BIOMOLECULES

PREPARED BY S RATH PGT BIO K V III BBSR

http://students-learn.blogspot.com/

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

Biomolecules of cells
All carbon compounds !a are found in !e li"in# issues are called Biomolecules$ E%ample-carbo!&dra e' fa ' pro ein' amino acids' lipids e c$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

Classifica ion of Biomolecules

BIOMOLECULES

MICROMOLECULES Mol. t.! "###

$m&no ac&d nucleot&des Sugars ' l&p&ds

M$CROMOLECULES Mol. t. %"###

(ol)sacchar&des' prote&ns *ucle&c ac&ds
(

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

Amino acids
*!ese are or#anic compounds +!ic! con ain an amino #roup and an acidic #roup $ *!e& are subs i u ed me !ane +i ! ) subs i uen #roups occup&in# !e ) "alenc& posi ions of !e carbon, !ese are !&dro#en' carbo%&l #roup' amino #roup - a "ariable #roup desi#na ed as . #roup$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY )

Amino acids
*!ere are 20 amino acids occur in pro ein$ A specific c!arac eris ic proper & of amino acids is !e ioni1able na ure of amino and carbo%&l #roup' so !e s ruc ure of amino acids c!an#es in solu ions of differen p2s$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

*&pes of amino acids

Basic 4 l&sine ar#inine Acidic 4 #lu amic acid aspar ic acid 5eu ral 4 alanine #l&cine "aline Aroma ic 4 p!en&l alanine ' &rosine' r&p op!an

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

Su#ars

Simples su#ars are monosacc!arides' +!ic! canno be !&drol&sed fur !er composed of (-6 carbon a oms$ E$#$ #l&ceralde!&des' ribose' #lucose' fruc ose e c$ *!e& !a"e ei !er free alde!&de or 7e one #roup +!ic! reduce cupric ion o cuprous ion 'called reducin# su#ar$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 6

Su#ars
Oli#osacc!arides ma& !a"e +o or a fe+ monosacc!arides$ Bond be +een +o monosacc!arides is called glycosidic bond$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

lipids
l&p&ds Stra&ght cha&n compound +used h)drocarbon R&ng e.g. cholesterol

s&mple

compound

o&l

phosphol&p&ds

,ats

gl)col&p&ds

-a.es BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

sph&ngol&p&ds

5ucleo ides

Or#anic compounds +i ! !e eroc&clic rin#s$ A nucleo ide consis s of a ni ro#enous base' a pen ose su#ar and a p!osp!a e #roup$ A nucleoside !as a ni ro#enous base a ac!ed o a pen ose su#ar$ *!e ni ro#enous bases are called adenine' #uanine' !&mine' c& osine and uracil ;ol&merised nucleo ides form <5A and .5A +!ic! are !e #ene ic ma erial$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

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;rimar& and secondar& me aboli es

Me aboli es ma& be primar& or secondar& &pe$ ;rimar& me aboli es !a"e iden ifiable func ions and pla& specific roles in !e normal p!&siolo#ical processes$ E$#$ amino acids' ni ro#enous bases' nucleic acids e c$ Secondar& me aboli es are produc s of cer ain me abolic pa !+a&s$ E$#$ pi#men s' rubber' #ums' resins' caro enoids e c$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

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;ol&sacc!arides

*!ese are a class of or#anic compounds =carbo!&dra es> +!ic! are lon# c!ain pol&mers of monosacc!arides$ *!e& are of +o &pes? !omopol&sacc!arides' !e eropol&sacc!arides 2omopol&sacc!arides- cellulose' s arc!' inulin 2e eropol&sacc!arides- c!i in

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

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;ro eins

*!e& are !e eropol&mers con ainin# a s rin# or s rin#s of amino acids$ A pep ide bond formed be +een !e carbo%&l #roup and !e amino #roup of successi"e amino acids' @oins !e amino acids o#e !er$ ;ro eins resul from !e 20 amino acids ' dependin# on !e no$of amino acids and seAuence of amino acids$ *!ere are ) le"els of pro ein s ruc ure$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

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;rimar& s ruc ure of pro ein

;ro ein e%is s as a lon# c!ain of amino acids arran#ed in a par icular seAuence$ I is nonfunc ional$ ;osi ion of amino acid in a pro ein is ob ain from !is$ :s a$ a is called 5- erminal and las is called Cerminal a$ a$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

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Secondar& s ruc ure of pro ein

*!ere is in erac ion be +een e"er& four ! a$ a b& forma ion of !&dro#en bond$ *!e pol&pep ide !as a !elical s!ape$ E$#$ 7era in$ Onl& ri#! !anded !eli% are formed$ If +o or more c!ains are !eld o#e !er b& in ermolecular !&dro#en bonds' !e s ruc ure is called plea ed s!ee $ E$#$ sil7 fibres$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

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*er iar& s ruc ure of pro ein

B!en a pol&pep ide c!ain becomes fur !er s abilised b& foldin# and coilin# b& !e forma ion of ionic or !&drop!obic bonds or disulp!ide brid#es' !e pro ein is said o be er iar& s ruc ure$ E$#$ am&lase' pepsin and o !er en1&mes$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

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Cua ernar& s ruc ure of pro ein

B!en a pro ein !as man& sub uni s' eac! !a"in# primar&' sec$ And er iar& s $ of i s o+n' !e pro ein is said o be Aua ernar&$ E$#$ !aemo#lobin' insulin

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

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En1&mes

*!e& are pro eins !a ca al&se bioc!emical reac ion' so called bioca al&s s$ Specific for !eir subs ra e$ Eac! en1&me reAuire a specific =op imum> p2 emp$ Accelera e a reac ion b& reducin# !e ac i"a ion ener#&$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

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5omencla ure of en1&me

5amed b& addin# !e suffi% DaseE o !e subs ra e$ E$#$ sucrase Accordin# o !e p!&siolo#ical ac i"i & i ca al&ses$ E$#$ o%idase' de!&dro#enase *!e source from +!ic! !e& are ob ained$ E$#$papain from papa&a$

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

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Classifica ion of en1&me

O%idoreduc ase *ransferase 2&drolases L&ases Isomerasees li#ases

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

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Mec!anism of en1&me ac ion

*!ree dimensional s ruc ure of en1&me !as one or more ac i"e si e +!ere !e subs ra e binds$ Ac i"e si e ac s as D loc7E in o +!ic! subs ra e fi s in li7e a D7e&E$ *!e poin +!ere subs ra e binds is called Dsubs ra e bindin# si eE$ Subs ra e bindin# causes lo+erin# of ac i"a ion ener#& - reac ion o proceed a a fas er ra e$ Bindin# of subs ra e induces !e en1&me o al er i s s!ape and fi more i#! l&$ Brea7in# of c!emical bond of subs ra e and forma ion of E-; comple%$ En1&me releases produc and free en1&me a7e up ano !er molecule$
BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY 2:

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY $ct&/at&on energ) re0u&rement

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Fac ors affec in# en1&me ac ion

*empera ure p2 Subs ra e concen ra ion c!emicals

BIOMOLECULES-CLASS XI BIOLOGY

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XI BIOLOGY E,,ect o, substrate BIOMOLECULES-CLASS concentrat&on 2)