Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

MEL 344: Refrigeration and

Air-Conditioning
Amit Gupta
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
1
st
Semester 2013-2014
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
about the course
to prepare the students to carry out analysis and design
of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems
prerequisites: thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer,
fluid mechanics
office hours: Fri 10 AM - 11 AM (tentative) @ II-255
course website: web.iitd.ac.in/~agupta under Courses
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Dr. Amit Gupta
joined the Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi,
as Assistant Professor in May 2011
B.Tech.: Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (2004)
M.S.: University of Central Florida (2007)
Ph.D.: University of Central Florida (2009)
Post-Doctoral Fellow: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
(2009-2011)
Research interests: thermodynamics, microfluidics, Li-ion
batteries, micro-air vehicles
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
evaluation procedure
Celebrations of Learning
Two minor exams: 35 points each (35x2=70)
Major exam: 70 points
Quizzes (approx. 5)*: 10 points
Lab Sessions: 50 points
TOTAL: 200 points
Audit: > 75% attendance & 60% final score (no
exceptions)
* ALL SCORES WILL BE COUNTED
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Ground Rules
Unacceptable activities during a lecture/lab session?
Text messaging using mobile phone
Browsing internet on mobile phone
Emailing using mobile phone
Calling through your mobile phone
All of the above
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Ground Rules
Mobile phones SILENT
75 % attendance (lesser means a lower grade)
No disruptive behavior
Act professionally
PLAGIARISM is a serious offense
Honour Code
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
The Honour Code
I will not give or receive aid in examinations; that I will not give
or receive unpermitted aid in class work, in preparation of
reports, or in any other work that is to be used by the
instructor as the basis of grading; and
I will do my share and take an active part in seeing to it that
others as well as myself uphold the spirit and letter of the
Honour Code
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Review of Responsibility
Lectures AG
Readings you
Homeworks you
Labs and reports you
Exams you
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Course components
Refrigeration cycles, refrigerants
Psychrometry, air-conditioning and load
calculations
Components-compressors, evaporators,
expansion devices, condensers,
dehumidification coils, ducts, fans
Alternative systems absorption, steam-
ejector, air
Multi-cylinder Compressor
1
Shell-and-tube
condenser
1
Automatic expansion
valve
2
Sources:
1
Hundy, Trott and Welch;
2
Dossat
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
reading material
Reference books/literature:
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning by W.F. Stoecker
and J.W. Jones, McGraw Hill, 2
nd
edition
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Analysis and
Design by McQuiston, Parker and Spitler, Wiley
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning by R.C. Arora, PHI
Principles of refrigeration: R.J. Dossat
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning: Hundy, Trott and
Welch
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning: C.P.Arora
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
reading material
ASHRAE handbooks
Automotive Air-Conditioning and Climate Control
Systems by Daly, Butterworth-Heinemann
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics: Sonntag and van
Wylen
Applied Thermodynamics for engineering
technologists: T.D. Eastop and A. McConkey
Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics by
Moran and Shapiro
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach by
Cengel and Boles
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Definitions
Refrigeration:
action of cooling; removal
of heat and discarding it
at a higher temperature
Air-conditioning:
Treating air to control
simultaneously its
temperature, humidity,
cleanliness, and distribution to
meet the comfort requirements
of the occupants of the
conditioned space
Cooling and
dehumidifying
operations in air-
conditioning
Heating,
dehumidifying,
control of air
quality
Industrial (food
preservation),
chemical, process
industries
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Relevance
According to WB, food-grain stock management in
India needs to improve to tackle inflation
Source: The Hindu
Grain storage and preservation in India
Source: The Deccan Herald
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Relevance
According to BBC, more than 1.3 million tonnes of
food grain - worth millions $ - went rotten in storage
over the past decade in India
Grain was damaged in warehouses
Amount of food grain could have fed over 10 million
people in a year
According to MD of FCI
"Our storage conditions are not really the same as in the
West, where it is untouched by hand. "
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Relevance
Increasing cost of energy require innovative
approaches to improve efficiency
Depletion of the ozone layer by CFCs has
resulted in research on newer and safer
refrigerants
Newer applications, for instance cooling at the
microscale (microchips) cannot be achieved by
merely scaling existing refrigeration systems
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
In practice
Interior of a cold storage
facility; warehouse
preservation of fruits,
vegetables and meat at -20C
Once ice-cream is frozen, it
is rapidly hardened to a
storage temperature of
-25C, thus requiring very low
refrigerant temperature
Slabs of Ice-cream
cold air
Source: Hundy, Trott and Welch
Source: Hundy, Trott and Welch
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
In practice
Construction: hardening
of raw materials releases
heat which must be
removed to avoid
expansion and stress in
concrete
Drinking fountains: small
refrigeration units chill
drinking water for use as
needed
Source: Stoecker & Jones
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
In practice
Operation Theatres:
Key factors to be
controlled-Temperature
and humidity.
Clean rooms:
Very low level of environmental
pollutants like dust, microbes,
aerosol particles etc. are allowed.
Cleanliness measured as particles
of micron size per m
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Other applications
Domestic refrigeration
Textile industries
Computer rooms
Residential air-conditioning
Air-conditioning of vehicles
Food storage and distribution
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Fundamentals
Thermodynamic property: an attribute
that can be evaluated quantitatively;
something that matter has.
Work and heat transfer can be
evaluated in terms of change in
properties; things that are done to/on
the system
Equilibrium states.
2 thermodynamic properties will define a
state.
For a mixture (e.g. dry air and water
vapor), 3 properties will be required.
Lord Kelvin, who devised the
absolute scale for temperature*
*Source: Hundy, Trott and Welch
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Basic laws of thermodynamics
Zeroth law:
when two bodies have equality of
temperature with a third body, they
in turn have equality of
temperature with each other
First law:
during any cycle a system (control
mass) undergoes, the cyclic
integral of heat is proportional to
the cyclic integral of work
A
C B
} }
= W Q o o
for a control mass system
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
System (Closed and Open)
System: collection of matter within prescribed and identifiable
boundaries.
Fluid in the cylinder of a reciprocating
engine: Closed system*
Fluid in a turbine at any instant: Open
system*
*Source: Eastop and McConkey
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Work
Classical definition of work:
Work is done by a system if the sole effect on the
surroundings could be the raising of a weight
Path function, i.e. depends on the path that the system
follows
Work done at a moving boundary
V
P
2
1
b a
Consider quasi-equilibrium compression of
air
Air
Work done on the system is given by the
area a-1-2-b-a, i.e.,
2
1 2
1
W PdV =
}
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Heat
Classical definition:
Heat: form of energy that is transferred across the
boundary of a system at a given temperature to
another system (surroundings) at a lower temperature
by virtue of the temperature difference between the
two systems
Transient phenomenon, i.e. a body never
contains heat
Path function
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
First law of thermodynamics (contd.)
How does it change for a
process?
Consider two separate cycles:
Subtract:
2
P
V
C
A
1
B
} } } }
+ = +
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
B A B A
W W Q Q o o o o
A-B:
} } } }
+ = +
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
B C B C
W W Q Q o o o o
C-B:
( ) ( )
} }
=
2
1
2
1
C A
W Q W Q o o o o
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
First law of thermodynamics (contd.)
depends only on the
initial and final states => not a
path function (Point function)
Given by E:
Property of the mass
W Q o o
W Q dE o o =
E=Internal energy + Potential energy + Kinetic
energy, i.e.
KE PE U E + + =
2
P
V
C
A
1
B
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
First law of thermodynamics (contd.)
Integrating

1
Q
2
: heat transferred to the control mass from state 1
to 2

1
W
2
: work done by the control mass during the
process
For negligible changes in KE and PE, change in
E can be written as change in U
u: Internal energy intensive property
2 1 1 2 2 1
W E E Q + =
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
First law for a control volume (CV)
Steady flow with a given mass
flow rate through the CV
Energy entering = Energy leaving
2
1
1 1 1 1
2
2
2 2 2 2
2

2
C
m u z g p v Q
C
W m u z g p v
| |
+ + + +
|
\ .
| |
= + + + +
|
\ .
In most problems (unless specified), changes in KE
and PE are negligible.
Define a new property, specific enthalpy (h):
h u pv = +
Source: Eastop and McConkey
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
First law for a control volume (CV)
steady-state, steady-flow process (SSSF)
Rearranging,
2 2
1 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
C C
m h z g Q W m h z g
| | | |
+ + + = + + +
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
1 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
C C
h z g q w h z g + + + = + + +
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Availability for the Lab Sessions
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