Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases
(a) At 80F______________________________________________________________________________
Gas

Formula

Air
Argon
Butane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Ethane
Ethylene
Helium
Hydrogen
Methane
Neon
Nitrogen
Octane
Oxygen
Propane
Steam

_
Ar
C4 H i 0
C0 2
CO
c2 h6
c2 h4
He
h2
ch4
Ne
n2
^8^18
0 2

3 ^ 8
H20

Gas constant, R
Btu/lbm-R
0.06855
0.04971
0.03424
0.04513
0.07090
0.06616
0.07079
0.4961
0.9851
0.1238
0.09840
0.07090
0.01742
0.06206
0.04504
0 . 1 1 0 2

cp

cv

Btu/lbm-R

Btu/lbm-R

0.240
0.1253
0.415
0.203
0.249
0.427
0.411
1.25
3.43
0.532
0.246
0.248
0.409
0.219
0.407
0.445

0.171
0.0756
0.381
0.158
0.178
0.361
0.340
0.753
2.44
0.403
0.1477
0.177
0.392
0.157
0.362
0.335

Source: Gordon J. Van Wylen and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, English/SI Version, 3rd ed.
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986), p. 687, Table A-8E.

k
1.400
1.667
1.09
1.285
1.399
1.183
1.208
1.667
1.404
1.32
1.667
1.400
1.044
1.395
1.124
1.329

960

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases ( Continued)

(b) At various temperatures

Temp.,
F

cp

Btu/lbm-R

Btu/lbm-R

cp

Btu/lbm-R

Air
40
1 0 0
2 0 0

300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1 0 0 0

1500
2 0 0 0

0.240
0.240
0.241
0.243
0.245
0.248
0.250
0.254
0.257
0.259
0.263
0.276
0.286

0.171
0.172
0.173
0.174
0.176
0.179
0.182
0.185
0.188
0.191
0.195
0.208
0.217

40
2 0 0

300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1 0 0 0

1500
2 0 0 0

3.397
3.426
3.451
3.461
3.466
3.469
3.473
3.477
3.494
3.502
3.513
3.618
3.758

2.412
2.441
2.466
2.476
2.480
2.484
2.488
2.492
2.509
2.519
2.528
2.633
2.773

Carbon dioxide, C02

1.401
1.400
1.397
1.394
1.389
1.383
1.377
1.371
1.365
1.358
1.353
1.330
1.312

0.195
0.205
0.217
0.229
0.239
0.247
0.255
0.262
0.269
0.275
0.280
0.298
0.312

Hydrogen, H2
1 0 0

Btu/lbm-R

0.150
0.160
0.172
0.184
0.193
0 . 2 0 2
0 . 2 1 0

0.217
0.224
0.230
0.235
0.253
0.267

1.300
1.283
1.262
1.246
1.233
1.223
1.215
1.208
1 . 2 0 2

1.197
1.192
1.178
1.169

Btu/lbm-R

0.248
0.248
0.249
0.250
0.251
0.254
0.256
0.260
0.262
0.265
0.269
0.283
0.293

0.177
0.178
0.178
0.179
0.180
0.183
0.185
0.189
0.191
0.194
0.198
0 . 2 1 2
0 . 2 2 2

Carbon monoxide, CO
0.248
0.249
0.249
0.251
0.253
0.256
0.259
0.262
0.266
0.269
0.273
0.287
0.297

0.177
0.178
0.179
0.180
0.182
0.185
0.188
0.191
0.195
0.198
0 . 2 0 2

0.216
0.226

1.400
1.399
1.397
1.394
1.389
1.384
1.377
1.371
1.364
1.357
1.351
1.328
1.314

Oxygen, 02

Nitrogen, N2
1.409
1.404
1.399
1.398
1.397
1.397
1.396
1.395
1.393
1.392
1.390
1.374
1.355

Btu/lbm-R

1.400
1.399
1.398
1.396
1.393
1.388
1.383
1.377
1.371
1.364
1.359
1.334
1.319

0.219
0 . 2 2 0

0.223
0.226
0.230
0.235
0.239
0.242
0.246
0.249
0.252
0.263
0.270

0.156
0.158
0.161
0.164
0.168
0.173
0.177
0.181
0.184
0.187
0.190
0 . 2 0 1

0.208

1.397
1.394
1.387
1.378
1.368
1.360
1.352
1.344
1.337
1.331
1.326
1.309
1.298

Note: The unit Btu/lbm-R is equivalent to Btu/lbm-F.

Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p. 830, Table A -4 . Originally published in Tables of Properties of
Gases, NBS Circular 564, 1955.

961
APPEN DIX 2

TABLE A-2 E
Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases ( Concluded)
(c) As a function of temperature

c p = a + bT + cT2 + dT3
( f i n R, cp in Btu/lbmol-R)

T
% error
Temperature -------------------------

Substance

Formula

Nitrogen
Oxygen

n2

6.903

-0 .0 2 0 8 5

10~2

0.05957

02

6.085

0.2017

10-2

-0 .0 5 2 7 5

6.713

0.02609

10-2

h2
CO

6.952

-0 .0 2 5 4 2

6.726

0.02222

co 2

5.316

0.79361

10-2

H20
NO
N20
no2
nh3

7.700

0.02552

10-2

7.008

-0 .0 1 2 4 7

10-2

5.758

0.7780

10-2

-0 .2 5 9 6

5.48

0.7583

10-2

-0 .2 6 0

Air
Hydrogen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Water vapor
Nitric oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Ammonia
Sulfur
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Acetylene
Benzene
Methanol
Ethanol
Hydrogen chloride
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
/'-Butane
/7-Pentane
n-Hexane
Ethylene
Propylene

10 6

-0 .0 3 5 6 5 x

491-3240

1.02

0.26

1 0 "5

-0 .0 9 1 0 0

1 0 "9

491-3240

0.89

0.37

10 6

0.3059

0.67

0.22

491-3240

0.53

0.24

491-2700

0.97

0.36

491-2700

0.59

0.26

491-2700

0.46

0.18

491-2700

0.91

0.36

491-3240

0.99

0.38

491-3240

0.45

0.24

491-2340

0.29

0.13

0.7457

491-2700

1.46

0.59

491-2700

0.34

0.20

-0 .3 2 9

10 -9
10 -9
10 -9
10-9
10 -9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9
10 -9
1 0 -9

491-3240

-0 .1 4 7 2

491-1800

0.18

0.08

0.821

1 0 "9

491-2700

0.40

0.22

10 -9
10 -9
1 0 -9
10-9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9
1 0 -9
10-9
10 -9

-0 .2 5 8 1

-0 .1 2 0 0

6.157

0.7689

10-2

-0 .2 8 1 0

S03
c 2h 2

3.918

1.935

10-2

-0 .8 2 5 6

5.21

1.2227

10-2

-0 .4 8 1 2

1 0 "5

lO -2
lO -2
lO " 2
lO " 2
lO "2
lO -2

-2 .3 2 7

10 -5
10 -5
1 0 -5

lO "2
lO "2
lO '2

-1 .3 5 2

10 5

1.433

-1 .6 9 6

1 0 -5

2.044

-1 .6 5 6

lO -5

1.732

-2 .1 1 2

10~6

2.363

-0 .6 1 5 1

1 0 -5

0.7326

-0 .8 9 8 1

1 0 -5

1.008

4.75

2.781

HCI
4
c 2h 6
C3H8
ch

C 4H 10
C 4H 10
C 5H 12
^6^14
c 2h 4
c 3h 6

7.244

-0 .1 0 1 1

4.750

0.6666

1.648

2.291

-0 .9 6 6

4.044

0.945

4.929

-1 .8 9 0

5.520

1.618

6.028

1.657

7.328

0.33

0.03960

10-2

c 2h 6o

0.72

0.02952

10-2

1.214

0.28

491-3240

10-2

0.34028

6.4322

0.34

1.19

10-2

-0 .0 8 0 5 2

0.2943

4.55

0.59

491-3240

0.03540

6.499

-8 .6 5 0

491-3240

1 0 -9
10 -9
10 -9
10 -9

0.05372 x

6.5846

Avg.

-0 .1 1 7 6

s2
so 2

c h 4o

Max.

1 0 -5
10 -5
1 0 -5

1 0 -5
1 0 -5
1 0 -5
10 -5
10-5
1 0 -5
1 0 -5
1 0 -5

c 6h

range, R

0.944

2.075

lO -2
lO 2
lO " 2

0.753

3.162

lO " 2

0.07781
0.07185

0.073034 x

-0 .0 8 9 8
-0 .7 6 5 1

-0 .1 7 1 5
0.4331
0.322
-0 .2 7 4 0 2
0.1632
0.3527
1.328
3.179

0.09783

10 6

-0 .1 7 7 6

0.09352

lO " 5

-0 .4 5 1 0

-0 .4 7 2 2

10 5

0.2984

-1 .1 5 9

10 5

1.300

491-2740

0.22

0.08

491-2740

1.33

0.57

491-2740

0.83

0.28

491-2740

0.40

0.12

491-2740

0.54

0.24

491-2740

0.25

0.13

491-2740

0.56

0.21

491-2740

0.72

0.20

491-2740

0.54

0.13

491-2740

0.73

0.17

Source: Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/E by Kyle, B. G., 2000. Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

962

PR O PERTY TAB LES AND CHARTS

Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods

(a) Liquids

Freezing data

Boiling data at 1 atm

Substance

Normal
boiling
point, F

Ammonia

-2 7 .9

Latent heat of
vaporization,
hfg Btu/lbm
24.54

Freezing
point, F
-1 0 7 .9

Latent heat
of fusion,
hjf Btu/lbm
138.6

Liquid properties
Temperature,
F
-2 7 .9
0

Argon
Benzene
Brine (20%
sodium chloride
by mass)
n-Butane
Carbon dioxide
Ethanol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene glycol
Glycerine
Helium
Hydrogen
Isobutane
Kerosene
Mercury
Methane

-3 0 2 .6
176.4

69.5
169.4

219.0
31.1
-1 0 9 .2 *
172.8
173.5
388.6
355.8
-4 5 2 .1
-4 2 3 .0
10.9
399-559
674.1
-2 5 8 .7

165.6
99.6 (at 32F)
360.5
368
344.0
419
9.80
191.7
157.8
108
126.7
219.6

Methanol
Nitrogen

148.1
-3 2 0 .4
256.6

Octane
Oil (light)
Oxygen
Petroleum
Propane

-2 9 7 .3
-4 3 .7

-3 0 8 .7
41.9

0.7
-2 1 7 .3
-6 9 .8
-1 7 3 .6
-2 4 8 .8
1 2 . 6
6 6 . 0

1 2 . 0

54.2

6 8

6 8

34.5
46.9
46.4
77.9
86.3

-4 3 4 .5
-2 5 5 .5
- 12.8
-3 8 .0
296.0

25.6
45.5

473
85.4

-1 4 3 .9
-3 4 6 .0

42.7
10.9

131.7

-7 1 .5

77.9

-3 6 1 .8

5.9

-3 0 5 .8

34.4

91.5
99-165
184.0

40
80
-3 0 2 .6

31.1
32
77
6 8
6 8
6 8

-4 5 2 .1
-4 2 3 .0
10.9
6 8

4.90
25.1

77
-2 5 8 .7
-1 6 0
77
-3 2 0 .4
-2 6 0
6 8

77
-2 9 7 .3
6 8

-4 3 .7
32
1 0 0

Refrigerant-134a

Water

-1 5 .0

2 1 2

93.3

970.1

-1 4 1 .9

32

143.5

-4 0
-1 5
32
90
32
90
150
2 1 2

Density,
p Ibm/ft3

Specific
heat, cp
Btu/lbm-R

42.6
41.3
39.5
37.5
87.0
54.9

1.06
1.083
1.103
1.135
0.272
0.411

71.8
37.5
57.8
48.9
49.3
69.2
78.7
9.13
4.41
37.1
51.2
847
26.4

0.743
0.552
0.583
0.588
0.678
0.678
0.554
5.45
2.39
0.545
0.478
0.033
0.834
1.074
0.609
0.492
0.643
0.502
0.430
0.408
0.478
0.538
0.604
0.673
0.283
0.294
0.318
0.348

2 0 . 0

49.1
50.5
38.2
43.9
56.8
71.2
40.0
36.3
33.0
29.4
88.5
8 6 . 0

80.9
73.6
62.4
62.1
61.2
59.8

1 . 0 1
1 . 0 0
1 . 0 0
1 . 0 1

Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 75.1 psia, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point
temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of -69.8F.)

963
APPEN DIX 2

P ropertie s of com m on liq u id s, so lid s, and foo d s ( Concluded )

( b ) S o lid s (valu es are for room te m p e ra tu re unless in d ica te d o therw ise)
S p e c ific
heat, cp
B tu/lbm -R

Density,
p lb m/ft3

S u bstan ce

Density,
p lb m/ft3

S u bstan ce

S p e c ific
heat, Cp
B tu/lbm -R

Nonmetals

Metals
Aluminum
-1 0 0 F
32F
100F
200F
300F
400F
500F
Bronze (76% Cu, 2% Zn,
2% Al)
Brass, yellow (65% Cu,
35% Zn)
Copper
-6 0 F
0F
100F
200F
390F
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Nickel
Silver
Steel, mild
Tungsten

517

0.192
0.212
0.218
0.224
0.229
0.235
0.240
0.0955

519

0.0955

170

0.0862
0.0893
0.0925
0.0938
0.0963
0.107
0.030
0.239
0.105
0.056
0.119
0.031

555

490
705
108
555
655
489
1211

132
120
144
144
62.4
151
169
139
156
169
50

Asphalt
Brick, common
Brick, fireclay (500C)
Concrete
Clay
Diamond
Glass, window
Glass, pyrex
Graphite
Granite
Gypsum or plaster board
Ice
-5 0 F
0F
20F
32F
Limestone
Marble
Plywood (Douglas fir)
Rubber (soft)
Rubber (hard)
Sand
Stone
Woods, hard (maple, oak, etc.)
Woods, soft (fir, pine, etc.)

0.220
0.189
0.229
0.156
0.220
0.147
0.191
0.200
0.170
0.243
0.260
0.424
0.471
0.491
0.502
0.217
0.210

57.5
103
162
34.0
68.7
71.8
94.9
93.6
45.0
32.0

(c ) Foods

Specific heat,

Food
Apples
Bananas
Beef round
Broccoli
Butter
Cheese, Swiss
Cherries
Chicken
Corn, sweet
Eggs, whole
Ice cream

Water
content,
% (mass)

Freezing
point,
F

84
75
67

30
31

90
16
39
80
74
74
74
63

31

14
29
27
31
31
22

Btu/lbm-R
Above
freezing

Below
freezing

0.873
0.801
0.737
0.921

0.453
0.426
0.402
0.471
0.249
0.318
0.441
0.423
0.423
0.423
0.390

0.513
0.841
0.793
0.793
0.793
0.705

Latent
heat of
fusion,
Btu/lbm
121
108
96
129
23
56
115
106
106
106
90

Food
Lettuce
Milk, whole
Oranges
Potatoes

Water
content,
%
(mass)

Salmon fish
Shrimp
Spinach

95
88
87
78
64
83
93

Strawberries
Tomatoes, ripe
Turkey
Watermelon

90
94
64
93

Specific heat,
Btu/lbm-R
Freezing
Above
Below
point,
F
freezing freezing
32
31
31
31
28
28
31
31
31

31

0.961
0.905
0.897
0.825
0.713
0.865
0.945
0.921
0.953
0.713
0.945

0.487
0.465
0.462
0.435
0.393
0.450
0.481
0.471
0.484
0.393
0.481

Latent
heat of
fusion,
Btu/lbm
136
126
125
112
92
119
134
129
135
92
134

Source: Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated. Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from
ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, l-P version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993),
Chap. 30, Table 1. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other
foods.

PR O PERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Saturated water Temperature table

Specific volume,

Internal energy,

Enthalpy,

Entropy,

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm-R

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Temp.,

press.,

liquid,

vapor,

liquid,

7F

Psat PS'a

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.

Evap.,

liquid,

Evap.,

u>e

us

hf

hfg

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Sf

Sat.
vapor,
ss

32.018
35
40
45
50

0.08871
0.09998
0.12173
0.14756
0.17812

0.01602
0.01602
0.01602
0.01602
0.01602

3299.9
2945.7
2443.6
2035.8
1703.1

0.000
3.004
8.032
13.05
18.07

1021.0
1019.0
1015.6
1012.2
1008.9

1021.0
1022.0
1023.7
1025.3
1026.9

0.000
3.004
8.032
13.05
18.07

1075.2
1073.5
1070.7
1067.8
1065.0

1075.2
1076.5
1078.7
1080.9
1083.1

0.00000
0.00609
0.01620
0.02620
0.03609

2.18672
2.17011
2.14271
2.11587
2.08956

2.1867
2.1762
2.1589
2.1421
2.1256

55
60
65
70
75

0.21413
0.25638
0.30578
0.36334
0.43016

0.01603
0.01604
0.01604
0.01605
0.01606

1430.4
1206.1
1020.8
867.18
739.27

23.07
28.08
33.08
38.08
43.07

1005.5
1002.1
998.76
995.39
992.02

1028.6
1030.2
1031.8
1033.5
1035.1

23.07
28.08
33.08
38.08
43.07

1062.2
1059.4
1056.5
1053.7
1050.9

1085.3
1087.4
1089.6
1091.8
1093.9

0.04586
0.05554
0.06511
0.07459
0.08398

2.06377
2.03847
2.01366
1.98931
1.96541

2.1096
2.0940
2.0788
2.0639
2.0494

80
85
90
95
100

0.50745
0.59659
0.69904
0.81643
0.95052

0.01607
0.01609
0.01610
0.01612
0.01613

632.41
542.80
467.40
403.74
349.83

48.06
53.06
58.05
63.04
68.03

988.65
985.28
981.90
978.52
975.14

1036.7
1038.3
1040.0
1041.6
1043.2

48.07
53.06
58.05
63.04
68.03

1048.0
1045.2
1042.4
1039.5
1036.7

1096.1
1098.3
1100.4
1102.6
1104.7

0.09328
0.10248
0.11161
0.12065
0.12961

1.94196
1.91892
1.89630
1.87408
1.85225

2.0352
2.0214
2.0079
1.9947
1.9819

110
120
130
140
150

1.2767
1.6951
2.2260
2.8931
3.7234

0.01617
0.01620
0.01625
0.01629
0.01634

264.96
202.94
157.09
122.81
96.929

78.01
88.00
97.99
107.98
117.98

968.36
961.56
954.73
947.87
940.98

1046.4
1049.6
1052.7
1055.9
1059.0

78.02
88.00
97.99
107.99
117.99

1031.0
1025.2
1019.4
1013.6
1007.8

1109.0
1113.2
1117.4
1121.6
1125.7

0.14728
0.16466
0.18174
0.19855
0.21508

1.80970
1.76856
1.72877
1.69024
1.65291

1.9570
1.9332
1.9105
1.8888
1.8680

160
170
180
190
200

4.7474
5.9999
7.5197
9.3497
11.538

0.01639
0.01645
0.01651
0.01657
0.01663

77.185
61.982
50.172
40.920
33.613

127.98
138.00
148.02
158.05
168.10

934.05
927.08
920.06
912.99
905.87

1062.0
1065.1
1068.1
1071.0
1074.0

128.00
138.02
148.04
158.08
168.13

1001.8
995.88
989.85
983.76
977.60

1129.8
1133.9
1137.9
1141.8
1145.7

0.23136
0.24739
0.26318
0.27874
0.29409

1.61670
1.58155
1.54741
1.51421
1.48191

1.8481
1.8289
1.8106
1.7930
1.7760

210
212
220
230
240

14.136
14.709
17.201
20.795
24.985

0.01670
0.01671
0.01677
0.01684
0.01692

27.798
26.782
23.136
19.374
16.316

178.15
180.16
188.22
198.31
208.41

898.68
897.24
891.43
884.10
876.70

1076.8
1077.4
1079.6
1082.4
1085.1

178.20
180.21
188.28
198.37
208.49

971.35
970.09
965.02
958.59
952.06

1149.5
1150.3
1153.3
1157.0
1160.5

0.30922
0.31222
0.32414
0.33887
0.35342

1.45046
1.44427
1.41980
1.38989
1.36069

1.7597
1.7565
1.7439
1.7288
1.7141

250
260
270
280
290

29.844
35.447
41.877
49.222
57.573

0.01700
0.01708
0.01717
0.01726
0.01735

13.816
11.760
10.059
8.6439
7.4607

218.54
228.68
238.85
249.04
259.26

869.21
861.62
853.94
846.16
838.27

1087.7
1090.3
1092.8
1095.2
1097.5

218.63
228.79
238.98
249.20
259.45

945.41
938.65
931.76
924.74
917.57

1164.0
1167.4
1170.7
1173.9
1177.0

0.36779
0.38198
0.39601
0.40989
0.42361

1.33216
1.30425
1.27694
1.25018
1.22393

1.6999
1.6862
1.6730
1.6601
1.6475

300
310
320
330
340

67.028
77.691
89.667
103.07
118.02

0.01745
0.01755
0.01765
0.01776
0.01787

6.4663
5.6266
4.9144
4.3076
3.7885

269.51
279.79
290.11
300.46
310.85

830.25
822.11
813.84
805.43
796.87

1099.8
1101.9
1104.0
1105.9
1107.7

269.73
280.05
290.40
300.80
311.24

910.24
902.75
895.09
887.25
879.22

1180.0
1182.8
1185.5
1188.1
1190.5

0.43720
0.45065
0.46396
0.47716
0.49024

1.19818
1.17289
1.14802
1.12355
1.09945

1.6354
1.6235
1.6120
1.6007
1.5897

350
360
370
380
390

134.63
153.03
173.36
195.74
220.33

0.01799
0.01811
0.01823
0.01836
0.01850

3.3425
2.9580
2.6252
2.3361
2.0842

321.29
331.76
342.29
352.87
363.50

788.16
779.28
770.23
761.00
751.58

1109.4
1111.0
1112.5
1113.9
1115.1

321.73
332.28
342.88
353.53
364.25

870.98
862.53
853.86
844.96
835.81

1192.7
1194.8
1196.7
1198.5
1200.1

0.50321
0.51607
0.52884
0.54152
0.55411

1.07570
1.05227
1.02914
1.00628
0.98366

1.5789
1.5683
1.5580
1.5478
1.5378

965
APPENDIX 2

Saturated water Temperature table ( C o n c lu d e d )

S p e c ific volum e,

In te rn a l energy,

E nth a lpy,

E ntropy,

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm-R

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Temp.,

press.,

liquid,

vapor,

liquid,

Evap.,

vapor,

liquid,

Evap.,

vapor,

liquid,

Evap.,

vapor,

r F

Psat psia

Uf

ufe

us

hf

h fg

hg

Sf

sfe

s*

374.19

741.97

1116.2

375.04

826.39

1201.4

816.71
806.74

1202.6
1203.6

0.56663

0.96127

1.5279

0.59145
0.60377

0.91707
0.89522

1.5085

400
410
420
430
440
450
460

470
480

247.26

276.69
308.76
343.64
381.49

0.01864
0.01878
0.01894

0.01910
0.01926

422.47

0.01944

514.52
565.96

0.01962
0.01981
0.02001

466.75

1.8639

1.6706
1.5006

1.3505
1.2178

1.0999
0.99510
0.90158
0.81794

384.94
395.76

732.14

417.61

701.26

1118.9

418.97

428.66
439.79

690.47
679.39

1119.1
1119.2

430.18

656.34
644.32

1118.7
1118.1

464.43
476.09

619.17

631.94

1117.3
1116.2

487.89
499.84

592.35

1113.1

406.65

451.01

490

621.24

0.02022

462.34
0.74296 473.77

500
510

680.56
744.11

0.02044
0.02067

0.61489 496.99

884.74
962.24

0.02118
0.02146

520
530
540

812.11

550
560

1044.8
1132.7

580
590

1226.2
1325.5
1430.8

570

600
610
620

1542.5
1660.9
1786.2

630
640

1918.9
2059.3

650

2207.8
2364.9

660
670
680
690

2531.2
2707.3

700

3093.0

705.10

2894.1

3200.1

0.02092

0.02176

0.02207
0.02242
0.02279

0.67558 485.32

722.08
711.80

668.02

0.56009 508.80
0.51051 520.76
0.46553 532.88

605.99

0.42465 545.18
0.38740 557.68
0.35339 570.40
0.32225 583.37

563.58

578.23
548.33

532.45
515.84

0.02319

0.29367 596.61

498.43

0.02362
0.02411
0.02464

0.26737 610.18
0.24309 624.11
0.22061 638.47

460.73
440.14

0.02524

480.10

1117.1

1117.8
1118.4

1119.0

1114.8

385.90
396.84
407.86

441.48
452.90

1204.8

774.94

1205.1

751.98
739.91

1204.9

727.40

1203.5

0.67686

0.76594

714.44
700.99

1202.3
1200.8

0.68899

0.74445

657.31

1194.0

1111.1

511.94
524.23
536.70

1108.8

549.39

641.47

575.49
588.95

624.91
607.55
589.29

1106.0

1102.8
1099.2

562.31

1095.0

602.75

1090.3

616.92

687.01
672.47

570.04
549.67

1084.8
1078.6

631.52
646.62

528.03
504.92

0.02593

0.19972 653.35
0.18019 668.86

418.12

394.36

1063.2

678.74

662.32

480.07
453.14

0.02673
0.02767

0.16184 685.16
0.14444 702.48

368.44
339.74

1053.6

307.22

1028.5

696.08
714.59

423.65
390.84

0.02884
0.03035

0.12774 721.23
0.11134 742.11

0.03255

0.09451 766.81

269.00
220.77

0.03670

0.07482 801.75

146.50

0.04975

0.04975 866.61

1071.5

1042.2

734.74

987.6

784.24

757.32

353.54
309.57

948.3

822.76

168.32

1011.1

866.6

896.07

0.93908

796.46
785.87

763.65

253.96
0

1204.3

0.57907

Sat.

0.61603

1205.1

0.62826
0.64044

1204.3

0.66474

1199.0
1196.7

1190.9

1187.2
1183.0
1178.2

1172.8
1166.6

1159.5
1151.5

0.65260

1.4895

0.85187
0.83033
0.80885

1.4801
1.4708

0.78739

1.4615
1.4521

1.4428

1.4334

0.72290
0.70126
0.67947
0.65751

1.4049
1.3952

0.75000

0.63532
0.61284

1.3752

0.73770
0.76238
0.77486

0.78748
0.80026
0.81323

0.82645
0.83998

0.85389
0.86828

1119.7

0.88332

1088.3
1066.9
1038.2
991.1

896.1

1.4990

0.87349

0.70112
0.71327
0.72546

1142.4
1131.9

1105.4

1.5182

0.59003
0.56679

1.4240
1.4145

1.3853

1.3649
1.3543

0.54306

1.3433

0.51871

1.3319

0.49363
0.46765

1.3201
1.3076

0.44056
0.41206

1.2944
1.2803

0.38177

1.2651

0.91636
0.93541
0.95797

0.31296
0.27163
0.22089

1.2293
1.2070
1.1789

0.99023
1.05257

0.14514

1.1354

0.89922

0.34906

1.2483

1.0526

Source: Tables A-4E through A-8E are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The
routine used in calculations is the highly accurate SteamJAPWS, which incorporates the 1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary
Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, issued by The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This formulation
replaces the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher, and Kell (NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984), which is also available in EES
as the routine STEAM. The new formulation is based on the correlations of Saul and Wagner (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 893, 1987) with modifica
tions to adjust to the International Temperature Scale of 1990. The modifications are described by Wagner and Pruss (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22,
783, 1993). The properties of ice are based on Hyland and Wexler, Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of H20
from 173.15 K to 473.15 K, ASHRAE Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983.

966
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Saturated water Pressure table

S p e c ific volum e,

In te rn a l energy,

E nth a lpy,

E ntropy,

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm-R

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Press.,

temp.,

liquid,

vapor,

liquid,

P psia

^sa, F

vg

Uf

Evap.,

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

vapor,

liquid,

Evap.,

vapor,

liquid,

us

hf

h fg

hg

Sf

1035.7
1021.7
1012.8
1006.0
1000.5

1105.4
1115.8
1122.2
1126.9
1130.7

Sat.
Evap.,

vapor,

0.13262
0.17499
0.20090
0.21985
0.23488

1.84495
1.74444
1.68489
1.64225
1.60894

1.9776
1.9194
1.8858
1.8621
1.8438

101.69
126.02
141.41
152.91
162.18

0.01614
0.01623
0.01630
0.01636
0.01641

333.49
173.71
118.70
90.629
73.525

69.72
94.02
109.39
120.89
130.17

973.99
957.45
946.90
938.97
932.53

1043.7
1051.5
1056.3
1059.9
1062.7

69.72
94.02
109.40
120.90
130.18

6
8
10
14.696
15

170.00
182.81
193.16
211.95
212.99

0.01645
0.01652
0.01659
0.01671
0.01672

61.982
47.347
38.425
26.805
26.297

138.00
150.83
161.22
180.12
181.16

927.08
918.08
910.75
897.27
896.52

1065.1
1068.9
1072.0
1077.4
1077.7

138.02
150.86
161.25
180.16
181.21

995.88
988.15
981.82
970.12
969.47

1133.9
1139.0
1143.1
1150.3
1150.7

0.24739
0.26757
0.28362
0.31215
0.31370

1.58155
1.53800
1.50391
1.44441
1.44441

1.8289
1.8056
1.7875
1.7566
1.7549

20
25
30
35
40

227.92
240.03
250.30
259.25
267.22

0.01683
0.01692
0.01700
0.01708
0.01715

20.093
16.307
13.749
11.901
10.501

196.21
208.45
218.84
227.92
236.02

885.63
876.67
868.98
862.19
856.09

1081.8
1085.1
1087.8
1090.1
1092.1

196.27
208.52
218.93
228.03
236.14

959.93
952.03
945.21
939.16
933.69

1156.2
1160.6
1164.1
1167.2
1169.8

0.33582
0.35347
0.36821
0.38093
0.39213

1.39606
1.36060
1.33132
1.30632
1.28448

1.7319
1.7141
1.6995
1.6872
1.6766

45
50
55
60
65

274.41
280.99
287.05
292.69
297.95

0.01721
0.01727
0.01732
0.01738
0.01743

9.4028
8.5175
7.7882
7.1766
6.6560

243.34
250.05
256.25
262.01
267.41

850.52
845.39
840.61
836.13
831.90

1093.9
1095.4
1096.9
1098.1
1099.3

243.49
250.21
256.42
262.20
267.62

928.68
924.03
919.70
915.61
911.75

1172.2
1174.2
1176.1
1177.8
1179.4

0.40216
0.41125
0.41958
0.42728
0.43443

1.26506
1.24756
1.23162
1.21697
1.20341

1.6672
1.6588
1.6512
1.6442
1.6378

70
75
80
85
90

302.91
307.59
312.02
316.24
320.26

0.01748
0.01752
0.01757
0.01761
0.01765

6.2075
5.8167
5.4733
5.1689
4.8972

272.50
277.31
281.87
286.22
290.38

827.90
824.09
820.45
816.97
813.62

1100.4
1101.4
1102.3
1103.2
1104.0

272.72
277.55
282.13
286.50
290.67

908.08
904.58
901.22
898.00
894.89

1180.8
1182.1
1183.4
1184.5
1185.6

0.44112
0.44741
0.45335
0.45897
0.46431

1.19078
1.17895
1.16783
1.15732
1.14737

1.6319
1.6264
1.6212
1.6163
1.6117

95
100
110
120
130

324.11
327.81
334.77
341.25
347.32

0.01770
0.01774
0.01781
0.01789
0.01796

4.6532
4.4327
4.0410
3.7289
3.4557

294.36
298.19
305.41
312.16
318.48

810.40
807.29
801.37
795.79
790.51

1104.8
1105.5
1106.8
1107.9
1109.0

294.67
298.51
305.78
312.55
318.92

891.89
888.99
883.44
878.20
873.21

1186.6
1187.5
1189.2
1190.8
1192.1

0.46941
0.47427
0.48341
0.49187
0.49974

1.13791
1.12888
1.11201
1.09646
1.08204

1.6073
1.6032
1.5954
1.5883
1.5818

140
150
160
170
180

353.03
358.42
363.54
368.41
373.07

0.01802
0.01809
0.01815
0.01821
0.01827

3.2202
3.0150
2.8347
2.6749
2.5322

324.45
330.11
335.49
340.62
345.53

785.49
780.69
776.10
771.68
767.42

1109.9
1110.8
1111.6
1112.3
1113.0

324.92
330.61
336.02
341.19
346.14

868.45
863.88
859.49
855.25
851.16

1193.4
1194.5
1195.5
1196.4
1197.3

0.50711
0.51405
0.52061
0.52682
0.53274

1.06858
1.05595
1.04405
1.03279
1.02210

1.5757
1.5700
1.5647
1.5596
1.5548

190
200
250
300
350

377.52
381.80
400.97
417.35
431.74

0.01833
0.01839
0.01865
0.01890
0.01912

2.4040
2.2882
1.8440
1.5435
1.3263

350.24
354.78
375.23
392.89
408.55

763.31
759.32
741.02
724.77
709.98

1113.6
1114.1
1116.3
1117.7
1118.5

350.89
355.46
376.09
393.94
409.79

847.19
843.33
825.47
809.41
794.65

1198.1
1198.8
1201.6
1203.3
1204.4

0.53839
0.54379
0.56784
0.58818
0.60590

1.01191
1.00219
0.95912
0.92289
0.89143

1.5503
1.5460
1.5270
1.5111
1.4973

400
450
500
550
600

444.62
456.31
467.04
476.97
486.24

0.01934
0.01955
0.01975
0.01995
0.02014

1.1617
1.0324
0.92819
0.84228
0.77020

422.70
435.67
447.68
458.90
469.46

696.31
683.52
671.42
659.91
648.88

1119.0
1119.2
1119.1
1118.8
1118.3

424.13
437.30
449.51
460.93
471.70

780.87
767.86
755.48
743.60
732.15

1205.0
1205.2
1205.0
1204.5
1203.9

0.62168
0.63595
0.64900
0.66107
0.67231

0.86350
0.83828
0.81521
0.79388
0.77400

1.4852
1.4742
1.4642
1.4550
1.4463

1
2
3
4
5

1
cn

967
APPENDIX 2

Saturated water-Pressure table ( C o n c lu d e d )

S p e c ific volum e,

In te rn a l energy,

E nthalpy,

E ntropy,

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm-R
Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Press.,

temp.,

liquid,

vapor,

liquid,

Evap.,

vapor,

liquid,

Evap.,

vapor,

liquid,

Evap.,

P psia

^sat F

Vf

Uf

un

ue

hf

h fS

hs

Sf

sfs

vapor,

700

503.13

0.02051

0.65589

488.96

627.98

1116.9

491.62

710.29

1201.9

0.69279

0.73771

1.4305

800

518.27

0.02087

0.56920

506.74

608.30

1115.0

509.83

689.48

1199.3

0.71117

0.70502

1.4162

900

532.02

0.02124

0.50107

523.19

589.54

1112.7

526.73

669.46

1196.2

0.72793

0.67505

1.4030

1000

544.65

0.02159

0.44604

538.58

571.49

1110.1

542.57

650.03

1192.6

0.74341

0.64722

1.3906

1200

567.26

0.02232

0.36241

566.89

536.87

1103.8

571.85

612.39

1184.2

0.77143

0.59632

1.3677

1400

587.14

0.02307

0.30161

592.79

503.50

1096.3

598.76

575.66

1174.4

0.79658

0.54991

1.3465

1600

604.93

0.02386

0.25516

616.99

470.69

1087.7

624.06

539.18

1163.2

0.81972

0.50645

1.3262

1800

621.07

0.02470

0.21831

640.03

437.86

1077.9

648.26

502.35

1150.6

0.84144

0.46482

1.3063

2000

635.85

0.02563

0.18815

662.33

404.46

1066.8

671.82

464.60

1136.4

0.86224

0.42409

1.2863

2500

668.17

0.02860

0.13076

717.67

313.53

1031.2

730.90

360.79

1091.7

0.91311

0.31988

1.2330

3000

695.41

0.03433

0.08460

783.39

186.41

969.8

802.45

214.32

1016.8

0.97321

0.18554

1.1587

3200.1

705.10

0.04975

0.04975

866.61

866.6

896.07

896.1

1.05257

1.0526

968
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Superheated water

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 1.0 psia (101.69F)*

Sat.t
200
240
280
320
360
400
440
500
600
700
800
1000
1200
1400

333.49
392.53
416.44
440.33
464.20
488.07
511.92
535.77
571.54
631.14
690.73
750.31
869.47
988.62
1107.8

1043.7
1077.5
1091.2
1105.0
1118.9
1132.9
1147.1
1161.3
1182.8
1219.4
1256.8
1295.1
1374.2
1457.1
1543.7

1105.4
1150.1
1168.3
1186.5
1204.8
1223.3
1241.8
1260.4
1288.6
1336.2
1384.6
1433.9
1535.1
1640.0
1748.7

26.297
27.429
29.085
30.722
32.348
33.965
35.576
37.986
41.988
45.981
49.967
57.930
65.885
73.836
81.784

1077.7
1087.8
1102.4
1116.9
1131.3
1145.7
1160.1
1181.9
1218.7
1256.3
1294.6
1374.0
1456.9
1543.6
1634.0

1150.7
1163.9
1183.2
1202.2
1221.1
1239.9
1258.8
1287.3
1335.3
1383.9
1433.3
1534.8
1639.8
1748.5
1861.0

1.9776
2.0509
2.0777
2.1030
2.1271
2.1502
2.1722
2.1934
2.2237
2.2709
2.3146
2.3553
2.4299
2.4972
2.5590

73.525
78.153
83.009
87.838
92.650
97.452
102.25
107.03
114.21
126.15
138.09
150.02
173.86
197.70
221.54

1.7549
1.7742
1.8010
1.8260
1.8496
1.8721
1.8936
1.9243
1.9718
2.0156
2.0565
2.1312
2.1986
2.2604
2.3178

20.093
20.478
21.739
22.980
24.209
25.429
26.644
28.458
31.467
34.467
37.461
43.438
49.407
55.373
61.335

7.1766
7.4863
7.9259
8.3548
8.7766
9.4005
10.4256
11.4401
12.4484
14.4543
16.4525
18.4464
20.438
22.428
24.417

1098.1
1109.6
1125.5
1140.9
1156.1
1178.8
1216.5
1254.5
1293.3
1373.0
1456.2
1543.0
1633.5
1727.6
1825.2

1177.8
1192.7
1213.5
1233.7
1253.6
1283.1
1332.2
1381.6
1431.5
1533.5
1638.9
1747.8
1860.5
1976.6
2096.3

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

1062.7
1076.2
1090.3
1104.3
1118.4
1132.5
1146.7
1160.9
1182.6
1219.2
1256.7
1294.9
1374.2
1457.0
1543.7

1130.7
1148.5
1167.1
1185.6
1204.1
1222.6
1241.3
1260.0
1288.2
1335.9
1384.4
1433.7
1535.0
1640.0
1748.7

1081.8
1086.5
1101.4
1116.1
1130.7
1145.1
1159.7
1181.6
1218.5
1256.1
1294.5
1373.8
1456.8
1543.5
1633.9

5.4733
5.5440
5.8876
6.2187
6.5420
7.0177
7.7951
8.5616
9.3218
10.8313
12.3331
13.8306
15.3257
16.8192
18.3117

1102.3
1105.9
1122.7
1138.7
1154.3
1177.3
1215.4
1253.8
1292.6
1372.6
1455.9
1542.8
1633.3
1727.5
1825.0

The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at the specified pressure.

f Properties of saturated vapor at the specified pressure.

P = 10 psia (193.16F)

1.7319
1.7406
1.7679
1.7933
1.8171
1.8398
1.8614
1.8922
1.9398
1.9837
2.0247
2.0994
2.1668
2.2287
2.2861

10.501

1092.1

1169.8

1.6766

10.713
11.363
11.999
12.625
13.244
14.165
15.686
17.197
18.702
21.700
24.691
27.678
30.662

1097.3
1112.9
1128.1
1143.1
1157.9
1180.2
1217.5
1255.3
1293.9
1373.4
1456.5
1543.3
1633.7

1176.6
1197.1
1216.9
1236.5
1256.0
1285.0
1333.6
1382.6
1432.3
1534.1
1639.3
1748.1
1860.7

1.6858
1.7128
1.7376
1.7610
1.7831
1.8143
1.8625
1.9067
1.9478
2.0227
2.0902
2.1522
2.2096

1156.2
1162.3
1181.9
1201.2
1220.2
1239.3
1258.3
1286.9
1334.9
1383.7
1433.1
1534.6
1639.7
1748.4
1860.9

1183.4
1187.9
1209.9
1230.8
1251.2
1281.2
1330.8
1380.5
1430.6
1532.9
1638.5
1747.5
1860.2
1976.5
2096.1

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Btu/lbm Ibm-R

38.425
38.849
41.326
43.774
46.205
48.624
51.035
53.441
57.041
63.029
69.007
74.980
86.913
98.840
110.762

1072.0
1074.5
1089.1
1103.4
1117.6
1131.9
1146.2
1160.5
1182.2
1219.0
1256.5
1294.8
1374.1
1457.0
1543.6

1143.1
1146.4
1165.5
1184.4
1203.1
1221.8
1240.6
1259.4
1287.8
1335.6
1384.2
1433.5
1534.9
1639.9
1748.6

1.7875
1.7926
1.8207
1.8469
1.8716
1.8950
1.9174
1.9388
1.9693
2.0167
2.0605
2.1013
2.1760
2.2433
2.3052

P = 40 psia (267.22F)

P = 80 psia (312.02F)
1.6442
1.6636
1.6897
1.7138
1.7364
1.7682
1.8168
1.8613
1.9026
1.9777
2.0454
2.1073
2.1648
2.2187
2.2694

V
ft3/lbm

1.8438
1.8716
1.8989
1.9246
1.9490
1.9722
1.9944
2.0156
2.0461
2.0933
2.1371
2.1778
2.2524
2.3198
2.3816

P = 20 psia (227.92F)

P = 60 psia (292.69F)
Sat.
320
360
400
440
500
600
700
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

P = 5.0 psia (162.18F)

P = 15 psia (212.99F)
Sat.
240
280
320
360
400
440
500
600
700
800
1000
1200
1400
1600

1/
ft3/lbm

P = 100 psia (327.81F)

1.6212
1.6271
1.6545
1.6794
1.7026
1.7350
1.7841
1.8289
1.8704
1.9457
2.0135
2.0755
2.1330
2.1869
2.2376

4.4327

1105.5

1187.5

1.6032

4.6628
4.9359
5.2006
5.5876
6.2167
6.8344
7.4457
8.6575
9.8615
11.0612
12.2584
13.4541
14.6487

1119.8
1136.4
1152.4
1175.9
1214.4
1253.0
1292.0
1372.2
1455.6
1542.6
1633.2
1727.3
1824.9

1206.1
1227.8
1248.7
1279.3
1329.4
1379.5
1429.8
1532.4
1638.1
1747.2
1860.0
1976.3
2096.0

1.6263
1.6521
1.6759
1.7088
1.7586
1.8037
1.8453
1.9208
1.9887
2.0508
2.1083
2.1622
2.2130

969
APPENDIX 2

Superheated water (Concluded)

T

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 120 psia (341.25-F)

Sat.
360
400
450
500
550
600
700
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

3.7289
3.8446
4.0799
4.3613
4.6340
4.9010
5.1642
5.6829
6.1950
7.2083
8.2137
9.2149
10.2135
11.2106
12.2067

1107.9
1116.7
1134.0
1154.5
1174.4
1193.9
1213.4
1252.2
1291.4
1371.7
1455.3
1542.3
1633.0
1727.2
1824.8

1190.8
1202.1
1224.6
1251.4
1277.3
1302.8
1328.0
1378.4
1429.0
1531.8
1637.7
1746.9
1859.8
1976.1
2095.8

1.5883
1.6023
1.6292
1.6594
1.6872
1.7131
1.7375
1.7829
1.8247
1.9005
1.9684
2.0305
2.0881
2.1420
2.1928

P = 180 psia (3 7 3 .0 7 T )
Sat.
400
450
500
550
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

2.5322
2.6490
2.8514
3.0433
3.2286
3.4097
3.7635
4.1104
4.4531
4.7929
5.4674
6.1377
6.8054
7.4716
8.1367

1113.0
1126.3
1148.7
1169.8
1190.2
1210.2
1249.8
1289.5
1329.7
1370.5
1454.3
1541.6
1632.4
1726.7
1824.4

1197.3
1214.5
1243.7
1271.2
1297.7
1323.8
1375.2
1426.5
1478.0
1530.1
1636.5
1746.0
1859.1
1975.6
2095.4

1.5548
1.5752
1.6082
1.6376
1.6646
1.6897
1.7361
1.7785
1.8179
1.8549
1.9231
1.9855
2.0432
2.0971
2.1479

P = 250 psia (4 0 0 .9 7 T )
Sat.
450
500
550
600
650
700
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

1.8440
2.0027
2.1506
2.2910
2.4264
2.5586
2.6883
2.9429
3.1930
3.4403
3.9295
4.4144
4.8969
5.3777
5.8575

1116.3
1141.3
1164.1
1185.6
1206.3
1226.8
1247.0
1287.3
1327.9
1369.0
1453.3
1540.8
1631.7
1726.2
1823.9

1201.6
1234.0
1263.6
1291.5
1318.6
1345.1
1371.4
1423.5
1475.6
1528.2
1635.0
1745.0
1858.3
1974.9
2094.9

1.5270
1.5636
1.5953
1.6237
1.6499
1.6743
1.6974
1.7406
1.7804
1.8177
1.8863
1.9488
2.0066
2.0607
2.1116

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 140 psia (353.03F)

3.2202
3.2584
3.4676
3.7147
3.9525
4.1845
4.4124
4.8604
5.3017
6.1732
7.0367
7.8961
8.7529
9.6082
10.4624

1109.9
1113.4
1131.5
1152.6
1172.9
1192.7
1212.3
1251.4
1290.8
1371.3
1455.0
1542.1
1632.8
1727.0
1824.6

1193.4
1197.8
1221.4
1248.9
1275.3
1301.1
1326.6
1377.3
1428.1
1531.3
1637.3
1746.6
1859.5
1975.9
2095.7

1.5757
1.5811
1.6092
1.6403
1.6686
1.6948
1.7195
1.7652
1.8072
1.8832
1.9512
2.0134
2.0711
2.1250
2.1758

P = 200 psia (381.80F)

2.2882
2.3615
2.5488
2.7247
2.8939
3.0586
3.3796
3.6934
4.0031
4.3099
4.9182
5.5222
6.1238
6.7238
7.3227

1114.1
1123.5
1146.7
1168.2
1188.9
1209.1
1249.0
1288.9
1329.2
1370.1
1454.0
1541.4
1632.2
1726.5
1824.3

1198.8
1210.9
1241.0
1269.0
1296.0
1322.3
1374.1
1425.6
1477.3
1529.6
1636.1
1745.7
1858.8
1975.4
2095.3

1.5460
1.5602
1.5943
1.6243
1.6516
1.6771
1.7238
1.7664
1.8059
1.8430
1.9113
1.9737
2.0315
2.0855
2.1363

P = 275 psia (409.45F)

1.6806
1.8034
1.9415
2.0715
2.1964
2.3179
2.4369
2.6699
2.8984
3.1241
3.5700
4.0116
4.4507
4.8882
5.3247

1117.0
1138.5
1162.0
1183.9
1204.9
1225.6
1246.0
1286.5
1327.3
1368.5
1452.9
1540.5
1631.5
1726.0
1823.8

1202.6
1230.3
1260.8
1289.3
1316.7
1343.5
1370.0
1422.4
1474.8
1527.4
1634.5
1744.6
1858.0
1974.7
2094.7

1.5187
1.5499
1.5825
1.6115
1.6380
1.6627
1.6860
1.7294
1.7694
1.8068
1.8755
1.9381
1.9960
2.0501
2.1010

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 160 psia (363.54F)

2.8347

1111.6

1195.5

1.5647

3.0076
3.2293
3.4412
3.6469
3.8484
4.2434
4.6316
5.3968
6.1540
6.9070
7.6574
8.4063
9.1542

1129.0
1150.7
1171.4
1191.4
1211.3
1250.6
1290.2
1370.9
1454.7
1541.8
1632.6
1726.9
1824.5

1218.0
1246.3
1273.2
1299.4
1325.2
1376.3
1427.3
1530.7
1636.9
1746.3
1859.3
1975.7
2095.5

1.5914
1.6234
1.6522
1.6788
1.7037
1.7498
1.7920
1.8682
1.9363
1.9986
2.0563
2.1102
2.1610

P = 225 psia (391.80F)

2.0423
2.0728
2.2457
2.4059
2.5590
2.7075
2.9956
3.2765
3.5530
3.8268
4.3689
4.9068
5.4422
5.9760
6.5087

1115.3
1119.7
1144.1
1166.2
1187.2
1207.7
1248.0
1288.1
1328.5
1369.5
1453.6
1541.1
1632.0
1726.4
1824.1

1200.3
1206.0
1237.6
1266.3
1293.8
1320.5
1372.7
1424.5
1476.5
1528.9
1635.6
1745.4
1858.6
1975.2
2095.1

1.5360
1.5427
1.5783
1.6091
1.6370
1.6628
1.7099
1.7528
1.7925
1.8296
1.8981
1.9606
2.0184
2.0724
2.1232

P = 300 psia (417.35F)

1.5435
1.6369
1.7670
1.8885
2.0046
2.1172
2.2273
2.4424
2.6529
2.8605
3.2704
3.6759
4.0789
4.4803
4.8807

1117.7
1135.6
1159.8
1182.1
1203.5
1224.4
1244.9
1285.7
1326.6
1367.9
1452.5
1540.2
1631.3
1725.8
1823.6

1203.3
1226.4
1257.9
1287.0
1314.8
1341.9
1368.6
1421.3
1473.9
1526.7
1634.0
1744.2
1857.7
1974.5
2094.6

1.5111
1.5369
1.5706
1.6001
1.6270
1.6520
1.6755
1.7192
1.7593
1.7968
1.8657
1.9284
1.9863
2.0404
2.0913

970
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Superheated water ( C o n tin u e d )

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

Sat.
450
500
550
600
650
700
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

1.3263
1.3739
1.4921
1.6004
1.7030
1.8018
1.8979
2.0848
2.2671
2.4464
2.7996
3.1484
3.4947
3.8394
4.1830

Sat.
500
550
600
650
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

0.92815
0.99304
1.07974
1.15876
1.23312
1.30440
1.44097
1.57252
1.70094
1.82726
1.95211
2.1988
2.4430
2.6856
2.9271

Sat.
550
600
650
700
750
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

0.56920
0.61586
0.67799
0.73279
0.78330
0.83102
0.87678
0.96434
1.04841
1.13024
1.21051
1.36797
1.52283
1.67606
1.82823

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 350 psia (431.74F)

1118.5
1129.3
1155.2
1178.6
1200.6
1221.9
1242.8
1284.1
1325.3
1366.9
1451.7
1539.6
1630.8
1725.4
1823.3

1204.4
1218.3
1251.9
1282.2
1310.9
1338.6
1365.8
1419.1
1472.2
1525.3
1633.0
1743.5
1857.1
1974.0
2094.2

1.4973
1.5128
1.5487
1.5795
1.6073
1.6328
1.6567
1.7009
1.7414
1.7791
1.8483
1.9111
1.9691
2.0233
2.0742

P = 500 psia (467.04F)

1119.1
1140.1
1167.1
1191.4
1214.3
1236.4
1279.2
1321.4
1363.6
1406.2
1449.4
1537.8
1629.4
1724.2
1822.3

1205.0
1231.9
1267.0
1298.6
1328.4
1357.0
1412.5
1466.9
1521.0
1575.3
1630.0
1741.2
1855.4
1972.7
2093.1

1.4642
1.4928
1.5284
1.5590
1.5865
1.6117
1.6576
1.6992
1.7376
1.7735
1.8075
1.8708
1.9291
1.9834
2.0345

P = 800 psia (518.27F)

1115.0
1139.4
1170.5
1197.6
1222.4
1246.0
1268.9
1313.3
1357.0
1400.7
1444.6
1534.2
1626.5
1721.9
1820.4

1199.3
1230.5
1270.9
1306.0
1338.4
1369.1
1398.7
1456.0
1512.2
1568.0
1623.8
1736.7
1851.9
1970.0
2091.0

1.4162
1.4476
1.4866
1.5191
1.5476
1.5735
1.5975
1.6413
1.6812
1.7181
1.7528
1.8170
1.8759
1.9306
1.9819

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 400 psia (444.62F)

1.1617
1.1747
1.2851
1.3840
1.4765
1.5650
1.6507
1.8166
1.9777
2.1358
2.4465
2.7527
3.0565
3.3586
3.6597

1119.0
1122.5
1150.4
1174.9
1197.6
1219.4
1240.7
1282.5
1324.0
1365.8
1450.9
1539.0
1630.3
1725.0
1823.0

1205.0
1209.4
1245.6
1277.3
1306.9
1335.3
1362.9
1417.0
1470.4
1523.9
1632.0
1742.7
1856.5
1973.6
2093.9

1118.3
1128.2
1158.7
1184.9
1209.0
1231.9
1275.8
1318.7
1361.4
1404.4
1447.8
1536.6
1628.4
1723.4
1821.7

1203.9
1216.5
1255.9
1289.9
1321.3
1351.0
1408.0
1463.3
1518.1
1572.9
1627.9
1739.7
1854.2
1971.8
2092.4

1110.1
1115.2
1154.1
1185.1
1212.4
1237.6
1261.7
1307.7
1352.5
1396.9
1441.4
1531.8
1624.6
1720.3
1819.1

1192.6
1199.2
1249.3
1289.5
1325.0
1357.8
1389.0
1448.6
1506.2
1563.1
1619.7
1733.7
1849.6
1968.2
2089.6

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

1.0324

1119.2

1205.2

1.4742

1.1233
1.2152
1.3001
1.3807
1.4584
1.6080
1.7526
1.8942
2.1718
2.4450
2.7157
2.9847
3.2527

1145.4
1171.1
1194.6
1216.9
1238.5
1280.8
1322.7
1364.7
1450.1
1538.4
1629.8
1724.6
1822.6

1238.9
1272.3
1302.8
1331.9
1360.0
1414.7
1468.6
1522.4
1631.0
1742.0
1856.0
1973.2
2093.5

1.5103
1.5441
1.5737
1.6005
1.6253
1.6706
1.7117
1.7499
1.8196
1.8827
1.9409
1.9952
2.0462

P = 700 psia (5 0 3 .1 3 T )
1.4463
1.4596
1.4996
1.5325
1.5614
1.5877
1.6348
1.6771
1.7160
1.7522
1.7865
1.8501
1.9085
1.9630
2.0141

P = 1000 psia (544.65F)

0.44604
0.45375
0.51431
0.56411
0.60844
0.64944
0.68821
0.76136
0.83078
0.89783
0.96327
1.09101
1.21610
1.33956
1.46194

P = 450 psia (456.31F)

1.4852
1.4901
1.5288
1.5610
1.5897
1.6158
1.6401
1.6849
1.7257
1.7636
1.8331
1.8960
1.9541
2.0084
2.0594

P = 600 psia (486.24F)

0.77020
0.79526
0.87542
0.94605
1.01133
1.07316
1.19038
1.30230
1.41097
1.51749
1.62252
1.82957
2.0340
2.2369
2.4387

1.3906
1.3972
1.4457
1.4827
1.5140
1.5418
1.5670
1.6126
1.6535
1.6911
1.7263
1.7911
1.8504
1.9053
1.9568

0.65589

1116.9

1201.9

1.4305

0.72799
0.79332
0.85242
0.90769
1.01125
1.10921
1.20381
1.29621
1.38709
1.56580
1.74192
1.91643
2.08987

1149.5
1177.9
1203.4
1227.2
1272.4
1316.0
1359.2
1402.5
1446.2
1535.4
1627.5
1722.7
1821.0

1243.8
1280.7
1313.8
1344.8
1403.4
1459.7
1515.2
1570.4
1625.9
1738.2
1853.1
1970.9
2091.7

1.4730
1.5087
1.5393
1.5666
1.6150
1.6581
1.6974
1.7341
1.7685
1.8324
1.8911
1.9457
1.9969

P = 1250 psia (572.45F)

0.34549

1102.0

1181.9

1.3623

0.37894
0.42703
0.46735
0.50344
0.53687
0.59876
0.65656
0.71184
0.76545
0.86944
0.97072
1.07036
1.16892

1129.5
1167.5
1198.7
1226.4
1252.2
1300.5
1346.7
1392.2
1437.4
1528.7
1622.2
1718.4
1817.5

1217.2
1266.3
1306.8
1342.9
1376.4
1439.0
1498.6
1556.8
1614.5
1729.8
1846.7
1966.0
2087.9

1.3961
1.4414
1.4771
1.5076
1.5347
1.5826
1.6249
1.6635
1.6993
1.7649
1.8246
1.8799
1.9315

TABLE A -6 E
Superheated water (Concluded)
T
F

ft3/lbm

Sat.
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
1000
1100
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

0.27695
0.28189
0.33310
0.37198
0.40535
0.43550
0.46356
0.49015
0.54031
0.58781
0.63355
0.72172
0.80714
0.89090
0.97358

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 1500 psia (596.26F)

1092.1
1097.2
1147.2
1183.6
1214.4
1242.2
1268.2
1293.1
1340.9
1387.3
1433.3
1525.7
1619.8
1716.4
1815.9

1169.0
1175.4
1239.7
1286.9
1326.9
1363.1
1396.9
1429.2
1490.8
1550.5
1609.2
1726.0
1843.8
1963.7
2086.1

1.3362
1.3423
1.4016
1.4433
1.4771
1.5064
1.5328
1.5569
1.6007
1.6402
1.6767
1.7432
1.8033
1.8589
1.9108

P = 2500 psia (6 6 8 .1 7 T )

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 1750 psia (617.17F)

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

P = 2000 psia (635.85F)

0.22681

1080.5

1153.9

1.3112

0.18815

1066.8

1136.4

1.2863

0.26292
0.30252
0.33455
0.36266
0.38835
0.41238
0.45719
0.49917
0.53932
0.61621
0.69031
0.76273
0.83406

1122.8
1166.8
1201.5
1231.7
1259.3
1285.4
1334.9
1382.4
1429.2
1522.6
1617.4
1714.5
1814.2

1207.9
1264.7
1309.8
1349.1
1385.1
1419.0
1482.9
1544.1
1603.9
1722.1
1840.9
1961.5
2084.3

1.3607
1.4108
1.4489
1.4807
1.5088
1.5341
1.5796
1.6201
1.6572
1.7245
1.7852
1.8410
1.8931

0.20586
0.24894
0.28074
0.30763
0.33169
0.35390
0.39479
0.43266
0.46864
0.53708
0.60269
0.66660
0.72942

1091.4
1147.6
1187.4
1220.5
1250.0
1277.5
1328.7
1377.5
1425.1
1519.5
1615.0
1712.5
1812.6

1167.6
1239.8
1291.3
1334.3
1372.8
1408.5
1474.9
1537.6
1598.5
1718.3
1838.0
1959.2
2082.6

1.3146
1.3783
1.4218
1.4567
1.4867
1.5134
1.5606
1.6021
1.6400
1.7081
1.7693
1.8255
1.8778

P = 3500 psia

P = 3000 psia (695.41F)

Sat.
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

0.13076

1031.2

1091.7

1.2330

0.08460

969.8

1016.8

1.1587

0.16849
0.20327
0.22949
0.25174
0.27165
0.29001
0.30726
0.33949
0.36966
0.42631
0.48004
0.53205
0.58295

1098.4
1154.9
1195.9
1230.1
1260.7
1289.1
1316.1
1367.3
1416.6
1513.3
1610.1
1708.6
1809.4

1176.3
1249.0
1302.0
1346.6
1386.4
1423.3
1458.2
1524.4
1587.6
1710.5
1832.2
1954.8
2079.1

1.3072
1.3686
1.4116
1.4463
1.4761
1.5028
1.5271
1.5710
1.6103
1.6802
1.7424
1.7991
1.8518

0.09838
0.14840
0.17601
0.19771
0.21640
0.23321
0.24876
0.27732
0.30367
0.35249
0.39830
0.44237
0.48532

1005.3
1114.1
1167.5
1208.2
1242.8
1273.9
1302.8
1356.8
1408.0
1507.0
1605.3
1704.7
1806.1

1059.9
1196.5
1265.3
1317.9
1362.9
1403.3
1440.9
1510.8
1576.6
1702.7
1826.4
1950.3
2075.6

1.1960
1.3118
1.3676
1.4086
1.4423
1.4716
1.4978
1.5441
1.5850
1.6567
1.7199
1.7773
1.8304

0.02492
0.03065
0.10460
0.13639
0.15847
0.17659
0.19245
0.20687
0.23289
0.25654
0.29978
0.33994
0.37833
0.41561

650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1600
1800
2000

0.02448
0.02871
0.06370
0.10520
0.12848
0.14647
0.16176
0.17538
0.19957
0.22121
0.24128
0.26028
0.29620
0.33033
0.36335

0.8577
0.9347
1.1410
1.2734
1.3355
1.3799
1.4157
1.4463
1.4983
1.5426
1.5821
1.6182
1.6835
1.7422
1.7961

0.02379
0.02678
0.03373
0.05937
0.08551
0.10390
0.11863
0.13128
0.15298
0.17185
0.18902
0.20508
0.23505
0.26320
0.29023

0.8485
0.9156
1.0054
1.1581
1.2593
1.3198
1.3643
1.4004
1.4590
1.5070
1.5490
1.5868
1.6542
1.7142
1.7689

0.02325
0.02564
0.02981
0.03949
0.05815
0.07584
0.09010
0.10208
0.12211
0.13911
0.15434
0.16841
0.19438
0.21853
0.24155

P = 4000 psia
657.9
742.3
962.1
1094.2
1156.7
1202.5
1240.7
1274.6
1335.1
1390.3
1443.0
1494.3
1595.5
1696.8
1799.7

676.1
763.6
1009.2
1172.1
1251.8
1310.9
1360.5
1404.4
1482.8
1554.1
1621.6
1687.0
1814.7
1941.4
2068.6

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

670.3
746.6
853.0
1041.8
1171.5
1252.1
1313.6
1365.5
1453.8
1531.1
1602.7
1671.1
1803.1
1932.5
2061.7

679.9
779.9
1125.4
1222.6
1286.5
1337.8
1382.4
1423.0
1496.9
1565.4
1694.8
1820.5
1945.8
2072.1

0.8632
0.9511
1.2434
1.3224
1.3721
1.4106
1.4428
1.4711
1.5201
1.5627
1.6364
1.7006
1.7586
1.8121

P = 600C psia

P = 5000 psia
648.3
721.8
821.8
986.9
1092.4
1155.9
1203.9
1244.0
1312.2
1372.1
1427.8
1481.4
1585.6
1689.0
1793.2

663.7
760.0
1057.6
1134.3
1183.8
1223.4
1257.8
1289.0
1346.1
1399.3
1500.7
1600.4
1700.8
1802.9

640.3
708.1
788.7
897.1
1018.6
1103.5
1163.7
1211.4
1288.4
1353.4
1412.5
1468.4
1575.7
1681.1
1786.7

666.1
736.5
821.8
941.0
1083.1
1187.7
1263.7
1324.7
1424.0
1507.8
1583.8
1655.4
1791.5
1923.7
2054.9

0.8408
0.9028
0.9747
1.0711
1.1819
1.2603
1.3153
1.3578
1.4237
1.4758
1.5203
1.5598
1.6294
1.6907
1.7463

972
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Compressed liquid water

T
F

V
ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm Btu/lbm

s
Btu/lbm-R

P = 500 psia (4 6 7 .0 4 T )
Sat.
32
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550

0.019750
0.015994
0.015998
0.016107
0.016317
0.016607
0.016972
0.017417
0.017954
0.018609
0.019425

447.68
0.01
18.03
67.86
117.70
167.70
218.04
268.92
320.64
373.61
428.44

449.51
1.49
19.51
69.35
119.21
169.24
219.61
270.53
322.30
375.33
430.24

0.64900

0.00001
0.03601
0.12930
0.21462
0.29349
0.36708
0.43641
0.50240
0.56595
0.62802

P = 2000 psia (635.85F)

Sat. 0.025634 662.33
32 0.015912
0.07
50 0.015921
17.91
100 0.016035
67.36
200 0.016527 166.54
300 0.017310 266.92
400 0.018442 370.30
450 0.019199 424.06
500 0.020154 480.08
560 0.021739 552.21
600 0.023317 605.77
640
680
700

671.82
5.96
23.80
73.30
172.66
273.33
377.12
431.16
487.54
560.26
614.40

0.86224
0.00010
0.03574
0.12838
0.29170
0.43376
0.56205
0.62314
0.68346
0.75692
0.80898

u
ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm Btu/lbm

s
Btu/lbm-R

P = 1000 psia (544.65F)

0.021595
0.015966
0.015972
0.016083
0.016292
0.016580
0.016941
0.017380
0.017910
0.018552
0.019347
0.020368

538.58
0.03
17.99
67.69
117.42
167.31
217.51
268.24
319.77
372.48
426.93
484.03

542.57
2.99
20.95
70.67
120.43
170.38
220.65
271.46
323.08
375.91
430.51
487.80

0.74341
0.00005
0.03593
0.12899
0.21416
0.29289
0.36634
0.43551
0.50132
0.56463
0.62635
0.68764

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

783.39
0.10
17.83
67.04
165.79
265.65
368.22
421.36
476.45
546.59
597.42
654.52
728.63

802.45
8.90
26.64
75.91
174.94
275.22
378.41
431.94
487.53
558.47
610.06
668.27
744.64

s
Btu/lbm Btu/lbm-R

P = 1500 psia (596.26F)

0.023456
0.015939
0.015946
0.016059
0.016267
0.016553
0.016911
0.017345
0.017866
0.018496
0.019271
0.020258
0.021595

P = 3000 psia (695.41F)

0.034335
0.015859
0.015870
0.015988
0.016475
0.017242
0.018338
0.019062
0.019960
0.021405
0.022759
0.024765
0.028821

605.07
0.05
17.95
67.53
117.14
166.92
217.00
267.57
318.91
371.37
425.47
482.01
542.50

611.58
4.48
22.38
71.98
121.66
171.52
221.69
272.39
323.87
376.51
430.82
487.63
548.50

0.80836
0.00008
0.03584
0.12869
0.21369
0.29229
0.36560
0.43463
0.50025
0.56333
0.62472
0.68550
0.74731

P = 5000 psia

0.97321

0.00011
0.03554
0.12776
0.29053
0.43204
0.55959
0.62010
0.67958
0.75126
0.80086
0.85476
0.92288

0.015756
0.015773
0.015897
0.016375
0.017112
0.018145
0.018812
0.019620
0.020862
0.021943
0.023358
0.025366
0.026777

0.13
17.65
66.41
164.36
263.24
364.35
416.40
469.94
537.08
584.42
634.95
690.67
721.78

14.71
32.25
81.12
179.51
279.07
381.14
433.80
488.10
556.38
604.72
656.56
714.14
746.56

0.00002
0.03505
0.12652
0.28824
0.42874
0.55492
0.61445
0.67254
0.74154
0.78803
0.83603
0.88745
0.91564

973
APPENDIX 2

Saturated ice water vapor

Temp.,

TF

S p e cific volume,

In te rna l energy,

Enthalpy,

Entropy,

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm-R

Sat.
press.,

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Psa*

ice,

vapor,

ice,

Subl.,

vapor,

ice,

Subl.,

vapor,

ice,

psia

V/

u.

uie

U8

h;

hfg

hs

s,

s<e

Sat.
Subl.,

vapor,

2.1864

32.018 0.08871

0.01747

3299.6

-143.34

1164.2

1020.9

-143.34

1218.3

1075.0

-0.29146

2.4779

32

0.08864

0.01747

3302.6

-143.35

1164.2

1020.9

-143.35

1218.4

1075.0

-0.29148

2.4779

2.1865

30

0.08086

0.01747

3605.8

-144.35

1164.6

1020.2

-144.35

1218.5

1074.2

-0.29353

2.4883

2.1948

25

0.06405

0.01746

4505.8

-146.85

1165.4

1018.6

-146.85

1218.8

1072.0

-0.29865

2.5146

2.2160

20

0.05049

0.01746

5657.6

-149.32

1166.2

1016.9

-149.32

1219.1

1069.8

-0.30377

2.5414

2.2376

15

0.03960

0.01745

7138.9

-151.76

1167.0

1015.2

-151.76

1219.3

1067.6

-0.30889

2.5687

2.2598

10

0.03089

0.01744

9054.0

-154.18

1167.8

1013.6

-154.18

1219.5

1065.4

-0.31401

2.5965

2.2825

0.02397

0.01743

11,543

-156.57

1168.5

1011.9

-156.57

1219.7

1063.1

-0.31913

2.6248

2.3057
2.3295

0.01850

0.01743

14,797

-158.94

1169.2

1010.3

-158.94

1219.9

1060.9

-0.32426

2.6537

-5

0.01420

0.01742

19,075

-161.28

1169.9

1008.6

-161.28

1220.0

1058.7

-0.32938

2.6832

2.3538

-1 0

0.01083

0.01741

24,731

-163.60

1170.6

1007.0

-163.60

1220.1

1056.5

-0.33451

2.7133

2.3788

-1 5

0.00821

0.01740

32,257

-165.90

1171.2

1005.3

-165.90

1220.2

1054.3

-0.33964

2.7440

2.4044

-2 0

0.00619

0.01740

42,335

-168.16

1171.8

1003.6

-168.16

1220.3

1052.1

-0.34478

2.7754

2.4306

-2 5

0.00463

0.01739

55,917

-170.41

1172.4

1002.0

-170.41

1220.3

1049.9

-0.34991

2.8074

2.4575

-3 0

0.00344

0.01738

74,345

-172.63

1173.0

1000.3

-172.63

1220.3

1047.7

-0.35505

2.8401

2.4850

-3 5

0.00254

0.01738

99,526

-174.83

1173.5

998.7

-174.83

1220.3

1045.5

-0.36019

2.8735

2.5133

-4 0

0.00186

0.01737 134,182

-177.00

1174.0

997.0

-177.00

1220.3

1043.3

-0.36534

2.9076

2.5423

00

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Entropy, Btu/lbm-R

FIGURE A -9 E
T-s diagram for water.
Source: Joseph H. Keenan, Frederick G. Keyes, Philip G. Hill, and Joan G. Moore, Steam Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969).

l::.nlrup). BIU/IhmR
1.5

111

I 7

IX

l-1 11

I'.!

:!:! 1600

:!. I

,/

1::!50

I
LOO

.....'"'

.-

1150

"

(' "'

:!.::!

IIIKl

.,

:!.I

1050

FIGURE A-1 OE
Molli cr di agram for

Enlrlp). Blll/lhmR

ater.

Smm t.
N Attmm, 1-n.tlt'rkA <i
Philtp G //ill, w11f Jmtll G. Mmm.
( I' ll )ittA: Jo/t/1 \Vih-1 & IIIII , /969).

A'eH'I

976
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Saturated refrigerant-134a Temperature table

Temp.,
T F

Sat.
press.,
PMt psia

S p e cific volume,

In te rn a l energy,

Enthalpy,

Entropy,

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm-R

Sat.
liquid,

Sat.
vapor,

Vf

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Uf

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

us

hf

hfg

hg

Sf

sfs

SB

-4 0
-3 5
-3 0
-2 5
-2 0
-1 5
-1 0

7.432
8.581
9.869
11.306
12.906
14.680
16.642

0.01130
0.01136
0.01143
0.01150
0.01156
0.01163
0.01171

5.7796
5.0509
4.4300
3.8988
3.4426
3.0494
2.7091

-0 .0 1 6
1.484
2.990
4.502
6.019
7.543
9.073

89.167
88.352
87.532
86.706
85.874
85.036
84.191

89.15
89.84
90.52
91.21
91.89
92.58
93.26

0.000
1.502
3.011
4.526
6.047
7.574
9.109

97.100
96.354
95.601
94.839
94.068
93.288
92.498

97.10
97.86
98.61
99.36
100.12
100.86
101.61

0.00000
0.00355
0.00708
0.01058
0.01405
0.01749
0.02092

0.23135
0.22687
0.22248
0.21817
0.21394
0.20978
0.20569

0.23135
0.23043
0.22956
0.22875
0.22798
0.22727
0.22660

-5
0
5
10
15

18.806
21.185
23.793
26.646
29.759

0.01178
0.01185
0.01193
0.01201
0.01209

2.4137
2.1564
1.9316
1.7345
1.5612

10.609
12.152
13.702
15.259
16.823

83.339
82.479
81.610
80.733
79.846

93.95
94.63
95.31
95.99
96.67

10.650
12.199
13.755
15.318
16.889

91.698
90.886
90.062
89.226
88.377

102.35
103.08
103.82
104.54
105.27

0.02431
0.02769
0.03104
0.03438
0.03769

0.20166
0.19770
0.19380
0.18996
0.18617

0.22598
0.22539
0.22485
0.22434
0.22386

20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55

33.147
36.826
40.813
45.124
49.776
54.787
60.175
65.957

0.01217
0.01225
0.01234
0.01242
0.01251
0.01261
0.01270
0.01280

1.4084
1.2732
1.1534
1.0470
0.95205
0.86727
0.79136
0.72323

18.394
19.973
21.560
23.154
24.757
26.369
27.990
29.619

78.950
78.043
77.124
76.195
75.253
74.298
73.329
72.346

97.34
98.02
98.68
99.35
100.01
100.67
101.32
101.97

18.469
20.056
21.653
23.258
24.873
26.497
28.131
29.775

87.514
86.636
85.742
84.833
83.907
82.963
82.000
81.017

105.98
106.69
107.40
108.09
108.78
109.46
110.13
110.79

0.04098
0.04426
0.04752
0.05076
0.05398
0.05720
0.06039
0.06358

0.18243
0.17874
0.17509
0.17148
0.16791
0.16437
0.16087
0.15740

0.22341
0.22300
0.22260
0.22224
0.22189
0.22157
0.22127
0.22098

60
65
70
75
80
85
90

72.152
78.780
85.858
93.408
101.45
110.00
119.08

0.01290
0.01301
0.01312
0.01323
0.01334
0.01347
0.01359

0.66195
0.60671
0.55681
0.51165
0.47069
0.43348
0.39959

31.258
32.908
34.567
36.237
37.919
39.612
41.317

71.347
70.333
69.301
68.251
67.181
66.091
64.979

102.61
103.24
103.87
104.49
105.10
105.70
106.30

31.431
33.097
34.776
36.466
38.169
39.886
41.617

80.013 111.44
78.988 112.09
77.939 112.71
76.866 113.33
75.767 113.94
74.641 114.53
73.485 115.10

0.06675
0.06991
0.07306
0.07620
0.07934
0.08246
0.08559

0.15396
0.15053
0.14713
0.14375
0.14038
0.13703
0.13368

0.22070
0.22044
0.22019
0.21995
0.21972
0.21949
0.21926

95
100
105
110
115

128.72
138.93
149.73
161.16
173.23

0.01372
0.01386
0.01400
0.01415
0.01430

0.36869
0.34045
0.31460
0.29090
0.26913

43.036
44.768
46.514
48.276
50.054

63.844
62.683
61.496
60.279
59.031

106.88
107.45
108.01
108.56
109.08

43.363
45.124
46.902
48.698
50.512

72.299
71.080
69.825
68.533
67.200

115.66
116.20
116.73
117.23
117.71

0.08870
0.09182
0.09493
0.09804
0.10116

0.13033
0.12699
0.12365
0.12029
0.11693

0.21904
0.21881
0.21858
0.21834
0.21809

120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210

185.96
213.53
244.06
277.79
314.94
355.80
400.66
449.90
504.00
563.76

0.01446
0.01482
0.01521
0.01567
0.01619
0.01681
0.01759
0.01860
0.02009
0.02309

0.24909
0.21356
0.18315
0.15692
0.13410
0.11405
0.09618
0.07990
0.06441
0.04722

51.849
55.495
59.226
63.059
67.014
71.126
75.448
80.082
85.267
91.986

57.749
55.071
52.216
49.144
45.799
42.097
37.899
32.950
26.651
16.498

109.60
110.57
111.44
112.20
112.81
113.22
113.35
113.03
111.92
108.48

52.346
56.080
59.913
63.864
67.958
72.233
76.752
81.631
87.140
94.395

65.823
62.924
59.801
56.405
52.671
48.499
43.726
38.053
30.785
19.015

118.17
119.00
119.71
120.27
120.63
120.73
120.48
119.68
117.93
113.41

0.10428
0.11054
0.11684
0.12321
0.12970
0.13634
0.14323
0.15055
0.15867
0.16922

0.11354
0.10670
0.09971
0.09251
0.08499
0.07701
0.06835
0.05857
0.04666
0.02839

0.21782
0.21724
0.21655
0.21572
0.21469
0.21335
0.21158
0.20911
0.20533
0.19761

Source: Tables A-11E through A-13E are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. I. Alvarado.
The routine used in calculations is the R134a, which is based on the fundamental equation of state developed by R. Tillner-Roth and H.D. Baehr,
An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170 K to
455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa, J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994. The enthalpy and entropy values of saturated liquid are set to zero
at 40C (and -40F).

977
APPENDIX 2

Saturated refrigerant-134a Pressure table

S p e c ific volum e,

In te rn a l energy,

E nth a lpy,

E ntropy,

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm-R

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Sat.

Press.,

temp.,

liquid,

vapor,

liquid,

P psia

T F

Vf
8.3785

-53.09
-29.52

0.01113
0.01144

7.17

0.01182

2.2772

25

-2.43

20

0.01165

4.3753
2.9880

0.01196

-3.918

3.135
7.803

65.89

1.3369
1.1760

1.0497

89.701

19.205
21.246

17.006
19.284

77.307

98.68
100.99
102.73

0.22715
0.22567

104.13

0.03249

0.19213

0.22462

88.313
87.064

105.32
106.35

0.03793
0.04267

0.22383
0.22319

108.07
108.81

0.05067
0.05413

0.17580

0.22268

84.858
83.863

0.04688

0.18589
0.18053

0.17158
0.16774

0.22225
0.22188

82.924
82.030
81.176

109.49
110.11
110.69

0.05733
0.06029
0.06307

0.16423
0.16098
0.15796

0.22156

107.26

70.905

102.88

32.159

80.357
79.567

111.22
111.73

0.06813

0.01303

0.59750
0.56244

33.201
34.371

70.151
69.424

103.35
103.79

33.394
34.577

78.804
78.064

112.20
112.64
113.06

0.07047

0.01310
0.01318
0.01325

0.53113
0.50301

0.01347

0.43347

0.01332

0.47760

200
220

132.21

0.01490
0.01516

150.62

0.01570

0.16996
0.15541

0.01598

168.64

0.01672

199.29

0.01995

0.01543

0.01757
0.01860

0.25813
0.24327
0.22983
0.20645
0.18677

113.46

0.07684

104.99

0.14307
0.14097

0.21991
0.21976

39.612

66.091

105.70

39.886

74.641

114.53

0.08246

0.13703
0.13335

0.21949
0.21924

41.485
43.258

49.586

51.018
52.402
53.743

56.310
58.746
61.071

64.869
63.696
62.564
61.467
60.401
59.362
58.345
57.349
56.371
54.458

106.35
106.95

41.787
43.589
45.304

52.912
54.285

110.77

56.917

62.256

111.83

56.184
54.176

0.14266

65.452

47.143

112.25
112.60

61.813
64.115
66.339

0.11664

70.554
75.385

42.627
37.963

113.18
113.35

71.638
76.686

27.168

112.04

84.871

32.939

117.18

109.36
109.75
110.11

50.035
51.497

48.945

80.092

68.662

48.519

63.301

0.06551

115.16
115.73
116.26

46.945

108.95

113.03

59.419

81.641

86.718

113.83

73.371
72.144
70.954

108.50

111.34

50.757

75.962

107.51
108.02

52.591

0.09642
0.07987

0.22040
0.22022
0.22006

37.623

48.101

0.01439
0.01452
0.01464

0.14993
0.14753
0.14525

77.345
76.645

0.29316

117.69
121.53
125.22

0.22080
0.22059

35.715
36.811
37.869

44.945
46.556

0.27466

0.07269
0.07481

0.15512
0.15245

104.21
104.61

0.33771
0.31401

0.01413
0.01426

0.06567

68.719
68.035
67.371

0.39644
0.36491

109.50

30.867

0.22127
0.22102

35.495
36.578

0.01360
0.01374

160

102.39

vapor,

0.20908
0.19962

71.688

31.979

Sat.

0.01808
0.02605

30.700

0.01295

0.01387
0.01400

450
500

14.432

94.30
95.61

3.156

0.73370
0.68205
0.63706

100.51
105.12

179.86
190.02

7.835
11.445

90.59

95.11

0.01279
0.01287

130
140
150

350
400

92.70

87.453

26.564
28.080
29.510

80

156.09

0.23408
0.22948

100.69
101.30
101.86

62.19

300

0.24353
0.22206

84.893

95.528
93.155
91.282

-0.00945
0.00742

74.258
73.360
72.505

75

138.73
144.85

99.022

75.209

26.435
27.939
29.357

240
260
280

-3.907

85.920

0.86400
0.79361

180
190

87.36

23.214
24.948

0.01261
0.01270

113.69

sg

91.280

21.337

45.20
49.84

170

sfg

98.55

55
60
65
70

85.00

Sf

99.33
100.04

24.832

90.49
95.64

he

76.221

0.94791

110
120

h fg

23.110

40.23

79.12

hf

96.72
97.69

0.01242
0.01252

95
100

us

79.780
78.485

34.86

69.41
72.78
76.02

Evap.,

16.939

45

85
90

liquid,

1.5492

0.01209
0.01221
0.01232

54.20
58.30

vapor,

1.8429

15.37

50

Sat.

Evap.,

82.898
81.231

22.57
29.01

40

Sat.

liquid,

11.401
14.377

35

30

Sat.

Uf

5
10
15

-14.15

Sat.
vapor,

Evap.,

69.795

67.553
66.464
65.392
64.335

60.213
58.192

49.099

43.798
38.041
31.382

116.74

117.59
117.96
118.30
118.62

119.17

119.63
120.00

0.07879

0.08589
0.08911
0.09214
0.09501

0.09774
0.10034

0.10284
0.10524
0.10754
0.11192

0.12990
0.12665
0.12357

0.21901
0.21879
0.21857

0.12062

0.21836
0.21815

0.11781
0.11511
0.11250
0.10998
0.10517

120.30
120.52

0.11603
0.11992
0.12362

0.12715

0.10061
0.09625
0.09205
0.08797

120.74

0.13542

0.07814
0.06848

120.48
119.68

118.10

0.14314
0.15056
0.15805

0.05854
0.04762

0.21795
0.21774
0.21753

0.21710
0.21665
0.21617
0.21567

0.21512
0.21356
0.21161

0.20911
0.20566

978
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Superheated refrigerant-134a
T
F

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 10 psia (7'sai = -29.52F)

Sat.
-2 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220

4.3753
4.4856
4.7135
4.9380
5.1600
5.3802
5.5989
5.8165
6.0331
6.2490
6.4642
6.6789
6.8930
7.1068

Sat.
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280

1.5492
1.5691
1.6528
1.7338
1.8130
1.8908
1.9675
2.0434
2.1185
2.1931
2.2671
2.3408
2.4141
2.4871
2.5598

Sat.
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320

0.7936
0.8179
0.8636
0.9072
0.9495
0.9908
1.0312
1.0709
1.1101
1.1489
1.1872
1.2252
1.2629
1.3004
1.3377

90.59
92.13
95.41
98.77
102.20
105.72
109.32
113.01
116.79
120.66
124.61
128.65
132.77
136.98

98.68
100.43
104.14
107.91
111.75
115.67
119.68
123.78
127.96
132.22
136.57
141.01
145.53
150.13

0.22948
0.23350
0.24174
0.24976
0.25761
0.26531
0.27288
0.28033
0.28767
0.29490
0.30203
0.30908
0.31604
0.32292

P = 30 psia (Tsat = 15.37F)

96.72
97.56
101.17
104.82
108.53
112.30
116.15
120.08
124.08
128.16
132.32
136.57
140.89
145.30
149.78

105.32
106.27
110.35
114.45
118.59
122.80
127.07
131.42
135.84
140.34
144.91
149.56
154.29
159.10
163.99

0.22383
0.22581
0.23414
0.24219
0.25002
0.25767
0.26517
0.27254
0.27979
0.28693
0.29398
0.30092
0.30778
0.31456
0.32126

P = 60 psia (r sat = 49.84F)

101.30
103.31
107.23
111.16
115.14
119.16
123.25
127.41
131.63
135.93
140.30
144.75
149.27
153.87
158.54

110.11
112.39
116.82
121.24
125.68
130.16
134.70
139.30
143.96
148.69
153.48
158.35
163.29
168.31
173.39

0.22127
0.22570
0.23407
0.24211
0.24991
0.25751
0.26496
0.27226
0.27943
0.28649
0.29344
0.30030
0.30707
0.31376
0.32037

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Btu/lbm Ibm-R

P = 15 psia ( rsat = - 14.15F)

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 20 psia (r sat = -2.43F)

2.9880

92.70

100.99

0.22715

2.2772

94.30

102.73

0.22567

3.1001
3.2551
3.4074
3.5577
3.7064
3.8540
4.0006
4.1464
4.2915
4.4361
4.5802
4.7239

95.08
98.48
101.95
105.50
109.13
112.84
116.63
120.51
124.48
128.53
132.66
136.88

103.68
107.52
111.41
115.38
119.42
123.54
127.74
132.02
136.39
140.84
145.37
149.99

0.23310
0.24127
0.24922
0.25700
0.26463
0.27212
0.27950
0.28677
0.29393
0.30100
0.30798
0.31487

2.2922
2.4130
2.5306
2.6461
2.7600
2.8726
2.9842
3.0950
3.2051
3.3146
3.4237
3.5324

94.72
98.19
101.70
105.28
108.93
112.66
116.47
120.37
124.35
128.41
132.55
136.78

103.20
107.12
111.07
115.07
119.15
123.29
127.52
131.82
136.21
140.67
145.22
149.85

0.22671
0.23504
0.24311
0.25097
0.25866
0.26621
0.27363
0.28093
0.28812
0.29521
0.30221
0.30912

P = 40 psia (r sat = 29.01F)

P = 50 psia (r sat = 40.23F)

1.1760

98.55

107.26

0.22268

0.9479

100.04

108.81

0.22188

1.2126
1.2768
1.3389
1.3995
1.4588
1.5173
1.5750
1.6321
1.6887
1.7449
1.8007
1.8562
1.9114

100.61
104.34
108.11
111.93
115.82
119.78
123.81
127.91
132.10
136.36
140.70
145.12
149.61

109.58
113.79
118.02
122.29
126.62
131.01
135.47
140.00
144.60
149.27
154.03
158.86
163.76

0.22738
0.23565
0.24363
0.25140
0.25900
0.26644
0.27375
0.28095
0.28803
0.29501
0.30190
0.30871
0.31543

1.0019
1.0540
1.1043
1.1534
1.2015
1.2488
1.2955
1.3416
1.3873
1.4326
1.4776
1.5223

103.84
107.68
111.55
115.48
119.47
123.53
127.66
131.87
136.15
140.50
144.93
149.44

113.11
117.43
121.77
126.16
130.59
135.09
139.65
144.28
148.98
153.76
158.60
163.53

0.23031
0.23847
0.24637
0.25406
0.26159
0.26896
0.27621
0.28333
0.29036
0.29728
0.30411
0.31086

P = 70 psia (7;at = 58.30F)

0.6821
0.6857
0.7271
0.7662
0.8037
0.8401
0.8756
0.9105
0.9447
0.9785
1.0118
1.0449
1.0776
1.1101
1.1424

102.39
102.73
106.76
110.76
114.78
118.85
122.97
127.15
131.40
135.71
140.10
144.56
149.10
153.71
158.39

111.22
111.62
116.18
120.68
125.19
129.73
134.31
138.94
143.63
148.39
153.21
158.10
163.06
168.09
173.19

0.22080
0.22155
0.23016
0.23836
0.24628
0.25398
0.26149
0.26885
0.27607
0.28317
0.29015
0.29704
0.30384
0.31055
0.31718

P = 80 psia (7^, = 65.89F)

0.59750

103.35

112.20

0.22040

0.62430
0.66009
0.69415
0.72698
0.75888
0.79003
0.82059
0.85065
0.88030
0.90961
0.93861
0.96737
0.99590

106.26
110.34
114.42
118.52
122.68
126.89
131.16
135.49
139.90
144.37
148.92
153.54
158.24

115.51
120.11
124.69
129.29
133.91
138.58
143.31
148.09
152.93
157.84
162.82
167.86
172.98

0.22661
0.23499
0.24304
0.25083
0.25841
0.26583
0.27310
0.28024
0.28726
0.29418
0.30100
0.30773
0.31438

979
APPENDIX 2

TABLE A-13E
Superheated refrigerant-134a ( Concluded)
T
F

t/
ft3/lbm

Sat.
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320

0.53113
0.54388
0.57729
0.60874
0.63885
0.66796
0.69629
0.72399
0.75119
0.77796
0.80437
0.83048
0.85633
0.88195

Sat.
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360

0.33771
0.36243
0.38551
0.40711
0.42766
0.44743
0.46657
0.48522
0.50345
0.52134
0.53895
0.55630
0.57345
0.59041

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 90 psia ( f 5at = 72.78F)

104.21
105.74
109.91
114.04
118.19
122.38
126.62
130.92
135.27
139.69
144.19
148.75
153.38
158.08

113.06
114.80
119.52
124.18
128.83
133.51
138.22
142.97
147.78
152.65
157.58
162.58
167.64
172.77

0.22006
0.22330
0.23189
0.24008
0.24797
0.25563
0.26311
0.27043
0.27762
0.28468
0.29162
0.29847
0.30522
0.31189

P = 140 psia ( r Mt = 100.50F)

107.51
111.96
116.41
120.81
125.22
129.65
134.12
138.64
143.21
147.85
152.54
157.30
162.13
167.02

116.26
121.35
126.40
131.36
136.30
141.24
146.21
151.21
156.26
161.35
166.50
171.71
176.98
182.32

0.21879
0.22773
0.23628
0.24443
0.25227
0.25988
0.26730
0.27455
0.28166
0.28864
0.29551
0.30228
0.30896
0.31555

P = 200 psia (7sat = 125.22F)

Sat.
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360

0.22983
0.24541
0.26412
0.28115
0.29704
0.31212
0.32658
0.34054
0.35410
0.36733
0.38029
0.39300
0.40552

110.11
113.85
118.66
123.35
128.00
132.64
137.30
141.99
146.72
151.50
156.33
161.22
166.17

118.62
122.93
128.44
133.76
138.99
144.19
149.38
154.59
159.82
165.09
170.40
175.77
181.18

0.21753
0.22481
0.23384
0.24229
0.25035
0.25812
0.26565
0.27298
0.28015
0.28718
0.29408
0.30087
0.30756

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm

Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 100 psia ( Tsat = 79.12F)

0.47760
0.47906
0.51076
0.54022
0.56821
0.59513
0.62122
0.64667
0.67158
0.69605
0.72016
0.74396
0.76749
0.79079
P =
0.29316
0.30578
0.32774
0.34790
0.36686
0.38494
0.40234
0.41921
0.43564
0.45171
0.46748
0.48299
0.49828
0.51338

104.99
105.18
109.45
113.66
117.86
122.08
126.35
130.67
135.05
139.49
143.99
148.57
153.21
157.93

113.83
114.05
118.90
123.65
128.37
133.09
137.85
142.64
147.47
152.37
157.32
162.34
167.42
172.56

0.21976
0.22016
0.22900
0.23733
0.24534
0.25309
0.26063
0.26801
0.27523
0.28233
0.28931
0.29618
0.30296
0.30964

.60 psia ( f sat = 109.50F)

108.50

111.01
115.62
120.13
124.62
129.12
133.64
138.20
142.81
147.48
152.20
156.98
161.83
166.74

117.18
120.06
125.32
130.43
135.49
140.52
145.55
150.62
155.71
160.85
166.04
171.28
176.58
181.94

0.21836
0.22337
0.23230
0.24069
0.24871
0.25645
0.26397
0.27131
0.27849
0.28554
0.29246
0.29927
0.30598
0.31260

P = 300 psia (Tsat = 156.09F)

ft3/lbm

Btu/lbm Btu/lbm

s
Btu/
Ibm-R

P = 120 psia ( r sat = 90.49F)

0.39644

106.35

115.16 0.21924

0.41013
0.43692
0.46190
0.48563
0.50844
0.53054
0.55206
0.57312
0.59379
0.61413
0.63420
0.65402

108.48
112.84
117.15
121.46
125.79
130.17
134.59
139.07
143.61
148.21
152.88
157.62

117.59
122.54
127.41
132.25
137.09
141.95
146.85
151.80
156.79
161.85
166.96
172.14

P=
0.25813
0.26083
0.28231
0.30154
0.31936
0.33619
0.35228
0.36779
0.38284
0.39751
0.41186
0.42594
0.43980
0.45347

0.22362
0.23232
0.24058
0.24851
0.25619
0.26368
0.27100
0.27817
0.28521
0.29214
0.29896
0.30569

180 psia (7;at = 1 17.69F)

109.36
109.94
114.77
119.42
124.00
128.57
133.15
137.76
142.40
147.10
151.85
156.66
161.53
166.46

117.96
118.63
124.17
129.46
134.64
139.77
144.88
150.01
155.16
160.34
165.57
170.85
176.18
181.56

0.21795
0.21910
0.22850
0.23718
0.24540
0.25330
0.26094
0.26837
0.27562
0.28273
0.28970
0.29656
0.30331
0.30996

P = 400 psia ( f sat = 179.86F)

0.14266

112.60

120.52

0.21512 0.09642

113.35

120.48 0.21161

0.14656
0.16355
0.17776
0.19044
0.20211
0.21306
0.22347
0.23346
0.24310
0.25246
0.26159

113.82
119.52
124.78
129.85
134.83
139.77
144.70
149.65
154.63
159.64
164.70

121.95
128.60
134.65
140.42
146.05
151.59
157.11
162.61
168.12
173.66
179.22

0.21745
0.22802
0.23733
0.24594
0.25410
0.26192
0.26947
0.27681
0.28398
0.29098
0.29786

113.41
120.52
126.44
131.95
137.26
142.48
147.65
152.80
157.97
163.15

120.56
128.99
135.88
142.20
148.25
154.14
159.94
165.70
171.44
177.18

0.09658
0.11440
0.12746
0.13853
0.14844
0.15756
0.16611
0.17423
0.18201
0.18951

0.21173
0.22471
0.23500
0.24418
0.25270
0.26077
0.26851
0.27599
0.28326
0.29035

980
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Enthalpy, Btu/lbm

FIGURE A -1 4 E
P-h diagram fo r refrigerant-134a.
Reprinted by permission o f American Society o f Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.

981
APPENDIX 2

Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude

Altitude,
ft
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
15,000
16,000
17,000
18,000
19,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
30,000
32,000
34,000
36,000
38,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000

Temperature,
F
59.00
57.22
55.43
53.65
51.87
50.09
48.30
46.52
44.74
42.96
41.17
39.39
37.61
35.83
34.05
32.26
30.48
28.70
26.92
25.14
23.36
19.79
16.23
12.67
9.12
5.55
+ 1.99
-1 .5 8
-5 .1 4
-8 .7 0
-1 2 .2
-1 9 .4
-2 6 .5
-3 3 .6
-4 0 .7
-4 7 .8
-5 4 .9
-6 2 .0
-6 9 .2
-6 9 .7
-6 9 .7
-6 9 .7
-6 9 .7
-6 9 .7
-6 9 .7

Pressure,
psia
14.7
14.4
14.2
13.9
13.7
13.4
13.2
12.9
12.7
12.5
12.2
12.0
11.8
11.6
11.3
11.1
10.9
10.7
10.5
10.3
10.1
9.72
9.34
8.99
8.63
8.29
7.97
7.65
7.34
7.05
6.76
6.21
5.70
5.22
4.78
4.37
3.99
3.63
3.30
3.05
2.73
2.148
1.691
1.332
1.048

Gravity,
g, ft/s2

Speed of
sound,
ft/s

32.174
32.173
32.171
32.169
32.168
32.166
32.165
32.163
32.162
32.160
32.159
32.157
32.156
32.154
32.152
32.151
32.149
32.148
32.146
32.145
32.145
32.140
32.137
32.134
32.131
32.128
32.125
32.122
32.119
32.115
32.112
32.106
32.100
32.094
32.088
32.082
32.08
32.07
32.06
32.06
32.05
32.04
32.02
32.00
31.99

1116
1115
1113
1111
1109
1107
1105
1103
1101
1099
1097
1095
1093
1091
1089
1087
1085
1083
1081
1079
1077
1073
1069
1065
1061
1057
1053
1049
1045
1041
1037
1029
1020
1012
1003
995
987
978
969
968
968
968
968
968
968

Density,
Ibm/ft3

Viscosity
lbm/ft-s

0.07647
0.07536
0.07426
0.07317
0.07210
0.07104
0.06998
0.06985
0.06792
0.06690
0.06590
0.06491
0.06393
0.06296
0.06200
0.06105
0.06012
0.05919
0.05828
0.05738
0.05648
0.05473
0.05302
0.05135
0.04973
0.04814
0.04659
0.04508
0.04361
0.04217
0.04077
0.03808
0.03553
0.03311
0.03082
0.02866
0.02661
0.02468
0.02285
0.02079
0.01890
0.01487
0.01171
0.00922
0.00726

1.202
1.199
1.196
1.193
1.190
1.186
1.183
1.180
1.177
1.173
1.170
1.167
1.164
1.160
1.157
1.154
1.150
1.147
1.144
1.140
1.137
1.130
1.124
1.117
1.110
1.104
1.097
1.090
1.083
1.076
1.070
1.056
1.042
1.028
1.014
1.000
0.986
0.971
0.956
0.955
0.955
0.955
0.955
0.955
0.955

x
x
x
x
X
x
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
X

1 0 -5
10 -5
10 5
10~5
10~5
10-5
1 0 '5
1 0 '5
1 0 -5
1 0 -5
1 0 -5
10 5
10~5
10~5
1 0 "5
10-5
10-5
10-5
10-5
10-5
10 ^
10-5
10-5
1 0 '5
1 0 '5
1 0 '5
10-5
1 0 '5
1 0 '5
1 0 '5
10-5
1 0 '5
10 5
1 0 '5
10^5
1 0 -5
10 5
1 0 '5
X 10 "5
X 10 "5
X 10 5
X 10-5
X 10 5
X 10 5
X 1 0"5

Thermal
conductivity,
Btu/hft-R
0.0146
0.0146
0.0146
0.0145
0.0145
0.0144
0.0144
0.0143
0.0143
0.0142
0.0142
0.0141
0.0141
0.0141
0.0140
0.0140
0.0139
0.0139
0.0138
0.0138
0.0137
0.0136
0.0136
0.0135
0.0134
0.0133
0.0132
0.0132
0.0130
0.0129
0.0128
0.0126
0.0124
0.0122
0.0121
0.0119
0.0117
0.0115
0.0113
0.0113
0.0113
0.0113
0.0113
0.0113
0.0113

Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45 latitude
and varies with the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z = 0) are taken to be P = 14.696 psia, T = 59F,
p = 0.076474 Ibm/ft3, g = 32.1741 ft2/s.

982
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of air

T
R

h
Btu/lbm

Pr

360
380
400
420
440

85.97
90.75
95.53
100.32
105.11

0.3363
0.4061
0.4858
0.5760
0.6776

460
480
500
520
537
540

109.90
114.69
119.48
124.27
128.10
129.06

560
580
600
620
640

u
Btu/lbm

s
Btu/lbm-R

T
R

61.29
64.70
68.11
71.52
74.93

396.6
346.6
305.0
270.1
240.6

0.50369
0.51663
0.52890
0.54058
0.55172

1600
1650
1700
1750
1800

395.74
409.13
422.59
436.12
449.71

71.13
80.89
90.95
101.98
114.0

286.06
296.03
306.06
316.16
326.32

8.263
7.556
6.924
6.357
5.847

0.87130
0.87954
0.88758
0.89542
0.90308

0.7913
0.9182
1.0590
1.2147
1.3593
1.3860

78.36
81.77
85.20
88.62
91.53
92.04

215.33
193.65
174.90
158.58
146.34
144.32

0.56235
0.57255
0.58233
0.59173
0.59945
0.60078

1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100

463.37
477.09
490.88
504.71
518.71
532.55

127.2
141.5
157.1
174.0
192.3
212.1

336.55
346.85
357.20
367.61
378.08
388.60

5.388
4.974
4.598
4.258
3.949
3.667

0.91056
0.91788
0.92504
0.93205
0.93891
0.94564

133.86
138.66
143.47
148.28
153.09

1.5742
1.7800
2.005
2.249
2.514

95.47
98.90
102.34
105.78
109.21

131.78
120.70
110.88
102.12
94.30

0.60950
0.61793
0.62607
0.63395
0.64159

2150
2200
2250
2300
2350

546.54
560.59
574.69
588.82
603.00

223.5
256.6
281.4
308.1
336.8

399.17
409.78
420.46
431.16
441.91

3.410
3.176
2.961
2.765
2.585

0.95222
0.95919
0.96501
0.97123
0.97732

660
680
700
720
740

157.92
162.73
167.56
172.39
177.23

2.801
3.111
3.446
3.806
4.193

112.67
116.12
119.58
123.04
126.51

87.27
80.96
75.25
70.07
65.38

0.64902
0.65621
0.66321
0.67002
0.67665

2400
2450
2500
2550
2600

617.22
631.48
645.78
660.12
674.49

367.6
400.5
435.7
473.3
513.5

452.70
463.54
474.40
485.31
496.26

2.419
2.266
2.125
1.996
1.876

0.98331
0.98919
0.99497
1.00064
1.00623

760
780
800
820
840

182.08
186.94
191.81
196.69
201.56

4.607
5.051
5.526
6.033
6.573

129.99
133.47
136.97
140.47
143.98

61.10
57.20
53.63
50.35
47.34

0.68312
0.68942
0.69558
0.70160
0.70747

2650
2700
2750
2800
2850

688.90
703.35
717.83
732.33
746.88

556.3
601.9
650.4
702.0
756.7

507.25
518.26
529.31
540.40
551.52

1.765
1.662
1.566
1.478
1.395

1.01172
1.01712
1.02244
1.02767
1.03282

860
880
900
920
940

206.46
211.35
216.26
221.18
226.11

7.149
7.761
8.411
9.102
9.834

147.50
151.02
154.57
158.12
161.68

44.57
42.01
39.64
37.44
35.41

0.71323
0.71886
0.72438
0.72979
0.73509

2900
2950
3000
3050
3100

761.45
776.05
790.68
805.34
820.03

814.8
876.4
941.4
1011
1083

562.66
573.84
585.04
596.28
607.53

1.318
1.247
1.180
1.118
1.060

1.03788
1.04288
1.04779
1.05264
1.05741

960
980
1000
1040
1080

231.06
236.02
240.98
250.95
260.97

10.61
11.43
12.30
14.18
16.28

165.26
168.83
172.43
179.66
186.93

33.52
31.76
30.12
27.17
24.58

0.74030
0.74540
0.75042
0.76019
0.76964

3150
3200
3250
3300
3350

834.75
849.48
864.24
879.02
893.83

1161
1242
1328
1418
1513

618.82
630.12
641.46
652.81
664.20

1.006
0.955
0.907
0.8621
0.8202

1.06212
1.06676
1.07134
1.07585
1.08031

1120
1160
1200
1240
1280

271.03
281.14
291.30
301.52
311.79

18.60
21.18
24.01
27.13
30.55

194.25
201.63
209.05
216.53
224.05

22.30
20.29
18.51
16.93
15.52

0.77880
0.78767
0.79628
0.80466
0.81280

3400
3450
3500
3550
3600

908.66
923.52
938.40
953.30
968.21

1613
1719
1829
1946
2068

675.60
687.04
698.48
709.95
721.44

0.7807
0.7436
0.7087
0.6759
0.6449

1.08470
1.08904
1.09332
1.09755
1.10172

1320
1360
1400
1440
1480

322.11
332.48
342.90
353.37
363.89

34.31
38.41
42.88
47.75
53.04

231.63
239.25
246.93
254.66
262.44

14.25
13.12
12.10
11.17
10.34

0.82075
0.82848
0.83604
0.84341
0.85062

3650
983.15
3700 998.11
3750 1013.1
3800 1028.1
3850 1043.1

2196
2330
2471
2618
2773

732.95
744.48
756.04
767.60
779.19

0.6157
0.5882
0.5621
0.5376
0.5143

1.10584
1.10991
1.11393
1.11791
1.12183

1520 374.47
1560 385.08

58.78
65.00

270.26
278.13

0.85767
0.86456

3900 1058.1
3950 1073.2

2934
3103

790.80
802.43

0.4923 1.12571
0.4715 1.12955

9.578
8.890

h
Btu/lbm

Pr

u
Btu/lbm

vr

s
Btu/lbm-R

983
APPENDIX 2

TABLE A-17E
Ideal-gas properties of air (Concluded)
s
Btu/lbm-R

s
Btu/lbm-R

T
R

h
Btu/lbm

Pr

u
Btu/lbm

0.4518

1.13334

4600

1270.4

6089

955.04

0.2799

1.17575

825.72
837.40
849.09
860.81
884.28

0.4331
0.4154
0.3985
0.3826
0.3529

1.13709
1.14079
1.14446
1.14809
1.15522

4700
4800
4900
5000
5100

1300.9
1331.5
1362.2
1392.9
1423.6

6701
7362
8073
8837
9658

978.73
1002.5
1026.3
1050.1
1074.0

0.2598
0.2415
0.2248
0.2096
0.1956

1.18232
1.18876
1.19508
1.20129
1.20738

907.81
931.39

0.3262
0.3019

1.16221
1.16905

5200
5300

1454.4
1485.3

10,539
11,481

1098.0
1122.0

0.1828
0.1710

1.21336
1.21923

T
R

h
Btu/lbm

Pr

u
Btu/lbm

4000

1088.3

3280

814.06

4050
4100
4150
4200
4300

1103.4
1118.5
1133.6
1148.7
1179.0

3464
3656
3858
4067
4513

4400
4500

1209.4
1239.9

4997
5521

Note: The properties P, (relative pressure) and vr (relative specific volume) are dimensionless quantities used in the analysis of isentropic processes, and
should not be confused with the properties pressure and specific volume.
Source: Kenneth Wark, Therm odynam ics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 832-33, Table A-5. Originally published in J. H. Keenan and
J. Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948).

984
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2

T
R

h
Btu/lbmol

u
Btu/lbmol

T
R

Btu/lbmol

u
Btu/lbmol

Btu/lbmol-R

300
320
340
360
380

2,082.0
2,221.0
2,360.0
2,498.9
2,638.0

1,486.2
1,585.5
1,684.4
1,784.0
1,883.4

41.695
42.143
42.564
42.962
43.337

1080
1100
1120
1140
1160

7,551.0
7,695.0
7,839.3
7,984.0
8,129.0

5,406.2
5,510.5
5,615.2
5,720.1
5,825.4

50.651
50.783
50.912
51.040
51.167

400
420
440
460
480

2,777.0
2,916.1
3,055.1
3,194.1
3,333.1

1,982.6
2,082.0
2,181.3
2,280.6
2,379.9

43.694
44.034
44.357
44.665
44.962

1180
1200
1220
1240
1260

8,274.4
8,420.0
8,566.1
8,712.6
8,859.3

5,931.0
6,037.0
6,143.4
6,250.1
6,357.2

51.291
51.143
51.534
51.653
51.771

500
520
537
540
560

3,472.2
3,611.3
3,729.5
3,750.3
3,889.5

2,479.3
2,578.6
2,663.1
2,678.0
2,777.4

45.246
45.519
45.743
45.781
46.034

1280
1300
1320
1340
1360

9,006.4
9,153.9
9,301.8
9,450.0
9,598.6

6,464.5
6,572.3
6,680.4
6,788.9
6,897.8

51.887
51.001
52.114
52.225
52.335

580
600
620
640
660

4,028.7
4,167.9
4,307.1
4,446.4
4,585.8

2,876.9
2,976.4
3,075.9
3,175.5
3,275.2

46.278
46.514
46.742
46.964
47.178

1380
1400
1420
1440
1460

9,747.5
9,896.9
10,046.6
10,196.6
10,347.0

7,007.0
7,116.7
7,226.7
7,337.0
7,447.6

52.444
52.551
52.658
52.763
52.867

680
700
720
740
760

4,725.3
4,864.9
5,004.5
5,144.3
5,284.1

3,374.9
3,474.8
3,574.7
3,674.7
3,774.9

47.386
47.588
47.785
47.977
48.164

1480
1500
1520
1540
1560

10,497.8
10,648.0
10,800.4
10,952.2
11,104.3

7,558.7
7,670.1
7,781.9
7,893.9
8,006.4

52.969
53.071
53.171
53.271
53.369

780
800
820
840
860

5,424.2
5,564.4
5,704.7
5,845.3
5,985.9

3,875.2
3,975.7
4,076.3
4,177.1
4,278.1

48.345
48.522
48.696
48.865
49.031

1580
1600
1620
1640
1660

11,256.9
11,409.7
11,562.8
11,716.4
11,870.2

8,119.2
8,232.3
8,345.7
8,459.6
8,573.6

53.465
53.561
53.656
53.751
53.844

880
900
920
940
960

6,126.9
6,268.1
6,409.6
6,551.2
6,693.1

4,379.4
4,480.8
4,582.6
4,684.5
4,786.7

49.193
49.352
49.507
49.659
49.808

1680
1700
1720
1740
1760

12,024.3
12,178.9
12,333.7
12,488.8
12,644.3

8,688.1
8,802.9
8,918.0
9,033.4
9,149.2

53.936
54.028
54.118
54.208
54.297

980
1000
1020
1040
1060

6,835.4
6,977.9
7,120.7
7,263.8
7,407.2

4,889.3
4,992.0
5,095.1
5,198.5
5,302.2

49.955
50.099
50.241
50.380
50.516

1780
1800
1820
1840
1860

12,800.2
12,956.3
13,112.7
13,269.5
13,426.5

9,265.3
9,381.7
9,498.4
9,615.5
9,732.8

54.385
54.472
54.559
54.645
54.729

Btu/lbmol-R

985
APPENDIX 2

Ideal-gas
1
1J-,*
t
' properties of nitrogen, N2 ( Concluded)
u
Btu/lbmol

s
Btu/lbmol-R

T
R

h
Btu/lbmol

54.896
55.061
55.223
55.383
55.540

3500
3540
3580
3620
3660

27,016
27,359
27,703
28,046
28,391

20,065
20,329
20,593
20,858
21,122

59.944
60.041
60.138
60.234
60.328

11,164
11,406
11,649
11,893
12,138

55.694
55.846
55.995
56.141
56.286

3700
3740
3780
3820
3860

28,735
29,080
29,425
29,771
30,117

21,387
21,653
21,919
22,185
22,451

60.422
60.515
60.607
60.698
60.788

16,951
17,277
17,604
17,392
18,260

12,384
12,630
12,878
13,126
13,375

56.429
56.570
56.708
56.845
56.980

3900
3940
3980
4020
4060

30,463
30,809
31,156
31,503
31,850

22,718
22,985
23,252
23,520
23,788

60.877
60.966
61.053
61.139
61.225

2500
2540
2580
2620
2660

18,590
18,919
19,250
19,582
19,914

13,625
13,875
14,127
14,379
14,631

57.112
57.243
57.372
57.499
57.625

4100
4140
4180
4220
4260

32,198
32,546
32,894
33,242
33,591

24,056
24,324
24,593
24,862
25,131

61.310
61.395
61.479
61.562
61.644

2700
2740
2780
2820
2860

20,246
20,580
20,914
21,248
21,584

14,885
15,139
15,393
15,648
15,905

57.750
57.872
57.993
58.113
58.231

4300
4340
4380
4420
4460

33,940
34,289
34,638
34,988
35,338

25,401
25,670
25,940
26,210
26,481

61.726
61.806
61.887
61.966
62.045

2900
2940
2980
3020
3060

21,920
22,256
22,593
22,930
23,268

16,161
16,417
16,675
16,933
17,192

58.348
58.463
58.576
58.688
58.800

4500
4540
4580
4620
4660

35,688
36,038
36,389
36,739
37,090

26,751
27,022
27,293
27,565
27,836

62.123
62.201
62.278
62.354
62.429

3100
3140
3180
3220
3260

23,607
23,946
24,285
24,625
24,965

17,451
17,710
17,970
18,231
18,491

58.910
59.019
59.126
59.232
59.338

4700
4740
4780
4820
4860

37,441
37,792
38,144
38,495
38,847

28,108
28,379
28,651
28,924
29,196

62.504
62.578
62.652
62.725
62.798

3300
3340
3380
3420
3460

25,306
25,647
25,989
26,331
26,673

18,753
19,014
19,277
19,539
19,802

59.442
59.544
59.646
59.747
59.846

4900
5000
5100
5200
5300

39,199
40,080
40,962
41,844
42,728

29,468
30,151
30,834
31,518
32,203

62.870
63.049
63.223
63.395
63.563

T
R

h
Btu/lbmol

u
Btu/lbmol

1900
1940
1980
2020
2060

13,742
14,058
14,375
14,694
15,013

9,968
10,205
10,443
10,682
10,923

2100
2140
2180
2220
2260

15,334
15,656
15,978
16,302
16,626

2300
2340
2380
2420
2460

S
Btu/lbmol-R

Source: Tables A-18E through A-23E are adapted from Kenneth Wark, Therm odynam ics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 834-44.
Originally published in J. H. Keenan and J. Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1945).

986
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, 02

T
R

h
Btu/lbmol

u
Btu/lbmol

300
320
340
360
380

2,073.5
2,212.6
2,351.7
2,490.8
2,630.0

1,477.8
1,577.1
1,676.5
1,775.9
1,875.3

400
420
440
460
480

2,769.1
2,908.3
3,047.5
3,186.9
3,326.5

500
520
537
540
560

s
Btu/lbmol-R

T
R

Btu/lbmol

u
Btu/lbmol

44.927
45.375
45.797
46.195
46.571

1080
1100
1120
1140
1160

7,696.8
7,850.4
8,004.5
8,159.1
8,314.2

5,552.1
5,665.9
5,780.3
5,895.2
6,010.6

54.064
54.204
54.343
54.480
54.614

1,974.8
2,074.3
2,173.8
2,273.4
2,373.3

46.927
47.267
47.591
47.900
48.198

1180
1200
1220
1240
1260

8,469.8
8,625.8
8,782.4
8,939.4
9,096.7

6,126.5
6,242.8
6,359.6
6,476.9
6,594.5

54.748
54.879
55.008
55.136
55.262

3,466.2
3,606.1
3,725.1
3,746.2
3,886.6

2,473.2
2,573.4
2,658.7
2,673.8
2,774.5

48.483
48.757
48.982
49.021
49.276

1280
1300
1320
1340
1360

9,254.6
9,412.9
9,571.9
9,730.7
9,890.2

6,712.7
6,831.3
6,950.2
7,069.6
7,189.4

55.386
55.508
55.630
55.750
55.867

580
600
620
640
660

4,027.3
4,168.3
4,309.7
4,451.4
4,593.5

2,875.5
2,976.8
3,078.4
3,180.4
3,282.9

49.522
49.762
49.993
50.218
50.437

1380
1400
1420
1440
1460

10,050.1
10,210.4
10,371.0
10,532.0
10,693.3

7,309.6
7,430.1
7,551.1
7,672.4
7,793.9

55.984
56.099
56.213
56.326
56.437

680
700
720
740
760

4,736.2
4,879.3
5,022.9
5,167.0
5,311.4

3,385.8
3,489.2
3,593.1
3,697.4
3,802.4

50.650
50.858
51.059
51.257
51.450

1480
1500
1520
1540
1560

10,855.1
11,017.1
11,179.6
11,342.4
11,505.4

7,916.0
8,038.3
8,161.1
8,284.2
8,407.4

56.547
56.656
56.763
56.869
56.975

780
800
820
840
860

5,456.4
5,602.0
5,748.1
5,894.8
6,041.9

3,907.5
4,013.3
4,119.7
4,226.6
4,334.1

51.638
51.821
52.002
52.179
52.352

1580
1600
1620
1640
1660

11,668.8
11,832.5
11,996.6
12,160.9
12,325.5

8,531.1
8,655.1
8,779.5
8,904.1
9,029.0

57.079
57.182
57.284
57.385
57.484

880
900
920
940
960

6,189.6
6,337.9
6,486.7
6,636.1
6,786.0

4,442.0
4,550.6
4,659.7
4,769.4
4,879.5

52.522
52.688
52.852
53.012
53.170

1680
1700
1720
1740
1760

12,490.4
12,655.6
12,821.1
12,986.9
13,153.0

9,154.1
9,279.6
9,405.4
9,531.5
9,657.9

57.582
57.680
57.777
57.873
57.968

980
1000
1020
1040
1060

6,936.4
7,087.5
7,238.9
7,391.0
7,543.6

4,990.3
5,101.6
5,213.3
5,325.7
5,438.6

53.326
53.477
53.628
53.775
53.921

1780
1800
1820
1840
1860

13,319.2
13,485.8
13,652.5
13,819.6
13,986.8

9,784.4
9,911.2
10,038.2
10,165.6
10,293.1

58.062
58.155
58.247
58.339
58.428

s
Btu/lbmol-R

987
APPENDIX 2

Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, 0 2 ( Concluded)

T

h
Btu/lbmol

u
Btu/lbmol

s
Btu/lbmol-R

h
Btu/lbmol

u
Btu/lbmol

s
Btu/lbmol-R

1900
1940
1980
2020
2060

14,322
14,658
14,995
15,333
15,672

10,549
10,806
11,063
11,321
11,581

58.607
58.782
58.954
59.123
59.289

3500
3540
3580
3620
3660

28,273
28,633
28,994
29,354
29,716

21,323
21,603
21,884
22,165
22,447

63.914
64.016
64.114
64.217
64.316

2100
2140
2180
2220
2260

16,011
16,351
16,692
17,036
17,376

11,841
12,101
12,363
12,625
12,888

59.451
59.612
59.770
59.926
60.077

3700
3740
3780
3820
3860

30,078
30,440
30,803
31,166
31,529

22,730
23,013
23,296
23,580
23,864

64.415
64.512
64.609
64.704
64.800

2300
2340
2380
2420
2460

17,719
18,062
18,407
18,572
19,097

13,151
13,416
13,680
13,946
14,212

60.228
60.376
60.522
60.666
60.808

3900
3940
3980
4020
4060

31,894
32,258
32,623
32,989
33,355

24,149
24,434
24,720
25,006
25,292

64.893
64.986
65.078
65.169
65.260

2500
2540
2580
2620
2660

19,443
19,790
20,138
20,485
20,834

14,479
14,746
15,014
15,282
15,551

60.946
61.084
61.220
61.354
61.486

4100
4140
4180
4220
4260

33,722
34,089
34,456
34,824
35,192

25,580
25,867
26,155
26,144
26,733

65.350
64.439
65.527
65.615
65.702

2700
2740
2780
2820
2860

21,183
21,533
21,883
22,232
22,584

15,821
16,091
16,362
16,633
16,905

61.616
61.744
61.871
61.996
62.120

4300
4340
4380
4420
4460

35,561
35,930
36,300
36,670
37,041

27,022
27,312
27,602
27,823
28,184

65.788
65.873
65.958
66.042
66.125

2900
2940
2980
3020
3060

22,936
23,288
23,641
23,994
24,348

17,177
17,450
17,723
17,997
18,271

62.242
62.363
62.483
62.599
62.716

4500
4540
4580
4620
4660

37,412
37,783
38,155
38,528
38,900

28,475
28,768
29,060
29,353
29,646

66.208
66.290
66.372
66.453
66.533

3100
3140
3180
3220
3260

24,703
25,057
25,413
25,769
26,175

18,546
18,822
19,098
19,374
19,651

62.831
62.945
63.057
63.169
63.279

4700
4740
4780
4820
4860

39,274
39,647
40,021
40,396
40,771

29,940
30,234
30,529
30,824
31,120

66.613
66.691
66.770
66.848
66.925

3300
3340
3380
3420
3460

26,412
26,839
27,197
27,555
27,914

19,928
20,206
20,485
20,763
21,043

63.386
63.494
63.601
63.706
63.811

4900
5000
5100
5200
5300

41,146
42,086
43,021
43,974
44,922

31,415
32,157
32,901
33,648
34,397

67.003
67.193
67.380
67.562
67.743

T
R

988
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, C02

T

Btu/lbmol

Btu/lbmol

s
Btu/lbmol-R

300
320
340
360
380

2,108.2
2,256.6
2,407.3
2,560.5
2,716.4

1,512.4
1,621.1
1,732.1
1,845.6
1,961.8

400
420
440
460
480

2,874.7
3,035.7
3,199.4
3,365.7
3,534.7

500
520
537
540
560

T
R

Btu/lbmol

u
Btu/lbmol

46.353
46.832
47.289
47.728
48.148

1080
1100
1120
1140
1160

9,575.8
9,802.6
10,030.6
10,260.1
10,490.6

7,431.1
7,618.1
7,806.4
7,996.2
8,187.0

58.072
58.281
58.485
58.689
58.889

2,080.4
2,201.7
2,325.6
2,452.2
2,581.5

48.555
48.947
49.329
49.698
50.058

1180
1200
1220
1240
1260

10,722.3
10,955.3
11,189.4
11,424.6
11,661.0

8,379.0
8,572.3
8,766.6
8,962.1
9,158.8

59.088
59.283
59.477
59.668
59.858

3,706.2
3,880.3
4,027.5
4,056.8
4,235.8

2,713.3
2,847.7
2,963.8
2,984.4
3,123.7

50.408
50.750
51.032
51.082
51.408

1280
1300
1320
1340
1360

11,898.4
12,136.9
12,376.4
12,617.0
12,858.5

9,356.5
9,555.3
9,755.0
9,955.9
10,157.7

60.044
60.229
60.412
60.593
60.772

580
600
620
640
660

4,417.2
4,600.9
4,786.6
4,974.9
5,165.2

3,265.4
3,409.4
3,555.6
3,704.0
3,854.6

51.726
52.038
52.343
52.641
52.934

1380
1400
1420
1440
1460

13,101.0
13,344.7
13,589.1
13,834.5
14,080.8

10,360.5
10,564.5
10,769.2
10,974.8
11,181.4

60.949
61.124
61.298
61.469
61.639

680
700
720
740
760

5,357.6
5,552.0
5,748.4
5,946.8
6,147.0

4,007.2
4,161.9
4,318.6
4,477.3
4,637.9

53.225
53.503
53.780
54.051
54.319

1480
1500
1520
1540
1560

14,328.0
14,576.0
14,824.9
15,074.7
15,325.3

11,388.9
11,597.2
11,806.4
12,016.5
12,227.3

61.800
61.974
62.138
62.302
62.464

780
800
820
840
860

6,349.1
6,552.9
6,758.3
6,965.7
7,174.7

4,800.1
4,964.2
5,129.9
5,297.6
5,466.9

54.582
54.839
55.093
55.343
55.589

1580
1600
1620
1640
1660

15,576.7
15,829.0
16,081.9
16,335.7
16,590.2

12,439.0
12,651.6
12,864.8
13,078.9
13,293.7

62.624
62.783
62.939
63.095
63.250

880
900
920
940
960

7,385.3
7,597.6
7,811.4
8,026.8
8,243.8

5,637.7
5,810.3
5,984.4
6,160.1
6,337.4

55.831
56.070
56.305
56.536
56.765

1680
1700
1720
1740
1760

16,845.5
17,101.4
17,358.1
17,615.5
17,873.5

13,509.2
13,725.4
13,942.4
14,160.1
14,378.4

63.403
63.555
63.704
63.853
64.001

980
1000
1020
1040
1060

8,462.2
8,682.1
8,903.4
9,126.2
9,350.3

6,516.1
6,696.2
6,877.8
7,060.9
7,245.3

56.990
57.212
57.432
57.647
57.861

1780
1800
1820
1840
1860

18,132.2
18,391.5
18,651.5
18,912.2
19,173.4

14,597.4
14,816.9
15,037.2
15,258.2
15,479.7

64.147
64.292
64.435
64.578
64.719

s
Btu/lbmol-R

989
APPENDIX 2

Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, C02 ( Concluded)

u
Btu/lbmol

s
Btu/lbmol-R

h
Btu/lbmol

Btu/lbmol

Btu/lbmol-R

h
Btu/lbmol

1900
1940
1980
2020
2060

19,698
20,224
20,753
21,284
21,818

15,925
16,372
16,821
17,273
17,727

64.999
65.272
65.543
65.809
66.069

3500
3540
3580
3620
3660

41,965
42,543
43,121
43,701
44,280

35,015
35,513
36,012
36,512
37,012

73.462
73.627
73.789
73.951
74.110

2100
2140
2180
2220
2260

22,353
22,890
23,429
23,970
24,512

18,182
18,640
19,101
19,561
20,024

66.327
66.581
66.830
67.076
67.319

3700
3740
3780
3820
3860

44,861
45,442
46,023
46,605
47,188

37,513
38,014
38,517
39,019
39,522

74.267
74.423
74.578
74.732
74.884

2300
2340
2380
2420
2460

25,056
25,602
26,150
26,699
27,249

20,489
20,955
21,423
21,893
22,364

67.557
67.792
68.025
68.253
68.479

3900
3940
3980
4020
4060

47,771
48,355
48,939
49,524
50,109

40,026
40,531
41,035
41,541
42,047

75.033
75.182
75.330
75.477
75.622

2500
2540
2580
2620
2660

27,801
28,355
28,910
29,465
30,023

22,837
23,310
23,786
24,262
24,740

68.702
68.921
69.138
69.352
69.563

4100
4140
4180
4220
4260

50,695
51,282
51,868
52,456
53,044

42,553
43,060
43,568
44,075
44,584

75.765
75.907
76.048
76.188
76.327

2700
2740
2780
2820
2860

30,581
31,141
31,702
32,264
32,827

25,220
25,701
26,181
26,664
27,148

69.771
69.977
70.181
70.382
70.580

4300
4340
4380
4420
4460

53,632
54,221
54,810
55,400
55,990

45,093
45,602
46,112
46,622
47,133

76.464
76.601
76.736
76.870
77.003

2900
2940
2980
3020
3060

33,392
33,957
34,523
35,090
35,659

27,633
28,118
28,605
29,093
29,582

70.776
70.970
71.160
71.350
71.537

4500
4540
4580
4620
4660

56,581
57,172
57,764
58,356
58,948

47,645
48,156
48,668
49,181
49,694

77.135
77.266
77.395
77.581
77.652

3100
3140
3180
3220
3260

36,228
36,798
37,369
37,941
38,513

30,072
30,562
31,054
31,546
32,039

71.722
71.904
72.085
72.264
72.441

4700
4740
4780
4820
4860

59,541
60,134
60,728
61,322
61,916

50,208
50,721
51,236
51,750
52,265

77.779
77.905
78.029
78.153
78.276

3300
3340
3380
3420
3460

39,087
39,661
40,236
40,812
41,388

32,533
33,028
33,524
34,020
34,517

72.616
72.788
72.960
73.129
73.297

4900
5000
5100
5200
5300

62,511
64,000
65,491
66,984
68,471

52,781
54,071
55,363
56,658
57,954

78.398
78.698
78.994
79.284
79.569

990
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO

T
R

h
Btu/lbmol

u
Btu/lbmol

s
Btu/lbmol-R

300
320
340
360
380

2,081.9
2,220.9
2,359.9
2,498.8
2,637.9

1,486.1
1,585.4
1,684.7
1,783.9
1,883.3

400
420
440
460
480

2,776.9
2,916.0
3,055.0
3,194.0
3,333.0

500
520
537
540
560

T
R

Btu/lbmol

u
Btu/lbmol

43.223
43.672
44.093
44.490
44.866

1080
1100
1120
1140
1160

7,571.1
7,716.8
7,862.9
8,009.2
8,156.1

5,426.4
5,532.3
5,638.7
5,745.4
5,851.5

52.203
52.337
52.468
52.598
52.726

1,982.6
2,081.9
2,181.2
2,280.5
2,379.8

45.223
45.563
45.886
46.194
46.491

1180
1200
1220
1240
1260

8,303.3
8,450.8
8,598.8
8,747.2
8,896.0

5,960.0
6,067.8
6,176.0
6,284.7
6,393.8

52.852
52.976
53.098
53.218
53.337

3,472.1
3,611.2
3,725.1
3,750.3
3,889.5

2,479.2
2,578.6
2,663.1
2,677.9
2,777.4

46.775
47.048
47.272
47.310
47.563

1280
1300
1320
1340
1360

9,045.0
9,194.6
9,344.6
9,494.8
9,645.5

6,503.1
6,613.0
6,723.2
6,833.7
6,944.7

53.455
53.571
53.685
53.799
53.910

580
600
620
640
660

4,028.7
4,168.0
4,307.4
4,446.9
4,586.6

2,876.9
2,976.5
3,076.2
3,175.9
3,275.8

47.807
48.044
48.272
48.494
48.709

1380
1400
1420
1440
1460

9,796.6
9,948.1
10,100.0
10,252.2
10,404.8

7,056.1
7,167.9
7,280.1
7,392.6
7,505.4

54.021
54.129
54.237
54.344
54.448

680
700
720
740
760

4,726.2
4,886.0
5,006.1
5,146.4
5,286.8

3,375.8
3,475.9
3,576.3
3,676.9
3,777.5

48.917
49.120
49.317
49.509
49.697

1480
1500
1520
1540
1560

10,557.8
10,711.1
10,864.9
11,019.0
11,173.4

7,618.7
7,732.3
7,846.4
7,960.8
8,075.4

54.522
54.665
54.757
54.858
54.958

780
800
820
840
860

5,427.4
5,568.2
5,709.4
5,850.7
5,992.3

3,878.4
3,979.5
4,081.0
4,182.6
4,284.5

49.880
50.058
50.232
50.402
50.569

1580
1600
1620
1640
1660

11,328.2
11,483.4
11,638.9
11,794.7
11,950.9

8,190.5
8,306.0
8,421.8
8,537.9
8,654.4

55.056
55.154
55.251
55.347
55.411

880
900
920
940
960

6,134.2
6,276.4
6,419.0
6,561.7
6,704.9

4,386.6
4,489.1
4,592.0
4,695.0
4,798.5

50.732
50.892
51.048
51.202
51.353

1680
1700
1720
1740
1760

12,107.5
12,264.3
12,421.4
12,579.0
12,736.7

8,771.2
8,888.3
9,005.7
9,123.6
9,241.6

55.535
55.628
55.720
55.811
55.900

980
1000
1020
1040
1060

6,848.4
6,992.2
7,136.4
7,281.0
7,425.9

4,902.3
5,006.3
5,110.8
5,215.7
5,320.9

51.501
51.646
51.788
51.929
52.067

1780
1800
1820
1840
1860

12,894.9
13,053.2
13,212.0
13,371.0
13,530.2

9,360.0
9,478.6
9,597.7
9,717.0
9,836.5

55.990
56.078
56.166
56.253
56.339

s
Btu/lbmol-R

991
APPENDIX 2

Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO ( Concluded)

h
Btu/lbmol

u
Btu/lbmol

3500
3540
3580
3620
3660

27,262
27,608
27,954
28,300
28,647

20,311
20,576
20,844
21,111
21,378

61.612
61.710
61.807
61.903
61.998

57.317
57.470
57.621
57.770
57.917

3700
3740
3780
3820
3860

28,994
29,341
29,688
30,036
30,384

21,646
21,914
22,182
22,450
22,719

62.093
62.186
62.279
62.370
62.461

12,534
12,784
13,035
13,287
13,541

58.062
58.204
58.344
58.482
58.619

3900
3940
3980
4020
4060

30,733
31,082
31,431
31,780
32,129

22,988
23,257
23,527
23,797
24,067

62.511
62.640
62.728
62.816
62.902

18,759
19,093
19,427
19,762
20,098

13,794
14,048
14,303
14,559
14,815

58.754
58.885
59.016
59.145
59.272

4100
4140
4180
4220
4260

32,479
32,829
33,179
33,530
33,880

24,337
24,608
24,878
25,149
25,421

62.988
63.072
63.156
63.240
63.323

2700
2740
2780
2820
2860

20,434
20,771
21,108
21,446
21,785

15,072
15,330
15,588
15,846
16,105

59.398
59.521
59.644
59.765
59.884

4300
4340
4380
4420
4460

34,231
34,582
34,934
35,285
35,637

25,692
25,934
26,235
26,508
26,780

63.405
63.486
63.567
63.647
63.726

2900
2940
2980
3020
3060

22,124
22,463
22,803
23,144
23,485

16,365
16,225
16,885
17,146
17,408

60.002
60.118
60.232
60.346
60.458

4500
4540
4580
4620
4660

35,989
36,341
36,693
37,046
37,398

27,052
27,325
27,598
27,871
28,144

63.805
63.883
63.960
64.036
64.113

3100
3140
3180
3220
3260

23,826
24,168
24,510
24,853
25,196

17,670
17,932
18,195
18,458
18,722

60.569
60.679
60.787
60.894
61.000

4700
4740
4780
4820
4860

37,751
38,104
38,457
38,811
39,164

28,417
28,691
28,965
29,239
29,513

64.188
64.263
64.337
64.411
64.484

3300
3340
3380
3420
3460

25,539
25,883
26,227
26,572
26,917

18,986
19,250
19,515
19,780
20,045

61.105
61.209
61.311
61.412
61.513

4900
5000
5100
5200
5300

39,518
40,403
41,289
42,176
43,063

29,787
30,473
31,161
31,849
32,538

64.556
64.735
64.910
65.082
65.252

h
Btu/lbmol

Btu/lbmol

s
Btu/lbmol-R

1900
1940
1980
2020
2060

13,850
14,170
14,492
14,815
15,139

10,077
10,318
10,560
10,803
11,048

56.509
56.677
56.841
57.007
57.161

2100
2140
2180
2220
2260

15,463
15,789
16,116
16,443
16,722

11,293
11,539
11,787
12,035
12,284

2300
2340
2380
2420
2460

17,101
17,431
17,762
18,093
18,426

2500
2540
2580
2620
2660

T
R

S
Btu/lbmol-R

992
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2

T
R

Btu/lbmol

Btu/lbmol

Btu/lbmol-R

Btu/lbmol

u
Btu/lbmol

300
320
340
360
380

2,063.5
2,189.4
2,317.2
2,446.8
2,577.8

1,467.7
1,553.9
1,642.0
1,731.9
1,823.2

27.337
27.742
28.130
28.501
28.856

1400
1500
1600
1700
1800

9,673.8
10,381.5
11,092.5
11,807.4
12,526.8

6,893.6
7,402.7
7,915.1
8,431.4
8,952.2

37.883
38.372
38.830
39.264
39.675

400
420
440
460
480

2,710.2
2,843.7
2,978.1
3,113.5
3,249.4

1,915.8
2,009.6
2,104.3
2,200.0
2,296.2

29.195
29.520
29.833
30.133
20.424

1900
2000
2100
2200
2300

13,250.9
13,980.1
14,714.5
15,454.4
16,199.8

9,477.8
10,008.4
10,544.2
11,085.5
11,632.3

40.067
40.441
40.799
41.143
41.475

500
520
537
540
560

3,386.1
3,523.2
3,640.3
3,660.9
3,798.8

2,393.2
2,490.6
2,573.9
2,588.5
2,686.7

30.703
30.972
31.194
31.232
31.482

2400
2500
2600
2700
2800

16,950.6
17,707.3
18,469.7
19,237.8
20,011.8

12,184.5
12,742.6
13,306.4
13,876.0
14,451.4

41.794
42.104
42.403
42.692
42.973

580
600
620
640
660

3,937.1
4,075.6
4,214.3
4,353.1
4,492.1

2,785.3
2,884.1
2,983.1
3,082.1
3,181.4

31.724
31.959
32.187
32.407
32.621

2900
3000
3100
3200
3300

20,791.5
21,576.9
22,367.7
23,164.1
23,965.5

15,032.5
15,619.3
16,211.5
16,809.3
17,412.1

43.247
43.514
43.773
44.026
44.273

680
700
720
740
760

4,631.1
4,770.2
4,909.5
5,048.8
5,188.1

3,280.7
3,380.1
3,479.6
3,579.2
3,678.8

32.829
33.031
33.226
33.417
33.603

3400
3500
3600
3700
3800

24,771.9
25,582.9
26,398.5
27,218.5
28,042.8

18,019.9
18,632.4
19,249.4
19,870.8
20,496.5

44.513
44.748
44.978
45.203
45.423

780
800
820
840
860

5,327.6
5,467.1
5,606.7
5,746.3
5,885.9

3,778.6
3,878.4
3,978.3
4,078.2
4,178.0

33.784
33.961
34.134
34.302
34.466

3900
4000
4100
4200
4300

28,871.1
29,703.5
30,539.8
31,379.8
32,223.5

21,126.2
21,760.0
22,397.7
23,039.2
23,684.3

45.638
45.849
46.056
46.257
46.456

880
900
920
940
960

6,025.6
6,165.3
6,305.1
6,444.9
6,584.7

4,278.0
4,378.0
4,478.1
4,578.1
4,678.3

34.627
34.784
34.938
35.087
35.235

4400
4500
4600
4700
4800

33,070.9
33,921.6
34,775.7
35,633.0
36,493.4

24,333.1
24,985.2
25,640.7
26,299.4
26,961.2

46.651
46.842
47.030
47.215
47.396

980
1000
1100
1200
1300

6,724.6
6,864.5
7,564.6
8,265.8
8,968.7

4,778.4
4,878.6
5,380.1
5,882.8
6,387.1

35.379
35.520
36.188
36.798
37.360

4900
5000
5100
5200
5300

35,356.9
38,223.3
39,092.8
39,965.1
40,840.2

27,626.1
28,294.0
28,964.9
29,638.6
30,315.1

47.574
47.749
47.921
48.090
48.257

s
Btu/lbmol-R

993
APPENDIX 2

1 v'-'
T
R

u
Btu/lbmol

s
Btu/lbmol-R

h
Btu/lbmol

U
Btu/lbmol

s
Btu/lbmol-R

300
320
340
360
380

2,367.6
2,526.8
2,686.0
2,845.1
3,004.4

1,771.8
1,891.3
2,010.8
2,130.2
2,249.8

40.439
40.952
41.435
41.889
42.320

1080
1100
1120
1140
1160

8,768.2
8,942.0
9,116.4
9,291.4
9,467.1

6,623.5
6,757.5
6,892.2
7,027.5
7,163.5

50.854
51.013
51.171
51.325
51.478

400
420
440
460
480

3,163.8
3,323.2
3,482.7
3,642.3
3,802.0

2,369.4
2,489.1
2,608.9
2,728.8
2,848.8

42.728
43.117
43.487
43.841
44.182

1180
1200
1220
1240
1260

9,643.4
9,820.4
9,998.0
10,176.1
10,354.9

7,300.1
7,437.4
7,575.2
7,713.6
7,852.7

51.360
51.777
51.925
52.070
52.212

500
520
537
540
560

3,962.0
4,122.0
4,258.0
4,282.4
4,442.8

2,969.1
3,089.4
3,191.9
3,210.0
3,330.7

44.508
44.821
45.079
45.124
45.415

1280
1300
1320
1340
1360

10,534.4
10,714.5
10,895.3
11,076.6
11,258.7

7,992.5
8,132.9
8,274.0
8,415.5
8,557.9

52.354
52.494
52.631
52.768
52.903

580
600
620
640
660

4,603.7
4,764.7
4,926.1
5,087.8
5,250.0

3,451.9
3,573.2
3,694.9
3,816.8
3,939.3

45.696
45.970
46.235
46.492
46.741

1380
1400
1420
1440
1460

11,441.4
11,624.8
11,808.8
11,993.4
12,178.8

8,700.9
8,844.6
8,988.9
9,133.8
9,279.4

53.037
53.168
53.299
53.428
53.556

680
700
720
740
760

5,412.5
5,575.4
5,738.8
5,902.6
6,066.9

4,062.1
4,185.3
4,309.0
4,433.1
4,557.6

46.984
47.219
47.450
47.673
47.893

1480
1500
1520
1540
1560

12,364.8
12,551.4
12,738.8
12,926.8
13,115.6

9,425.7
9,572.7
9,720.3
9,868.6
10,017.6

53.682
53.808
53.932
54.055
54.117

780
800
820
840
860

6,231.7
6,396.9
6,562.6
6,728.9
6,895.6

4,682.7
4,808.2
4,934.2
5,060.8
5,187.8

48.106
48.316
48.520
48.721
48.916

1580
1600
1620
1640
1660

13,305.0
13,494.4
13,685.7
13,877.0
14,069.2

10,167.3
10,317.6
10,468.6
10,620.2
10,772.7

54.298
54.418
54.535
54.653
54.770

880
900
920
940
960

7,062.9
7,230.9
7,399.4
7,568.4
7,738.0

5,315.3
5,443.6
5,572.4
5,701.7
5,831.6

49.109
49.298
49.483
49.665
49.843

1680
1700
1720
1740
1760

14,261.9
14,455.4
14,649.5
14,844.3
15,039.8

10,925.6
11,079.4
11,233.8
11,388.9
11,544.7

54.886
54.999
55.113
55.226
55.339

980
1000
1020
1040
1060

7,908.2
8,078.2
8,250.4
8,422.4
8,595.0

5,962.0
6,093.0
6,224.8
6,357.1
6,490.0

50.019
50.191
50.360
50.528
50.693

1780
1800
1820
1840
1860

15,236.1
15,433.0
15,630.6
15,828.7
16,027.6

11,701.2
11,858.4
12,016.3
12,174.7
12,333.9

55.449
55.559
55.668
55.777
55.884

T
R

Btu/lbmol

994
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H20 ( Cotinued)

T
R

Btu/lbmol

Btu/lbmol

Btu/lbmol-R

1900
1940
1980
2020
2060

16,428
16,830
17,235
17,643
18,054

12,654
12,977
13,303
13,632
13,963

56.097
56.307
56.514
56.719
56.920

3500
3540
3580
3620
3660

34,324
34,809
35,296
35,785
36,274

27,373
27,779
28,187
28,596
29,006

62.876
63.015
63.153
63.288
63.423

2100
2140
2180
2220
2260

18,467
18,883
19,301
19,722
20,145

14,297
14,633
14,972
15,313
15,657

57.119
57.315
57.509
57.701
57.889

3700
3740
3780
3820
3860

36,765
37,258
37,752
38,247
38,743

29,418
29,831
30,245
30,661
31,077

63.557
63.690
63.821
63.952
64.082

2300
2340
2380
2420
2460

20,571
20,999
21,429
21,862
22,298

16,003
16,352
16,703
17,057
17,413

58.077
58.261
58.445
58.625
58.803

3900
3940
3980
4020
4060

39,240
39,739
40,239
40,740
41,242

31,495
31,915
32,335
32,757
33,179

64.210
64.338
64.465
64.591
64.715

2500
2540
2580
2620
2660

22,735
23,175
23,618
24,062
24,508

17,771
18,131
18,494
18,859
19,226

58.980
59.155
59.328
59.500
59.669

4100
4140
4180
4220
4260

41,745
42,250
42,755
43,267
43,769

33,603
34,028
34,454
34,881
35,310

64.839
64.962
65.084
65.204
65.325

2700
2740
2780
2820
2860

24,957
25,408
25,861
26,316
26,773

19,595
19,967
20,340
20,715
21,093

59.837
60.003
60.167
60.330
60.490

4300
4340
4380
4420
4460

44,278
44,788
45,298
45,810
46,322

35,739
36,169
36,600
37,032
37,465

65.444
65.563
65.680
65.797
65.913

2900
2940
2980
3020
3060

27,231
27,692
28,154
28,619
29,085

21,472
21,853
22,237
22,621
23,085

60.650
60.809
60.965
61.120
61.274

4500
4540
4580
4620
4660

46,836
47,350
47,866
48,382
48,899

37,900
38,334
38,770
39,207
39,645

66.028
66.142
66.255
66.368
66.480

3100
3140
3180
3220
3260

29,553
30,023
30,494
30,967
31,442

23,397
23,787
24,179
24,572
24,968

61.426
61.577
61.727
61.874
62.022

4700
4740
4780
4820
4860

49,417
49,936
50,455
50,976
51,497

40,083
40,523
40,963
41,404
41,856

66.591
66.701
66.811
66.920
67.028

3300
3340
3380
3420
3460

31,918
32,396
32,876
33,357
33,839

25,365
25,763
26,164
26,565
26,968

62.167
62.312
62.454
62.597
62.738

4900
5000
5100
5200
5300

52,019
53,327
54,640
55,957
57,279

42,288
43,398
44,512
45,631
46,754

67.135
67.401
67.662
67.918
68.172

T
R

Btu/lbmol

Btu/lbmol

s
Btu/lbmol-R

995
APPENDIX 2

Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at

77F, 1 atm
Substance

Formula

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Water vapor
Water
Hydrogen peroxide
Ammonia
Methane
Acetylene
Ethylene
Ethane
Propylene
Propane
n-Butane
n-Octane
n-Octane
n-Dodecane
Benzene
Methyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Hydroxyl

C(s)
H2(g)
N2(g)
0 2(g)
CO(g)
C02(g)
H20(g)
H20()
H20 2(g)
NH3(g)
CH4(g)
C2H2(g)
C2H4(g)
C2H6(g)
C3H6(g)
C3H8(g)
C4H10(g)
^8^ 18(g)
C8H18()
^12^26^
C6H6(g)
CH30H(g)
CH30H()
C2H50H(g)
C2H50H()
0(g)
H(g)
N(g)
OH(g)

h
Btu/lbmol

gf
Btu/lbmol

s
Btu/lbmol-R

0
0
0
0
-4 7 ,5 4 0
-1 6 9 ,3 0 0
-1 0 4 ,0 4 0
-1 2 2 ,9 7 0
-5 8 ,6 4 0
-1 9 ,7 5 0
-3 2 ,2 1 0
+ 97,540
+ 22,490
-3 6 ,4 2 0
+8,790
-4 4 ,6 8 0
-5 4 ,2 7 0
-8 9 ,6 8 0
-1 0 7 ,5 3 0
-1 2 5 ,1 9 0
+35,680
-8 6 ,5 4 0
-1 0 2 ,6 7 0
-1 0 1 ,2 3 0
-1 1 9 ,4 7 0
+ 107,210
+ 93,780
+ 203,340
+ 16,790

0
0
0
0
-5 9 ,0 1 0
-1 6 9 ,6 8 0
-9 8 ,3 5 0
-1 0 2 ,0 4 0
-4 5 ,4 3 0
-7 ,1 4 0
-2 1 ,8 6 0
+87,990
+29,306
-1 4 ,1 5 0
+ 26,980
-1 0 ,1 0 5
-6 ,7 6 0
+ 7,110
+2,840
+21,570
+ 55,780
-6 9 ,7 0 0
-7 1 ,5 7 0
-7 2 ,5 2 0
-7 5 ,2 4 0
+ 99,710
+87,460
+ 195,970
+ 14,750

1.36
31.21
45.77
49.00
47.21
51.07
45.11
16.71
55.60
45.97
44.49
48.00
52.54
54.85
63.80
64.51
74.11
111.55
86.23
148.86
64.34
57.29
30.30
67.54
38.40
38.47
27.39
36.61
43.92

Source: From JANAF, Therm ochem ical Tables (Midland, Ml: Dow Chemical Co., 1971), Selected
Values o f C hem ical Therm odynam ic Properties, NBS Technical Note 270-3, 1968; and API
Research P roject 4 4 (Carnegie Press, 1953).

996
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

TABLE A -27E
Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons

Fuel (phase)

Formula

Carbon (s)
Hydrogen (g)
Carbon monoxide (g)
Methane (g)
Methanol ()
Acetylene (g)
Ethane (g)
Ethanol ()
Propane ()
Butane ()
1-Pentene ()
Isopentane ()
Benzene ()
Hexene ()
Hexane ()
Toluene ()
Heptane ()
Octane ()
Decane ()
Gasoline ()
Light diesel ()
Heavy diesel ()
Natural gas (g)

C
h2

CO
CH4
c h 4o
c 2h 2
c 2h 6
c 2h 5o
^sHg
C4Hiq
^5^10
C H
c 6h 6

^
^

C7Hg
c

7h 16

^8^18

Ci0H22
CnH i.87n
CnH .
^n^l.7n
^n^3.8/7^0.1/1

Molar
mass,
Ibm/lbmol
12.011
2.016
28.013
16.043
32.042
26.038
30.070
46.069
44.097
58.123
70.134
72.150
78.114
84.161
86.177
92.141
100.204
114.231
142.285
100-110
170
200
18

Density,1
Ibm/ft3
125

219
502

49.3

74
395
144
156
156

49.3
31.2
36.1
40.0
39.1
54.7
42.0
41.2
54.1
42.7
43.9
45.6
45-49
49-52
51-55

:At 1 atm and 68F.

2At 77F for liquid fuels, and 1 atm and normal boiling temperature for gaseous fuels.
3At 77F. Multiply by molar mass to obtain heating values in Btu/lbmol.

Enthalpy of
vaporization,2
Btu/lbm

186
169
157
177
157
156
155
151
116
99

Specific
heat,1 cp
Btu/
lbm-F

Higher
heating
value,3
Btu/lbm

Lower
heating
value,3
Btu/lbm

0.169
3.44
0.251
0.525
0.604
0.404
0.418
0.583
0.662
0.578
0.525
0.554
0.411
0.439
0.542
0.408
0.535
0.533
0.528
0.57
0.53
0.45
0.48

14,100
60,970
4,340
23,880
9,740
21,490
22,320
12,760
21,640
21,130
20,540
20,890
17,970
20,430
20,770
18,230
20,680
20,590
20,490
20,300
19,800
19,600
21,500

14,100
51,600
4,340
21,520
8,570
20,760
20,430
11,530
19,930
19,510
19,190
19,310
17,240
19,090
19,240
17,420
19,180
19,100
19,020
18,900
18,600
18,400
19,400

Norm al Temperature

A S H R A E Psychrometric Chart No. 1

Barom etric Pressure: 29.921 inches o f mercury

Prepared by Center for A p p lied Therm odynam ic Studies, University o f Idaho.

Sea L e v e l

1992 A m erican Society o f Heating,

R efrigerating and Air-C onditioning Engineers, Inc.

FIGURE A31 E

D ry bulb temperature. F

20

997
APPENDIX 2

Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure.

From the American Society o f Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA: used with permission.

psychrometric charts, 740-741

stagnation temperature (T 0), 849-850

Absolute entropy, 346, 791, 800

Absolute pressure, 22-23, 39
Absolute temperature, 95, 302
Absorption refrigeration systems, 309-310, 611,

standard atmospheric pressure (P atm), 29-30

stoichiometric, 772-773, 800
theoretical, 772-773, 800
wet-bulb temperature (T wb), 737-740, 754

637-639, 642
Absorptivity, 94-95

Air-conditioning processes, 731, 741-754

adiabatic mixing, 749-751

Acid rain, 88-89

Adiabatic efficiency, 369-397

airstreams, 749-751
dehumidifying, 743, 746-758

Adiabatic flame (combustion) temperature, 767,

evaporative cooling, 748-749

788-790, 800
Adiabatic process, 61, 70, 298-299, 342-345,

human comfort and, 741-743

humidifying, 743, 745-756

749-751, 873. See also Isentropic processes

Carnot cycle, 298-299
compression, 299
entropy, 342-345
expansion, 298
internally reversible (isotropic), 342-344
irreversible, 345
mixing o f airstreams, 749-751
M ollier diagram (h-s) for, 345
reversible, 298-299, 884
shock waves, 873
Adiabatic saturation temperature, 737-740, 754
Air, 29-30, 52-53, 86-89, 732-741,
752-754, 772-778, 800, 849-851,
934-935, 982-983
adiabatic saturation temperature, 737-740,
754
atmospheric, 732-733, 753
Clean A ir Acts, 87-88
combustion, quantities for, 772-778, 800
compressible flow of, 849-851
deficiency of, 773
dew-point temperature ( Tdp), 735-737, 754
dry, 732-733, 753
dry-bulb temperature (T ), 734, 754
dynamic temperature, 849
energy conversion and, 52-53
excess, 773, 800

mass balance for, 744

simple cooling, 743-744
simple heating, 743
wet cooling towers, 751-753
Air-fuel (A F ) ratio, 771-772, 800
Air-standard assumptions, 492, 537
Air-water-vapor mixtures, 731
Aircraft engines, 521-527, 538
Airstreams, 749-751
Alternative fuel, 768-769
Amagats law o f additive volumes, 696-698, 720
Ampere (A ), unit of, 5
Annual fuel utilization (A FU E ), 79-80
Annual fuel utilization efficiency (A FU E ), 79-80
Apparent molar mass (M,), 694, 720
Atmospheric air, 732-733, 753
Atmospheric conditions, 146-150, 732-733, 753,
933, 981
boiling, 148
evaporation, 148-150
evaporative coolers, 148
phase equilibrium of, 146-150
properties at high altitudes, 933-981
relative humidity (</>), 146-147
saturated air, 146-147
vapor pressure ( P v), 146-150
water vapor in (atmospheric air), 732-733, 753
Autoignition, 497

gas-vapor mixtures and, 732-741, 752-754

ideal-gas properties of, 934-935, 982-983

Automobile driving and efficiency, 531-538

percents of, 773, 800

pollution, 86-89

Average velocity (Vavg), 217

Axisymmetric flow, 878-879

Availability, see Exergy (x)

1000
INDEX

regeneration, 514-521, 538

reheating, 517-521

Back pressure, 860-869, 897

reversed, 611, 634-637, 642

Back work ratio, 509-510

thermal efficiency (% ,) of, 508-509, 538

Balance, see Energy balance; Entropy balance; Exergy

utilization factor ( e j , 582-583

balance; Mass balance

Barometer, 29-31, 39

British thermal unit (Btu), 7, 61

Bars, work in elastic solid, 67-68

Beattie-Bridgeman equation o f state, 142-143,

145, 151

Caloric theory, 61-62

Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation o f state, 143,

Calorie (cal), unit of, 7

145-146, 151
Bernoulli equation, 362

Calorie needs (human daily), 190-191

Candela (cd), unit of, 5

Binary vapor cycle, 586, 589-591

Biological systems, 187-194

Carnot cycle, 297-299, 303-309, 313-314, 490^192,

537,
566, 592, 613-614, 642

body mass, 193

adiabatic compression, reversible, 299

cell reactions, 187-189

conservation o f energy (dieting), 191-194
daily calorie needs, 190-191
energy requirements (food), 189-191

adiabatic expansion, reversible, 298

Carnot heat engine, 303-306, 314
Carnot heat pump, 306-309, 314

metabolism, 188-189, 191-192

set point, 192

Carnot refrigeration, 306-309, 314

coefficient o f performance (CO P), 306-307,
314, 613

thermodynamic aspects of, 187-194

Blackbody radiation, 94

daily life, quantity versus quality in, 305-306

efficiency, 303-306

Body, work by accelerating and raising, 68-69

Body mass, 193

engineering value of, 490-492, 537

gas power and, 490-492, 537
isothermal compression, reversible, 298
isothermal expansion, reversible, 298
quality o f energy from, 305-306
reversed (refrigeration), 299, 306-309, 314,
613-614, 642

Boiler pressure increase, 564-567

Boiling, defined, 148
Boltzmann constant (k), 346
Boltzmann relation, 346
Bore, engines, 493
Bottom dead center (BD C ), 493
Boundaries, 10-12
systems, 10-11
control volume (C V ), 11-12

reversible process of, 297-299

refrigeration power and, 613-614, 642
thermal efficiency (i 7th) of, 303-306, 313-314,
490-492, 537

Boundary work (moving), 163-169, 195

polytropic process, 168-169, 195

vapor power and, 556, 592

Carnot principles, 299-301, 314

quasi-equilibrium process, 164-168, 195

Bourdon tube, 28
Bow wave (detached oblique shock), 878
Brayton cycle, 507-521, 538, 582-583, 611,
634-637, 642
cogeneration plants, 582-583
effectiveness (e), 515-516

Cascade refrigeration systems, 611,

628-630, 642
Cavitation, 561

gas refrigeration cycles, 611, 634-637, 642

gas-turbine engines, 507-521, 538
intercooling, 517-521
multistage compression, 517-521, 538
pressure ratio ( rp), 508-509
property diagrams for, 489^190, 504, 508-509

Celsius scale (C ), 18-21, 39

Chemical energy, 55-56
Chemical equilibrium, 15, 813-828, 836
criterion for, 814816, 836
equilibrium constant (KP), 817-824, 836
Gibbs function (g ) for, 815-817
ideal-gas mixtures, 816-824, 836
simultaneous reactions, 824-828
standard-state Gibbs function change,
817, 836

1001
INDEX

stoichiometric coefficients (v ), 815-816, 836

incompressible substances, 163, 183-187

van t H off equation, 827, 836

internal energy changes (A m), 176-178, 183-184

Chemical potential (yu-), gas mixtures, 709-719

liquids, 183-187

Chemical potentials, see Gibbs functions (g)

nonflow exergy, 435-437

Chemical reactions, 767-811

adiabatic flame temperature, 767, 788-790, 800
air-fuel (A F ) ratio, 771-772, 800
closed systems, 784, 786-787, 800
combustion processes, 767-782, 788-790, 800
enthalpy (h) of, 779-782, 800
entropy change (A S ) of, 790-792, 800
first-law analysis o f reacting systems, 782-787

polytropic process, 168-169, 195

fuel cells, 798-799

fuel for, 768-772, 800
Gibbs function (g ) for, 792-793
heating values (H V ), 781-782, 800
reacting systems, 782-787, 790-798
reference state for, 779, 800
reversible work (W rev) and, 792-798
second-law analysis o f reacting systems, 792-798
steady-flow systems, 783-786, 800
third law o f thermodynamics, 791
Choked Rayleigh flow, 891
Clapeyron-Clausius equation, 670
Clapeyron equation, 668-671, 685
Classical thermodynamics, defined, 3
Clausius inequality, 331-334
Clausius statement, 290-292, 314
Clean A ir Acts, 87-88
Clearance volume, engines, 493
Closed cycles, 487, 507
Closed systems, 11, 38, 51, 54, 56, 163-213, 216,
378-379, 435^37, 445^156, 487, 507-509,
528-530, 538, 784, 786-787, 800. See also
Heat Transfer; Work
boundary work (moving), 163-169, 195
chemical reacting, 784, 786-787, 800
conservation o f energy, 163, 169-174, 195
conservation o f mass, 216
energy analysis of, 163-213
energy balance of, 163, 169-174, 195, 784,
786-787, 800
energy transfer in, 51, 54, 56
enthalpy changes (Ah), 176-178, 183-184
entropy balance of, 378-379
exergy balance of, 445456
exergy destroyed (Xdest), 445, 528-530, 538
gas power cycles (engines), 487, 507-509,
528-530, 538
ideal gases, 163, 176-183

quasi-equilibrium process, 164-168, 195

solids, 183-187
specific heats of, 163, 174-187, 195
stationary, 54
Coefficient o f performance (CO P), 286-290, 306-307,
314, 612-615, 619, 635, 639, 642
absorption refrigeration systems, 639, 642
Carnot cycle (reversed), 306-307, 314, 613, 642
cascade refrigeration cycle, 629
efficiency ratios compared to, 288-289
gas refrigeration cycles, 635, 642
heat pumps, 287-288
refrigerators, 286-287
vapor-compression cycles, 614-615, 619
Coefficient o f volumetric expansion, 675
Cogeneration cycle, 555, 581-586, 592
Combined gas-vapor power cycles, 586-589, 592
Combustion processes, 79, 767-782, 788-790, 800
adiabatic flame temperature, 767, 788-790, 800
air quantities for, 772-778, 800
efficiency, 79
enthalpy (h ) of, 779-782, 800
enthalpy o f combustion (hc), 780, 800
enthalpy o f formation (hj), 780-781, 800
enthalpy o f reaction (hR), 780, 800
equivalence ratio, 773
excess air, 773, 800
fuel for, 768-772, 781-782, 800
heating values (H V ), 781-782, 800
ignition temperature, 770
incomplete, 772
Orsat gas analyzer, 773
percentage o f air for, 773, 800
stoichiometric, 772-778, 800
theoretical, 772-778, 800
Component pressure and volume, 697, 720
Compressed water, property diagrams for, 922, 972
Compressibility factor (Z ), 111, 137-141, 150, 932
generalized compressibility chart, 138-141
ideal gas, deviation o f behavior of, 137-141
Nelson-Obert generalized compressibility chart, 932
principle o f corresponding states, 139
pseudo-reduced specific volume, 140
reduced pressure (P R), 139-140
reduced temperature (T R), 139-140

Compressible flow, 847-905, 954-956

air, 849-851

energy analysis of, 233-234

back pressure, 860-869, 897

entropy (S) and, 361-368, 371-372, 387-396

intercooling, 366-368

converging-diverging nozzles, 847, 855-856,

865-869, 897

isentropic efficiency, 371-372, 397

multistage compression, 366-368

converging nozzles, 847, 860-865, 897

critical properties and ratios, 859, 897

reversible work ( W ) and, 361-365, 367

duct flow, 853-858, 884-893

heat transfer and, 884-893
ideal gases, 849-850, 858-860, 884-893, 897, 954-956
isentropic flow, 853-869, 897, 954
Mach number (M a), 847, 852-853, 855-858, 861-862,
870-873, 876-881, 896-897
normal shocks, 867-875, 897, 955
nozzles, 855-858, 860-869, 893-897
oblique shocks, 8 6 8 , 876-880, 897
one-dimensional, 853-860, 897
Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves, 880-884
property tables for, 954-956
Rayleigh flow, 884-893, 897, 956
reversible adiabatic flow, 884
shock waves, 847, 867-880, 897
sonic flow, 853, 878-879, 896
speed o f sound, 847, 851-853, 896
stagnation state properties, 847-851, 858-860, 896
stagnation-to-static properties, 859, 897
static-to-stagnation property ratios, 856-858
steam nozzles, 893-896
subsonic flow, 853, 856-858, 861-862, 879, 896
supersonic flow, 853, 857-858, 873, 879, 896
Compressible substances, 114, 131-132, 150, 671-674, 685
enthalpy changes (dh), 668-673, 685
entropy changes (ds), 673-674, 685
internal energy changes (du), 672, 685
liquid, 114, 131-132, 150
property tables for, 131-132
simple, 671-674, 685
subcooled phase, 114, 150
Compression-ignition engines (C l), 493, 500-503, 538
Compression processes, 298-299, 614-619, 633-634
Carnot cycle, 289-299
multipurpose refrigeration systems, 633-634
reversible adiabatic, 299
reversible isothermal, 298
vapor-compression cycle, 614-619, 633-634
Compression ratio (r), 493, 496
Compressive force, 23
Compressors, 233-234, 361-368, 371-372, 387-397,
614-615, 620
cooling, 364-365

vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, 614-615, 620

work reduction (cooling), 364-365, 367
Condensers, 563-564, 614-615, 620
pressure increase, 563-564
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, 614-615, 620
Conduction, 62, 92-93
Fouriers law of, 98
heat transfer by, 62, 92-93
thermal conductivity, 92
Conservation o f energy, 2, 52-53, 191-194. See also
Energy balance; First law o f thermodynamics
dieting and, 191-194
principle, 2, 52-53
Conservation o f mass, 216-222, 251. See also Mass balance
average velocity (V avg), 217
control volume (C V ) and, 216-222, 251
incompressible flow, 2 2 0 -2 2 2
mass flow rate, 216-218, 251
principle, 218-219
steady-flow processes, 219-222
volume flow rate, 217-218, 251
Constant force, 66-67
Constant specific heat, 354-355, 357-358, 396
Constant-volume gas thermometer, 18-19
Continuum, 13
Contraction o f substances, 120-121, 123-124
Control surface, 11
Control volume (C V ), 10-12, 38, 51, 54, 56, 215-276,
379-380, 456-464
boundaries (control surface), 1 1 -12
conservation o f energy, 247-251
conservation o f mass, 216-222, 251
energy analysis of, 215-276
energy balance of, 227-229, 251
energy changes (Ake and Ape), 229, 251
energy flow in, 54
energy transfer in, 51, 54, 56, 223-226, 248
energy transport (m 6) by mass, 224-226, 251
enthalpy changes (A/i), 229, 251
entropy balance of, 379-380
exergy balance of, 456-464
first law o f thermodynamics and, 51, 216-222, 247-251
flow work, 223-226, 251
heat transfer (Q ), 227-228, 244, 248

1003
INDEX

mass balance, 218-222

Differential changes, 663-665

Differentials (S), exact and inexact, 63

mass flow rate, 54, 216-218, 251

Diffusers, energy analysis of, 230-231

open systems as, 11-12, 38

potential energy changes (Ape), 229, 251

Dimensional constants, 6

kinetic energy changes (Ake), 229, 251

pressure forces and, 248-250

reversible work (W rev) of, 458
second-law efficiency ( 17,,) of, 458-459
steady-flow processes, 219-220, 226-242, 251,
45 7 ^6 4

Dimensional homogeneity, 8-9

Dimensions, 3-10
derived (secondary), 3
fundamental (primary), 3, 5
units and, 3-10
unity conversion ratios, 9-10
Displacement volume, engines, 493

uniform-flow process, 243-247, 251

unsteady-flow process, 242-247, 251
volume flow rate, 54, 217-218, 251

Double-tube (tube-and-shell) heat exchangers, 238-241

Dry air, 732-733, 753

work transfer i W ), 227-228, 248-250

Dry-bulb temperature ( T ), 734, 754

Convected energy, see Flow work

Convection, 62, 93-94
forced, 93

Dual cycle engines, 501

Duct flow, 241-242, 853-858, 884-893, 897. See also
Nozzles
converging-diverging nozzles, 855-856

heat transfer by, 62, 93-94

natural (free), 93

energy analysis of, 241-242

heat transfer and, 884-893
Mach number (M a) for, 855-858

Newtons law o f cooling, 93

Converging-diverging nozzles, 847, 855-856,
865-869, 897
Converging nozzles, 847, 860-865, 897
Cooking appliances, efficiency of, 80-82
Cooling capacity, 612-613
Cooling pond, 752

one-dimensional isentropic properties of, 853-858

Rayleigh flow, 884-893, 897
variation o f fluid velocity, 856-858
Dynamic temperature, 849

Coulomb repulsion, 57

Critical point, 118-119, 150, 908, 958

Critical properties and ratios, compressible flow,
859, 897
Cycle o f system, 16, 38, 74, 170, 487. See also Power
cycles; Refrigeration cycles

D
Daltons law o f additive pressures, 696-698, 720
Dead state, 424425
Decrease o f exergy principle, 443-444, 469
Deflection angle (6), 876-877
Dehumidifying air-conditioning process, 743, 746-758
Density (p ), 13-14, 38
specific volume, 13, 38
specific gravity (SG), 14
specific weight, 14
Depth, variation o f pressure with, 23-26, 39
Derivative o f a function, 662-663
Derived (secondary) dimensions, 3
Desalination process, 717-719
Dew-point temperature (T dp), 735-737, 754
Diesel cycle, 500-503, 538

Effectiveness (e), 515-516, 538

Efficiency (tj), 78-86, 97, 281-290, 295, 299-301,
303-306, 313-314, 364, 432-435, 458-459,
468 ^69, 488, 490 ^92, 522, 531-539
annual fuel utilization (A FU E ), 79-80
automobile fuel consumption, 531-538
Carnot, 303-306
coefficient o f performance (COP), 286-290, 306-307, 314
combustion, 79
cooking appliance, 80-82
electrical, 83-86
energy conversion and, 78-86, 97
energy efficiency rating (EER), 288-289
environmental effects and, 81
exergy and, 432-435, 458-459, 468-469
fuel, heating value of, 79
generator, 80, 84
heat engines, 281-285, 303-306
heat pumps, 287-290, 314
lighting efficacy, 80
mechanical, 82-86, 97
motor, 83

Efficiency ( 77), (continued)

requirements from food, 189-191

net heat transfer (<2net), 282-285

net work (W net), 282-285

second law o f thermodynamics for quality of, 2 , 38,

277-279

overall (combined), 80, 84

quality o f energy, 2, 38, 277-279

sensible, 55

performance output/input, 78-79

power cycles, 488, 490-492, 522, 531-539

stationary systems, 54, 72-73

propulsive ( t ?p), 522, 538

pump, 83-84

systems and transfer of, 51, 56, 72-74, 97

thermal, 52, 56, 60, 279-280

refrigerators, 286-287, 289

reversible processes, 295, 299-301, 364

thermodynamics and, 2-3, 38

seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), 288-289

transfer, 51, 56, 58-65, 73-78

second-law ( 17,,), 432 ^35, 458^59, 46 8 ^6 9

units of, 7-8, 61-62

volume flow rate, 54, 96
work as, 7, 51, 56, 62-70, 97

second law o f thermodynamics and, 281-290, 295,

303-306, 313-314
shaft work and, 82-86
steady-flow devices, 364, 458^4-59
thermal ( 17J , 281-285, 303-306, 313-314, 488,
490-492, 537
turbine, 83-85
waste energy, 283-284
water heater, 79
Electrical
Electrical
Electrical
Electrical

current, unit of, 5

efficiency, 83-86
polarization work, 70
work, 65, 70

Energy ( ), 2-3, 7-8, 38, 51-109, 189-194, 277-280.

See also Flow work; Heat engines; Heat transfer;
Thermal energy; Work
balance, 2, 71-72, 74, 97
change o f a system, 72-73
chemical, 55-56

total, 53, 70-71, 96

Energy analysis, 163-213, 215-276, 557-560

boundary work (moving), 163-169, 195
closed systems, 163-213
compressors, 233-234
conservation o f energy, 247-250
conservation o f mass, 216-222, 251
control volumes (C V ), 215-276
diffusers, 230-231
duct flow, 241-242
energy balance, 163, 169-174, 195, 227-229,
243-244, 251
energy equations for, 227-229, 243-244, 247-251
enthalpy changes (A h), 176-178, 183-184,
229, 251
first law o f thermodynamics and, 169-174, 195,
247-248, 251
flow work, 223-226, 251

conservation of, 2, 52-53, 191-194

conversion, 78-91, 97

heat exchangers, 238-241

heat transfer (Q ), 227-228, 244, 248

dieting and, 191-194

efficiency of, 78-86, 97
environment and, 86-91

ideal gases, 176-183, 195

incompressible substances, 183-187, 195,

first law o f thermodynamics for quantity of, 2, 38,

70-78, 97
forms of, 51, 53-59
heat transfer ( Q), 51, 60-62, 92-97

internal energy changes (A m), 176-178, 183-184

kinetic energy changes (Ake), 229, 251
mass balance, 218-222, 243, 251
mixing chambers, 237-238

internal ( U ), 53, 55-56, 96

kinetic (K E ), 53-55, 97
latent, 55

nozzles, 221, 230-232

pipe flow, 241-242

macroscopic, 53-54
mass flow rate, 54, 96
mechanical, 58-59, 97
microscopic, 53
nuclear, 55-58
potential (PE), 54, 97
power as, 7-8

220-222

polytropic process, 168-169, 195

potential energy changes (Ape), 229, 251
Rankine cycle, 557-560
single-stream steady-flow systems, 220
specific heats, 163, 174-178, 195
steady-flow processes, 219-222, 226-242, 251
throttling valves, 235-237
turbines, 229, 233-235

1005
INDEX

uniform-flow process, 243-247, 251

unsteady-flow process, 242-247, 251
work transfer ( W ), 227-228, 248-250
Energy balance, 71-74, 97, 163, 169-174, 195, 227-229,
243-244, 251, 784-787, 800
chemical reacting systems, 784-787, 800
closed systems, 163, 169-174, 195, 784,
786-787, 800
control volume (C V ), 227-229, 243-244, 251
energy analysis and, 163, 169-174, 195, 227-229,
243-244, 251

aircraft, 521-527, 538

closed cycles, 487, 507-509
compression-ignition (C l), 493, 500-503, 538
diesel, 500-503, 538
dual cycle, 501
external combustion, 487
four-stroke, 494-495
gas power cycle, 487-554
gas-turbine, 507-527, 538
internal combustion, 487
open cycles, 487

first law o f thermodynamics and, 71-72, 97, 195

propeller-driven, 521, 525

per unit mass basis, 74, 97, 170

rate form, 74, 97, 170

ramjet, 527

steady-flow processes, 227-229, 251, 784-786, 800

rockets, 527

system changes and, 73-74, 97

scramjet, 525
spark-ignition (SI), 493-499, 537-538

system cycle and, 74, 170

unsteady-flow processes, 243-244, 251
Energy conversion, 78-97. See also Efficiency
annual fuel utilization efficiency (A FU E ), 79-80
efficiency and, 78-86, 97
environmental effects from, 81, 86-97
performance output/input, 78-79
Energy efficiency rating (EER), 288-289
Energy equations, 227-229, 243-244, 247-251, 885
conservation o f energy, 247-257
control volumes (C V ), 227-229, 243-244,
247-251
heat transfer ( 0 , 227-228, 244, 248-251
Rayleigh flow, 885
steady-flow processes, 227-229, 251
unsteady-flow processes, 243-244, 251
work transfer (W ), 227-228, 244, 248-251
Energy transfer, 51, 56, 58-65, 73-78, 97
closed systems, 51, 56, 97
control volumes, 51, 56, 97
exact differentials (5) of, 63
flow work, 58-59
heat, 51, 60-62, 97
inexact differentials (5) of, 63
mechanical, 58-59
path functions, 63
point functions, 63
sign convention for interactions, 63
system changes and, 51, 56, 73-74, 97
work, 51, 58-59, 62-66, 97
Engine knock, 497
Engineering Equation Solver (EES), 36-37
Engineering software packages, 35-37
Engines, 487-554. See also Heat engines; Power cycles

reciprocating, 492-503, 537-538

thrust ( F ), 522, 538

turbofan, 525-526
turbojet (jet), 521-525
turboprop (propjet), 521, 526-527
two-stroke, 495
English system o f units, 3-4, 6 - 8 , 957-997
Enthalpy (,h), 124-125, 251, 701-702, 711, 720,
732-733, 753-754, 779-782, 800, 848, 896,
948,
951, 995
combustion (hc), 780, 800
combustion processes and, 779-782, 800
control volume (C V ), 229, 251
formation (hf), 780-781, 800, 948, 995
gas mixtures, 701-702, 711, 720
gas-vapor mixtures, 732-733, 753-754
property tables for, 948, 951, 995
reaction (hR), 780, 800
stagnation (hQ), 848, 896
thermodynamic property of, 124-125
Enthalpy changes (A/i or dh), 175-187, 195, 229,
668-673, 680-681, 685
Clapeyron equation for, 668-671, 685
ideal gases, 176-183, 195
incompressible substances, 183-185, 195
real gases, 680-681, 685
simple compressible systems, 671-673, 685
specific heats and, 175-187, 195
Entropy (S ), 124, 278, 331-422, 701-702, 711, 720,
791-792, 800, 948, 952, 995. See also Entropy
balance; Entropy change (A S or ds); Isentropic
efficiency
absolute, 346, 791, 800, 948, 995
adiabatic processes, 342-345

Entropy (S ), ( continued)
Boltzmann relation, 346

liquids, 350-354

chemical reacting systems, 791-792, 800

Clausius inequality, 331-334

pure substances, 339-342, 395

Rayleigh flow, 885-886
real gases, 682-683, 685

compressors, 361-368, 371-372, 387-396

daily life and, 347-349

relative pressure (P r) and, 358-360

relative specific volume and, 359-360

efficiency and, 368-374, 397

simple compressible systems, 673-674, 685

solids, 350-354

gas mixtures, 701-702, 711, 720

generation (Sgen), 335-339, 347-349, 377-387, 396
Gibbs equation, 349-350
heat transfer and, 334-335, 344, 376
ideal gases, 354-360, 396-397
incompressible substances, 350-354, 396
internally reversible processes, 334-335, 344, 396
isentropic efficiency, 368-374, 397
isentropic processes, 331, 342-344, 357-360,
368-374, 396-397
isothermal processes, 334-335, 344
molecular disorder (randomness) of, 345-347, 396
M ollier diagram (h-s), 345
nonconserved property, as a, 331, 338
property diagrams involving, 344-345
property tables for, 948, 952, 995
pure substances, 339-342, 395
reversible processes, 332-335, 342-343, 361-367, 396
second law o f thermodynamics and, 278, 331-422
steady-flow processes, 361-374, 397
T ds relationship, 349-350
third law o f thermodynamics and, 346-347, 791, 800
total, 334
work (W ) and, 361-364, 397
Entropy balance, 375-387, 397, 790-791, 800
chemical reacting systems, 790-791, 800
closed systems and, 378-379
control volumes (C V ) and, 379-380
entropy change (A S ) o f a system, 375
entropy generation (Sgen), 377-387
heat transfer, 376, 384-387
mass flow transfer, 377
transfer mechanisms, 347, 376-377
Entropy changes (A S or ds), 334-342, 350-360, 375, 396,
790-792, 800, 885-886
chemical reacting systems, 790-792, 800
entropy generation (5gen) and, 335-339, 347-349,
377-387, 396
ideal gases, 354-360, 396-397, 885-886
incompressible substances, 350-354, 396
internally reversible heat-transfer processes, 3 3 4-3 3 5
isentropic processes, 357-360, 396-397
isothermal processes, 334-335

specific heats and, 345-358

Environment, 81, 86-97, 279-280, 283-284, 310-312,
424425
acid rain, 88-89
air pollution, 86-89
Clean A ir Acts, 87-88
efficiency effects of, 81
energy conversion and, 81, 86-97
exergy and, 424425
global warming (climate change), 89-90
greenhouse effect, 89-91
ozone, 87-88
refrigerators and, 310-312
reformulated gasoline (RFG ), 88
smog, 87-88
systems, 424^425
waste energy, 279-280, 283-284
Environment, systems, 424-425
Equations o f state, I 11, 134-137, 141-146, 150
Beattie-Bridgeman, 142-143, 145, 151
Benedict-Webb-Rubin, 143, 145-146, 151
ideal gas, 111, 134-137
percentage o f error involved in, 137
van der Waals, 141-142, 145, 151
virial, 143-144
Equilibrium, 14-18, 38-39, 146-150, 813-845, 950
atmospheric conditions and, 146-150
chemical, 15, 813-828, 836
constant (K P), 8 17-824, 836, 950
Gibbs function (g ) for, 815-817, 828-829,
836-837
ideal-gas mixtures, 816-824, 836
independent properties and, 15
isolated systems, 813, 828-829
mechanical, 14, 813
multicomponent systems, 830-836
phase, 15, 146-150, 813, 828-837
property table for, 950
quasi-equilibrium process, 15-16, 38
simple compressible systems and, 15
simultaneous reactions, 824-828
single-component (isolated) systems, 813, 828-829

1007
INDEX

state o f the system and, 14-15, 38, 813

thermal, 14, 17, 813

Exhaust valves, 493

Expansion device, 614-615, 620

thermodynamic, 14-15, 38

Expansion fans (waves), 880-884

vapor pressure, 146-150

Expansion o f substances, 120-121, 123-124, 298

zeroth law o f thermodynamics and, 17-18, 39

Equivalence ratio, combustion, 773
Ericsson cycle, 503-507, 538
Evaporation, 148-150

Extensive properties o f systems, 12, 38

External combustion engines, 487

Evaporative cooling, 148, 748-749

Evaporator, vapor-compression cycles, 614-615, 620

Fahrenheit scale (F ), 18-21, 39

Excess air, combustion, 773, 800

Fanno line, 870-872

Exergy (x), 423-485, 528-530, 538, 579-581, 619-624

balance, 445-464, 469

Fans, steady-flow process of, 233

Feedwater heaters (FW H ), 571-579, 592

closed systems, 435^-37, 445^-56

control volumes (C V ), 456-464
daily life and, 423-427, 464-468
dead state as, 424^-25, 468
decrease o f exergy principle, 443444, 469
destroyed (X dest), 444-445, 458, 468-469, 528-530,
538, 579-581, 619-624
flow (stream), 438440, 469
gas power cycles, 528-530, 538
heat, transfer by (X heal), 441442, 469
irreversibility (/), 423, 428-429, 444, 468
kinetic energy (xke), 425-427
mass, transfer by (X mass), 442^443, 469
mechanical energy and, 425427
nonflow (closed system), 435-437, 469
potential energy U pc). 425-427
reversible processes, 424, 469
reversible work (W rev), 424, 427-432, 458, 468
second-law efficiency (/7M) and, 432-435, 458^459,
468^469, 620-621
second law o f thermodynamics and, 423-427, 464^468
steady-flow systems, 457464
surroundings work (W surr), 428
system changes by, 435-440
thermo-mechanical, 435-440
transfer, 441442, 469
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, 619-624
vapor power cycles, 579-581
wasted (lost) work potential, 423, 429, 468
work, transfer by (X work), 442, 469
Exergy balance, 445464, 469
closed systems, 445-456
control volumes (C V ), 456-464
rate form of, 445^446, 457,469
reversible work ( lVrcv) of, 458
second-law efficiency ( 17,,), 458-459
steady-flow systems, 457464

closed, 573-579
open (direct-contact), 571-573
First law o f thermodynamics, 2, 38, 52-53, 70-78, 97,
169-174, 191-195, 216-222, 247-251, 292-293,
782-787, 800
adiabatic process, 70
chemical reacting systems, 782-787, 800
closed systems, 51, 169-174, 191-195, 784,
786-787, 800
conservation o f energy, 2, 52-53, 191-194, 247-251
conservation o f mass, 216-222, 251
control volumes (C V ), 51, 216-222, 247-251
energy (E ), quantity o f for, 2, 38, 70-78, 97
energy analysis using, 169-174, 191-195, 216-222,
247-251
energy balance, 71-74, 97, 169-174, 195,
782-787, 800
energy transfer mechanisms, 73-78
heat transfer ( Q ), 73
mass flow, 73
perpetual-motion machine o f the first kind (PM M 1),
292-293
steady-flow systems, 783-786, 800
system changes and, 72-74, 97
total energy and, 70-71
work (W ), 73
Fission, nuclear energy by, 56-58
Flash chamber, 630-631
Flow energy, see Flow work
Flow work, 58-59, 223-226, 251, 438-440
control volume (C V ) and, 223-226, 251
energy o f a flowing fluid, 223-226, 251
energy transport by mass, 224-226
exergy (x) of, 438-440
mechanical energy and efficiency of,
mechanical energy as, 58-59
total energy o f a flowing fluid, 223-224

Fluid friction, 560

air-fuel (A F ) ratio, 771-772, 800

Fluids, 23-26, 58-59, 215-276, 847-905

adiabatic flow, 873

alternative, 768-769

at rest, pressure of, 23-26

automobile consumption, 531-538

axisymmetric flow, 878-879

combustion and, 768-772, 781-782, 788-790, 800

heating values of, 79, 781-782, 800

compressible, 847-905
compressing flow, 880

hydrocarbon, 768, 994, 996

ignition temperature, 770

conservation o f mass, 216-222, 251

control volume (C V ), 215-276

property tables for, 949, 996

Fuel cells, 798-799

energy analysis of, 215-276

Fundamental (primary) dimensions, 3, 5

energy o f a flowing, 223-226, 251

expanding flow, 880

flow work, 58-59, 223-226, 251

hypersonic flow, 853

Gage pressure, 22, 39

isentropic flow, 853-869, 897

mass flow rate, 54, 216-218, 251

Gas constant (R ), 178-179, 694, 908, 958

Gas mixtures, 693-729, 816-824, 836

Pascals law, 25-26

sonic flow, 853, 896
stagnation state properties, 847-851, 896
steady-flow processes, 219-220, 226-242, 251
subsonic flow, 853, 856-858, 896
supersonic flow, 853, 857-858, 896
total energy o f flowing, 223-224
transonic flow, 853
uniform-flow process, 243-247, 251
unsteady-flow processes, 242-247, 251
velocity, variation of, 856-858
volume flow rate, 54, 217-218, 251
Foot (ft), unit of, 6
Force (F ), 6-7, 23, 66-70, 522, 538
compressive, 23
constant, 66-67
generalized, 69-70
gravitational (g), 6-7
pressure (P ) as, 23
springs, 67-68
thrust (F ), 522, 538
units of, 6
weight (W0 as, 6-7

Amagats law o f additive volumes, 696-698, 720

apparent molar mass (M,), 694, 720
chemical equilibrium of, 816-824, 836
chemical potential (/i) of, 709-719
component pressure and volume, 697, 720
Daltons law o f additive pressures, 696-698, 720
desalination process, 717-719
enthalpy (h ) of, 701-702, 71 1, 720
entropy ( S ) of, 701-702, 71 I, 720
equilibrium constant ( K P), 817-824, 836
extensive properties of, 701, 720
gas constant ( Rm), 694
Gibbs-Dalton law, 702
gravimetric analysis, 694
ideal-gas equation o f state and, 696
ideal gases, 697, 701-705, 712-715, 720,
816-824, 836
intensive properties of, 701-702, 720
internal energy (/) of, 701-702, 720
K ay s rule, 698, 706, 720
mass fraction (m f), 694-696, 702, 720
molar analysis, 694
mole fraction (y ), 694-696, 702, 720

work ( W ) and, 66-70

Forced convection, 93
Four-stroke engines, 494-495

partial molar properties (~), 710-712

partial pressure and volume, 697, 720
real gases, 696-702, 705-709

Fouriers law o f heat conduction, 98

Freezing, property diagrams and, 121-123
Friction, irreversibility of, 295-296

reversible mixing processes, 715

second-law efficiency ( 17,,) of, 715-716
separation work of, 709-719

Frictionless processes, see Rayleigh flow

Frost accumulation, heat pumps, 626

solutions, 693, 712-715

standard-state Gibbs function change,
817, 836

Fuel, 79, 531-538, 768-772, 781-782, 788-790, 800,

949, 996

two components of, 716

adiabatic flame temperature, 767, 788-790, 800

volumetric analysis, 967

1009
INDEX

simple cooling, 743-744

simple heating, 743
wet cooling towers, 751-753

Gas power cycles, 487-554

air-standard assumptions, 492, 537
automobile fuel consumption, 531-538

wet-bulb temperature (T wb), 737-740, 748, 754

Brayton cycle, 507-521, 538

Carnot cycle, 490^192, 537
compression-ignition engines (C l), 493,

Gases, 113, 296, 633-634, 680-685, 696-702, 705-709,

720, 817, 821. See also Gas mixtures; Gas-vapor

500-503, 538
Diesel cycle, 500-503, 538
efficiency ( 77) of, 488, 490-492, 522, 531-539

mixtures; Ideal gases,

Amagats law o f additive volumes, 696-698, 720
Dalton s law o f additive pressures, 696-698, 720

Ericsson cycle, 503-507, 538

exergy destruction (X dest) of, 528-530, 538

enthalpy changes (dh), 680-681, 685

entropy changes (ds), 682-683, 685
gas mixtures, 696-702, 705-709, 720

gas-turbine engines, 507-527, 538

intercooling, 517-521

inert, 817, 821

internal energy changes (du), 681, 685

jet-propulsion cycles, 521-527, 538

Otto cycle, 494-499, 537-538
reciprocating engines, 492^193, 537

irreversibility of, 296

Kays rule, 698, 706, 720

regeneration, 504, 514-521, 538

liquefaction of, 633-634

reheating, 517-521

molecular arrangement of, 113

second-law analysis of, 527-530

spark-ignition engines (SI), 493-499, 537-538
Stirling cycle, 503-507, 538

state changes, 680-685

unrestrained expansion of, 296
General Conference o f Weights and Measures

Gas refrigeration cycles, 611, 634-637

Gas-turbine engines, 507-521, 521-527, 538
actual cycle, 513-514

(C G PM ), 5, 20
Generalized force, 69-70

aircraft, 521-527, 538

back work ratio, 509-510

Generator efficiency, 80, 84

Gibbs-Dalton law, 702
Gibbs equations, 349-350, 667, 685

Brayton cycle, 507-521, 538

closed cycle, 507-509

Gibbs function (g ), 667, 792-793, 815-817, 828-829,

836-837, 948, 995

efficiency development of, 510-513

intercooling, 517-521
isentropic efficiency of, 513-514, 538
jet-propulsion cycles, 521-527, 538
open cycle, 507
regeneration, 514-521, 538
reheating, 517-521
Gas-vapor mixtures, 731-765
adiabatic mixing, 749-751

chemical equilibrium, 815-817, 836

chemical reactions, 792-793
phase equilibrium, 828-829, 836-837
property tables for, 948, 995
standard-state change, 817, 836
Global warming (climate change), 89-90
Gravimetric analysis, gas mixtures, 694
Gravitational force (g ), 6-7
Greenhouse effect, 8 9 -9 1

adiabatic saturation temperature, 737-740, 754

air, properties o f for, 732-741, 752-754
air-conditioning processes, 731, 741-754

airstreams, 749-751
atmospheric air, 732-733, 753

h-s (M ollier s) diagrams, 345, 870-872, 894, 925, 975

Heat, see Heat transfer; Thermal energy

dehumidifying, 743, 746-758

dew-point temperature (7^,), 735-737, 754

Heat engines, 56, 280-285, 297-299, 303-306, 314, 487

internal combustion, 487
external combustion, 487
Carnot, 303-306, 314
characteristics of, 280-281
Kelvin-Planck statement, 285

dry air, 732-733, 753

dry-bulb temperature ( T ), 734, 754
enthalpy (h ) of, 732-733, 753-754
evaporative cooling, 748-749
humidifying, 743, 745-756
psychrometric charts, 740-741

net heat transfer (Q na), 282-285

net work (W net), 282-285

Heat engines, (continued)

Heat transfer coefficient (h), 93-94

second law o f thermodynamics and, 280-285, 297-299,

303-306, 314

Heating values (H V ) o f fuel, 79, 781-782, 800

steam power plant, 280-285

Henrys constant (H ) for, 832, 837

thermal efficiency (rjth) of, 281-285, 303-306, 314

waste energy, 279-280, 283-284
working fluid, 280

Henry s law, 831-832, 837

Higher heating value (H H V ), 781

Heat exchangers, energy analysis of, 238-241

Heat loss, 560-561
Heat pumps, 287-292, 306-309, 314, 612-614,
626-627, 642

Henholtz function (a), 667

Horsepower (hp), unit of, 8

Humidifying air-conditioning process, 743, 745-756
Hybrid power systems (HPS), 799
Hydrocarbon fuel, 768
Hypersonic flow, 853

air conditioners, 288

Carnot cycle (reversed), 306-309, 314, 613-614, 642
Clausius statement, 290-292, 314

coefficient o f performance (CO P), 287-289, 306-307,

612, 642

Ice point, 18, 20

energy efficiency rating (EER), 288-289

frost accumulation, 626
refrigeration cycle, 612-614, 626-627, 642
seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), 288-289
Heat reservoirs, see Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat transfer (Q ), 7, 51, 60-62, 92-97, 170,
227-228, 244, 248, 282-285, 297-299, 314,
334-335, 344, 376, 384-387, 441-442, 469
adiabatic processes, 61, 298-299
caloric theory, 61-62
Carnot cycle, 297-299, 314
conduction, 62, 92-93
control volumes (C V ), 227-228, 244, 248
convection, 62, 93-94
energy ( E ) and, 51, 60-62, 97
energy analysis and equations, 227-228, 244, 248-251
entropy balance, 376, 386-387
entropy change and (A S ), 334-335, 344
entropy generation (Sgen) and, 384-387
exergy transfer (X heat) by, 441-442, 469
externally reversible, 297
forced convection, 93
historical background on, 61-62
internally reversible, 297, 334-335, 344
irreversibility of, 296-297
isothermal processes, 298, 334-335, 344
kinetic theory, 61
mechanisms of, 92-96
natural (free) convection, 93

Ice-water vapor, property diagrams for, 923, 973

Ideal gas equation o f state, 111, 134-137, 696
Ideal gases, 111, 134-141, 150, 176-183, 195, 354-360,
396-397, 674-678, 685, 696-697, 701-705,
712-715, 816-824, 836, 849-850, 858-860,
884-893, 897, 909-911, 934-947, 954-956,
959-961, 982-994
Amagats law o f additive volumes, 696-697, 720
chemical equilibrium of, 816-824, 836
compressibility factor (Z ), 111, 137-141, 150
compressible flow of, 849-850, 858-860, 884-893,
897, 954-955
critical properties and ratios of, 859, 897
Dalton s law o f additive pressures, 696-697, 720
energy analysis of, 176-183, 195
enthalpy change (A h ) of, 176-183
entropy change (A S ) of, 354360, 396-397
gas constant (R ), 178-179, 694
gas mixtures, 696-697, 701-705, 712-715
Gibbs-Dalton law, 702
internal energy changes (Am) of, 176-183
isentropic flow properties of, 858-860, 897, 954
isentropic processes of, 357-358, 396-397
Mayer relation for, 675-676
mixtures, 697, 701-705, 712-715, 720,
816-824, 836
monatomic, 178
percentage o f error involved in, 137
property tables for, 909-911, 934-947, 954-956,
959-961, 982-994

net ( g net), 170, 282-285

relative pressure ( P r) and, 358-360

radiation, 62, 94-95

rate of, 61

relative specific volume and, 359-360

Rayleigh flow, 884-893, 897, 956

thermal conductivity, 92
units of, 7, 61

separation o f mixtures, chemical potential and,

714-715

1011
INDEX

solutions, 712-715
specific heat ratio (k) for, 179, 195

Irreversible processes, 280-297, 314, 867-880, 897

friction, 295-296

specific heats, 176-183, 195, 345-358, 674-678, 685,

gases, unrestrained expansion of, 296

909-911,959-961
stagnation temperature (T 0), 849-850, 858-860, 896

heat engines, 280-287

state changes, 674-678, 685

heat transfer, 294-297, 314

universal gas constant (/?), 178

water vapor as a, 137
zero-pressure specific heat, 177

second law o f thermodynamics and, 280-297, 314

Ideal-gas temperature scale, 18-19

Incompressible substances, 183-187, 195, 220-222,
350-354, 396
conservation o f mass, 220-222

heat pumps, 287-291

shock waves, 867-880, 897

Isenthalpic devices, 236
Isentropic efficiency, 368-374, 397, 513-514,
538,

561

compressors, 371-372, 397

gas power cycles, 513-514, 538

enthalpy change (A h ) of, 183-187, 195

nozzles, 221, 230-232, 373-374, 397

entropy change (A S) of, 350-354, 396

pumps, 371-372, 397

internal energy changes ( A m), 183-187, 195

isentropic processes and, 351

steady-flow devices, 368-374, 397

turbines, 369-370

liquids, 183-185, 195, 220-222, 350-354, 396

solids, 183-185, 195, 350-354, 396
specific heats of, 183-185, 195
steady-flow processes, 220-222
Increase o f entropy principle, 335-339, 396
Inert gases, 817, 821
Intake valves, 493
Intensive properties o f systems, 12, 38
Intercooling process, 366-368, 517-521
Internal combustion engines, 487
Internal energy (U ) , 53, 55-56, 96, 175-187, 195, 672,
681, 685, 701-702, 720
changes ( A m or du), 175-187, 195, 672, 681, 685
chemical energy as, 55
gas mixtures, 701-702, 720
heat transfer and, 56
ideal gas changes, 176-183, 195
incompressible substances, 183-187, 195
latent energy as, 55

vapor (steam) power cycles, 561

Isentropic flow, 853-869, 896-897, 954
back pressure, 860-869, 897
converging-diverging nozzles, 855-856, 865-869, 897
converging nozzles, 860-865, 897
critical properties and ratios of, 859, 897
duct flow, 853-858, 884-893
ideal gases, 858-860, 897
Mach number (M a) for, 852-853, 856-858, 897
nozzles, 855-858, 860-869, 893-897
one-dimensional, 853-860, 897
property table for, 954
sonic flow, 853, 896
static-to-stagnation property ratios, 856-858
subsonic flow, 853, 856-858, 896
supersonic flow, 853, 857-858, 896
variation o f fluid velocity, 856-858
Isentropic processes, 331, 342-344, 351, 357-360, 365,
368-374, 396-397

molecular forces of, 55-56

nuclear energy as, 55-56

adiabatic, 342-345
entropy and, 331, 342-344, 368-374, 396-397

real gas changes, 681, 685

sensible energy as, 55
simple compressible substances, 672, 685

entropy change (AS), 357-360, 396-397

ideal gases, 357-360, 396-397
incompressible substances and, 351
property diagrams for, 344
relative pressure (P r) and, 358-360
relative specific volume and, 359-360

specific heat and, 175-187, 195

work and, 56
International System (S I) o f units, 4-8, 907-956
history of, 4-5
prefixes, 5-6
property tables, 907-956
International Temperature Scale o f 1990 (ITS-90),

20-21
Irreversibility (/), 423, 428-429, 444, 468

reversible work (W ) of, 365, 397

specific heats and, 357-358
Isentropic stagnation state, 849
Isobaric process, 16
Isohoric (isometric) process, 16
Isothermal compressibility (a ), 675, 685

Isothermal process, 16, 298, 334-335, 344, 365, 397

Lighting efficacy, 80

Carnot cycle and, 298

Liquid film, work by stretching, 68

compression, 298

Liquid-vapor saturation curve, 116

entropy change (AS), 334-335, 344

expansion, 298

Liquids, 113-114, 119-120, 125-132, 148-150, 183-187,

195, 350-354, 396, 912-913, 962-963
boiling, 148
compressed region, 119

heat transfer, 298, 334-335

internally reversible, 334-335, 344
property diagrams for, 344

compressed, 114, 131-132, 150

reversible work (VK) of, 365, 397

enthalpy change (A h) of, 183-187, 195

entropy change (A S) of, 350-354, 396
evaporation, 148-150

incompressible (closed systems), 183-187, 195

Jet-propulsion cycles, 521-527, 538

internal energy changes (A m), 183-187, 195

liquids, 183-185

aircraft, 521-527, 538

propeller-driven, 521, 525
propulsive efficiency (rjp), 522, 538
propulsive power, 522, 538
ramjet, 527
rockets, 527
scramjet, 525
turbofan, 525-526
turbojet (jet), 521-525
turboprop (propjet), 521, 526-527
Joule (J), unit of, 7
Joule-Thomson coefficient

(/ j. ),

235, 678-680, 685

molecular arrangement of, 113

property diagrams for, 119-120
property tables for, 125-132, 912-913, 962-963
saturated, 114, 119-120, 125-126, 150
saturated liquid line, 119
saturated liquid-vapor mixture, 114, 119-120,
127-130, 150
wet region, 119-120
Lower heating value (L H V ), 781
Luminous intensity, units of, 5

K
K ays rule, 698, 706, 720
Kelvin (K ), unit o f degrees, 5
Kelvin-Planck statement, 285, 291-292, 314
Kelvin scale (K ), 18-21, 302-303
Kilogram (kg), unit of, 5-6
Kilogram-force (k g f), unit of, 6
Kilojoules (kJ), unit of, 7, 61
Kilowatt-hour (kW h), unit of, 8
Kinetic energy (K E ), 53-55, 97, 229, 251, 425^127
changes (Ake), 229
control volume (C V ), 229, 251
exergy (xke) of, 425-427
internal energy as, 53-55, 97
Kinetic theory, 61
Kirchhoffs law, 95

L
Latent energy, 55
Latent heat o f vaporization, 116
Laval nozzles, 856
Length, units of, 5

Mach angle (0), 880

Mach number (M a), 847, 852-853, 855-858, 861-862,
870-873, 876-881, 896-897
back pressure and, 861-862, 897
critical properties and ratios, 859, 897
downstream flow, 878-879
isentropic fluid flow, 852-853, 856-858, 897
local velocity and (M a *), 862
nozzles, flow rate though, 855-858, 861-862
Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves, 880-881
shock waves, 870-873, 876-880, 897
sonic flow, 853, 878-879, 896
speed o f sound and, 847, 851-853, 896
static-to-stagnation property ratios, 856-858
subsonic flow, 853, 856-858, 861-862, 879, 896
supersonic flow, 853, 857-858, 873, 879, 896
throat o f nozzle and, 855-856, 859, 862, 897
upstream flow, 879
Mach wave, 879-880
Macroscopic energy, 53-54. See also Kinetic energy (K E )
Magnetic work, 70
Manometer, 26-28, 39
Mass (m), 5-7, 216-222, 224-226, 251, 377, 442-443, 469

1013
INDEX

balance, 218-222
conservation of, 216-222, 251

Mercury-steam binary vapor cycle, 598-597

control volumes (C V ) and, 216-222, 224-226, 251

Meter (m), unit of, 5-6

Metabolism, 188-189, 191-192

energy transport (md) by, 224-226, 251

Metric Convention Treaty, 5

entropy balance and, 377

Microscopic energy, 53. See also Internal energy ( U )

exergy transfer (X mass) by, 442-443, 469

flow work and, 224-226

M ixing chambers, energy analysis of, 237-238

units of, 5-7

weight (IV ) and, 6-7
Mass balance, 218-222, 243, 251, 744
air-conditioning processes, 744
control volume (C V ) and, 218-222, 251

Molar mass, property diagrams for, 908, 958

M ole (mol), unit of, 5
M ole fraction (y ), 694-696, 702, 720
Molecules, 2-3, 55-56, 112-113, 345-347, 396
arrangement o f in pure substances, 112-113
behavior of, 2-3
binding forces of, 55-56

incompressible flow, 220-222

steady-flow processes, 219-222, 251

disorder (randomness) of, 345-347, 396

entropy and, 345-347, 396

unsteady-flow processes, 243, 251

Mass equation for Rayleigh flow, 885
Mass flow rate, 54, 96, 216-218, 251

Motor efficiency, 83

Mass fraction (m f), 694-696, 702, 720

Maxwell relations, 667-668, 685

Multicomponent systems, phase equilibrium of, 830-836

Multistage compression, 366-368, 517-521, 538,

Mollier diagram (h-s), 345, 870-872, 894, 925, 975

Mayer relation, 675-676

630-632, 642
Brayton cycle, 517-521, 538

Mean effective pressure (M EP), 493, 537

Measurement devices, 18-19, 26-33, 39,
738-739, 773
barometer, 29-31, 39
Bourdon tube, 28
constant-volume gas thermometer, 18-19
manometer, 26-28, 39
Orsat gas analyzer, 773
piezoelectric transducers, 29
pressure transducers, 28-29
sling psychrometer, 738-739
strain-gage pressure transducers, 29
thermometers, 18-21
Mechanical energy, 58-59, 97, 425-427
energy transfer of, 58-59, 97
exergy (x), and, 425^127
pumps, 58-59
wind, 59
Mechanical equilibrium, 14
Mechanical work, 66-70, 82-86, 163-169, 195
accelerating a body, 68-69
boundary work (moving), 163-169, 195
closed system energy analysis, 163-169, 195
efficiency, 82-86
elastic solid bars, 67-68
raising a body, 68-69
shafts, 66-67
springs, 67-68
stretching liquid film, 68
surface tension (trs), 68

compressors, 366-368
entropy (S ) and, 366-368
flash chamber, 630-632
thermal efficiency (hth) of, 517-521, 538
vapor-compression cycles, 630-632

N
Natural (free) convection, 93
Natural-draft cooling tower, 752
Nelson-Obert generalized compressibility chart, 932
Net heat transfer (Q na), 170, 282-285
Net work (W net), 170, 282-285
Newton (N ), unit of, 5-6
Newton s law o f cooling, 93
Nonflow (closed system) exergy, 435-437, 469
Nonmechanical work, 69-70
Normal shock, 867-875, 897, 955
Normal stress, 22
Nozzles, 221, 230-232, 373-374, 397, 855-858,
860-869, 893-897
back pressure, 860-869, 897
compressible flow and, 860-869, 893-897
converging, 847, 860-865, 897
converging-diverging, 847, 855-856, 865-869, 897
critical properties and ratios, 859, 897
energy analysis of, 221, 230-232
isentropic efficiency of, 373-374, 397
isentropic flow through, 853-869, 897

Nozzles, (continued)

boiling, 148

Laval, 856

Clapeyron equation for, 668-671, 685

Mach number (M a) for flow rate through,

compressed liquid, 114, 131-132, 150

855-858, 861-862
normal shock in, 867-869
shape o f for velocity, 857-858

contraction o f substances, 120-121, 123-124

enthalpy (/?), 124-125, 668-671, 685
equilibrium and, 146-150

static-to-stagnation property ratios, 856-858

steam, 893-896

evaporation, 148-150

throat, 855-856, 859, 862, 897

Venturi, 856

latent heat o f vaporization, 116

liquid-vapor saturation curve, 116

Nuclear energy, 55-58

expansion o f substances, 120-121, 123-124

property diagrams for, 118-124, 150-151

property tables for, 124-134
P - T diagrams, 122-123

Oblique shocks, 868, 876-880

P-v diagrams, 120-122

P -v -T surface, 123-124

One-dimensional flow, 853-860, 897. See also

Isentropic flow
Open cycles, 487, 507-509
Open systems, 11-12, 38

reference state and reference values, 132-134

Orsat gas analyzer, 773

Otto cycle, 494-499, 537-538
Overall (combined) efficiency, 80, 84
Ozone, 87-88

saturation pressure, 115-118

saturation temperature, 115-118
sublimation, 122-123

superheated vapor, 114-115, 130-131

T-v diagrams, 118-120
wet region, 119
Phase diagram, 122

P -li diagrams, 931, 980

P - T diagrams,
P -v diagrams,
P -v -T surface,
Package icing,

saturated liquid, 114, 125-126, 150

saturated liquid-vapor mixture, I 14, 127-130
saturated vapor, 114-115, 150

122-123
120-122, 504
123-124
118

Partial derivatives, 661-668, 685

derivative o f a function, 662-663
Gibbs equations, 667, 685
Maxwell relations, 667-668, 685
partial differential (<5), 663-666
total differential {d ), 663-665
Partial differential (5), 663-666
Partial molar properties (~), gas mixtures, 7 10-712
Partial pressure and volume, 697, 720
Pascal (Pa), unit of, 21-22
Pascals law, 25-26
Paths, system processes and, 15-16
Path functions, 63
Peltier effect, 641
Per unit mass basis for energy balance, 74, 97, 170
Performance output/input, 78-79. See also Efficiency
Perpetual-motion machines, 292-294
Phase-change processes, 113-134, 146-151,668-671,
685. See also System changes

Phase equilibrium, 15, 146-150, 813, 828-837

atmospheric conditions, 146-150
Gibbs function (g ) for, 828-829, 836-837
Gibbs phase rule, 830, 837
Henrys constant (H ) for, 832, 837
Henrys law, 831-832, 837
multicomponent systems, 830-836
Raoults law, 832-833, 837
single-component (isolated) systems, 813, 828-829
Phases o f pure substances, 112-113
Piezoelectric transducers, 29
Pipe flow, energy analysis of, 241-242
Pistons, 493
Point functions, 63
Polytropic process, 168-169, 195, 365, 397
energy analysis of, 168-169, 195
reversible work ( W ) of, 365, 397
Potential energy (PE), 54, 97, 229, 251, 425^127
changes (Ape), 229
control volume (C V ), 229, 251
exergy (,rpe) of, 425427
internal energy as, 54, 97
Pound-force per square inch (lbf/in2), unit of, 22
Pound-mass (lbm), unit of, 6

1015
INDEX

Power, 7-8, 62, 65, 522, 538

standard atmospheric (P aIm), 29-30

electrical, 65

units of, 21-22, 29-30, 39

propulsive, 522, 538

units of, 7-8, 62
work per unit time for, 62, 65

vacuum, 22, 39

Power cycles, 487-610

air-standard assumptions, 492, 537
Carnot cycle, 490492, 537, 556, 592
cogeneration, 555, 581-586, 592
combined gas-vapor, 586-589, 592
efficiency ( t j ) of, 488, 490^492, 522, 537-538,
563-567, 592
engines, 487-554e
exergy destruction (X dest) of, 528-530, 538,
579-581
gas, 487-554
ideal, 488-490
property diagrams for, 489-490, 504, 508-509
regeneration, 504, 515-521, 538, 555,
571-579, 592
reheating, 517-521, 555, 567-571, 592
second-law analysis of, 527-530, 579-581
steam power plants, 555-610
thermal efficiency (% ,) of, 488, 490-492, 537,
563-567, 592
vapor, 555-610
Power plants, see Steam power plants
Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves, 880-884
Prefixes, SI units, 5-6
Pressure (P ), 21-33, 39, 115-118, 139-140, 146-150,
174-176, 195, 358-360, 493, 508-509, 849,
860-869, 896-897
absolute, 22-23, 39
back pressure, 860-869, 897
compressive flow, 849, 860-869, 896-897
compressive force of, 23
depth, variation o f with, 23-26, 39
entropy change (A S ) and, 358-360
fluid at rest, 23-26
gage, 22, 39
mean effective pressure (M EP), 493
measurement devices, 26-33, 39

vacuum cooling and freezing, 117-118

vapor (P v), 146-150
Pressure fraction, gas mixtures, 697
Pressure head, 24
Pressure transducers, 28-29
Problem-solving techniques, 1, 33-38
Processes, 2, 15-17, 38, 60, 70, 219-222, 226-247, 251,
277-279, 294-299, 314
adiabatic, 61, 70, 298-299
cycle o f system, 16, 38
energy analysis of, 219-222, 226-247, 251
isobaric, 16
isohoric (isometric), 16
isothermal, 16, 298
quasi-equilibrium (quasi-static), 15-16, 38
second law o f thermodynamics and, 2, 38, 277-279,
294-299, 314
steady, 16-17, 219-222, 226-242, 251
uniform-flow, 243-247, 251
unsteady-flow, 242-247, 251
irreversible processes, 294-297, 314
reversible processes, 294-295, 297-299, 314
internally reversible, 297
externally reversible, 297
Carnot cycle, 297-299, 3 14
Process-heating plants, 581-582
Propeller-driven engines, 521, 525
Property diagrams, 118-124, 150-151, 344-345,
489-490, 504, 508-509, 556-557, 560-561,
870-872, 886-887, 894, 924-925, 974-975, 980
compressed liquid region, 119
contraction o f substances, 120-121, 123-124
critical point, 118-119, 150
entropy (S ) and, 344-345
expansion o f substances, 120-121, 123-124
Fanno line, 870-872
gas power cycles, 489-490, 504, 508-509
h-s, 345, 870-872, 894, 925, 975
heat-addition and -rejection processes, 490

package icing, 118

M oilier (h-s), 345, 870-872, 925, 975

Pascals law, 25-26

ratio (rp), 508-509
reduced (P R), 139-140

P-h, 931, 980

relative (P r), 358-360

saturation (P sat), 115-118
specific heat at constant (cp), 174-176, 195
stagnation (P 0), 849, 896

P-T, 122-123
P-v, 120-122,504
P -v -T surface, 123-124
phase, 122
phase-change processes, 118-124, 150-151
process curve of, 344, 489490

1016
INDEX

Property diagrams, ( continued)

Rayleigh line, 870-872, 886-887
saturated liquid line, 119
Rayleigh flow, 886-887

mechanical energy transfer from, 58-59

steady-flow process of, 233
Pure substances, 111-162, 339-342, 395

saturated liquid-vapor mixture region, 119-120

saturated vapor line, 119

Beattie-Bridgeman equation o f state, 142-143, 145, 151

Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation o f state, 143,
145-146, 151

shock waves, 870-872

boiling, 148

solids included in, 120-122

steam, 894

compressed liquid, 114, 131-132, 150

compressibility factor (Z ), 111, 137-141, 150

sublimation, 122-123

enthalpy, 124-125

T-s, 344, 489-490, 504, 556-557, 561, 886-887,

924, 974

entropy change (A S ) of, 339-342, 395

equations o f state. 111, 134-137, 141-146, 150

T-v, 118-120

evaporation, 148-150
gas phase, 113

triple line, 121, 150

triple point, 121-123

ideal gas, 111, 134-141, 150

vapor power cycles, 556-557, 560-561

latent heat o f vaporization, 116

wet region, 119

Wilson line, 894

liquid phase, 113-114, 119-120, 125-132, 150

Property tables, 124-134, 907-997

atmosphere at high altitudes, 933-981
compressed liquid, 131-132
compressible flow, 954-956
English units, 957-997
enthalpy (h), 124-125, 948, 951, 995
entropy (S ), 948, 952, 995
equilibrium constant (K P), 950
fuels and hydrocarbons, 768, 994, 996
Gibbs function (g ), 948, 995
ideal gases, 909-911, 934-947, 954-956, 959-961,
982-994
isentropic flow, 954
liquids, 912-913, 962-963
normal shock, 955
Rayleigh flow, 956

molecular arrangement of, 112-113

phase-change processes of, 113-116
phase equilibrium, 146-150
phases of, 112-113
property diagrams, 118-124, 150-151
property tables, 124-134
reference state and reference values, 132-134
saturation, 114-118, 125-130, 150
solid phase, 112-113, 120-123, 150
superheated vapor, 114-115, 130-131, 150
thermodynamic properties of, 111-162
van der Waals equation o f state, 141-142, 145, 151
vapor, 114-118, 125-131, 137, 146-150
virial equations o f state, 143-144

reference state and reference values, 132-134

refrigerant R134a, 926-931, 976-980
saturated liquid and vapor states, 125-126
saturated liquid-vapor mixture, 127-130
SI units, 907-956

Quasi-equilibrium (quasi-static) process, 15-16, 38,

164-168, 195

solids, 912-913, 962-963

superheated vapor, 130-131

Radiation, 62, 94-95

water, 914-925, 964-975

Propulsive efficiency (%>), 522, 538
Propulsive power, 522, 538
Pseudo-reduced specific volume, 140
Psychrometric charts, 740-741, 953, 997
Pumps, 58-59, 83-84, 233, 371-372, 397. See also
Heat pumps
efficiency, 83-84
isentropic efficiency of, 371-372, 397

R
absorptivity, 9495
blackbody, 94
heat transfer by, 62, 94-95
Kirchhoffs law, 95
Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 94
Ramjet engines, 527
Rankine cycle, 557-560, 563-579, 592
boiler pressure increase for, 564-567
condenser pressure increase for, 563-564
energy analysis of, 557-560

1017
INDEX

feedwater heaters (FW H ), 571-579, 592

regenerative cycles, 555, 571-579, 592
reheat cycles, 555, 567-571, 592
superheating steam for, 567, 592
thermal efficiency (% ,) of, 563-567, 592
Rankine scale (R ), 18-21
Raoult's law, 832-833, 837
Rarified gas flow theory, 13
Rate form o f energy ( E ) balance, 54, 74, 96-97, 170,
216-218
Rate form o f exergy (x ) balance, 445446, 457,469
Rate o f heat transfer, 61
Rayleigh flow, 884-893, 897, 956
choked, 891
duct flow with heat transfer and no friction,
884-893, 897
energy equation for, 885
entropy change (A S ) of, 885-886
heating and cooling effects on, 887
mass equation for, 885
property relations for, 890-891
property table for, 956
T-s property diagrams for, 886-887
x-rnomentum equation for, 885
Rayleigh line, 870-872, 886-887
Reacting systems, see Chemical reactions
Real gases, see Gases
Reciprocating engines, 492-503, 537-538
bottom dead center (BD C), 493
clearance volume, 493
compression-ignition (C l), 493, 500-503, 538
compression ratio (R ), 493, 496, 537
displacement volume, 493
intake and exhaust valves, 493
mean effective pressure (M EP), 493, 537
pistons, 493
spark-ignition (SI), 493, 494-499, 537-538
top dead center (TD C ), 493
Reduced pressure ( P R), 139-140
Reduced temperature ( P T), 139-140
Reformulated gasoline (RFG ), 88
Refrigerant, 116-117, 286, 612, 624-626, 637-638, 642,
926-931, 976-980
absorption refrigeration systems, 637-638, 642
ammonia, 624
ethyl ether, 624
P -h diagrams for, 931, 980
property tables for, 926-931, 976-980
R-134a, 116-117, 926-931, 976-980
refrigerator working fluid, 286, 612, 642

saturation of, 116-117

selection of, 624-626
Refrigeration cycles, 611-659
absorption systems, 611, 637-639, 642
cascade systems, 611, 628-630, 642
coefficient o f performance, 612-615, 619, 635,
639, 642
compressors for, 633-634
cooling capacity, 612-613
gas cycles, 611, 634-637
heat-driven systems, 638
heat pump systems, 624, 626-627
liquefaction o f gases, 633-634
multipurpose systems, 632-633
multistage compression systems, 630-632
refrigerant, 286, 612, 624-626, 637-638, 642
reversed Carnot cycle and, 613-614, 642
thermoelectric power generation, 611, 640-642
vapor-compression cycle, 286, 309-310, 611, 614-624,
627-634, 642
Refrigerators, 52, 285-287, 289-202, 306-314, 612-642.
See also Refrigerant
absorption systems, 309-310
Carnot cycle (reversed), 299, 306-309, 314,
612-614, 642
Clausius statement, 290-292, 314
coefficient o f performance (C O P), 286-287, 306-307,
314, 612-613, 642
cooling capacity, 612-613
energy conversion and, 52
energy efficiency rating (EER), 289
environmental conservation and, 310-312
gas cycle, 634-637
household, 309-313
refrigeration power cycle, 612-642
second law o f thermodynamics and, 285-292,
306-314
thermoelectric system, 309-310
vapor-compression cycle, 286, 309-310, 611, 614-624,
627-634, 642
Regeneration processes, 504, 515-521, 538, 555,
571-579, 592
Brayton cycle, 515-521, 538
effectiveness (e), 515-516, 538
Ericsson cycle, 504, 538
feedwater heaters (FW H ), 571-579, 592
multistage compression with, 517-521, 538
Rankine cycle, 555, 571-579, 592
Stirling cycle, 504, 538
traps for steam power, 574

1018
INDEX

Reheating process, 517-521, 555, 567-571, 592

Brayton cycle, 517-521
Rankine cycle, 555, 567-571, 592
Relative density, see Specific gravity (SG )
Relative humidity (</>), 146-147
Reversible processes, 294-295, 297-301, 303-304,
306-307, 314, 332-335, 342-344, 361-367,
396-397, 424, 427-432, 444, 458, 468-469,
715, 884-893, 897

saturated liquid-vapor mixture region,

119-120
saturated vapor line, 119
temperature (7^,), 115-118
vacuum cooling and freezing, 117-118
vapor, 114-119, 150
water, 914-917, 964-967
Saturation line, 740
Scramjet engines, 525

adiabatic, 298-299, 884

Carnot cycle, 297-299, 314

Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), 288-289

Carnot heat engine, 303-304, 314

Carnot heat pump, 306-307, 314

Second law o f thermodynamics, 2, 38, 277-329, 331-422,

423485

Carnot principle and, 299-301, 314

Carnot refrigeration cycle, 299, 306-307, 314
Clausius inequality and, 332-333
efficiency of, 295, 299-301, 364
entropy (S ) and, 332-335, 342-343, 361-367, 396
exergy (x) and, 424-432, 468469
exergy destroyed (X destroyed), 444, 458, 468-469
externally, 297
Feedwater heaters (FW H ), 571-579, 592
gas mixtures, 715
heat transfer ( Q ), 294-297, 314
internally, 297, 334-335, 344, 396
isentropic, 342-344
isothermal, 298-299, 334-335
property diagrams for, 344
Rayleigh flow, 884-893, 897
second law o f thermodynamics and, 294-295, 314
steady-flow processes, 361-364, 397
total, 297
work (W rev), 361-364, 397, 424, 427-432,
458, 468^469
Rockets, 527

Second (s), unit of, 5-6

Carnot cycle, 297-299, 303-306, 314

Carnot principles, 299-301, 314
Clausius statement, 290-292, 314
coefficient o f performance (CO P), 286-290, 314
daily life, aspects of, 423427, 464-468
efficiency and, 281-290, 303-306, 313-314
energy quality and, 2, 38, 277-279, 305-306
entropy (S ), 278, 331-422
exergy (x), 423485
heat engines, 280-285, 297-299, 303-306, 314
heat pumps, 287-292, 306-309, 314
heat transfer, 294-297, 314
irreversible processes, 280-297, 314
Kelvin-Planck statement, 285, 291-292, 314
perpetual-motion machine o f the second kind (PM M 2),
292-293
processes and, 2, 38, 277-279
refrigerators, 285-287, 289-202, 306-314
reversed Carnot cycle, 299, 306-309, 314
reversible processes, 294-295, 297-299, 314
thermal energy reservoirs, 279-280, 313
thermodynamic temperature scale, 301-303, 314
Second-law analysis, 527-530, 579-581, 619-624,
792-798
chemical reacting systems, 792-798

Saturated air, 146-147

Saturation, 114-120, 125-130, 150,914-917,
964-967
consequences of, 116-118
liquid, 114, 119, 150
liquid-vapor mixture, 114, 119-120, 150
package icing, 118
pressure (P sat), 115-118
property diagrams for, 119-120, 914-917,
964-967
refrigerant-134a, properties of, 116-117
saturated liquid line, 119

exergy destruction (X dest) of, 528-530, 538,

579-581, 792
gas power cycles, 527-530
reversible work ( Wrev) and, 792-798
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, 619-624
vapor power cycles, 579-581
Second-law efficiency (rju), 395, 432^135, 458-459,
468^469, 620-621, 715-716
control volume (C V ), 458-459
exergy (x ) and, 432435, 458459, 468469,
620-621
gas mixtures, 715-716

1019
INDEX

steady-flow processes, 458459

vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, 620-621
Seebeck effect, 640-641
Sensible energy, 55
Separation work, gas mixtures, 709-719

Sonic flow, 853, 878-879, 896

Spark-ignition engines (SI), 493499, 537-538
four-stroke, 494-495
Otto cycle, 494-499, 537-538
two-stroke, 495

Set point, 192

Specific gravity (SG), 14

Shaft work, 66-67, 82-86

efficiency, 82-86

Specific heats, 163, 174-187, 195, 345-358, 396-397,

mechanical energy transfer by, 66-67

Shock waves, 847, 867-880, 897, 955
adiabatic flow, 873
axisymmetric flow, 878-879
bow wave (detached oblique), 878

674-678, 685, 909-911, 959-961

closed systems, 163, 174-187, 195
constant, 354-355, 357-358, 396
constant pressure (cp), 174-176, 195
constant volume (cv), 174-176, 195

deflection angle (0), 876-877

energy analysis and, 163, 174-187, 195

enthalpy changes (A h ) and, 175-187, 195

Fanno line, 870-872

h-s (M olliers) property diagrams for, 870-872

entropy change (A S ) and, 345-358, 396-397

gas constant (R ) and, 178-179

Mach number (M a) for, 870-873, 876-880, 897

ideal gases, 176-183, 195, 345-358, 396-397

incompressible substances, 183-185, 195
internal energy changes (Am), 175-187, 195

Mach wave, 879-880

normal shocks, 867-875, 897
oblique shocks, 86 8 , 876-880, 897
properties of, 870-874
property table for, 955
Rayleigh line, 870-872
turning (wave) angle (/3), 876-877
Sign convention, heat and work interactions, 63
Significant digits, 37-38
Simple compressible systems, 15
Simultaneous chemical reactions, equilibrium of, 824828
Single-component (isolated) systems, phase equilibrium
of, 813, 828-829
Sling psychrometer, 738-739
Smog, 87-88
Software packages, engineering, 35-37
Solids, 112-113, 120-123, 148, 150, 183-187, 195,
350-354, 396, 912-913, 962-963
boiling, 148
enthalpy change (A h ) of, 183-187, 195
entropy change (A S ) of, 350-354, 396
freezing, 121-123
incompressible (closed systems), 183-187, 195
internal energy changes (Am), 183-187, 195
molecular arrangement of, 112-113
P-v diagram, 120-123
property diagrams including, 120-123
property tables for, 912-913, 962-963
specific heats of, 183-185
sublimination, 122-123
triple line, 121,150
triple point, 121-123
Solutions, gas mixtures, 693, 712-715

isentropic processes, 357-360, 396-397

isothermal compressibility (a ), 675, 685
liquids, 183-185, 195
Mayer relation for, 675-676
property diagrams for, 909-911, 959-961
ratio (k), 179, 195
solids, 183-185
state changes (c v and cp), 674-678, 685
units of, 176
variable, 355-358, 396-397
volume expansivity (/3), 675, 685
zero-pressure, 177
Specific properties o f systems, 12-14, 38
Specific volume, 13, 38, 359-360
relative, 359-360
thermodynamic property of, 13, 38
Specific weight (y ), 7, 14
Speed o f sound, 847, 851-853, 896
Spray pond, 752
Springs, force o f for work, 67-68
Stagnation properties, 847-851, 858-860, 896
fluids, 847-851, 896
ideal gases, 849-850, 858-860, 896
pressure (P 0), 849, 896
temperature (T 0), 849-850, 858-860, 896
Standard atmosphere, unit of, 29-30
Standard atmospheric pressure (F atm), 29-30
Standard-state Gibbs function change, 817, 836
State changes, 671-685, 859, 897
Clapeyron equation for, 668-671, 685
enthalpy (dh), 668-673, 680-681, 685

State changes, (continued)

entropy (ds), 673-674, 682-683, 685

turbines, 229, 233-235, 369-370

work as power in, 228

internal energy (du), 672, 681, 685

Steam nozzles, 893-896

Joule-Thomson coefficient (/a) for, 678-680, 685

Mayer relation for, 675-676

Steam power plants, 280-285, 555-610

Steam point, 18, 20

real gases, 680-685

ideal gas, 674-678, 685

binary vapor cycle, 586, 589-591

Carnot cycle, 556, 592

simple compressible substances, 671-674, 685

specific heats (c v and cp), 674-678, 685

combined gas-vapor, 586-589, 592

heat engine operation of, 280-285

stagnation-to-static properties, 859, 897

temperature ( T ) and, 678-680, 685

mercury-steam cycle, 598-597

Rankine cycle, 557-560, 563-579, 592

State o f a system, 14-15, 38, 132-134, 424^125,

799-800, 813, 847-851, 896
dead, 424-425
equilibrium and, 14-15, 38, 813
reference, 132-134, 799-800
stagnation properties, 847-851, 858-860, 896
State postulate, 15

vapor power cycles, 555-610

Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 94
Stirling cycle, 503-507, 538
Stoichiometric coefficients (v ), 815-816, 836
Stoichiometric combustion, 772-778, 800
Strain-gage pressure transducers, 29
Stream (flow ) exergy, 438440, 469

Stationary systems, energy in, 54, 72-73

Stroke, engines, 493

Statistical thermodynamics, defined, 3

Steady, defined, 16

Subcooled liquid, see Compressed liquid

Sublimation, 122-123

Steady-flow processes, 16-17, 219-222, 226-242, 251,

Subsonic flow, 853, 856-858, 861-862, 879, 896

Superheated vapor, 114-115, 130-131, 150

361-374, 397, 456-464, 783-786, 800

Bernoulli equation for, 362
chemical reacting, 783-786, 800
compressors, 233-234, 361-368, 371-372, 397
control volume (C V ) and, 219-222, 226-242, 251
devices, 16-17, 221, 229-242, 364
diffusers, 230-231
ducts, 241-242
efficiency of, 364, 368-347, 397
energy analysis of, 219-222, 226-242, 251
energy balance, 227-229, 251, 783-786, 800
energy changes (Ape and Ake), 229
enthalpy changes (A h), 229
entropy (S ) and, 361-364, 397
exergy balance of, 456464
heat exchangers, 238-241
incompressible, 2 2 0 -2 2 2

Superheated water, property tables for, 918-921, 968-971

Superheating steam, Rankine cycle, 592
Supersaturation, 894
Supersonic flow, 853, 857-858, 873, 879, 896
Surface tension (cr^), 68
Surroundings, systems, 10, 424
Surroundings work (W surr), 428
Swamp coolers, 748-749
Systems, 10-17, 38, 51, 54, 56, 72-74, 97, 375, 424-*25,
435-440, 671-685, 782-787, 790-798
boundary, 10-11
chemical reacting, 782-787, 790-798
closed, 11, 38, 51, 54, 56, 435^137
continuum, 13
control volume (C V ) and, 10-12, 38, 51, 54, 56
cycle, 16, 38, 74
dead state, 424-425

isentropic efficiency of, 368-374, 397

mass balance for, 219-220
mixing chambers, 237-238

energy balance in, 73-74, 97

nozzles, 221, 230-232, 373-374, 397

pipes, 241-242
pumps, 233, 371-372, 397

energy transfer in, 51, 54, 56, 73-74, 97

rate o f heat transfer, 228

reversible work (W rev), 361-368, 397, 458
second-law efficiency (r]n) of, 458-459
single-stream systems, 2 2 0 , 228
throttling valves, 235-237

energy change (process) of, 72-74, 97

energy flow in, 54
entropy change (A S ) of, 375
environment, 424
equilibrium and, 14-15, 38
exergy and, 424125, 435440
flow (stream) exergy, 438^140
immediate surroundings, 424

1021
INDEX

independent properties of, 15

nonflow exergy, 435437

saturation (T J ), 115-118, 737-740, 754

open, 11-12, 38

stagnation (T Q), 849-850, 858-860, 896

state changes and, 678-680, 685

paths, 15-16

scales, 18-20, 39, 301-303, 314

processes of, 15-17, 38

superheating steam, 592

properties of, 12, 38

thermal equilibrium and, 17-18, 39

simple compressible, 15
specific properties of, 12-14, 38

thermodynamic scale, 18, 301-303, 314

units of, 5

state changes, 671-685

vacuum cooling and freezing, 117-118

water references, 18-20

state of, 14-15, 38, 424^25

stationary, 54, 72-73
surroundings, 10, 424
thermo-mechanical exergy changes of, 435-440

wet-bulb (Twb), 737-740, 754

zeroth law o f thermodynamics and, 17-18, 39
Theoretical combustion, 772-778, 800
Thermal conductivity, 92
Thermal efficiency (hth), 281-285, 303-306, 313-314, 488,

T ds relationship o f entropy, 349-350

T-s diagrams, 344, 489-490, 504, 556-557, 561, 886-887,
924, 974
Temperature (7 ), 5, 17-21, 39, 95, 115-118, 139-140,
301-303, 314, 563-567, 592, 678-680, 685,
734-740, 754, 767, 770, 788-790, 800, 849-850,
858-860, 896
absolute, 95, 302
adiabatic flame (combustion), 767, 788-790, 800
adiabatic saturation, 737-740, 754
boiler pressure increase, 564-567
Carnot principles and, 301-303, 314
Celsius scale (C ), 18-21, 39
combustion, 754, 767, 770, 788-790, 800
condenser pressure increase, 563-564
constant-volume gas thermometer, 18-19
dew-point ( Tip), 735-737, 754
dry-bulb (T ), 734, 754
dynamic, 849
Fahrenheit scale (F), 18-21, 39
gas-vapor mixtures, 734-740, 754
General Conference on Weights and Measure
(C G PM ), 20, 302
ice point, 18, 20
ideal-gas scale, 18-19
ignition, 770

490-492, 508-509, 510-513, 517-521, 537-538,

563-567, 592
Brayton cycle, 508-509, 517-521, 538
Carnot cycle, 303-306, 313-314, 490-492, 537
gas power cycles, 488, 490^192, 537
gas-turbine engines, 510-513
heat engines, 281-285, 303-306, 314
multistage compression and, 517-521, 538
Rankine cycle, 563-567, 592
vapor power cycle, 563-567, 592
Thermal energy, 52, 56, 60, 279-280, 313
capacity, 279
internal energy (heat) as, 52, 56, 60
reservoirs, 279-280, 313
sink, 279
source, 279
Thermal equilibrium, 14, 17-18, 39
Thermodynamic equilibrium, see Equilibrium
Thermodynamic temperature scale, 18, 301-303, 314
Thermodynamics, 1-50, 187-194, 346, 487, 661-692.
See also First law o f thermodynamics; Second law
o f thermodynamics
applications of, 3
biological systems, 187-194
Clapeyron equation for, 668-671, 685
classical, 3
conservation o f energy principle, 2

International Temperature Scale o f 1990

(ITS-90), 20-21

control volume (C V ), 12-13, 38

cycles, 15-17, 38, 487

Joule-Thomson coefficient (/a ) for, 678-680, 685

Kelvin scale (K ), 18-21, 302-303
package icing, 118

density (p), 13-14, 38

dimensions, 3-10
energy and, 2-3, 38

Rankine cycle efficiency and, 563-567, 592

Rankine scale (R ), 18-21

engineering software packages for, 35-37

equilibrium, 14-15, 38
first law of, 2, 38

reduced ( TR), 139-140

Thermodynamics, (continued)

Turboprop (propjet) engines, 521, 526-527

International Temperature Scale (IT S ), I, 20-21

Turning (wave) angle (/3), 876-877

Joule-Thomson coefficient (/x ) for, 678-680, 685

Two-stroke engines, 495

Maxwell relations for, 667-668, 685

measurement devices, 26-33, 39
partial derivatives for, 661-668, 685
pressure (P ), 21-33, 39

problem-solving techniques for, 1, 33-38

Uniform, defined, 16
Uniform-flow process, 243-247, 251

processes, 15-17, 38

United States Customary System (U SCS) o f units, 3-4

property relations, 661-692

Units, 3-10, 18-22, 39, 62

second law of, 38

dimensional constants, 6

significant digits and, 37-38

dimensional homogeneity, 8-9

specific properties of, 12-14, 38

dimensions and, 3-10

state changes, 671-685

energy (F ), 7-8, 61-62

state o f a system, 14-17, 38

English system of, 3^1, 6 -8

statistical, 3
systems, 10-13, 38
temperature (7 ), 17-21, 39

force (F ) , 6
General Conference o f Weights and Measures
(CG PM ), 5
heat (energy), 7, 61
International System (S I) of, 4-8
International Temperature Scale o f 1990 (ITS-90),

third law of, 346

units, 3-10, 18-22, 39
zeroth law of, 17-18, 39
Thermoelectric power generation, 611, 640-642
Peltier effect, 641
refrigeration systems and, 611, 640-642
Seebeck effect, 640-641
Thermoelectric refrigeration system, 309-310
Thermo-mechanical exergy, 435-440
Thermometers, 18-21
Third law o f thermodynamics and, 346-347
Throat, nozzles, 855-856, 859, 862, 897
Throttling valves, energy analysis of, 235-237
Thrust (F ), 522, 538
Time, units of, 5
Tons o f refrigeration, unit of, 613
Top dead center (TD C ), 493
Torque (T ), 66
Total differential (d), 663-665
Total energy, 53, 70-71, 96, 223-224
Total entropy, 334
Transient, defined, 16
Transonic flow, 853
Transport energy, see Flow work
Traps, steam power devices, 574
Triple point, 20
Turbine efficiency, 83-85
Turbines, 229, 233-235, 369-370, 397
energy analysis of, 229, 233-235
isentropic efficiency of, 369-370, 397
Turbofan engines, 525-526
Turbojet (jet) engines, 521-525

mass (w ), 6-7
Metric Convention Treaty, 5
power, 8
prefixes, 5-6
temperature scales, 18-21, 39
United States Customary System (U SC S) of, 3-4
unity conversion ratios, 9-10
weight (VK), 6-7
work (W ), 7-8, 62
Unity conversion ratios, 9-10
Universal gas constant (R u), 178
Unsteady-flow processes, 242-247, 251
energy analysis of, 242-247, 251
energy balance, 243-244. 251
mass balance, 243, 251
process, 242-247, 251
uniform-flow process, 243-247, 251
Useful work ( Wu), 428
Utilization factor (e), 582-583, 592

V
Vacuum, 22, 39, 117-118
cooling and freezing, 117-118
pressure, 22, 39
Valves, engines, 493
van der Waals equation o f state, 141-142,
145, 151

1023
INDEX

van t H off equation, 827, 836

reheat cycles, 555, 567-571, 592

Vapor, 114-120, 122-123, 125-131, 137, 146-150,

second-law analysis of, 579-581

614-617, 731-765, 923, 973

evaporation, 148-150
gas-vapor mixtures, 731-765
ideal gas, as a, 137
latent heat o f vaporization, 116
liquid-vapor saturation curve, 116
pressure ( P v), 146-150
property diagrams for, 119-120, 122-123, 923, 973
property tables for, 125-131
saturated, 114-119, 125-126, 150,614-617
saturated ice-water, 923, 973
saturated liquid-vapor mixture, 114, 119-120,
127-130, 150
sublimination, 122-123
superheated, 114-115, 130-131, 150
Vapor-compression cycle, 286, 309-310, 611, 614-624,
627-634, 642
actual, 617-619
cascade refrigeration systems, 611, 628-630, 642
coefficient o f performance (CO P), 615, 619
compression process, 614-619, 633-634
compressor for, 614-615, 620
condenser for, 614-615, 620
evaporator for, 614-615, 620
exergy destruction (X dest), 619-624
expansion device, 614-615, 620
ideal, 614-617
liquefaction o f gases, 633-634
multipurpose systems, 632-633
multistage compression systems, 630-632,
642
refrigeration, 286, 309-310
saturated vapor for, 614-617
second-law analysis of, 619-624
second-law efficiencies ( 17,,) of, 619-621
Vapor power cycles, 555-610
actual, 560-563
binary vapor cycle, 586, 589-591
Carnot cycle, 556, 592
cogeneration, 555, 581-586, 592
combined gas-vapor cycles, 586-589, 592
exergy destroyed (X dest), 579-581
feedwater heaters (FW H ), 571-579, 592
ideal, 557-560
isentropic efficiency of, 561
property diagrams for, 556-557, 560-561
Rankine cycle, 557-560, 563-579, 592
regeneration cycles, 555, 571-579, 592

thermal efficiency (i 7lh) of, 563-567, 592

utilization factor (e), 582-583, 592
Variable specific heat, 355-358, 396-397
Velocity, variation o f fluid flow, 856-858, 862. See also
Mach number (M a)
Venturi nozzles, 856
Virial equations o f state, 143-144
Volume, specific heat at constant (c), 174-176, 195
Volume expansivity (/8 ), 675, 685
Volume flow rate, 54, 96, 217-218, 251
Volume fraction gas mixtures, 697
Volumetric analysis, gas mixtures, 967

w
Waste energy, 279-280, 283-284
Wasted (lost) work potential, 423, 429, 468
Water, 19-20, 914-925, 964-975
compressed, 922, 972
ice-water vapor, saturated, 923, 973
M ollier (h-s) diagram for, 925, 975
property tables and diagrams for, 914-925,
964-975
saturated, 914-917, 964-967
superheated, 918-921, 968-971
T-s diagram for, 924, 974
temperature references for, 19-20
Water heater efficiency, 79
Water vapor, see Vapor, 137
Watt (W ), unit of, 7
Weight (W0, units of, 6-7. See also Mass (m )
Wet-bulb temperature (T wb), 737-740, 748, 754
Wet cooling towers, 751-753
Wet region, 119
Wilson line, 894
Wind, mechanical energy from, 59
Work (W0, 7-8, 51, 56, 58-59, 62-70, 97, 163-170, 195,
227-228, 244, 248-251, 282-285, 361-365, 397,
423-432, 458, 468-469, 709-719
accelerating a body, 68-69
boundary (moving), 163-169, 195
chemical reacting systems, 792-798
closed systems, 163-170, 195
compressors, 361-365, 367
control volume (C V ) and, 227-228, 244, 248-250
elastic solid bars, 67-68
electrical, 65, 70
electrical polarization, 70

1024
INDEX

Work (W ), ( continued)
energy analysis and equations, 163-170, 195, 227-228,

reversible (W rev), 361-365, 397, 424-432, 458, 468,

792-798
separation, gas mixtures, 709-719
shaft, 66-67

244, 248-251
energy transfer as, 51, 56, 58-59, 62-70, 97
entropy (5 ) and, 361-364, 397
exergy (x ) and, 423-432, 458, 468-469

sign convention of, 63

springs, 67-68
steady-flow processes, 361-365, 397

exergy transfer (X work) by, 442, 469

flow, 58-59, 223-226, 251

stretching liquid film, 68

surroundings (W surr), 428

force (F ) and, 66-70

gas mixture separation and, 709-719
irreversibility (/) and, 423, 427^432, 468
isentropic process, 365, 397
isothermal process, 365, 397
magnetic, 70
mechanical, 66-70, 163-169, 195
mechanical energy and, 58-59, 425-427
net ( WnJ , 170, 282-285
nonmechanical, 69-70
polytropic process, 168-169, 195, 365, 397
power as, 7-8, 62, 65
pressure forces and, 248-250
quasi-equilibrium process, 164-168, 195
raising a body, 68-69

units of, 7-8, 62

useful (W J , 428
wasted (lost) work, 423, 429, 468
Working fluid, 280

X
x-momentum equation for Rayleigh flow, 885

z
Zero-pressure specific heat, 177
Zeroth law o f thermodynamics, 17-18, 39

Conversion Factors
METRIC

METRIC/ENGLISH

Acceleration

1 m/s2 = 1 0 0 cm/s2

1 m/s2 = 3 .2 8 0 8 ft/s2
1 ft/s2 = 0 .3 0 4 8 * m/s2

Area

1 m2 = 104 cm 2 = 106 mm2 = 10~6 km2

1 m2 = 1550 in2 = 10.764 ft2

1 n 2 = 144 in2 = 0 .0 9 2 9 0 3 0 4 * m2

Density

1 g/cm3 = 1 kg/L = 1000 kg/m3

1 g/cm3 = 6 2 .4 2 8 lbm/ft3 = 0 .03 6 1 2 7 lbm/in3

1 lbm/in3 = 1728 lbm/ft3
1 kg/m3 = 0 .0 6 2 4 2 8 lbm/ft3

Energy, heat, work,

internal energy,
enthalpy

1
1
1
1
1
1

1 kJ = 0 .9 4 7 8 2 Btu
1 Btu = 1 .055056 kJ
= 5 .4 0 3 9 5 psia ft3 = 7 7 8 .1 6 9 Ibf ft
1 Btu/lbm = 2 5 ,0 3 7 ft2/s2 = 2 .3 2 6 * kJ/kg
1 kJ/kg = 0 .43 0 Btu/lbm
1 kWh = 3 4 1 2 .1 4 Btu
1 therm = 105 Btu = 1.055 x 105 kJ
(natural gas)

Force

1 N = 1 kg m/s2 = 105 dyne

1 kgf = 9 .8 0 6 6 5 N

1 N = 0 .22481 Ibf
1 Ibf = 3 2 .1 7 4 Ibm ft/s2 = 4 .4 4 8 2 2 N

Heat flux

1 W/cm2 = 104 W/m2

1 W/m2 = 0.3171 Btu/h ft2

Heat transfer
coefficient

1 W/m2 C = 1 W/m2 K

1 W/m2 C = 0 .1 7 6 1 2 Btu/h ft2 F

Length

1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 106 jum

1 km = 1000 m

1
1
1
1

m =
ft =
mile
in =

Mass

1 kg = 1000 g
1 metric ton = 1000 kg

1
1
1
1
1

kg = 2 .2 0 4 6 2 2 6 Ibm
Ibm = 0 .4 5 3 5 9 2 3 7 * kg
ounce = 2 8 .3 4 9 5 g
slug = 3 2 .1 7 4 Ibm = 14.5939 kg
short ton = 2 0 00 Ibm = 9 0 7.1 8 4 7 kg

1 DIMENSION

kJ = 1000 J = 1000 N m = 1 kPa m3

kJ/kg = 1000 m2/s2
kWh = 3 6 0 0 kJ
cal+ = 4 .18 4 J
IT cal* = 4 .1 8 6 8 J
Cal* = 4 .1 8 6 8 kJ

3 9 .3 7 0 in = 3 .2 8 0 8 ft = 1.0926 yd
12 in = 0 .3 0 4 8 * m
= 5280 ft = 1.6093 km
2 .5 4 * cm

Power,
heat transfer rate

1 W = 1 J/s
1 kW = 1000 W = 1.341 hp
1 hp* = 745.7 W

1 kW = 3 4 1 2 .1 4 Btu/h
= 7 3 7.5 6 Ibf ft/s
1 hp = 550 Ibf ft/s = 0 .7 0 6 8 Btu/s
= 42.41 Btu/min = 2 5 4 4 .5 Btu/h
= 0 .7 4 5 7 0 kW
1 boiler hp = 3 3 ,4 7 5 Btu/h
1 Btu/h = 1 .055056 kJ/h
1 ton of refrigeration = 2 0 0 Btu/min

Pressure

1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 kPa = 103 Pa = 10 3 MPa
1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bars
= 7 6 0 mm Hg at 0C
= 1.03323 kgf/cm2
1 mm Hg = 0 .13 3 3 kPa

1 Pa = 1.4504 x 10 4 psia
= 0 .0 2 0 8 8 6 Ibf/ft2
1 psi = 144 Ibf/ft2 = 6 .8 9 4 7 5 7 kPa
1 atm = 14.696 psia = 2 9 .9 2 in Hg at 30F
1 in Hg = 3.387 kPa

Specific heat

1 kJ/kg C = 1 kJ/kg K = 1 J/g C

1 Btu/lbm F = 4 .1 8 6 8 kJ/kg C
1 Btu/lbmol R = 4 .1 8 6 8 kJ/kmol K
1 kJ/kg C = 0 .2 3 8 8 5 Btu/lbm F
= 0 .2 3 8 8 5 Btu/lbm R

*Exact conversion factor between metric and English units.

fCalorie is originally defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C, but it varies with temperature. The international
steam table (IT) calorie (generally preferred by engineers) is exactly 4.1868 J by definition and corresponds to the specific heat of water at 15C. The
thermochemical calorie (generally preferred by physicists) is exactly 4.184 J by definition and corresponds to the specific heat of water at room temperature.
The difference between the two is about 0.06 percent, which is negligible. The capitalized Calorie used by nutritionists is actually a kilocalorie (1000 IT
calories).