Theories of Covalent Bonding Chapter 11

Multiple Choice Questions 1. E A molecule with the formula AX2 uses _________ to form its bonds. a. b. c. d. e. 2. E sp h brid orbitals sp2 h brid orbitals sp! h brid orbitals sp!d h brid orbitals sp!d2 h brid orbitals

A molecule with the formula AX! uses __________ to form its bonds. a. b. c. d. e. sp h brid orbitals sp2 h brid orbitals sp! h brid orbitals sp!d h brid orbitals sp!d2 h brid orbitals

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A molecule with the formula AX" uses _________ to form its bonds. a. b. c. d. e. sp h brid orbitals sp2 h brid orbitals sp! h brid orbitals sp!d h brid orbitals sp!d2 h brid orbitals

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A molecule with the formula AX!E uses _________ to form its bonds. a. b. c. d. e. s and p atomic orbitals sp! h brid orbitals sp2 h brid orbitals sp h brid orbitals sp!d2 h brid orbitals

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A molecule with the formula AX"E uses _________ to form its bonds. a. b. c. d. e. sp2 h brid orbitals sp! h brid orbitals sp!d h brid orbitals sp!d2 h brid orbitals none of the above

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A molecule with the formula AX"E2 uses _________ to form its bonds. a. b. c. d. e. sp h brid orbitals sp2 h brid orbitals sp! h brid orbitals sp!d h brid orbitals sp!d2 h brid orbitals

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Carbon uses ______ h brid orbitals in ClC'. a. b. c. d. e. sp sp2 sp! sp!d sp!d2

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)alence bond theor predicts that carbon will use _____ h brid orbitals in the carbonate anion* C+!2,. a. b. c. d. e. sp sp2 sp! sp!d sp!d2

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)alence bond theor predicts that sulfur will use _____ h brid orbitals in sulfur dio.ide* /+2. a. b. c. d. e. sp sp2 sp! sp!d sp!d2

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1hen 2Cl$ solidifies it forms 2Cl"3 cations and 2Cl%, anions. According to valence bond theor * what h brid orbitals are used b phosphorus in the 2Cl"3 cations4 a. b. c. d. e. sp sp2 sp! sp!d sp!d2

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)alence bond theor predicts that tin will use _____ h brid orbitals in /nCl!,. a. b. c. d. e. sp sp2 sp! sp!d sp!d2

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)alence bond theor predicts that tin will use _____ h brid orbitals in /n5$,. a. b. c. d. e. sp2 sp! sp!d sp!d 2 sp3d2

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)alence bond theor predicts that iodine will use _____ h brid orbitals in 6Cl 2,. a. b. c. d. e. sp2 sp! sp!d sp!d 2 none of the above

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)alence bond theor predicts that bromine will use _____ h brid orbitals in Br5$. a. b. c. d. e. sp2 sp! sp!d sp!d 2 none of the above

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)alence bond theor predicts that .enon will use _____ h brid orbitals in Xe+5". a. b. c. d. e. sp sp2 sp! sp!d sp!d 2

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1hich one of the following statements about orbital h bridi7ation is incorrect4 a. b. c. d. e. The carbon atom in C8" is sp! h bridi7ed. The carbon atom in C+2 is sp h bridi7ed. The nitrogen atom in '8! is sp2 h bridi7ed. sp2 h brid orbitals are coplanar* and at 120 to each other. sp h brid orbitals lie at 1(0 to each other.

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5or which one of the following molecules is the indicated t pe of h bridi7ation not appropriate for the central atom4 a. b. c. d. e. BeCl2 /i8" B5! C282 82+ sp2 sp! sp2 sp sp!

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According to valence bond theor * which of the following molecules involves sp2 h bridi7ation of orbitals on the central atom4 9central atom is bold: a. b. c. d. e. C282 C28" C28% C+2 82O

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;etermine the shape 9geometr : of 2Cl! and then decide on the appropriate h bridi7ation of phosphorus in this molecule. 92hosphorus is the central atom.: a. b. c. d. e. sp! sp2 sp sp!d sp!d 2

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According to valence bond theor * the triple bond in eth ne 9acet lene* C282: consists of a. b. c. d. e. three bonds and no bonds. two bonds and one bond. one bond and two bonds. no bonds and three bonds. none of the above.

21. 8

According to molecular orbital 9#+: theor * the twelve outermost electrons in the +2 molecule are distributed as follows< a. b. c. d. e. 12 in bonding #+s* 0 in antibonding #+s. 10 in bonding #+s* 2 in antibonding #+s. - in bonding #+s* ! in antibonding #+s. ( in bonding #+s* " in antibonding #+s. & in bonding #+s* $ in antibonding #+s.

22. 8

According to molecular orbital theor * what is the bond order in the +23 ion4 a. b. c. d. e. $.$ $ " 2.$ 1.$

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1hich of the following statements relating to molecular orbital 9#+: theor is incorrect4 a. b. c. d. e. Combination of two atomic orbitals produces one bonding and one antibonding #+. A bonding #+ is lower in energ than the two atomic orbitals from which it is formed. Combination of two 2p orbitals ma result in either or #+s. A species with a bond order of 7ero will not be stable. 6n a stable molecule having an even number of electrons* all electrons must be paired.

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+ne can safel assume that the !s= and !p=orbitals will form molecular orbitals similar to those formed when 2s= and 2p=orbitals interact. According to molecular orbital theor * what will be the bond order for the Cl23 ion4 a. b. c. d. e. 0.$ 1 1.$ 2 none of the above

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The nitrosonium ion* '+3* forms a number of interesting comple.es with nic>el* cobalt* and iron. According to molecular orbital theor * which of the following statements about '+3 is correct4 a. b. c. d. e. '+3 has a bond order of 2 and is paramagnetic. '+3 has a bond order of 2 and is diamagnetic. '+3 has a bond order of ! and is paramagnetic. '+3 has a bond order of ! and is diamagnetic. 'one of the above statements is correct.

Short Answer Questions 2%. # 2&. # 2(. E 2-. 8 !0. 8 6n one sentence state the basic principle of valence bond theor . 6n not more than two sentences* e.plain when and wh chemists ma>e use of the concept of h bridi7ation. 1hat t pe of h bridi7ation is needed to e.plain wh eth ne* C282* is linear4 ;escribe the bonding in eth lene 9ethene* C28": according to valence bond theor . Be sure to indicate the orbital h bridi7ation on the carbon atoms. ;raw a diagram clearl showing at least one bond of each t pe which occurs in the molecule. a. b. !1. # !2. # !!. # 6n the conte.t of valence bond theor * e.plain the difference in geometr between a and a bond. ?se a real molecule to illustrate our answer. 1hat two important differences are there in the properties of and bonds* in terms of how the affect the structure and reactivit of molecules4

6n one sentence state how molecular orbitals are usuall obtained. />etch the shapes of the 1s and 1s@ molecular orbitals formed b the overlap of two h drogen 1s atomic orbitals. E.plain what is meant b a node 9or nodal plane: in a molecular orbital and draw s>etches of the following orbitals* indicating at least one nodal plane in each one. a. a @ orbital b. a @ orbital 6n the conte.t of molecular orbital 9#+: theor * e.plain how atomic p orbitals can give rise to< a. a #+ b. a #+ E.plain what is meant b the term Abond orderB and describe how it can be calculated using the information in a molecular orbital energ level diagram. a. b. c. 1hat simple e.periment could ou perform to show that a substance is paramagnetic4 1hat microscopic 9atomicCmolecular: feature must a substance possess in order to be paramagnetic4 Can it be predicted whether or not all homonuclear diatomic ions* X23* will be paramagnetic4 E.plain.

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True/False Questions !&. 8 !(. E !-. E "0. E "1. # "2. E "!. # "". # "$. # "%. # "&. E "(. # "-. # $0. # $1. # According to valence bond theor * overlap of bonding orbitals of atoms will wea>en a bond* due to electron=electron repulsion. )alence bond theor e.plains the bonding in diatomic molecules such as 8Cl without resorting to the use of h brid orbitals. 8 brid orbitals of the sp!d t pe occur in sets of four. The angles between sp2 h brid orbitals are 10-.$. Atoms of period ! and be ond can undergo sp!d 2 h bridi7ation* but atoms of period 2 cannot. 6n the valence bond treatment* overlap of an s orbital on one atom with an sp! orbital on another atom can give rise to a bond. +verlap of two sp2 h brid orbitals produces a bond. 6n the valence bond treatment* a bond is formed when two 2p orbitals overlap side to side. A carbon=carbon double bond in a molecule ma give rise to the e.istence of cis and trans isomers. A carbon=carbon triple bond in a molecule ma give rise to the e.istence of cis and trans isomers. 6n molecular orbital theor * combination of two atomic orbitals produces two molecular orbitals. 6n appl ing molecular orbital theor * the bond order is calculated in the same wa as with Dewis structures. 6n molecular orbital theor * molecules with an even number of electrons will have bond orders which are whole numbers. 6n molecular orbital theor * combination of two 2p atomic orbitals ma give rise to either or t pe molecular orbitals. According to molecular orbital theor * all diatomic molecules with an even number of electrons will be diamagnetic.

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Theories of Covalent Bonding Chapter 11 Answer Ee

1. 2. !. ". $. %. &. (. -. 2%. 2&. 2(. 2-. a b c b c e a b b 10. 11. 12. 1!. 1". 1$. 1%. 1&. 1(. c c c c d e c a b 1-. 20. 21. 22. 2!. 2". 2$. a c d d e c d

A covalent bond forms when the orbitals of two atoms overlap and a pair of electrons occupies the region between the nuclei. Chemists postulate h bridi7ation when the observed geometr of a molecule cannot be rationali7ed in terms of overlap of the s* p andCor d orbitals of the atoms concerned. sp The carbon atoms are sp2 h bridi7ed* leaving the 2pz orbital on each carbon unh bridi7ed. +verlap of one sp2 h brid on each carbon and occupation of this region b an electron pair produces a C,C bond. +verlap of the remaining four h brid orbitals with 1s orbitals of four h drogen atoms* produces four C,8 bonds. The unh bridi7ed 2pz orbitals overlap laterall to produce a bond which has two regions of electron densit * above and below the C,C bond. 9;iagram needed.: A bond has its region of highest electron densit between the bonded atoms* along the a.is Foining them. A bond has two regions of overlap* between the atoms but above and below the a.is Foining them. b. A bond is stronger than a bond. There is free rotation about a bond but not about a bond* giving rise to the possibilit of geometrical isomers in the latter case. B the linear combination 9addition or subtraction: of atomic orbitals.

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A nodal plane is a plane of 7ero electron densit . 'odal planes are the dashed lines shown below.

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A #+ arises when atomic p orbitals which are directed towards each other* are combined. A #+ arises from the combination of atomic p orbitals which lie parallel to each other* perpendicular to the internuclear a.is.

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The bond order in #+ theor is the net number of bonds* where a pair of electrons in a bonding #+ constitutes a bond and a pair in an antibonding #+ constitutes an antibond. 6t is eGual to the total number of electrons in bonding #+s minus the total number in antibonding #+s* divided b two. a. b. c. 5 T 5 5 T T 5 T T 5 T 5 T T 2lace a sample of the substance near a magnetH if it is attracted to the magnet* it is paramagnetic. The substance must have unpaired electrons in order to be paramagnetic. Ies* the will necessaril be paramagnetic since each will have an odd number of electrons.

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!&. !(. !-. "0. "1. "2. "!. "". "$. "%. "&. "(. "-. $0.

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