Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Structures & Buildings 160 February 2007 Issue SB1 Pages 3135

Paper 14594 Received 19/01/06 Accepted 21/09/06 Keywords: beams & girders/cables & tendons/ concrete structures Bilal El-Ariss Assistant Professor, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates

Struttie analysis of beams with external tendons

B. El-Ariss
Phd, PEng, MASCE structures with internal tendons and is still not fully understood. The main difference in behaviour between members with internal tendons and those with external tendons lies in the deected shape of the beam and the tendons and in the strain incompatibility between the concrete and external tendons. This makes the deformation and hence the stress in the external tendon member dependent rather than section dependent. Many investigations have been carried out on externally prestressed members. Muller and Gauthier,1 developed a nite-element computer program for the ultimate response of simply supported and continuous beams with external tendons. Their model requires information regarding the moment against curvature or moment against rotation relationship. Alkhairi and Naaman,2 have proposed a simplied methodology to compute the stress in unbonded internal/ external steel tendons in the elastic range as well as the ultimate resistance. The methodology introduces strain reduction coefcients to convert the analysis of a beam with unbonded tendons to analysis of a beam with bonded tendons, hence allowing a conventional sectional (ctitious section) analysis to be performed. This methodology requires the calculations of different strain reduction coefcients for different spans, loads and tendon proles. Xiao-Han Wu and Xilin Lu,3 have proposed a model for non-linear analysis of externally prestressed beams, which is capable of simulating the slip of the steel tendons at the deviators but under-predicts the nominal strength of the beams. Their study did not account for the effects of span-to-depth ratios on the exural behaviour of the beam. The current study is one of the continuing efforts to describe a simple analytical model to understand better the exural behaviour of beams with external prestressing tendons, and to better inspect and assess the above beams in a better way.

Strengthening of concrete beams by means of external tendons has been increasingly used. Analysis of such beams is more difcult than that of beams with internal bonded tendons because the stress in external tendons depends on the deformations of the whole beam. In the current paper, a simple model based on the strut-and-tie method is presented to predict the capacity of simply supported externally prestressed concrete beams subjected to equal concentrated loads at third-points. The model denes the struts and ties that form a load transfer mechanism in the beams. It predicts the ultimate loads the beam can carry and the force in the tendons at failure using the section method and equilibrium equations. When comparing the results obtained using the proposed model with others in the literature, the model was found to be conservative. The proposed model is intended to help designers in the inspection and structural assessment of beams. NOTATION Ac area of the concrete compression zone at failure As area of tensile normal steel bars a one-third of the beam span C resultant compressive force in concrete at failure D compressive force in the diagonal strut ds effective depth of normal steel bars dp effective depth of prestressing tendons F ultimate load (at failure) fc 9 compressive strength of concrete fy yielding strength of normal steel bars jc depth of the centroid of the concrete compression zone (area) at failure M moment m point where moment is taken P prestressing force at failure T resultant tensile force in normal steel bars at failure the angle measured clockwise from a horizontal line to the diagonal strut cmax concrete maximum compressive strain at the extreme bre cu crushing strain of concrete 1. INTRODUCTION The use of external prestressing technique has been growing rapidly in recent years. Analysis and design of structures with external tendons is conceptually different from that of Structures & Buildings 160 Issue SB1

2. OBJECTIVES The basic objective of the present paper is to develop a simple model to predict the load-carrying capacity of simply supported, externally prestressed concrete beams subjected to equal concentrated loads at third-points; it is also to predict the force in the external tendons at the ultimate limit state (failure) using the section method and equations of equilibrium. The model is intended to help designers in the inspection and structural assessment of statically determinate beams. El-Ariss 31

Struttie analysis of beams with external tendons

3. PROPOSED ANALYTICAL MODEL The strut-and-tie method (STM) is based on the lower-bound theory of limit analysis. In the STM, the ow of internal forces is idealised as a truss carrying the external loading through the region to its supports. Like a real truss, a strut-and-tie model consists of struts and ties interconnected at nodes (also referred to as nodal zones or nodal regions). As shown in the gures, struts are symbolised using broken lines, and ties are denoted using solid lines. Struts are the compression members of a strut-and-tie model and represent concrete stress elds whose principal compressive stresses are predominantly along the centre-line of the strut. Ties are the tension members of a strutand-tie model. In the present paper, the ties represent the reinforcing and prestressing steel. The nodes are analogous to joints in a truss and are where forces are transferred between struts and ties. As a result, these regions are subject to a multidirectional state of stress. The strut-and-tie model has to be in equilibrium externally with the applied loading and reactions and internally at each node. Equations of equilibrium and the section method are used to solve for the ultimate loads applied on the beams and the corresponding prestressing force in the external tendons. In the analysis, the external tendons are replaced by their action on the beam at the anchorage and deviator locations, Figs 1(b) to 3(b), and the tendons are not part of the section at any other locations. This is because the external tendons are unbonded to the concrete, except at anchorages and deviator locations, and the stress in such tendons depends on the deformations of the whole member and is assumed uniform at all sections. There is no unique strut-and-tie model for a given problem, and more than one strut-and-tie model may be developed for each loading case as long as the selected truss is in equilibrium with the boundary forces and the stresses in the struts, ties and

x Neutral axis (N.A.) Anchorage

A A a S

F Eccentricity, e(x) Ap External As tendons Section AA

External tendons a

Deviator a

(a)

P sin() P

F Deviators

P sin() P P cos()

P cos() F P sin() a a P sin() a

e(x) (N.A.)

P sin() n P

085 f c C

jc dp ds

P cos() m F T P sin() a (b)

Fig. 2. (a) Beam with external two-point deviated tendons; (b) strut-and-tie model of the beam

x Neutral axis (N.A.) Anchorage

A A a S

F Eccentricity, e(x) External tendons Section AA Ap As

External tendons a

Deviator a

(a) Neutral axis (N.A.) F A A a S (a) F F P sin() F a F Eccentricity, e Ap Anchorage External tendons a As External tendons P Deviator P cos() F a 2 P sin() a/2 a/2 a P cos() F

Section AA

P sin()

P sin() P

Cut is just to the left of deviator P e(x) (N.A.) P 085f c C jc dp ds T m F a (b) a/2 jc dp ds D

P F F

P cos()

F (N.A.) e P F m a (b)

085 f c C T

Fig. 3. (a) Beam with external one-point deviated tendons; (b) strut-and-tie model of the beam

Fig. 1. (a) Beam with external straight tendons; (b) strut-andtie model of the beam

nodes are within the acceptable limits. The STM selection and the acceptable limits consist of rules for dening the dimensions and ultimate stress limits of struts and nodes as well as the requirements for the distribution and anchorage of reinforcement. Guidelines for these limits and for selecting El-Ariss

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Struttie analysis of beams with external tendons

STM have been incorporated in the Canadian Concrete Design Code,4 and in the 2002 American Concrete Institute (ACI) code. 5 3.1. Beams with straight external tendon proles The strut-and-tie model for a beam with external tendons whose prole is a straight line is shown in Fig. 1. The beam is subjected to equal concentrated loads at third-points. For the analysis of this beam, the section method and three equations of equilibrium are applied as follows (Fig. 1(b)) Fx 0; PTC0

Fx 0;

P cos() T C 0

M m 0; F a P sin a C dp jc T ( ds dp ) 0

By solving equations (5) and (6) ultimate load F, the prestressing force P and the distance jc at failure can be obtained. Equations (5) and (6) are solved by trial and error using steps (a)(f ) described previously and equations (5) and (6) in place of equations (1) and (2), respectively. 3.2.2. Single-point deviated tendon prole (deviation at midpoint). The strut-and-tie model for a beam with external tendons whose prole is deviated at midpoint of the beam is shown in Fig. 3. The beam is subjected to equal concentrated loads at third-points. For the analysis of this beam, the section method and three equations of equilibrium are applied as follows (Fig. 3(b)) Fy 0; 7 D P sin() D sin( ) 0;

M m 0;

F ( a) C dp jc T ( ds dp ) 0

T As f y

C 0:85 f c 9 Ac

P sin() sin( )

where components of equations (1) to (4) are dened in the Notation. By solving equations (1) and (2) ultimate load F, the prestressing force P and the distance jc at failure can be obtained. Equations (1) and (2) are solved by trial and error as follows. (a) Assume a value for P. (b) Knowing T at ultimate using equation (3), C can be obtained from equation (1). (c) Using C in equation (4), Ac can be computed and therefore jc is calculated since the width of the section is given. (d ) With jc known, and therefore the location of the neutral axis is known, compute the concrete maximum compressive strain at the extreme bre, cmax , using the section strain distribution; at ultimate the yielding strain in the steel bars is y 0.002. (e) If cmax is close or equal to the crushing strain of concrete, cu 0.003, then compute F using equation (2) and the solution has been obtained. ( f ) If cmax 6 cu , repeat steps (a)(e) (by assuming a new value for P) until cmax is close or equal to cu . F and P are then obtained. 3.2. Beams with deviated external tendon proles 3.2.1. Two-point deviated tendon proles (deviations at thirdpoints). The strut-and-tie model for a beam with external tendons whose prole is deviated at two points along the span of the beam is shown in Fig. 2. The beam is subjected to equal concentrated loads at third-points. For the analysis of this beam, the section method and three equations of equilibrium are applied as follows (Fig. 2(b)) Structures & Buildings 160 Issue SB1 where D is the compressive force in the diagonal strut and is the angle measured clockwise from a horizontal line to the diagonal strut, Fig. 3(b). tan ds j c a=2

Fx 0;

P cos() T C D cos( ) 0

M m 0; 10

F a D cos( )( ds dp )   3a D sin( ) C dp jc T ( ds dp ) 0 2

By solving equations (9) and (10) the ultimate load F, the prestressing force P and the distance jc at failure can be obtained. Equations (9) and (10) are solved by trial and error as follows. (a) Assume a value for P and assume jc equals zero. (b) Compute D using equations (7) and (8). (c) Knowing T at ultimate using equation (3), C can be obtained from equation (9). (d ) Using C in equation (4), Ac can be computed and therefore jc is calculated since the width of the section is given. (e) With jc known, and therefore the location of the neutral axis is known, compute the concrete maximum compressive strain at the extreme bre, cmax , using the El-Ariss 33

Struttie analysis of beams with external tendons

section strain External prestressing distribution; at ultimate the yielding strain in the 720 steel bars is y 0.002. ( f ) If cmax is close or equal to the crushing strain of concrete, cu 0.003, compute F using equation (10) and the solution has 45 200 35 205 35 been obtained. (g) If cmax 6 cu , repeat steps 240 240 225 (b)(f ) (by assuming a new value for P and Fig. 4. Geometry of the simply supported beams (dimensions in cm) using jc from step (d) until cmax is close or equal to cu . F and P are then obtained.
120 25 10 50 10

200 240

45 225

25

4. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS The relatively limited number of tests available does not cover all the aspects related to external prestressing of concrete beams, such as different tendon proles. Besides, most of the studies reported in the literature do not give complete test data and therefore could not be used to validate the model. Hence, the current author carried out the verication and the reliability of the analytical model proposed in this paper with the test results found in the literature where the full data and all parameters needed in this model were available. These reported test results were those of beams tested by Aparicio et al. 6 The test programme of Aparicio et al. included simply supported and continuous beams, monolithic and segmental, tested up to failure by exure and by exure and shear. In the current study the test results of beams tested in exural failure by Aparicio et al. were considered. The variables studied in their exural tests were directly involved in the evaluation of the nominal exural resistance. The characteristics of the tested beams are shown in Table 1. The span of the monolithic simply supported beams (beams M2, M3 and M4) was 7.20 m, and the depth was 0.60 m as shown in Fig. 4. The cross-section was a box girder, Fig. 5, with webs and anges 10 cm wide. The tendons were deviated at third-points by concrete deviators and placed outside the box girder to make monitoring possible. The strands were with no duct, and the deviators were steel tubes embedded in the concrete. The monolithic beams were reinforced with 8 mm diameter bars, in order to resist self weight during transport and placing at the laboratory. The exure tests were performed by loading symmetrically the beams with two loads applied over the diaphragms used for deviating the tendons at thirdpoints. The shear reinforcement was ignored in this research.

10

40 60

10

25

70

25

Fig. 5. Geometry of the cross-section of the beams (dimensions in cm)

Since the model described in this paper deals with monolithic simply supported beams with exural behavior, beams, M2, M3 and M4 tested by Aparicio et al. were selected for the verication of the model. The normal reinforcement bars have yielding strength of 400 MPa. The compressive strengths of the concrete in the beams M2, M3 and M4 were 30.0, 33.1 and 36.0 MPa, respectively. It can be seen from Table 2 that the analytical results obtained from the model and the experimental results of Aparicio et al. are comparable.

5. CONCLUSIONS A simple model based on the STM is presented to predict the load-carrying capacity of simply supported, externally prestressed concrete beams subjected to equal concentrated loads at third-points when exural failure occurs. The approach considers only the exural behaviour of beams and neglects the shear reinforcement. The model denes

Beam M2 M3 M4

Type Bending Bending Bending

Erection Monolithic Monolithic Monolithic

Statics scheme Simply supported Simply supported Simply supported

Prestressing 4 15 mm 6 15 mm 8 15 mm

Table 1. Characteristics of the tested beams, Aparicio et al. 6

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Struttie analysis of beams with external tendons

El-Ariss

Flexural test results (Aparicio et al.6 ) Beam Ultimate load F: kN Prestressing force at failure, P: kN 842 1284 1712

Flexural analytical results Ultimate load, F: kN Prestressing force at failure, P: kN 812 1195 1601

M2* M3* M4*

255 373 441

224 330 418

*Beams are simply supported with external tendons deviated at third-points Table 2. Experimental and analytical results

the struts and ties that form a load transfer mechanism in the beams at the ultimate limit state. It predicts the ultimate loads the beam can carry and the force in the external tendons at the ultimate limit state using the section method and equations of equilibrium. Table 2 shows that the analytical and experimental results are comparable. The model predicts the solution of the equations of equilibrium that show that the ultimate loads as well as the prestressing force in the tendons depend on the compressive strain of the concrete and the depth of the neutral axis, the compression zone of the concrete. This indicates that the ultimate loads are larger than those calculated using the compressive strain limit for the concrete under bending moment only, and no axial force. Therefore, this model shows the capabilities of external prestressing for repairing structures (already well known) and, hence, can be used by designers as a tool for preliminary inspection and structural assessment of statically determinate beams. The relatively limited number of tests available and the lack of studies in the literature that report a complete set of needed data show the need for more experimental results and data to validate the analytical results from the model presented in the present paper and to provide more complete and satisfactory results. A parametric study should be carried out to investigate the

inuence of some parameters such as span-to-depth ratio, shear reinforcement and tendon eccentricity on the capacity of externally prestressed concrete beams.

REFERENCES 1. MULLER J. and GAUTHIER Y. Ultimate behavior of precast segmental box-girders with external tendons. Proceedings of the International Symposium: External Prestressing in Bridges, ACI SP 12017 (NAAMAN A. E. and BREEN J. E. (eds)), American Concrete Institute (ACI), Detroit, Michigan, 1989, pp. 355373. 2. ALKHAIRI M. and NAAMAN A. E. Analysis of beams prestressed with unbonded internal or external tendons. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1993, 119, No. 9, 26802700. 3. XIAO-HAN W. and XILIN L. Tendon model for nonlinear analysis of externally prestressed concrete structures. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2003, 129, No. 1, 96104. 4. CANADIAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION. Technical Committee A23.3, Design of Concrete Structures CSA A23.394. CSA Rexdale, Ontario, December 1994. 5. AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 31802) and Commentary (ACI 318R-02). ACI, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2002. 6. APARICIO A. C, RAMOS G. and CASAS J. R. Testing of externally prestressed concrete beams. Engineering Structures, 2002, 24, No. 1, 7384.

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Structures & Buildings 160 Issue SB1

Struttie analysis of beams with external tendons

El-Ariss

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