Fahad Khurram

Computer Networks

StepUp Pakistan

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Fahad Khurram

Computer Networks

Effect of ICT on Patterns of Employment

The personal computer (PC) was developed in the early 1980s. Before this date computers were hu!e e"pensive machines that only a few lar!e #usinesses owned. $ow PCs are found on almost every des% in every office all over the world. Because companies now have access to so much cheap relia#le computin! power they have chan!ed the way they are organised and the way they operate. &s a result many people's (o#s have chan!ed...

Areas of Increased Unemployment

)ome (o#s have #een lost as a result of computers #ein! used to do the same wor% that people used to do. )ome e"amples of areas have suffered (o# losses*

Manufacturing

+any factories now have fully automated production lines. ,nstead of usin! people to #uild thin!s computer-controlled robots are used. -o#ots can run day and night never needin! a #rea% and dont need to be paid. (&lthou!h the ro#ots cost a lot to purchase in the lon!/term the factory saves money.) StepUp Pakistan Team Roshni

Fahad Khurram

Computer Networks

Secretarial

or!

0ffices used to employee many secretaries documents re1uired for the #usiness to run.

to

produce

the

$ow people have personal computers they tend to type and print their o"n documents.

Accounting Cler!s

Companies once had lar!e departments full of people whose (o# it was to do calculations (e.!. profit loss #illin! etc.) & personal computer runnin! a spreadsheet can now do the same wor%.

#e"spaper Printing ,t used to ta%e a team of highly s!illed printers to typeset (layout) a newspaper pa!e and to then print thousands of newspapers. The same tas% can now #e performed far more $uic!ly usin! computers with %TP software and computer-controlled printing presses.

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Fahad Khurram

Computer Networks

Areas of Increased Employment

&lthou!h many employment areas have suffered (o# losses areas have !rown and &obs ha'e been created.

other

)ometimes people who have lost their old (o# have #een a#le to retrain and !et a ne" &ob in one of these !rowth areas. )ome e"amples of areas where (o#s have #een created*

IT Technicians &ll of the computers in a #usiness need to #e maintained* hard"are fi(ed soft"are installed etc. IT technicians do this wor%.

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Fahad Khurram

Computer Networks

Computer Programmers

&ll of the soft"are that is now used #y #usinesses has to #e created #y computer programmers. 2undreds of thousands of people are now employed in the 3 soft"are industry3

eb %esigners

+uch of modern #usiness is conducted on-line "ebsites are very important.

and company

Company we#sites need to #e designed and #uilt which is the role of "eb designers.

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Team Roshni

Fahad Khurram

Computer Networks

)elp-%es! Staff

People often need help usin! computers and soft"are applications. Computer and software company have help-des!s staffed #y trained operators who can !ive ad'ice.

Computerising the

or!place - *ood or +ad,

&s you have seen a#ove many (o#s have chan!ed over the past 40 years. But overall is this a !ood thin! or a #ad thin!5 ,t depends who you as% of course / ,f someone has lost their (o# #ecause the wor% is now #ein! done #y a computer that person will pro#a#ly see it as a #ad thin!. But on the whole the computerisation of repetiti'e menial tas%s (such as wor%in! on a factory production line or calculatin! endless financial results) has freed people to do more pleasant less dangerous (o#s. There are downsides thou!h. +any people can now access their office networ% from home via The ,nternet. This means they can "or! from home (remote wor%in!) which sounds pretty nice. 2owever it often results in people wor%in! longer hours and missin! out on home life.

StepUp Pakistan

Team Roshni

Fahad Khurram

Computer Networks

Microprocessor-Controlled %e'ices in the )ome

hat is a Microprocessor,

& microprocessor is a small CPU #uilt into a sin!le 3chip3 (see ri!ht). 6ery powerful microprocessors can #e found in PCs (the Core 7 8uad processor made #y ,ntel is one e"ample) #ut smaller less powerful microprocessors can #e found in many e'eryday de'ices in our homes. Typically a special type of microprocessor called a microcontroller is used in everyday devices. ,n a sin!le 9chip' a microcontroller contains* & CPU )ome -AM )ome -.M (:sed for storin! the devices soft"are) 0ften microcontrollers also contain A%Cs and %ACs to allow easy connection to devices such as sensors and actuators. (;or more information a#out computer control systems sensors and actuators here).

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Team Roshni

Fahad Khurram

Computer Networks

E(amples of Microprocessor-Controlled %e'ices

+any of the electronic devices that we use contain a microprocessor... )ome devices are used for entertainment* *ames consoles %/% players MP0 players )ome devices help to ma%e our lives easier (labour-sa'ing de'ices)* Pro!ramma#le micro"a'e o'ens Pro!ramma#le "ashing machines 2ome security systems Mobile telephones

When people talk about computer 'chips' they are referring to the little, black, square devices that you can see stuck to computer circuit boards. Inside these lumps of black plastic are tiny electronic circuits that are built on slices (or 'chips') of a special substance called a semiconductor. StepUp Pakistan Team Roshni

Fahad Khurram

Computer Networks

In the image above, the 'chip' has been revealed by taking the black plastic off of the top. These miniature circuits can contain millions of tiny parts called transistors (you ould need a very po erful microscope to see one of the transistors) These computer chips have revolutionised our orld. They have enabled us to pack huge amounts of computing power into tiny devices such as mobile phones.

The Effect of These %e'ices on .ur 1i'es

<oo% at the list of devices a#ove. $ow try to ima!ine livin! without them / washin! your clothes #y hand. <ife would #e a lot tou!her. +icroprocessor/controlled devices mean that we have more leisure time to rela" and en(oy ourselves instead of doin! household chores. =e are a#le to communicate "ith people 'ery easily usin! computers mo#ile phones etc. =e can #ecome part of online social networ%s ma%in! friends with people from all over the world.

StepUp Pakistan

Team Roshni

Fahad Khurram

Computer Networks

Computers and ,nternet connections mean that many of the tas%s that involved us leavin! the house for e"ample shopping for music clothes or food can now #e done on-line. .nline shopping !ives us more choice of products and sa'es us time. ,t is also !reat from those who are una#le to !et out of the house easily such as the elderly or the disabled.

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