A SIMULATION MODEL FOR TRANSFORMER INTERNAL FAULTS, BASE FOR THE STUDY OF PROTECTION AND MONITORING SYSTEMS

P. Bertrand

*, A. Devalland **,

P. Bastard

***

* Merlin-Gerin, ** France-Transfo, *** Ecole Suerieure dElectricit6. France

INTRODUCTION The study of intemal faults in transformers, i.e. the calculation of the fault current and its external detection (phase currents) as a function of the location and the amplitude of the fault, is of great interest from several points of view : evaluation of protection devices efficiency in order to get improvement. - diagnosis of a true fault using current recordings. - preventive action when manufacturing transformers, and at first heavy duty ones (e.g. arc furnace transformers), consisting of reinforced insulation in meas where faults may be difficult to detect. Our main purpose was to develop a transformer differential protection, with improved internal fault detection. It is the reason why we have tried to get a deep insight into the phenomenon. Although several measuring results appear in publications ((11, [2]), the studies are recent and the papers remain incomplete [31. This situation has led us to manufacture a special, multiple output transformer. This device, designed on the basis of a 100 kVA M V L V transformer, has enabled us to cany out numerous turn-to-turn and turn-to-earth short-circuits. In association with these tests we have developed a digital model of the transformer, validated by the actual measurements. This model, when applied to a HV network transformer, has enabled the efficiency of the usual protection devices to be examined, in particular that of the transformer differential protection.

- HV winding : 1556 turns wound in 8 layers The external coil is fitted with taps as shown in figure 1.

layer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 figure 1 : details of a n H V winding Recordind method The short circuits were simulated by closing a contactor. The tested transformer was supplied at reduced voltage by an autotransformer wired in series with an isolating transformer. Eight measurement channels connected to a PC enabled recording of the supply voltages, the phase currents and the fault current, triggered by the contactor closing. Turn-to-tum faults

figure 2 : c u r r e n t distribution in the windings

1. CARRIED OUT M E A S U R E " E

Descriotion of the test transformer This transformer was manufactured by France-Transfo on the basis of a distribution transformer for which the specification is as follows : rated power : 100 kVA transformation ratio : 5500V / 410V coupling : D y n short-circuit voltage : 3.96% LV winding : 67 turns wound in 2 layers The recorded currents are reduced to the rated voltage, then expressed in per unit values, taking the primary rated current as reference. At first, the origin of the fault is fixed as being on a phase terminal of the transformer and the number of shortcircuited turns varies. The current in one phase and the current in the fault are shown in figure 3. When a large number of turns are short-circuited, the current is mostly limited by the short circuit power supplying the transformer; the high values of recorded current show that this short-circuit power is high.

I . L I . I

x In 600

I!

400

200

0 0

20

40

60

80 100 span of the fault %

20
:

40

60 80 100 location of the fault %

figure 3 : turn-to-turn fault : span influence

Then, the span of the fault remains fixed to half a layer (that is 6.25 % of the winding), and its origin moves. It can be noticed that the fault position in the winding has very little effect, at least for this type of winding technology. xIn

figure 6 influence
Conclusien

turn-to-earth

fault

location

so
40

30
20

The results presented here give a synthetic view of the measurements carried out. Nevertheless, it is difficult to reach any practical conclusion because the results depend a lot both on the testing conditions (short circuit power of the test circuit) and on the transformer (low power, thus high winding resistance). It is essential to generalize the results by calculation.

2. MODEL OF INTERNALFAULT
Purpose of the model
10
0
0

20

40

60

80 100 location of the fault %

figure 4 : turn-to-turn fault : location influence

This digital model enables the results obtained with the 100 kVA test transformer to be extended to HV network transformers. It has been validated by the measurements. It thus fits well to tranformers wound in long layers. It could also be extended to other types of windings, through an additional experimental validation operation. Two requirements have steered us in the production of the model : ease of use, which implies first the use of available data only, compatibility with a standard transient program. Consequently, the model produced is an extension of the transformer model of EMTP (Electromagnetic Transient Program).
. . . Calculation nnnc&

Tum-to-earth faults

E T $ E
2E

figure 5 : current distribution in the windings

The position of the fault along the winding moves. The fault current and the current in one phase are shown in figure 6. EMTP gives the opportunity of modeling the transformer by coupled circuits. An auxiliary routine, BCTRAN, calculates the [R.L] matrix from the results of the no-load and short circuit tests of the transformer [4]. The principle used to calculate a turn-to-turn or turn-to-earth fault is to split the faulty winding. Thus the initial matrix representing a three phase transformer (6 windings) is a

1.21.2

6x6 matrix;it becomes a 7x7 matrix to study a turn-to-earth fault and an 8x8 matrix for a turn-to-turn fault. Once calculated, these matrices are directly used by E M F , as any other element.
. .

of a windine

In order to explain the calculation carried out, we chose as an example to split winding nO1.
The initial values calculated from the no-load and short circuit tests of the transformer are the self inductances of the windings, L1 et L2. as well as the mutual inductance M12. Splitting winding 1 involves calculating the new self inductances, L1' et L1" and mutual inductances, M1'1", M i 7 3 Mi"2. These inductances can be calculated from two leakage factors; these factors are of great importance ; the precision of the model is directly linked to the precision of their evaluation. - 01'1" is the leakage factor between windings 1' and 1". - 01'2 is the leakage factor between the largest of the two windings 1' and 1" and the secondary winding. Using these factors, calculations can be carried on, based on two simple principles : self-consistency : the connection in series of windings 1' and 1" must enable the initial results to be met. proportionality : the transformation ratio between windings 1' and 1" is equal to the turn ratio (good approximation in equation 5 below).

The leakage inductance between two coils can be calculated from the electromagnetic energy stored in the coils. This is simplified by the following hypotheses : - current density is constant in the windings, - field H is parallel to the axis of the core, - field H is symmetric in relation to the core axis, - no saturation phenomena occurs. This calculation has been extensively detailed. We give below a reminder of the way to get the leakage inductance between the primary and the secondary winding of a transformer: - first of all, the shape of field H is plotted (figure 8). the stored energy in the windings can then be calculated depending on their dimensions : W =h j j j H 2 d v + ~ ~ j j H Z d v + h j j j H 2 d v ,
"a

vb

"C

where va,vb and vc are the respective volumes of the internal winding, the inter-winding space and of the external winding. finally the total leakage inductance reduced to winding 1, LCC, is calculated using the equation 1 W =-Lcc.i?, where i l is the current in winding 1 used

to plot the shape of field H .

1 q,l,,=l--

M;ls, L1, .LIS.

dispersions

figure 8 : field shape created by two concentric coils

Usually, the result of this calculation, LCC,is corrected by a coefficient. Here, we can determine exactly this coefficient, since the short-circuit test has enabled the actual value of Lcc to be calculated. k1 = Lcct,,/Lccis thus a first corrective factor. When the windings are not of the same height, a second corrective factor is applied ( [ 6 ] ):

Table of initial equations

10 M y , = M l z - M r ~ Table of final equations

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Using the tools described above, it becomes possible to evaluate the leakage factors that we need. As an example, consider the leakage factor between the two parts 1' and 1" of the external winding 1 created by a turn-to-earth fault.

. . escriDtioIL;
-

only involves windings spanning at least once the full winding height.

3. APPLICATION : S T v R K ! U U U R Y FAULTS IN A

- rated power : 15 MVA - short-circuit voltage : 9.8%

no-load current : 0,46% no-load losses : 11.3 kW - short-circuit losses : 98.5 kW HV winding : (delta) - rated voltage : 33000V & 12% with 17 taps - 8 layers of 80 turns + 1 layer of 80 turns (tap changer) - internal diameter : 590 mm, radial thickness : 77 mm, height : 780 mm LV winding : (star) - rated voltage : 16100V - 5 layers of 36 turns - internal diameter : 436 mm, radial thickness : 64 mm, height : 780 mm Turn-to-earth faults The differential current in a phase and the residual current (which is also the fault current) are shown in figures 11 and 12, for a fault with 1 Q resistance and for two different earthing systems : for a directly earthed system, the zero-sequence current depends only few on the fault position and is essentially limited by the zero-sequence short circuit power (150 MVA for this calculation). for a neutral earthed through an impedance of high enough value (fault current limited to 500 A or less), the zero-sequence current varies between 0.5 and 1 time the limited current ; it is well known that a zero-sequence overcurrent protection is the best way of detecting this fault.

figure 9 : field shape created during a turn-toearth fault

The plot of the field shape (figure 9) enables the stored energy W in the faulty winding to be calculated and thus the total leakage inductance Lccl' reduced to winding 1'. This inductance is corrected by the factor k l previously calculated and by the factor k2 if one of the coils 1' and 1" spans over less than a layer. The leakage factor between the two coils 1' et 1" is LCC = 2, the self inductance of portion L,. 1' being evaluated from the self inductance of the whole

calculated by

(J,,,~~

winding : L,. = L l

[nr:nl,,r

The result of this calculation applied to the test transformer is shown in figure 10. The leakage factor rapidly increases when the fault occurs on an outer layer. Moreover, there is a slight decrease in leakage when the 2 winding parts are overlapped.

0,020 -

;
0,015
L . n

l8

/c

0.00

0.20

0.40

0,60 0.80 1.00 location of the fault %

figure 10 : calculated leakage factor

0
Comoarison between calculation and measurement By reproducing 16 turn-to-earth faults and several tens of turn-to-turn faults, we have noticed a difference between the calculated currents and the recorded currents which never exceeds 10 % in modulus and 10" in phase. The correlation between tests and simulation is even better when the fault

20

40 60 80 location of the fault %

100

figure 11 : turn-to-earth fault; directly earthed system

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- curve 1 : R fault = O.OOlQ, infinite SC power

curve 2 : R fault = 0,OOlQ. SC power = 15OMVA cuwe 3 : R fault = 0,lQ; infinite SC power curve 4 : R fault = 0,lQ SC power = 15OMVA

,
/

, .

.'/

2,-./

,7

.location of the fault %

r/*

figure 12 : turn-to-earth fault: neutral current limited to 500A.

Tun-to-turn faults The turn-to-tum fault current has been calculated by varying the fault span, the short circuit power of the system and the fault resistance. As soon as the number of short-circuited turns is large, the value of differential current depends basically on the system's short-circuit power. When the fault involves less than 10 % of the winding, this current is very sensitive to the fault resistance, the value of which is not controlled. A turn-to-turn fault is usually protection relay. Indeed, this is this protection. Its sensitivity, detection, in the simulated case, 13 turns. detected by a differential the main reason for using of around 30 %, enables of faults involving at least

I1
2 3 span of the fault %
4

/.'

figure 14 : detail for faults of small span

CONCLUSION The calculation of currents during an internal fault in a transformer requires a model validated by measurements. In order to be of general use , this model must be compatible with a standard transient software and only require data which are available. The model presented meets all these requirements. It would be worth improving it, in order to take into account different transformer winding technologies.

This example shows how useful the protection is : the fault between two layers is easily detected. It also shows its performance limit : detection of a fault between two turns seems impossible. It would, however, be interesting to improve the sensitivity of such a relay. Indeed, the short circuiting of one adjusting step, i.e. 1.5 % of the winding, creates a differential current of 20 to 50 % of rated current, depending on the fault resistance ; in order to ensure correct detection, a sensitivity of 10% would be required.

In the third part of this report, we have shown with an example the use that could be made of such a model : it enables quantitative evaluation of the quality of a transformer protection. Other uses are planned such as the evaluation by the transformer manufacturer of the consequences of possible faults, and the diagnosis of actual faults by the user.
BIBLIOGRAPHY [ I ] GEC ALSTHOM MEASUREMENTS Protective Relay Application Guide. 1987 [2] S . AUSTEN STIGANT A.C. FRANKLIN The J&P Transformer Book. Newnes-Butterworths [3] J.L. BINARD J.C. MAUN Power Transformer Simulation including Inrush Currents and Internal Faults 32me confkrence internationale IMACS-TCI P O , Nancy, France 1990 [4] V. BRADWADJN H.W. DOMMEL 1.1 DOMMEL Matrix Representation of Three-phase N-Winding Transformers. IEEE Transactions, vol. PAS-I01 n06, 1982 [ 5 ] M. DENIS-PAPIN La pratique Industrielle des Transformateurs. Editions Alibin Michel. 1951

figure 13 : differential current in a turn-to-turn fault of variable span

1.21.5