IELTS LEADER - Vocabulary List

WORD LIST 1 : TEST 1
REGULATION (n) - S iu chnh,quy nh, quy tc - an authoritative rule If you're trying to remember what a regulation is, think about the phrase "rules and regulations." regulations are often set by governing bodies of a sport or other activity - thus, there is an accepted regulation-size soccer ball, set by fifa, professional soccer's governing body. Eg 1 : Other european countries, notably the netherlands, adopted stricter regulations. Eg 2 : Many government agencies are in charge of regulating industries, setting up regulations that companies need to follow to keep us all safe. DIVERT (v) - Lm trch i, lm trch hng - turn aside; turn away from To divert means to shift or turn from one thing to another. a magician might attempt to divert your attention as he shoves the rabbit into the hat Eg 1 : Russian president vladimir putin retaliated by saying moscow would divert more energy resources to asia. Eg 2 : What heavy lifting it would take to divert wealth back downwards.
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EXEMPTION (n) - S min (thu...) - an act exempting someone
COMPLACENT (adj) - T mn,bng lng, va , tho mn - contented to a fault with oneself or one's actions Someone who is complacent has become overly content : the junk-food-eating couch potato might be feeling complacent about his health Eg 1 : If you go in complacent, you wind up on the losing end Eg 2 : But mr. scaroni knows he cannot be complacent. LEVY (v, n) - Thu thu,tuyn qun - impose and collect,assemble or enlist in the military Use the word levy as you would use the word tax: "when the state government imposed a levy on soft drinks, thousands of citizens took to the streets in protest" Eg 1 : A hefty tax is usually levied on cash brought back from overseas. Eg 2 : Last fall, medicare began sharing the pain, levying financial penalties such as reduced reimbursements to hospitals when too many recently released patients return.
ELIMINATE (v) - Loi ra, loi tr,hy - terminate, end, or take out As eliminate means "get rid of or do away with," it has become used to refer to the end of a problem or even an entire species. we need to eliminate sources of pollution in order to maintain a healthy world Eg 1 : Others already have axed sports teams and even eliminated teaching positions, but still may have to tap savings just to make it through years end. Eg 2 : Officials this year eliminated high school math and science teaching positions and cut baseball, crosscountry and swimming. PARAMETER (n) - Thng s, tham s, tham bin - a constant in the equation of a curve that can be varied to yield a family of similar curves A parameter is a limit. in mathematics a parameter is a constant in an equation, but parameter isn't just for math anymore: now any system can have parameters that define its operation. you can set parameters for your class debate Eg 1 : While setting some parameters is necessary, overly restricting social media use is counter-productive. Eg 2 : The commissioner knew what parameters were acceptable and moved in that direction.
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When you get an exemption, you don't have to do something. in the sixties, some people got exemptions from military service during the vietnam war. Eg 1 : Tax exemption is a powerful tool, as the boy scouts of america are about to find out. Eg 2 : Exemption can cover income taxes and property taxes too. BELATED (adj) - n mun, n chm - after the expected or usual time; delayed Something belated comes after the fact. if you are late to deliver a birthday greeting, then make it a "happy belated birthday" card Eg 1 : He simply wanted the money, perhaps a belated birthday present after he turned 50 last month. Eg 2 : Sixty years later, mr. brickman has helped to see belated justice done. OBSOLESCENCE (n) - S mai mt - the process of becoming obsolete; falling into disuse or becoming out of date Fashion trends come and go, and often return after a time. but gimmicky fads quickly fall into obsolescence, losing appeal and falling out of sight - do you know anyone who still has a pet rock? Eg 1 : And in our own fallen times, when record stores are heading toward obsolescence? Eg 2 : Under a strategy of planned obsolescence, consumers are being asked to discard their technology devices long before their useful life has ended. SPECIFICATION (n) - Ghi r, nh r, chi tit, c im - a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work In the 17th century, the word specification emerged with the meaning of giving something a specific quality. the technical meaning, applied to building and engineering plans, developed in the late 18th century. the meaning of the word is precise, referring to specific plans, although just because it's a specification doesn't mean it is accurate. Eg 1 : In the past, boeing had given its suppliers very detailed specifications. Eg 2 : Qualcomm has not released any detailed specifications at this point.
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CONCEPTUAL (adj) - Thuc quan nim, nhn thc - being or characterized by concepts or their formation Something is conceptual when it deals primarily with abstract or original thoughts. a conceptual plan is one in an early stage. to make it work, you'll need to flesh out the details. Eg 1 : Some of this labor involves the french moving into conceptual space that was seen, not so long ago, as indisputably american. Eg 2 : If you're conceptual, writing down goals probably seems pointless. REPLICATE (v) - Bn sao - make an exact copy of; reproduce Did you just figure out how to make that excellent pizza you had in philadelphia? then what you've done is replicate it, meaning you've been able to reproduce it. Eg 1 : Graduate students could, in addition to learning the guidelines, train by replicating published studies. Eg 2 : Energy and infrastructure loan programs first put into action in the last four years are being replicated by numerous other countries around the world.
SOLDER (v, n) - Hp kim () hn, cht hn - join or fuse with solder If you want to be a metalsmith you'll have to become familiar with solder, which is the substance you use to fuse two metal surfaces Eg 1 : That meant lanza required special supervision when using soldering tools, for instance Eg 2 : Solder these two pipes together
RELIABILITY (n) - S ng tin cy - the quality of being dependable or reliable It's nice when someone compliments your reliability because it means they think you are dependable. things that are known for reliability? your best friend, sunrise, sunset and unfortunately also taxes. Eg 1 : In the context of the electric power grid, resilience is not reliability. Eg 2 : But reliability alone is not an adequate customer draw. MANUFACTURE (v) - Sn xut - produce naturally To manufacture something, is to make or construct it, usually for industry and sale. unless you make all your own clothes, a company probably had to manufacture them. Eg 1 : Across europe, surveys showed manufacturing contracting in every country except germany. Eg 2 : The dog food, all manufactured at a plant in kansas city, kansas, was recalled across eight midwestern states.
AGITATE (v) - Lay ng, rung ng,xi gic, khch ng - move or cause to move back and forth
COMPLIANCE (n) - Bng lng, ng thun - the act of submitting; usually surrendering power to another Compliance is what you do when you try to fit standards set down by someone else. a restaurant chef's compliance with a new sugar-free menu might inspire even the pastry chefs to follow the recipes Eg 1 : We will be increasing both compliance and customer support staff in the coming weeks Eg 2 : The compliance board rejected several arguments the regents advanced seeking to justify what happened. INTEGRAL (adj, n) - Phn quan trng - existing as an essential constituent or characteristic Something that is integral is very important or necessary. if you are an integral part of the team, it means that the team cannot function without you Eg 1 : Seller financing is an integral part of today's business-for-sale marketplace Eg 2 : In fact, they play an integral role in the city's vibrant informal economy. LEGISLATION (n) - Lp php,php lut - the act of making or enacting laws Legislation is the act or process of making or enacting laws. some people think there should be more legislation in the area of education and some people think there should be less - governments debates the matter periodically. Eg 1 : Call me cynical, but the legislation might have a marginal effect at best. Eg 2 : The bonus rules will come as part of wider legislation setting higher capital standards for banks, increasing their costs and curbing freedom to hike salaries.
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VENDOR (n) - Ngi bun bn - someone who promotes or exchanges goods or services for money If you are a vendor, it means you're a person selling something, whether it's hot dogs from a food cart or computer software for a tech company Eg 1 : Managers were authorized to make small purchase decisions and vendor selections. Eg 2 : During strata 2013, i had nearly 30 vendor meetings in three days.
SUBSTANCE (n) - Cht,ca ci - the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists Any material that possesses physical properties is called a substance. the word also refers to the gist or main idea of something. if you remember the main point of a lesson, you've got the substance Eg 1 : He reportedly has been charged with possession of controlled substance, cannabis and paraphanalia. Eg 2 : Sugar, salt and fat get lumped together in physiological terms as addictive substances.
Agitate means to stir up. if you watch a horror movie at bedtime, you may be too agitated to sleep. movies like that can agitate all sorts of adrenaline responses in the body. Eg 1 : The implication agitated him, but lewis said he was too blessed to be stressed. Eg 2 : Unlike other republican leaders, walker doesn't have to worry about impatient conservatives agitating for change. CATHOLIC () - Rng khp; ph bin;o thin cha, cng gio - free from provincial prejudices or attachments When capitalized, catholic refers to the catholic church. with a lower-case "c," catholic means "universal" and "inclusive." if you listen to anything from hip-hop to baroque, you have catholic taste in music Eg 1 : He said his son started a music career in oakland after attending two catholic high schools. Eg 2 : Roman catholic church hopes to name replacement for pope benedict before easter.
HYBRID (n) - Ghp ,lai - a composite of mixed origin A hybrid is a mixture of two different things, resulting in something that has a little bit of both. Eg 1 : It has been interesting see people inventing hybrid models. Eg 2 : Even hybrids will have trouble reaching below 90 grams of co/km.
PROGENY (n) - Con ci, con chu, dng di - the immediate descendants of a person A sing-song rhyme may help in remembering the word progeny: "all of you, all of me, together we make progeny." the "you" and "me" can be a man and a woman making a baby, or trees and plants making little offshoots, or progeny of their own. Eg 1 : Mohammad is just a man; progeny of human beings. Eg 2 : Natural selection might be expected to favour the progeny of men who enjoy bringing them up.
COMPATIBLE (adj) - Thch hp, ph hp - able to exist and perform in harmonious or agreeable combination A word that comes up a lot in discussions of both food and people pairings, compatible speaks to a person or thing's ability to exist agreeably with something or someone else Eg 1 : But mobile devices are less compatible with one another. Eg 2 : Rusu said the company looked at offerings last summer and liked that embrane's product was compatible with any underlying hardware.
PROPAGATE (v) - Truyn b, lan truyn - become distributed or widespread To propagate is to be fruitful and multiply, by the usual routes of reproduction, or by spreading something around - like a rumor Eg 1 : "there are many chefs unintentionally propagating this phenomena," she said. Eg 2 : In fact, the radio waves cannot propagate unless the tunnel walls are separated by more than half a wavelength.
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COAST (n) - B bin - the shore of a sea or ocean The noun coast describes the area where the land meets the sea - the seashore. when you're mom says, "we're going to the coast," pack your bathing suit, because you'll be near the ocean Eg 1 : There are typically 11 cyclones per season off australia northwest and northeast coasts Eg 2 : The coast guard then lost communications with the caller, officials said. PRESERVE (v) - Bo qun, bo tn, duy tr - keep in safety and protect from harm, decay, loss, or destruction When you preserve something, you maintain its condition, like trying to preserve your good health by exercising
regularly and eating right Eg 1 : Mass spectrometry identified organic molecules characteristic of creosote and frankincense, both used for preserving tissue Eg 2 : Royal decree has preserved this eloquent testimony of atrocity so that the people might no longer remain in forgetfulness. ACCOMPANY (v) - i cng,km theo - go or travel along with The verb accompany means to keep someone company, or to be their companion on a trip or journey. in a musical sense, accompany means to play background music for the lead singer or soloist Eg 1 : Obama wants cuts accompanied by closing tax loophole for the wealthy, in effect new taxes. Eg 2 : Kids between 12 and 17 are welcome if accompanied by a parent. GENUS (n) - Phi, ging,loi - group containing one or more species A genus is a class or group of something. in biology, it's a taxonomic group covering more than one species Eg 1 : There may be other such unique systems in this genus as well. Eg 2 : Attapsenius, a distantly related genus found solely within the fungus gardens of leaf cutter ants in south america, serves to demonstrate.
CONSUMPTION (n) - S tiu th, s tiu dng - the act of consuming something
CONSIDERABLE (adj) - ng k, to tt - large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree Use the adjective considerable to describe something that is large in amount. things you probably spend a considerable amount of time on: homework and laundry. things you'd rather spend time on: anything that isn't homework and laundry! Eg 1 : No experience or reservations required, but expect considerable exercise. Eg 2 : Twelve months later, this past june, butte residents rejected the ordinance by a considerable margin.
UTILIZE () - Li dng, s dng - put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose To utilize is to use what you have or what's available, and it's a three-syllable word meaning the same thing as the one-syllable "use." Eg 1 : Utilizing the human need to feel included has another added virtue. Eg 2 : Utilize data whenever possible, and avoid logical fallacies at all costs. PALATABLE (adj) - C th chp nhn c - acceptable to the taste or mind Something that is palatable is acceptable to ones sense of taste-literally or figuratively. if it's palatable, then you can put up with it - whether it's leftovers or a mediocre made-for-tv movie Eg 1 : adaptation in brain reward circuitry underlie palatable food cravings and anxiety induced by high-fat diet withdrawal. Eg 2 : Native peoples in both hemispheres seem to have considered beech oranges at least palatable. FREQUENCY (n) - Tn sut - the number of occurrences within a given time period Frequency measures how often things repeat over time. city buses often reach stops at a frequency of every 15 minutes, unless it's snowing or raining really hard. in that case, the frequency will slow Eg 1 : Fishing for compliments.post frequency: daily.pet content: high, always dog Eg 2 : Spins rotate around the applied magnetic fields with a distinct frequency
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Consumption means using, buying or eating something. if we don't reduce our energy consumption, we will run out of fuel. conspicuous consumption is buying something to show off Eg 1 : He said increases planned in excise taxes were likely to have a bigger impact on consumption. Eg 2 : She hopes to continue studying problematic alcohol consumption and drug abuse. MARINE (adj) - (thuc) bin - of or relating to the sea If it has to do with the ocean or sea, you can call it marine. your friend in us armed services who is a marine probably spends a lot of time near the ocean Eg 1 : Her research is on ecosystem-based management, ecosystem services valuations, and marine spatial planning. Eg 2 : The varied and widespread symptoms of nitrogen pollution are grassland changes, acidic soils, stressed biodiversity, marine pollution, algal blooms and dying fish.
COMMONPLACE (adj) - Tm thng,c rch - completely ordinary and unremarkable
TERRESTRIAL (adj) - trn mt t, cn - of or relating to or characteristic of the planet earth or its inhabitants Not straying far from its latin root "terra" meaning "earth," terrestrial means "of the earth." if it's terrestrial, you'll find it on earth. if it's extra terrestrial, you'll find it emerging from a ufo Eg 1 : Changes in terrestrial plant and animal species ranges are shifting the location and extent of biomes, and altering ecosystem structure and functioning Eg 2 : Terrestrial species are moving up in elevation at rates 2 to 3 times greater than initial estimates SUPPLANT (v) - Ht cng (ai) - take the place or move into the position of Kate was out sick for a month with mono, and when she came back to school, jessie had supplanted her as the funny girl at the lunch table. supplant means to take the place of. Eg 1 : That prospect has receded, supplanted by talk of a bigger single currency area. Eg 2 : The computer has supplanted the slide rule
ULTIMATE (adj) - Ti a,ti cao - furthest or highest in degree or order The last in a series can be described as the ultimate. a cheeky kid, when asked what she wants to be when she grows up, might say, "i want to be an actress, a singer, and a veterinarian, but my ultimate goal is to be president of the united states." Eg 1 : The appeals court's ultimate decision after wednesday's hearing could be the final word on the matter. Eg 2 : Grandma was recognized as the ultimate authority in the clark house.
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Eg 1 : The author and his family are not immune from the broken homes, drug abuse, alcoholism, prostitution and violence so commonplace in the city. Eg 2 : Kids exposed to a commonplace chemical early in life are more likely to have asthma, according to a published today.
COMPLEMENT (n) - B sung,lm y - something added to complete or embellish or make perfect A complement is something that makes up a satisfying whole with something else. those shiny red shoes you just bought complement your shiny red purse. Eg 1 : All the other mediums are being augmented and complemented by social Eg 2 : A fine wine is a perfect complement to the dinner
COLLEAGUE (n) - ng nghip - an associate that one works with A colleague is someone you work with at your job. when you are a teacher, the other teachers are your colleagues. when you work as a cashier at 7-11, the guy at the deli counter is your colleague as well Eg 1 : Nina kraus and her colleagues at the auditory neuroscience laboratory at northwestern university are doing interesting work in this area Eg 2 : More importantly, tucker and his colleagues said they were still keen on quantitative easing REVENUE (n) - Thu nhp - the entire amount of income before any deductions are made Revenue is money earned by a business, or income received by the government from taxes. the government is always interested in dreaming up new sources of revenue, and so is the average head of a company unless she doesn't want to be the head anymore. Eg 1 : Any new revenue gained from closing tax loopholes, he said, should now be put into lowering tax rates. Eg 2 : Metropcs reported a 65 percent fall in quarterly net profit last week as revenue growth slowed for the eighth straight quarter.
PRESENCE (, n) - S c mt - the state of being present; current existence Presence is the state of being somewhere. when you get an invitation that reads "your presence is requested," you are being asked to show up. your style of being there - your demeanor or bearing - is also your presence Eg 1 : Despite a modest measure of charm in private conversations, louis never developed a compelling public presence Eg 2 : The decline has been largely attributed to the increased presence of armed guard detachments on board merchant vessels INSURMOUNTABLE (adj) - Khng vt qua c (vt chng ngi...) - not capable of being surmounted or overcome The adjective insurmountable describes some barrier that is incapable of being overcome. the great wall of china was meant to be an insurmountable deterrent to would-be invaders Eg 1 : There are two seemingly insurmountable obstacles plaguing solar manufacturers right now: silicon prices and china. Eg 2 : So long as standards are properly set, and enforced, these differences should not prove insurmountable. ENHANCE (, v) - Ci thin - increase Many people use the expression "enhance your chance" to point out ways to increase your chances of winning or earning a contest or prize. when you enhance something, you heighten it or make it better Eg 1 : This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat Eg 2 : This will enhance your enjoyment IMMEDIACY (n) - S lp tc, s tc th - the quickness of action or occurrence This word is a member of the "immediate" family Eg 1 : Ms. jensen said these personal introductions were in keeping with the immediacy of his work Eg 2 : Municipal debt may be much smaller, but sometimes immediacy counts more than size
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CONSCIOUS (adj) - Tnh to, c thc - intentionally conceived Conscious is a latin word whose original meaning was "knowing" or "aware." so a conscious person has an awareness of her environment and her own existence and thoughts. if you're "self-conscious," you're overly aware and even embarrassed by how you think you look or act. but that sounds better than being unconscious, or
totally unaware and out of it Eg 1 : But many millennials did, in fact, become more conscious about conserving energy Eg 2 : We kind of stopped doing that in later years, but this time, we made a conscious decision EFFICACY (n) - Tnh hiu qu; hiu lc - capacity or power to produce a desired effect Efficacy is a more formal way to say effectiveness, both of which stem from the latin verb efficere "to work out, accomplish." the effectiveness, or efficacy, of something is how well it works or brings the results you hoped for. Eg 1 : There is still only limited data on the devices efficacy Eg 2 : A scientist does research to determine the efficacy of a vaccine or medicine under development. if it is efficacious, it will cure or prevent a disease.
DISPARAGE (v) - Ch bai; coi r, xem thng - express a negative opinion of If you haven't got anything nice to say, then it's time to disparage someone. it means to belittle or degrade a person or idea. Eg 1 : Usually the perpetrator turns up and he's very disparaging about the victim. Eg 2 : This movement twisted historical events and wrote material brimming with native valour, disparaging to other countries
COMPRESSION (n) - S p, nn, c ng - applying pressure Whenever something is squished together, compression takes place, like a tight bandage around your sprained ankle - the compression helps protect it from further injury Eg 1 : Most other image compression systems, such as the widely used jpeg format, are applied after an image has been snapped Eg 2 : While in the hospital, he sustained a compression fracture in his lower spine, then developed an infection in that same area
OBSTACLE (n) - S cn tr,chng ngi vt - something that stands in the way and harm your intention When the road is blocked ahead of you, that blockage is an obstacle that keeps you from getting where you want to go Eg 1 : But security remains a major obstacle to rebuilding. Eg 2 : There are formidable obstacles in the way of this particular scheme
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OPTIMISTIC (adj) - Lc quan - expecting the best in this best of all possible worlds An optimistic person thinks the best possible thing will happen, and hopes for it even if it's not likely. someone who's a tad too confident this way is also sometimes called optimistic. Eg 1 : With four days left on kickstarter, we are remaining optimistic that the community can pull this one out in dramatic fashion Eg 2 : Second sight said it was optimistic that insurance would cover it
IMPLEMENT (n, v) - Thi hnh, thc hin,b sung - pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue or apply in a manner consistent with its purpose or design The noun implement is a very useful word for just about anything you want to describe as a tool or a thing that helps you do something. an implement can be as simple as chimpanzees using a stick to eat ants with or a bulldozer that moves huge amounts of earth in building. the word relates to something that "fills up" a house, as in all sorts of things that allow a house to work properly Eg 1 : Patents were never intended to protect broad, abstract concepts that can be implemented in many different ways Eg 2 : A complete redesign could take around nine months to implement, he said
CONSULTATIVE (adj) - T vn - giving advice Youre probably familiar with the verb consult, which means "get advice." consultative is just the adjective form of that verb. consultative can be used to describe anything or anyone in the business of providing advice or counsel. Its often used to refer to a formal group, such as a consultative committee that advises a government, or a company that provides consultative services in a particular area of expertise. Eg 1 : Denis bradley of the consultative group on the past said northern ireland had moved forward politically. Eg 2 : In important matters, as well as in the smallest, she has both a consultative and deliberative voice
EXPLICIT (adj) - R rng, dt khot, ni thng - anything explicit is very clear, whether it's instructions or a dirty movie. Thanks to parental-advisory warnings about "explicit language" or "explicit violence," you might think this word only applies to things that are dirty, naughty, or adult in some way. that is a common meaning of explicit, but it's not the only meaning. this also means anything that is clear and easy to understand. explicit orders are easy to carry out; explicit instructions are easy to follow. when someone is explicit, they're not beating around the bush or being confusing Eg 1 : Once again, the relationship between data and advertising is made explicit Eg 2 : Flexible pay could increase to twice fixed salary, but only with explicit shareholder approval
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SEGMENT (n, v) - on, khc, t, ming - one of the parts into which something naturally divides A segment is one of several pieces that together create a whole. you could offer a segment of your orange to your girlfriend as a valentine's day gift. Shell probably enjoy the orange, but she may break up with you. Eg 1 : Woo believes the company will focus on more than just growing new segments of its business going forward Eg 2 : Still, there are ways to wall off or split up the most critical segments of infrastructure-and to monitor further efforts to break in GEAR (n, adj) - C cu, thit b,ln s,y nhanh - equipment consisting of miscellaneous articles needed for a particular operation or sport etc.
The noun gear refers to several things. first, its the equipment we need for a sport or event. a gear is also a wheel with teeth that interlocks with another gear to transmit motion in a machine. Eg 1 : As iran gears up for elections in june, the fanfare of vetting a presidential candidate list is once again in full swing Eg 2 : He struggled mightily in his first month, with defenses geared up to shut him down INCENTIVE (n) - S khuyn khch,ng c (thc y lm vic g) - a positive motivational influence If your mom wants you to mow the lawn but you don't feel like it, she might offer to treat you to ice cream after as an incentive. an incentive is something that stimulates you to take action or work harder Eg 1 : Government incentives, including taxes, rebates and guaranteed electric pricing, have propelled the solar market's growth worldwide Eg 2 : A sharp drop in inventories over the last year has given developers more incentive to build homes. FUNDAMENTAL (n, adj) - C bn, c s, ch yu - the foundation,essential, principles Fundamental has its roots in the latin word fundamentum, which means "foundation." so if something is fundamental, it is a key point or underlying issue -the foundation, if you will - that the thing is built upon. teachers argue that math fundamentals include memorizing the times tables and understanding long division. many people would also argue that math fundamentals should include knowing how to use a calculator and knowing where the calculator's extra batteries are kept Eg 1 : At every level there are fundamental laws governing a particular system which we have to understand Eg 2 : He said it was "fundamental" to discuss the american movie industry's ways of portraying iran in order to prevent "an insane war." CRITERION (n) - Tiu chun, tiu ch - standard A criterion is a category for judging, but can also be a prerequisite for an achievement. it might be an application requirement for a teaching job that you have taught already for two years. if you havent, then we say you havent "met the criterion" for job experience. likewise, if you establish the model for something, say you deliver an exciting, profound graduation speech, we might say you "set the criterion" for future speakers Eg 1 : Some products are changing to meet the criteria. Eg 2 : There is no special selection criteria for the rental screenings
COMMITMENT (n) - Li cam kt; iu rng buc - the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action Making a commitment involves dedicating yourself to something, like a person or a cause. before you make a commitment, think carefully. a commitment obligates you to do something Eg 1 : There is no funding beyond a two-year research and development commitment by tito Eg 2 : As i made commitments and accumulated things, he remained devoted to his craft, never doubting his talent
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CORRUPT (v, adj) - t lt,i bi, thi nt - make illegal payments to in exchange for favors or influence When you corrupt someone, you convince them to do something wrong or even illegal. if you talk your little brother into stealing cookies from the cookie jar, you're corrupting him. something corrupt is rotten, spoiled, or out of commission, like a file that makes your computer crash. a corrupt person a criminal, a crook, or a cookie thief brings society down with immoral and dishonest behavior. corrupt goes back to the latin roots cor-, "altogether," and rumpere, "break" Eg 1 : Afghanistan's banking system is a corrupt mess and the country's financial institutions are not trusted
Eg 2 : Corrupt practices OPERATION (n) - S hot ng;ca m;chin dch - process or manner of functioning or operating Operation can refer to medical surgery, a military campaign, or mathematical methods, such as multiplication and division Eg 1 : I stopped being so involved in the operations and became more of an adviser. Eg 2 : On an adjusted basis, earnings from continuing operations fell to $1.64 per share from $2.18 a year earlier.
VERTICAL (n, adj) - Cc im,thng ng - upright in position or posture
TRANSPARENT (adj) - Trong sut, r rng - able to be seen through with clarity You can see right through something transparent. a window is transparent, but so are the intentions of a peeping tom looking through that window. Eg 1 : This team places great store in preparing properly, works hard on building team spirit and tries to be as transparent as possible Eg 2 : Instead, policies such as those promoted by labour - for transparent trading - should be supported
DIVERSITY (n) - a dng, phong ph - variety To have diversity, you need a mix of whatever you're talking about. if you like science fiction, romantic comedies, cartoons, and action movies, then you like a diversity of types of films. if you like nothing but kungfu films, then you don't like a diversity of films. no matter what kind of diversity you're talking about, there needs to be a real mix, kind of like a huge box of crayolas. Eg 1 : Values such as diversity could mean one thing in the united states and another in south africa Eg 2 : Did pop begin in uniformity and then explode into diversity?
WRENCH (n) - Vn mnh, xon; git mnh - to grab or pull something with a lot of physical force Maybe you have a wrench at home, that is, a hand tool that is used to hold or twist a nut or a pipe joint. if so, you also have a great way to remember what wrench the verb means. just imagine you're twisting with a wrench, except instead of using a tool, youre using your hands. if something is heart wrenching, it makes you feel very sad. if you wrench a part of your body, you strain, pull or twist it, injuring yourself in some way. Eg 1 : Then came wrenching abdominal pain, which she said doctors dismissed as psychosomatic Eg 2 : The facts of the current case are no less wrenching
SUPERIOR (adj, n) - Cao cp - higher quality or performance Superior comes from the latin word meaning above and it literally means something that is above others in quality or status. sometimes being superior can be perceived as a negative, as in the woman who acts superior to all of her friends, having a high opinion of herself just because she has millions of dollars in the bank after winning the lottery Eg 1 : The pennsylvania superior court is one of two appellate courts in the state. Eg 2 : Viewers may also know her from channel 5's superior interiors
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MODERATE (adj, v) - Va phi; phi chng; iu - not extreme,make less strong or intense; soften A moderate voter is someone who is politically speaking, in the center. in other words, they are not quite left or right, but somewhere in the middle. Eg 1 : A moderate amount of cushioning improves running efficiency, he has found Eg 2 : Those are sensible deals - low risk, moderate reward - in keeping with alderson's pattern.
Vertical can also describe the right angle at which something rises up from a baseline, like the walls of your house - they're vertical to the foundation. you may hear the terms vertical and horizontal used in relation to each other to describe directions. a vertical line goes up and down, and a horizontal line goes from left to right. an easy way to remember which way vertical goes is by its first letter, "v," which points down Eg 1 : In the personal computing landscape, apple is more vertical than any company right now Eg 2 : Instead of banks of boxes, stock is held in a vertical grid system, with robots running across the top on rails TENSION (n) - S cng thng - the action of stretching something tight When things feel so tight they might snap, that's tension. if you buy your girlfriend a vacuum cleaner when she wanted diamonds, you will experience tension. just before she storms out of the room. Eg 1 : Tensions are rising among various factions in the country Eg 2 : Tension and anticipation is rising in the west bank a month before u.s
RELEASE (v) - S gii thot,s phng thch - grant freedom to; free from confinement To release something or someone is to set it free, like a caged animal or a prisoner. i shall be released is a famous refrain from a 1967 bob dylan song that has come to symbolize political freedom around the world. Eg 1 : Two washington area residents were on the pardons list released friday. Eg 2 : The white house did not comment immediately friday on the higher number of immigrants released. COMPONENT (n) - Hp thnh, cu thnh - a part that can be separated from or attached to a system It's not surprising that component is related to a latin word that means "to put together." you simply can't put something together without all of the correct components. technically speaking, a component is an element of a system or a part of a machine. but a component can also be a factor or ingredient, such as the components of a decision or the components of a really good chocolate cake. Eg 1 : However, what was once innovative is now looking like a standard component Eg 2 : Soon he began building electrical gadgets from components harvested from junkyards
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INFALLIBLE (adj) - Khng th sai c; khng th hng - incapable of failure or error This word is often used to describe human capacity for error - no one is infallible. and yet, we are able to be infallible in certain ways: children are infallibly curious, teenagers infallibly hungry. interestingly, infallible derives from the latin in- "not" + fallere "deceive." when did making a mistake and deception become the same thing? Eg 1 : Only if you believe that human judgment is infallible Eg 2 : But no one is infallible, and mr. miller stumbled in 2008 by betting on a recovery in united states financial stocks that never happened BURGLAR (n) - K trm - a thief who enters a building with intent to steal A criminal who takes property belonging to someone else with the intention of keeping it or selling it Eg 1 : A burglar had broken into my car in spokane, so i was missing a front passenger window Eg 2 : Ten convicted felons, mostly burglars, all on parole, who would each receive a warning
EXTEND (v) - Ko di,m rng - stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point Extend, as a verb, is used in many ways. you extend (hold out) your hand when you offer to shake. you extend (push forward) a deadline when you add a few days to it. your belly might extend (broaden) after a holiday dinner. a telescope extends (expands) your range of vision. if the list of definitions for extend were infinite, you could extend (add to) that list forever and ever. but your patience might not extend that far.
Eg 1 : Outside, down the atlantic city boardwalk, the line extended into infinity Eg 2 : It also extends to both published and unpublished works. APATHETIC (adj) - Lnh m, th , h hng - showing little or no emotion or animation Apathetic is an adjective that describes the feeling of being bored with what's going on around you. if you don't care one way or another, you're apathetic. Eg 1 : South of the border in england, polls show people are largely apathetic Eg 2 : Urban voters, traditionally considered apathetic, also turned out in large numbers
CORRESPONDENCE (n) - S tng ng; ph hp,th t; quan h th t - communication by the exchange of letters or the relation of corresponding in degree or size or amount Correspondence is a body of letters or communications. if you've ever had a pen pal or an email buddy, youve written plenty of correspondence Eg 1 : A scottish government spokesman said: "we will consider any correspondence and respond in due course." Eg 2 : The einstein papers project aims at making accessible einsteins writings and correspondence in a carefully annotated, scholarly edition
ETHICAL (adj) - Thuc o c,ng ni quy - conforming to accepted standards of social or professional behavior For someone who is honest and follows good moral standards, use the adjective ethical. an ethical teacher will grade your papers honestly - even if she catches you sticking your tongue out at her. Eg 1 : Ethical leaders, in business as well as in public service, are the future," he argues. Eg 2 : The first is by leading their communities to make ethical choices, such as becoming energy efficient or eschewing illegal wildlife products.
STIMULATE (v) - Kch thch, khuyn khch - cause to occur rapidly If the economy is starting to stall, the president can't just sit there. he has to stimulate - turn it on, bring it to life, perk it up. you can stimulate practically anything: a person, a conversation, a mind, or even the growth of a plant. Eg 1 : The chip helps generate at least partial vision by stimulating intact nerve cells in the retina. Eg 2 : In some sectors, the government is moving to stimulate investment
AGGRESSION (n) - S gy s, s gy hn; - a feeling of hostility that arouses thoughts of attack Aggression is hostile, purposely unfriendly behavior that can sometimes be violent. a motorist who shows aggression for another may follow too closely, honk the horn, or otherwise try to intimidate. Eg 1 : "usually they ask with aggression, or are exploitive," mr. maltz said Eg 2 : Do you believe current scientific studies have conclusively proven a causal link between video games and aggression in children?
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MANIFEST (v, adj) - R rng, hin nhin - reveal its presence or make an appearance,clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment Choose the verb manifest when someone shows something for everyone to notice. you might manifest your dislike of school food by stirring it around into a big pile of slop on your tray. Eg 1 : Sometimes this manifests in sketchnoting, also known as scribing, or graphic recording. Eg 2 : In younger women, the disposition to blood clotting can manifest during pregnancy EPIDEMIC (n) - Dch - an epidemic is a disease that spreads rapidly among many people in a community at the
same time. Epidemic can be used figuratively to refer to something that spreads or grows rapidly: an epidemic of laziness has taken over the tenth grade. this word is from french epidemique, ultimately from greek epidemia "staying in one place, among the people." the related word pandemic refers to a disease that spreads throughout an entire country or throughout the world. Eg 1 : He was accused of causing a measles epidemic Eg 2 : The number reflects an epidemic of diabetes, uncontrolled high blood pressure and bad diets
MIGRATE (v) - Di tr; ra nc ngoi - move from one country or region to another and settle there When we think of the word migrate we think of movement from place to place. sometimes that movement is seasonal, as when birds migrate north in summer and south in winter. but sometimes a person or group will migrate from one place to another with the intention of settling there. in both cases, there is a definite shift in locales, one temporary, the other permanent. Eg 1 : Best buy has come under pressure as shoppers have migrated online Eg 2 : "pollen from the olive tree is wind-transported, so it can migrate long distances" he said. PERCEIVE (v) - Hiu, nhn thc - to become aware of through the senses When we perceive something, we become aware of or notice it. sometimes we perceive things by using our senses of sight, hearing, and smell. Eg 1 : It is based on how consumers perceive each brand in seven categories: quality, safety, value, performance, design, technology and green attributes. Eg 2 : Happy things are perceived to be cynical commercialism PERMEABLE (adj) - Thm c, thm qua c - allowing fluids or gases to pass or diffuse through A permeable surface allows materials like liquids to pass through - either in or out. Eg 1 : Wish i hadn't worn my permeable sweater to the picnic when the weatherman called for thunderstorms. the rain seeped right through the fabric, soaking me to the skin Eg 2 : The equipment within needs ventilation, so the facade must be permeable IMPERVIOUS (adj) - Khng thm,khng b nh hng, khng b tc ng - not admitting of passage or capable of being affected An impervious surface is one that can't be penetrated. the word is often followed by "to," as in "his steely personality made him impervious to jokes about his awful haircut." Eg 1 : Yet video games have proved nearly impervious to this anxiety Eg 2 : Despite the continued boom in psychoanalysis, argentina is not impervious to global treatment trends
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PROFOUND (adj) - Su sc, uyn thm, thm thu - situated at or extending to great depth; too deep to have been sounded or plumbed When you need a word that's deeper than "deep," consider profound. Eg 1 : These details will have profound effects on the model's output Eg 2 : Longer naps have an even more profound impact than shorter ones
INSUFFICIENT (adj) - Khng , thiu - if something is insufficient, it isn't enough Something adequate is sufficient, and something inadequate is insufficient Eg 1 : He said there was insufficient funding available to carry out extensive and meaningful trials to prove the worth of alternative therapies
Eg 2 : A lot of people are getting insufficient sleep INSULATOR (n) - Cht c lp, cht cch ly - a material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical or thermal conductivity Any material that keeps energy such as electricity, heat, or cold from easily transferring through is an insulator. Eg 1 : Wood, plastic, rubber, and glass are good insulators. swiss cheese... not so much. Eg 2 : Objects made of rubber, such as the balloon, are electrical insulators, meaning that they resist electric charges flowing through them
CUSHION (v, n) - Ci m,lm nh bt, lm yu i - to protect from impact or a soft bag filled with air or a mass of padding such as feathers or foam rubber etc. The noun cushion can also refer to anything that is used to soften an impact or absorb shocks. in modern cars, for example, sometimes in a crash or accident, air bags will deploy and act as cushions for the passengers to prevent them from injuring themselves on hard surfaces like the dashboard or steering wheel. a cushion isn't necessarily a physical one, however, as you may want to keep an emergency fund as a cushion in case of unexpected expenses. as a verb, cushion means to protect from the impact of negative information so if you have bad news, you'll want to cushion the blow as much as possible. Eg 1 : But as to whether cushioning prevents injuries, he said, "i doubt that there are good data" Eg 2 : Last month's hiring should cushion the impact of the higher social security taxes that most consumers are paying this year.
INTIMATE (v, adj) - Thn mt,ring t - being close,marked by close acquaintance, association, or familiarity This adjective can mean very friendly, or very personal or private. the original spelling was intime, from french, from latin intimus "innermost," from intus "within." the related verb intimate means to hint or suggest. intimate is also a noun meaning a close friend or associate. and when you get intimate with someone, it can mean that you're sexually involved. Eg 1 : A small restaurant is called intimate because you're sitting close to the other people Eg 2 : And your best friends are considered your intimate friends AVENUE (n) - i l - a wide street or a line of approach An avenue is a street, especially a wide one lined with trees. an avenue is also any approach to doing something. for example, this web site might be a new avenue you have found for learning words. Eg 1 : Walking out of the parsons building on seventh avenue, mr. pinault inquired about some of the works on display Eg 2 : The boy was pronounced dead at the scene in haybridge avenue after going into cardiac arrest.
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TREACLE (n) - Nc mt ng - writing or music that is excessively sweet and sentimental Use the noun treacle to describe a book or a song that is so sweet and sappy that it makes you feel a little sick Eg 1 : I've just about given up using it, because it runs like treacle. Eg 2 : For the same distressing, disabling disease, some people spread treacle on brown paper, and apply hot to the part affected. GRATITUDE (n) - Lng bit n, s nh n - a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation Gratitude means thanks and appreciation. it's the warm feeling you get when you remember the person who told you to drop your 1980s hairstyle and get with the new millennium already Eg 1 : Their gratitude is genuine, and i like living on the road tethered to my phone Eg 2 : Israel would provide the united states iron dome know-how for its own potential use in gratitude for u.s. funding, the official said PSYCHOLOGIST (n) - Nh tm l hc - a scientist trained in psychology A psychologist is a scientist who studies the mind. unless specified, you should assume the psychologist studies the human mind -as opposed to, for example, a pet psychologist Eg 1 : Chess involves a lot of reasoning, so some kids might boost their reasoning skills by playing chess, a hypothesis psychologists are now investigating Eg 2 : In the laboratory, psychologists often measure narcissism using the narcissistic personality inventory VOLUNTARY (n) - T , t nguyn, t gic - a person who freely enlists for service Voluntary is an adjective that describes something you do because you want to, without being influenced or forced into it. usually a voluntary act is something you consciously choose to do, like going into work even on a snow day Eg 1 : Voluntary evacuation orders were issued on thursday but lifted as of friday, they said Eg 2 : More recently, the agriculture department has published voluntary guidelines for grading olive oil. CLUMP (n, v) - Lm, bi (cy);cc, hn (t) - a grouping of a number of similar things A clump is a "bunch" or a "cluster." if you're a gardener, the last thing you want to see is a clump of weeds growing in the middle of your newly groomed lawn Eg 1 : Clumps of ragged grass sprouted from the muck, cutting the waterway into a thousand braided channels Eg 2 : We see clumps of woodland sedges as well, now bearing tiny triangular fruits favored by many songbirds DEVISE (v) - Sng ch, pht minh - come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort To devise is to figure out a plan. men twirling long mustaches might devise a plan to tie someone to the railroad tracks. Eg 1 : You are devising a system that will make price spikes and disruptions worse Eg 2 : The white house let congress devise a complicated and ineffectual set of new banking regulations CONDUCT (v) - Chuyn hng - to carry out Conduct is about how you behave "conduct unbecoming" and also about carrying something through - "the survey was conducted in may and june." Eg 1 : Department of justice also advised sands it was conducting an investigation, the company said in its annual report filing Eg 2 : I can fail at conducting an interview, writing an essay or making a video
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POLARIZE (v) - Phn cc - cause to concentrate about two conflicting or contrasting positions To polarize is to divide. something that's been polarized has been split into two sides that are so different, it seems as though they're from opposite ends of the earth - like the north pole and the south pole Eg 1 : In politically polarized washington, debt reduction is about as bipartisan as apple pie and the sun rising in the east Eg 2 : Mr. kennedy said he was used to polarized reactions to his work BOUNDARY (n) - ng bin gii, ranh gii - the line or plane indicating the limit or extent of something If you play a sport you are familiar with the term "in bounds," which refers to the boundary, or limits of the playing field that the players must stay within. it is also the outer limits of any space Eg 1 : Even though disciplinary boundaries are observed, some departmental barriers have been broken down Eg 2 : Crossing disciplinary boundaries is acceptable at some german universities but frowned on at others, says lawrence ISOLATE (v) - C lp - place or set apart When you remove or set apart one thing from others, you isolate it. you could isolate yourself from people by living in a remote hut or, if you're a biologist, you could isolate a chromosome. Eg 1 : Eight years ago, researchers isolated another strain called lactobacillus hammesii from a french sourdough starter Eg 2 : Outback aboriginal communities were evacuated and isolated schools closed INTEGRATE (v) - Hp nht - make into a whole or make part of a whole To integrate is to make parts of something into a whole. it also means to become one unit, or to make a place (like a school) open to people of all races and ethnic groups Eg 1 : What does a more integrated approach look like Eg 2 : While other teams integrated new players early in a shortened season, the familiar hawks arrived with instant chemistry COLLIDE (v) - Va chm - crash together with violent impact It could be protons bouncing around in a particle accelerator, two cars failing to stop at an intersection, or the priorities of two people with very different goals. when things crash together, they collide Eg 1 : Two passenger trains have collided in south africa near the capital, pretoria, injuring at least 100 people Eg 2 : Police said it struck another vehicle before colliding with the cyclists PARALLEL (adj) - Song song - being everywhere equidistant and not intersecting In math, parallel means two lines that never intersect - think of an equals sign. figuratively, parallel means similar, or happening at the same time. a story might describe the parallel lives of three close friends Eg 1 : This is not completely parallel, but think about Eg 2 : There are connections and parallels, of course, but also wild variations in tone and effectiveness
SYMMETRICAL (adj) - i xng - having similarity in size, shape, and relative position of corresponding parts If you can draw a line down the center of something and get two similar halves, it's symmetrical. shapes like squares and circles are symmetrical. unless you've had a serious injury like losing a limb, the human body is symmetrical. some people think that faces that are more perfectly symmetrical are more beautiful than other faces. Eg 1 : Essentially, the two ways of doing so are symmetrical Eg 2 : In other words, drawing a line down the center results in symmetrical halves MAGNET (n) - Nam chm - a device that attracts iron and produces a magnetic field
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This also means a characteristic that provides pleasure and attracts Eg 1 : Neodymium is used in the magnets of motors in electric cars Eg 2 : The magnet can be thought of as a tiny loop of wire in which negatively charged electrons run through stationary positive ions CREST (n, v) - Mo,nh nc, chm, ngn - the top or extreme point of something,reach a high point A crest is a showy tuft of feathers on the head of a bird. it's easy to identify a male cardinal by its bright red color and the tufted crest on its head. Eg 1 : Though the head crests of domesticated pigeons can vary quite a bit, their presence is due to the same mutation. Eg 2 : The river crested last night HUNCH (n, v) - Linh cm,khom xung, gp cong, un cong - an impression that something might be the case When you pose for pictures with short friends, you hunch over so you don't tower above them - you scrunch up your shoulders, bend your knees, and try to look smaller. Eg 1 : I was hunched over my laptop, adult swim playing in the background Eg 2 : I looked around nervously, and hurried on my way, head down, hunched over a little RIDGE (n, v) - Chp, chm, ngn, nh - a long narrow natural elevation or striation or throw soil toward (a crop row) from both sides A ridge is a long, narrow, elevated strip of land or any raised strip or band. a ridge is a line that rises above what it is attached to Eg 1 : On my aborted expedition i was going to take five different measurements of every ridge i crossed Eg 2 : Dashboard of pickup truck located on ridge top about 14 km north of mount st. helens CONVECTION (n) - S i lu - the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion Convection is the circular motion that happens when warmer air or liquid - which has faster moving molecules, making it less dense - rises, while the cooler air or liquid drops down Eg 1 : Convection is the mass movement of a fluid: hot water rising, for example Eg 2 : That means that convection heaters are the only horse left in this race RIDICULE (n) - Nho bng,ch nho - language or behavior intended to mock or humiliate When you ridicule someone, you mock or make fun of them. they become the object of your ridicule or mockery. your bad behavior might bring ridicule on your parents, who raised you to know better Eg 1 : Aerospace enthusiasts ridiculed the problems on message boards Eg 2 : Central park had become so dangerous it was ridiculed by late-night comedians
FAME (n) - Ting tm, danh ting - the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed "fame puts you where things are hollow" sang bowie, reflecting the increasing darkness of his personal life, the sense of alienation that celebrity had amplified Eg 1 : A spot in the maryland hall of fame, given grudgingly no doubt Eg 2 : Though ms. young is known for dressing celebrities, that fame may be rubbing off
HONOR (n) - Vinh d,danh d - a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction Honor has many uses, all of them good. if you are called a man of honor, you are respected. if someone honors you, they recognize and award you for your achievements Eg 1 : It is an honor to be nominated as central bank governor
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Eg 2 : Post office released a postage stamp honoring her PROSPECT (n) - Cnh, ton cnh, vin cnh - the possibility of future success A prospect is the possibility that something fabulous will happen. after you graduate top of your class at harvard, for example, your job prospects look great. Eg 1 : His prospects as a writer are excellent Eg 2 : But attacks by washington politicians may have damaged its prospects at the academy awards
ASSIGN (v) - Phn cng,n nh,nhng li - select something or someone for a specific purpose To assign is to specify something or someone for a specific purpose. if your sisters fight over whose turn it is to sit in the front seat, your parents may have to assign turns. Eg 1 : The teacher assigned him to lead his classmates in the exercise Eg 2 : The ministry of defense was assigned to make sure all u.s. special forces are out of the province within two weeks DRIFT (v, n) - S tri git,mc ch, nh - be in motion due to some air or water current,the pervading meaning or tenor If you get my drift, you get the basic meaning of what i'm saying. or, if you move around without a seeming fixed destination, you are said to drift - whether you're a snowflake or a homeless person. Eg 1 : Since last year's second quarter, staffing levels have drifted lower Eg 2 : Anglers wading the river, casting from shore and drifting it had pretty good success CONTINENT (n) - Lc a, i lc - one of the large landmasses of the earth A continent is one of the seven largest landmasses found on earth. asia, australia, and africa are three continents. can you name the other four? Eg 1 : No inhabited continent will be more affected by it than africa Eg 2 : Deadly droughts, flash floods and falling water tables are recurring themes in conversations across the continent EMERGE (v) - Ni ln, hin ra - come out into view, as from concealment To emerge means to come out into view or come forth. you might hope to emerge from an epic perming session looking like a beauty queen, but chances are it will just look like you got electrocuted Eg 1 : "it's an emerging civil rights issue that we'll need to address," he says Eg 2 : It's a problem those focused on emerging markets say they already have solved.
GENERATE (v) - Pht ra,sinh ra - bring into existence,give or supply Generate as well as other similar words such as generation and genesis come from a greek word meaning "origin" or "creation." let's say you have two siblings. in that case, your parents' marriage has generated three children Eg 1 : In a hydroelectric power plant, water generates power Eg 2 : Last year, trackleaders generated $80,000 in revenue tracking 60 events, including u.s
VIGOROUS (adj) - Mnh lit, mnh m - characterized by forceful and energetic action or activity Anything vigorous is done with force and energy. vigorous exercise makes you sweat, and a vigorous denial makes someone else sweat Eg 1 : America has turned to younger, more vigorous people Eg 2 : Business leaders have previously said the welsh government has not been vigorous enough in assessing the impact the law may have on firms
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HOSTILITY (n) - S th ch - the feeling of a hostile person Hostility is the state of ill will and bad feeling. if a teacher embarrasses you in front of the whole class, you will probably regard him or her with hostility for the remainder of the school year Eg 1 : My work looks specifically at hostility, not necessarily violence Eg 2 : Meantime, hostilities continued at the final whistle and players had to be separated DEPRESS (v) - Lm gim,lm chn nn - press down Depress means to lessen the activity or power of something. if you want to depress the spread of poverty, you need to find ways to slow it down, like by bringing education and skill-building resources into the poorest communities. Eg 1 : Despite its slightly depressing subject matter, ask is the smiths at their most upbeat Eg 2 : But the increases are coming from depressed levels as sales plummeted to a record low in 2011 INVESTIGATE (v) - iu tra nghin cu - conduct an inquiry or investigation of To investigate is to look into something systematically. if you don't understand how tornadoes work, for example, investigate the forces of wind and find out Eg 1 : Texas child welfare authorities also are investigating allegations of child abuse and neglect Eg 2 : Chicago police are investigating the death as a murder SUFFER (v) - Chu ng - undergo or be subjected to,endure The verb suffer means to feel pain or something equally unpleasant. you'd probably do anything you could to be sure your beloved cat didn't suffer when she got old and sick Eg 1 : He suffered very much through being victimised and demonised Eg 2 : She suffered a grave head injury and her life support was turned off several days later DEPLOY (v) - S dn qun, s dn trn, s trin khai - place troops or weapons in battle formation The word deploy is mainly used in military contexts and to refer to the strategic arrangement of fighting forces Eg 1 : An army spokesman in dhaka said two platoons of troops had been deployed in the town Eg 2 : Security forces in riot gear patrolled in pickup trucks and deployed on street corners on saturday RIGOROUS (adj) - Nghim khc,khc nghit - rigidly accurate; allowing no deviation from a standard If you are rigorous when you do something, you do it strictly by the book and leave nothing to chance. a rigorous inspection of your tax records has revealed the government owes you money. congratulations! Eg 1 : Both papers are rich and rigorous studies of growth hiccups Eg 2 : Rigorous application of the law COUNTENANCE (n, v) - S tn thnh - the appearance conveyed by a person's face The noun countenance means the face or its expression. if you're a great poker player, you probably have a calm countenance. Eg 1 : Like rodgers, tom werner refuses to countenance cashing in on surez Eg 2 : His opponent in the american election, mitt romney, has at times seemed more willing to countenance a unilateral israeli strike ENVISAGE (v) - D tnh, nhn thng vo - imagine something that does not yet exist Martin luther king jr. envisaged a time when black and white americans would no longer be segregated by race. Eg 1 : About 30 patients have used the envisage programme so far Eg 2 : Designers envisaged users working with several papertabs simultaneously, brotman said
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NEUROLOGIST (n) - Nh thn kinh hc - a medical specialist in the nervous system and the disorders affecting it Eg 1 : He saw a pediatric neurologist, who ordered an mri scan that found nothing amiss Eg 2 : Campbell said he recently underwent testing in houston at the urging of his neurologist DELEGATE (n, v) - i biu,ngi c u nhim - a person appointed or elected to represent others,transfer power to someone A delegate is also an elected official, or the person who is doing the task you delegated them to do. in presidential primaries in the united states, you do not vote for a candidate, you vote for a delegate whose job it is to vote for that candidate at a convention. Eg 1 : Southern delegates wanted to count the whole slave population, which would have given the south greater influence over national policy Eg 2 : American foreign policy can only be delegated so far, and crises only wished away for so long STATISTIC (n) - Thng k - a datum that can be represented numerically A statistic is a numerical piece of information. if you are trying to prove a point, and you want your argument to have a sense of authority, you might want to use a statistic to back up your claim. Eg 1 : This statistic is even worse for state-run or -funded homes, activists said. Eg 2 : However, one telltale statistic showed how showy lifestyles are out of fashion in bailed-out greece ASSUAGE (v) - Lm du bt - provide physical relief, as from pain If you assuage an unpleasant feeling, you make it go away. assuaging your hunger by eating a bag of marshmallows may cause you other unpleasant feelings. Eg 1 : Gun rights supporters said the president was evidently trying to reach out to gun owners to assuage their concerns about his legislative proposals Eg 2 : Maybe the new management wanted to assuage fans by putting their most familiar work forward first APPROPRIATE (adj, v) - Thch hp, thch ng - suitable for a particular person or place or condition Something appropriate is correct and fits the situation. a sweater-vest with reindeer on it is appropriate holiday apparel, even if it's totally embarrassing Eg 1 : With so many artists picking up brushes or at least a pencil, is the idea that real things can be appropriated as art bankrupt Eg 2 : When we are looking at what further regulations may be appropriate we will want to consider the impact on competitiveness EMPHASIZE (v) - Nhn mnh - to stress, single out as important To emphasize is to make something important, or stress it, like when you were little and your parents would always emphasize the importance of looking both ways before crossing the street. they told you again and again and again. and again. Eg 1 : Internally, they emphasize that people have individual personalities and all are accepted Eg 2 : He emphasized that he really wanted a job CONFERENCE (n) - Hi ngh - a prearranged meeting A conference is a formal get-together where people talk (or "confer") about a chosen topic, like when your office holds a conference to talk about the problem of snoring during meetings. Eg 1 : Federal travel, conferences and training classes could first be canceled, he said, as could worker bonuses and new
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hiring Eg 2 : A conference can also be a public meeting arranged for discussion, such as a press conference or a national conference for a particular group INJECT (v) - a vo, tim - force or drive (a fluid or gas) into by piercing;to introduce To inject is to give an injection, or a shot. when your doctor tells you that you need a flu shot, she wants to inject you with a vaccine that will help keep you from getting sick. Eg 1 : Oscar organizers are trying to inject more verve into a show whose awards generally play out by the numbers Eg 2 : Challenging this view are economists who argue the central bank should inject more money into the economy to improve lending conditions ENTERPRISE (n) - Vic lm kh khn; vic lm to bo - a purposeful or industrious undertaking or an organization created for business ventures Enterprise describes a readiness to act boldly to get something started, like the enterprise it takes to start a charity with only a dream and a few dollars. Eg 1 : Enterprises that consider the big data is too nascent and immature can no longer rely on that excuse Eg 2 : Osborne challenged pickles over the slow pace of setting up enterprise zones in december PRESUMABLY (adv) - C th c, c th cho l ng - by reasonable assumption Presumably you are reading these word blurbs because you're interested in learning some useful words. you can add presumably to any statement that you think is true - it indicates a logical conclusion for which you don't have definite proof. Eg 1 : Caro is working on the fifth, and presumably last, volume Eg 2 : "closed curtain" is set in an empty villa in iran, presumably beside the caspian sea APPARENT (adj) - Hin nhin - clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment Apparent means obvious, but - and this is confusing - it can also mean something that seems to be true but isn't definite. "the train's arrival is apparent - it's in the station - but apparently my friend missed it because she is not getting off." Eg 1 : In apparent reference to libya, north korea said it never backed down Eg 2 : In that context, his apparent crime is not as surprising PROOFREAD (v) - Sa li - read for errors
Eg 1 : I should proofread my manuscripts Eg 2 : Many writers proofread their words carefully but are less careful with their figures
INSOMNIA (n) - Mt ng - an inability to sleep; chronic sleeplessness You are suffering from insomnia if you usually have trouble falling or staying asleep. there's no cure, but people with insomnia are told to go to be at the same time every night, and try to clear their mind of stress. Eg 1 : Other drugs already are under review, for conditions including insomnia and hardening of the arteries Eg 2 : He began drinking heavily, developed chronic insomnia, became a literary figure in seoul
POLISH (v) - nh bng - make (a surface) shine Bring to a highly developed, finished, or refined state Eg 1 : They spend their days gathering information, weighing, revising, polishing, and perfecting Eg 2 : I found five excellent stories that readers of weird would love, and a few dozen rough diamonds in need of further
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polishing ILLITERACY (n) - Nn m ch - the inability to read You can help someone overcome illiteracy by reading together, or even by sharing your knowledge of vocabulary Eg 1 : American advisors have been struggling with illiteracy among afghan army troops Eg 2 : The railway station sits in a densely populated muslim neighborhood where poverty and illiteracy rates are very high
ENCLOSE (v) - B km theo, ng vo - surround completely, to introduce To enclose something is to surround it or cover it up. an envelope encloses a letter Eg 1 : Any outdoor colonies that remain should be enclosed, he said Eg 2 : They feed on rodents and often hide in enclosed spaces to ambush their prey
ENDEAVOR (v, n) - S c gng, s n lc - attempt by employing effort An endeavor is an earnest effort to achieve some goal. as a verb, the word means "to try hard at something." Eg 1 : Every climb is a redline endeavor, with the heart rate often topping 180 beats a minute Eg 2 : Coral farming is not only a business endeavor COLLABORATION (n) - Cng tc - act of working jointly When you join a group of friends to build a huge sandcastle on the beach, your impressive structure is the result of collaboration, or working together toward a common goal. Eg 1 : He said he only knew of one other similar collaboration in seattle that began 15 years ago Eg 2 : Each collaboration will evoke unique perspectives on the civil war in each region ABHOR (v) - Gh tm; ght cay ght ng - hate Abhor is from latin abhorrere "to shrink back in horror." it is the strongest way in english to express hatred, even stronger than loathe. we only use abhor in formal contexts; you might say "i abhor that man," but you would be less likely to say "i abhor spinach" unless you tend to express yourself in highfalutin terms no matter what the occasion. Eg 1 : He abhorred art that dwelt on aesthetics at the expense of social problems Eg 2 : In reality, they abhor any government regulations that cut into profit ATTEMPT (v, n) - S c gng - make an effort The word attempt can also be used as a noun. it's an honest effort to do something. your attempt to bake a birthday cake may look like a disaster, but the birthday boy will appreciate the effort anyway. the noun attempt can also mean an attack on a person or place, but in this case, it's best to hope that the attempt is not on your life. and never, ever attempt that sort of thing at home! Eg 1 : The police attempted to stop the thief Eg 2 : Major u.s. stock indexes will make another attempt at reaching all-time records, but the fitful pace that has dominated trading is likely to continue
EDITORIAL (n, adj) - Bi x lun - an article giving opinions or perspectives An editorial is an article that expresses the opinion of the person who or organization that wrote it. Eg 1 : "the worst is going to happen," the newspaper said in an editorial Eg 2 : An editorial accompanying the hip replacement study said "there is no justification" for the huge cost variation the researchers found
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APPROACH (n, v) - Cch thc, phng php tip cn - move towards To approach is to get near something. an airplane is cleared for a final approach just as the wheels approach the landing strip Eg 1 : However, unlike the current emotional debate surrounding gun control in the united states, the swiss approach is more dispassionate and pragmatic. Eg 2 : Do college basketball refs use the same approach when making charge/block calls? AUTHORITY (n) - Nh chc trch, - the power or right to give orders or make decisions If you have the authority to do something, you have the right or power to do it. you are the big cheese. or, if you know more about a topic than most, you are an authority on that topic Eg 1 : Authorities said 33 militants were killed by security forces in february Eg 2 : She told authorities that johnson later raped her. PROPERTY (n) - Quyn s hu, ti sn, ca ci - something owned; any tangible or intangible possession that is owned by someone What you own or have, like a car or clothes, is your property. the qualities that a thing has are its properties. aloe is a plant with medicinal properties - it soothes burns. Eg 1 : Asian stock markets also fell, as worries that china would tighten its grip on the property sector hurt sentiment Eg 2 : That hat is my property ENTRANCE (n, v) - Cng vo, li vo - something that provides access As a noun, entrance means an act of entering or something that provides a way to enter something. you can make a grand entrance when you arrive at a party, as long as you can actually find the entrance Eg 1 : Maybe a half dozen more women's coaches might gain entrance over the next few years Eg 2 : After enlisting i reported to the fort meade military entrance processing station on 1 october 2007. LICENSE (n) - Giy php,bng - a legal document giving official permission to do something The word license can also means freedom. "seniors should have certain freedoms, but when they aren't even required to come to class, that is excessive license. also, they shouldn't have the option, every time they misspell a word, to claim "poetic license." Eg 1 : Are there any licensing issues that might hamper mod accessibility Eg 2 : Depending on the findings, the pharmacies could face fines and possible suspension of their licenses CONFLICT (n) - Cuc xung t - an open clash between two opposing groups A conflict is a struggle or an opposition. if you and your best friend both fall in love with the same person, you will have to find some way to resolve the conflict Eg 1 : Uncovering those values is key to resolving complicated conflicts Eg 2 : But cattle rustling, conflicts between communities and raids by rebel groups continue to hamper farming, the report said
SCHEME (n) - K hoch, s - an elaborate and systematic plan of action A scheme is an elaborate plan or plot. it's going to take a really solid scheme, probably involving teleportation or some sort of temporary cloning, to make an appearance at both parties at once Eg 1 : Instead, banks will introduce higher fixed salaries and convoluted pay schemes
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Eg 2 : The beneficial impact of the funding for lending scheme is countered by still difficult economic conditions SKETCH (n) - Tm tt,phc ho - preliminary drawing for later elaboration,short descriptive summary A sketch is a rough or brief outline of something. if you hand in a sketch, instead of your full paper, don't expect to get a very high grade Eg 1 : Practice playing with ideas mainly through drawing and sketching, constantly seeing from different views, creating alternatives Eg 2 : Fusing song, poetry, sketches, jazz, dance and theatre, cabaret demolished boundaries between high and low culture, artists and audience POTENTIAL (adj) - Tim tng,tim nng - existing in possibility If you can describe something as possible but not yet actual, choose the adjective, potential. companies try to reach potential customers through advertising Eg 1 : Cherished, perhaps, but not necessarily free from potential threats Eg 2 : There has been no contact from any potential investors AUCTION (n, v) - Bn u gi - the public sale of something to the highest bidder In an auction, items are sold without price tags - whoever bids the highest gets to buy it, whether its a painting, a car, or a set of old dishes Eg 1 : Under scottish law a verbal offer is binding, like a bid at auction Eg 2 : The people involved in the auction process said bids are unlikely to live up to the expectations of the authorities CONTEMPORARY (adj) - ng thi,cng thi - occurring in the same period of time Things that are contemporary are either happening at the same time or happening now. contemporary art is recent art Eg 1 : The composer salieri was contemporary with mozart Eg 2 : Palmer is not making a contemporary cruise ship that happens to look like the titanic TRAJECTORY (n) - Qu o - the path followed by an object moving through space If you stay on your current trajectory of constant partying, dining out, and yacht rentals, you'll end up broke. a trajectory is the path of an object through space, or the path of life that a person chooses Eg 1 : Later,scientists calculated its trajectory, based on a few plot points of its movement Eg 2 : I predict aging will follow the same trajectory as cancer research. HAZARDOUS (adj) - Mo him; nguy him - involving risk or danger The noun "hazard" means something dangerous, and the adjective hazardous refers to anything that involves danger. a golf course with lots of sand traps is especially hazardous for golfers. that's why those traps are called hazards Eg 1 : Skydiving is a hazardous sport Eg 2 : Air quality levels in beijing have regularly been labeled as unhealthy or hazardous
PRELIMINARY (adj, n) - S b,m u - something that serves as a preceding event or introduces what follows Preliminary means something that comes before something else. if you want to run in the race, you have to place in the top third of the preliminary round. it can also mean "early" - the preliminary results are in, and you've won! Eg 1 : Training is a necessary preliminary to employment Eg 2 : Whatever the competition commission decides, the preliminary findings will be put out to public consultation, and there will likely be global repercussions
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ASCENT (n) - S i ln - a movement upward If you are moving in an upward direction, that's an ascent, like your quick ascent from new group member last year to president this year. Eg 1 : His successor, albert ii, completed his ascent but died on the return impact Eg 2 : New yorks legions of writers have benefited tremendously from his ascent. SLENDER (adj) - Mnh khnh, mng manh - having little width in proportion to the length or height Something slender is slight, or skinny. a young colt is slender compared to the full grown horse it will grow into Eg 1 : The huskies have long, slender, finesse players, but they are now playing physical, challenging defense Eg 2 : Mr. kennedys margin of victory was too slender to stir much elation THOROUGH (adj) - Cn thn, k lng, t m - painstakingly careful and accurate Thorough describes something that is painstakingly complete, like a thorough search for your missing keys in which you look for them in coat pockets, under the table, in the refrigerator - in every single place you can think of Eg 1 : Authorities made a thorough search and no bomb was found Eg 2 : The audit was quite thorough and the firm's conclusions about mr. hunter's financial indiscretions and fiduciary breaches are alarming, if not downright shocking DESERT (v, n) - Ni hoang vng,vng v - arid land with little or no vegetation A desert is a wasteland. if you fry your brain cells with drugs, then your mind will turn into a desert Eg 1 : Not to mention arizona sluggers who turn out to be nothing more than supernova mirages in the desert sun Eg 2 : Similarly, eucalyptus leaves would make a very poor dietary choice for a human being marooned on a desert island OCCUPANT (n) - Ngi ,ngi s dng - someone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there An occupant is someone who lives or stays at a place for awhile. a lot of your junk mail is addressed "to occupant" because the sender doesn't know who lives at your address Eg 1 : Five masked men were raking a bentley with automatic weapons, cutting the occupants to pieces Eg 2 : Neighbors said the occupants were not involved with militant groups RETRACT (v) - Rt li - formally reject or disavow a formerly held belief, usually under pressure Have you ever said something you wish you could retract, or take back? you're not alone. even newspapers and magazines have sections where the editors can retract something written that was incorrect Eg 1 : But within hours, the same papers, including the new york times, were retracting the picture and declaring it a fake Eg 2 : The alleged rape victim was interrogated for two days without a lawyer present until she retracted her statement, human rights watch reported MYTHICAL (adj) - Thn thoi,hoang ng - based on or told of in traditional stories,lacking factual basis or historical validity Mythical means from myth, fables, or other traditional stories. a mythical story has no basis in historical events. sometimes someone whose deeds far outshine others is referred to as mythical Eg 1 : The argo program, named after the mythical greek ship, is run by 50 research institutions in more than 30 countries Eg 2 : Guys like him are mythical creatures, fantasy figures who dispense rough justice when civic institutions fail
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WHEEL (n) - Bnh xe, h thng - change directions as if revolving on a pivot Eg 1 : Police allege she lied about being behind the wheel Eg 2 : But experts have some suggestions to help people get behind the wheel, while minimizing their risk of crashing and burning DESCEND (v) - Xung,truyn,bt ngun t - move downward and lower, but not necessarily all the way,come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example In its simplest sense, descend means to go or move downward, but there are a couple of subtle variations on this theme. yes, a bird can descend from the sky, but also, humans are descended from prehistoric ancestors Eg 1 : At night the pilot descends slowly, carefully using up the power until dawn Eg 2 : We are recovering and growing, not declining and descending SETTLE (v) - Lm lng xung, lm chm xung - become resolved, fixed, established, or quiet,come to rest To settle means to come to order or rest, much as snow settles on the ground or dust settles on the dining room table Eg 1 : Suarez had the game settled within 34 minutes when he produced liverpool's third Eg 2 : When it settles down we expect the data will reveal that industrial production is growing around 10 percent CAPSULE (n) - Bao,v,tm tt - a small container that encloses a body part,a shortened version of a written work Eg 1 : But he finished last in the semifinals, a space capsule crashing back to earth Eg 2 : He goes on to tell me his life story in a capsule
UNDERGROUND (adv) - Di t, ngm - beneath the surface of the earth Also means an electric railway operating below the surface of the ground (usually in a city) Eg 1 : On 12 february, north korea conducted its third nuclear-weapon test deep underground Eg 2 : Iran, too, has taken preparatory actions, erecting new perimeter fences around its underground enrichment plant at qum TRAP (n, v) - By - a device in which something (usually an animal) can be caught and penned Eg 1 : Detailed information on air temperature and co2 levels is trapped in these specimens Eg 2 : But sara's eternally trapped by her fear of being found out
DEEM (v) - Cho rng, thy rng - keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view To deem is a verb that means to view as or judge. your parents or boss may deem something necessary that you don't, like coming home by midnight or working late Eg 1 : One supplier made a part fit by grinding away an edge, without permission from the manufacturer, and training overall was deemed inadequate Eg 2 : But upon further review the line change was deemed legal EXTRACT () - Trch,chit - take out of a literary work in order to cite or copy,obtain from a substance When you extract something, you remove it from a larger whole. you can extract a passage from a book, or a liquid essence from a vanilla bean - vanilla extract Eg 1 : Another way to extract value could be to take on more debt to buy back shares Eg 2 : The technique was also used to extract information and control others
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ANNOUNCE (v) - Tuyn b - make known; make an announcement Announce means to make something public. companies announce the release of new products, parents announce the marriages of their children, and school administrators announce changes to the day's schedule over the pa Eg 1 : But last month he announced he had hired a death penalty prosecutor to work on the case Eg 2 : This was announced several times by roosevelt, but changed into ambiguous reticence once the communists began to take over mainland china
SHAFT (n) - Cn (gio, mc...), tay cm - a long rod or pole The noun shaft refers to something that resembles a long, thin pole, such as the long part of an arrow between the tip and the feathers. Eg 1 : Mr fyfield was seriously injured in the incident but escaped through an old mine shaft Eg 2 : Turns out harman wanted to try something different at disney, so he used irons with graphite shafts BARE (adj) - Trn,tr tri - lacking its natural or customary covering When you kick off your shoes to walk on the beach, you are enjoying the feeling of your bare feet in the warm sand. the adjective bare describes something or someone that is naked or unclothed Eg 1 : Men enjoy relatively more freedom, but only sportsmen are allowed to be shown with bare legs on tv. Eg 2 : The advisory appeared to work, as no one bared too much skin. ENTOMB (v) - Chn xung m - place in a grave or tomb
Eg 1 : Tens of thousands of bodies are still entombed in the hill Eg 2 : By some estimates there are thousands of bodies entombed under public parks in new york city RESERVE (v, n) - D tr - hold back or set aside, especially for future use or contingency As a noun, reserve refers to the quality of a shy or modest person who doesn t easily express his or her feelings. as a verb, to reserve is to stash something away or to set it aside for future use Eg 1 : Cairo is struggling with a swelling budget deficit and sliding foreign currency reserves Eg 2 : Federal reserve will need to maintain its ultra lose monetary policy for longer
BLOCKBUSTER (n) - Bom tn - an unusually successful hit with widespread popularity and huge sales (especially a movie or play or recording or novel) Eg 1 : It is also rumoured to be looking at blockbuster stores after the retailer went into administration last week Eg 2 : Still, less remarkable hardware has seen blockbuster success - just look at samsung's galaxy s3
BUDGET (n) - Ngn sch, ngn qu,ng lng - a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them A budget is a sum of money set aside and divided up to cover particular expenses. like allotting certain amounts for food, rent, movies, and manicures every month to make sure you don't run out of cash.
DRILL (n) - Mi khoan; my khoan - a tool with a sharp point and cutting edges for making holes in hard materials Also means systematic training by multiple repetitions Eg 1 : The side looked more balanced and better drilled than under hughes Eg 2 : He said drills must be sharpened up and held with less advance warning, to keep soldiers on their toes
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Eg 1 : Less than one percent believed that the budget gap could be reduced "only" through higher taxes Eg 2 : Cairo is struggling with a swelling budget deficit and sliding foreign currency reserves CERAMIC (n) - Ngh lm gm - an artifact made of hard brittle material produced from nonmetallic minerals by firing at high temperatures Eg 1 : Fire, ceramics and the bow and arrow marked the savage Eg 2 : An empty vending machine stands near white marble basins and colored ceramic mosaics EXECUTIVE (n) - Thnh vin ban qun tr - a person responsible for the administration of a business An executive is a powerful person who is responsible for making things run smoothly. if you become an executive, you might be in charge of an organization, a business, or even an entire country. Eg 1 : Some of the industry's greatest executives understood this very well Eg 2 : Its chief executive, michael acton smith, said working remotely was not best for business FETCH (v) - Ly li - go or come after and bring or take back To fetch something is to go and get it. "go fetch!" you might shout after your dog while throwing a stick into the yard Eg 1 : Within minutes, he came running back to fetch us. Eg 2 : An orphan drug, if approved, can usually fetch a premium pricing in the market DRASTIC (adj) - Tc ng mnh m, quyt lit - forceful and extreme and rigorous Something that is drastic is violent, forceful, and extreme. if you are saving for a car and you only have $50, you need to make a drastic change to your money accumulation scheme. Eg 1 : Bernanke said sequestration was too drastic an approach for reducing the budget deficit Eg 2 : Meanwhile the public sector cuts become more drastic, with no end to austerity in sight ICONIC (adj) - Tnh cht hnh tng - having the characteristics on an icon Something that is iconic is characteristic of an icon - an image, emblem, idol, or hero. audrey hepburn was widely admired for her iconic style, her great fashion taste. Eg 1 : The terrifying demand: 'kneel before zod!' is remembered as one of the most iconic moments in comic book film history Eg 2 : Having that iconic stadium in my home city is incredible. RANGE (n, v) - Tm ,phm vi - a variety of different things or activities Range always refers to a variety of things or an area that something operates. the store offers the living room set in a range of colors. what's the range of that remote-controlled airplane? Eg 1 : Apparently, a very wide range of exaggeration is permissible when writing about venezuela, so long as it is negative Eg 2 : Each year, actual growth fell short of the lower number in the range
TERRORISM (n) - Chnh sch khng b - the calculated use of violence against civilians Terrorism is violence or the threat of violence directed against civilians for the purpose of creating intense fear, which the terrorist hopes to exploit to attain political or ideological goals Eg 1 : Target americans suspected of terrorism based on a determination by government officials Eg 2 : The u.s. terrorism charges are far more serious
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IDENTIFY (v) - Nhn ra - recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something You might identify a ming dynasty vase, a suspect in a bank robbery, or an ivory-billed woodpecker. whatever it is, when you recognize the identity of someone or something, you identify it. Eg 1 : Reuters reported exclusively in august that sands allowed a man identified by the u.s Eg 2 : Modern scientists identify and measure past eruptions using layers of volcanic debris found in ice cores, lake sediments, and other undisturbed soils UNIQUE (adj) - Duy nht, n nht - the single one of its kind If something is unique, it's the only one around. you might think getting a nose ring would make you unique, until you see five other people on the street with the same piercing Eg 1 : National academy of sciences in its unique charter, exactly 150 years ago Eg 2 : In addition, we wanted to be sure each brand's unique editorial voice was well represented ILLEGAL (adj) - Bt hp php - prohibited by law or by official or accepted rules Something illegal is against the law or breaks the rules. if you're reading this in jail, you've probably done something illegal, and if you're not in jail, there's plenty of time to obey the law. Eg 1 : Illegal elephant ivory and rhino horn are routinely seized in large quantities, too Eg 2 : Most of the illegal immigrants in the united states are hispanics LEASE (n) - Cho thu - a contract granting use or occupation of property during a specified time for a specified payment To lease something is to borrow it in exchange for money. if you lease a car from a dealer, for example, you make payments and you get to drive the car, but at the end of the contract you have to give it back Eg 1 : However, some have new office leases in dallas, and that atlanta too may get state farm workers. seeif happens, is it tax motivated? Eg 2 : Real america, as seen through his cameras, is ready to lease that land but is halted by unthinking greens VIRTUAL (adj) - Thc s, thc t - existing in essence or effect though not in actual fact The adjective virtual is used to describe something that exists in essence but not in actuality. you may have made a virtual friend on an online gaming site, but don't expect that person to meet you for coffee Eg 1 : Perhaps run more than one android virtual machine simultaneously Eg 2 : Local views on housing shortages translate into a virtual stalemate DETECT (v) - D ra, tm ra, khm ph ra, pht hin ra - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of The verb detect means to discover or observe the existence of something. if you walk into your house and detect the odor of burnt food, you can deduce from the evidence that you will be going out to dinner tonight! Eg 1 : Scientists point out that we have never detected an asteroid this large passing so close to our planet Eg 2 : A smartphone app that can detect medical conditions by looking at your wee has been shown off in los angeles, united states.
SURVEILLANCE (n) - S gim st - close observation of a person or group Many times, a person suspected of something illegal by the authorities is placed under surveillance, meaning he or she is closely watched to see if their suspicions are well founded Eg 1 : To be under surveillance Eg 2 : Staircases were sealed off with bars, the source said, and the area was covered by armed patrols and surveillance cameras
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FIERCE (adj) - D di, mnh lit - marked by extreme and violent energy Fierce is ferocious and forceful, like a lion. when you are fierce, opponents fear you. despite their loss, the talented jv team put up a fierce fight against the varsity squad Eg 1 : Strikes signal fierce escalation in syria ballistic missile attacks on aleppo left homes pulverized beyond recognition and people torn to shreds instantly Eg 2 : But competition on the south side was fierce in those days, and he moved back home after failing to establish himself NATIVE (adj) - Bn a - belonging to one by birth,an indigenous person The word native has to do with where you're from. you're native to the country where you were born, and places have native plants and animals too Eg 1 : Many native artists studied abroad Eg 2 : Native windows 8 apps look striking, but 3rd party software is marred by blurry text HARNESS (n, v) - Khai thc - exploit the power of Harness natural forces and resources Eg 1 : If these physical assets can be harnessed, scotland will be quite a side Eg 2 : Into his sailing jackets he introduced integrated safety harnesses, which have saved many lives
OVERCOME (v) - Vt qua, khc phc - win a victory over Use the verb overcome when you talk about someone who has triumphed over adversity. it's great to see a friend who's always struggled in school overcome his learning disabilities and make the honor roll. Eg 1 : But, then again, andino has overcome tougher odds before. Eg 2 : At age 70, she had overcome adversity many times before. SPATIAL (adj) - Khng gian - pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space Spatial describes how objects fit together in space, either among the planets or down here on earth. there's a spatial relationship between mars and venus, as well as between the rose bushes in the backyard. Eg 1 : A chapter has closed in a spatial sense, but another has opened. Eg 2 : Three sidesteps, natural spatial awareness, startling pace: the scots had absolutely no answer. IMPEDE (v) - Lm tr ngi, ngn cn, cn tr - be a hindrance or obstacle to To impede something is to delay or block its progress or movement. carrying six heavy bags will impede your progress if you're trying to walk across town Eg 1 : But mr. kirk said that his departure would not impede progress toward a deal. Eg 2 : Continued congressional polarisation would maintain policy uncertainty, confound debt and deficit negotiations, and impede economic growth.
ABNORMAL (adj) - Khc thng - not normal; not typical or usual or regular or conforming to a norm If you get a snowstorm in the middle of july, you could say that you are experiencing "abnormal weather." something that is abnormal is out of the ordinary, or not typical Eg 1 : Every one of us, no matter how damaged or abnormal or shut down, we're all looking for love. Eg 2 : We are trying to regulate abnormal fees charged by some lawyers.
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FRUSTRATION (n) - Lm tht vng, s lm v mng - the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals Frustration is a feeling of annoyance that occurs when something doesn't go as you expect. there are few things more likely to cause frustration for an impatient driver than rush hour traffic Eg 1 : Strong at fielding long kicks and making ground in return, but let his frustration boil over at times. Eg 2 : Her constant complaints were the main source of his frustration SEVERITY (n) - Khc lit, d di - extreme plainness Severity is a plain, no-frills hardness-or the degree of hardness. you might talk about the severity of the northern winter, or the severity of your grandfather's discipline Eg 1 : Some appear effective in reducing asthma severity, but there is little evidence to support others. Eg 2 : The severity depends in part on how someone is built, he said. ENCOURAGE (v) - Khuyn khch, c v - inspire with confidence; give hope to When you encourage someone, you give him or her the courage or confidence to do something, like when you encourage your little brother to play harder by yelling his name from the sidelines of the soccer field Eg 1 : Hayward blamed excessive caution, so costs were slashed and risk was encouraged. Eg 2 : His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife TEND (v) - Hng ti, nhm ti - have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined If you manage, run, or work at a store, you can say you tend it. if you tend the bar in a restaurant, for example, you serve drinks, dry glasses, and fill dishes with pretzels Eg 1 : The best stories for selling tend to be soft news. Eg 2 : Large, reputable western banks have been involved in criminal scandals before, of course, but the cases have tended to be isolated. COMPENSATE (v) - B, n b, bi thng - make amends for; pay compensation for Compensate is about correcting for an imbalance. if you step in an unmarked pothole, the city may compensate you by paying your doctor bills treating a broken ankle. Eg 1 : But the big fine imposed by u.s. regulators and provisions to compensate customers for mis-sold products will eat into profits Eg 2 : Both companies agreed to compensate owners for the added fuel costs SEPARATE (adj, v) - Ring r, ri, khng dnh vi nhau - her government has made more than two dozen separate announcements of stimulus packages Things that are separate are kept apart from other things. a married couple heading for divorce might eat breakfast at separate tables Eg 1 : Her government has made more than two dozen separate announcements of stimulus packages. Eg 2 : Obama said he, too, wanted to keep the two issues separate.
THERAPY (n) - Cha bnh - the act of caring for someone Therapy is the act of caring for someone, or the method of caring. if you have a rare disease, your doctor's therapy will hopefully cure you Eg 1 : The baby had been off therapy for at least five months, dr. gay said
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Eg 2 : Heat therapy gave the best relief ASTEROID (n) - Hnh tinh nh - small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun An asteroid is a large, irregularly shaped object in space that orbits our sun. if one of these giant rocks ends up on a collision course with earth, we are in for big trouble Eg 1 : Barely a few hours later, an even bigger one made the closest approach to earth ever recorded for an asteroid of its size. Eg 2 : First, on february 15, russia was hit with the biggest asteroid in 100 years. HYPOTHESIS (n) - Gi thuyt - a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena In science, a hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation. outside science, a theory or guess can also be called a hypothesis. Eg 1 : A scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory Eg 2 : Teachers are encouraged to help move from a general question by prompting them to develop working hypotheses. GLACIAL (adj) - Nc ,sng bng - relating to or derived from a glacier Things that are glacial are super cold. a place can be glacial - like the south pole - but a person can be glacial, too, like that unfriendly girl who gave you a glacial stare Eg 1 : Taken on iceland's eastern coast, this photo shows glacial ice washing ashore after breaking off a giant glacier. Eg 2 : Iceland is an extremely windy place, where powerful winds meet broad glacial floodplains MELT (v) - S nu chy; s tan - reduce or cause to be reduced from a solid to a liquid state, usually by heating To melt means to fade away slowly and disappear, like a snowman in the middle of the sahara Eg 1 : But as spring comes, snow and ice melt leaving vast stretches of desert and dry, sandy earth exposed. Eg 2 : They melted while sturdier things like automotive paint survived with nothing worse than a good scouring. PROMINENT (adj) - ng ch , ni bt - conspicuous in position or importance If you're looking for an adjective that means "sticking out above the rest; famous," consider prominent. a prominent person might be the big cheese, the head honcho, the top dog - not just any joe schmo. Eg 1 : Prominent austrians in the audience came away impressed. Eg 2 : Apple ceo tim cook was given a prominent spot in the first ladys box.
SEDIMENT (n) - Trm tch, lng cn - matter that has been deposited by some natural process Sediment is the accumulation of sand and dirt that settles in the bottom of lakes. sediment is also what you get in the bottom of a glass of iced tea when the sugar doesnt all dissolve. Eg 1 : A couple hundred miles away, in green river, utah, the sediment corresponds to a few million years later in time Eg 2 : Sediment was about 30 percent nearer its target, helped by more forested buffers being planted to limit runoff into streams and rivers. PARADIGM (n) - Mu - a standard or typical example A paradigm is a standard, perspective, or set of ideas. a paradigm is a way of looking at something. Eg 1 : Changing the agricultural paradigm will require new approaches. Eg 2 : Even if these new shows end up being remakes of familiar paradigms, more is at stake here
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ERUPTION (n) - S n ra,phun (ni la) - the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material An eruption is an explosion of steam and lava from a volcano. this word is also used for other explosions, such as "an eruption of emotions." Eg 1 : It rolled up into the sky, joining the emerging eruption column. Eg 2 : It was also by far the deadliest eruption in recorded history. DEVASTATION (n) - S tn ph, ph hu - the state of being decayed or destroyed When there's devastation, there's terrible destruction. you can see the devastation from a violent hurricane and feel devastation over all the people that were injured. Eg 1 : Severe spending cuts will unleash waves of devastation across the u.s. Eg 2 : After the devastation suffered by the suburbs from rockets, rebel attacks on the city center are sparse in comparison FOSSILIZE (v) - Ho thch - convert to a fossil When something fossilizes, it becomes a fossil, meaning it leaves an impression in the earth that far outlives the organism Eg 1 : There are fossilized dinosaur eggs that look like props from "alien." Eg 2 : Authorities accused prokopi of having lied on u.s. customs forms when he declared the fossilized bones were worth $19,000. FAUNA (n) - H ng vt - all the animal life in a particular region or period When you go on a nature walk in a school setting, you teacher might tell you to observe the flora and fauna in the woods. flora is plant life; fauna refers to animals Eg 1 : It denies surfing conditions will be affected, arguing that the sand is frequently moved in storms and is not rich in flora and fauna. Eg 2 : Nothing survives outside in such harsh conditions - no fauna and no flora. EXTINCTION (n) - Tuyt chng - no longer in existence Extinction is when all members of a particular group die. most often, we use it to discuss animal species. many fear that the tiger is headed for extinction because of development and hunting. Eg 1 : The extinction of a species Eg 2 : Scientists say unless the animals are properly protected some species could become extinction within decades. SYNTHESIS () - S tng hp - the combination of ideas into a complex whole Synthesis is a mixture, or a result that comes from adding things together. add salt to water, and the synthesis is salt water. mix flour, sugar, butter, and eggs together and bake them, and the synthesis is a cake Eg 1 : A standard dna synthesis machine then churns out the corresponding sequence Eg 2 : Low temperatures stops the synthesis of new volatiles, so all those flavor compounds vanish ADOPT (v) - Nhn nui; chp nhn v thc hin - take into one's family;choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans You can adopt an air of nonchalance, a fake british accent, or even a stray dog. when you adopt something, you consciously select it and accept it as your own. Eg 1 : The final budget will be adopted in early may. Eg 2 : More researchers were adopting an evolutionary approach to understanding human and animal cognition.
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GRADUAL (adj) - Dn dn, t t, tng bc mt - proceeding in small stages Use the adjective gradual to describe something that happens slowly, bit by bit, like the gradual increase in the amount of daylight in winter Eg 1 : Woods went through a similar equipment change when he turned pro, though his was more gradual. Eg 2 : His successor, rex tillerson, has overseen a gradual opening up CATACLYSM (adj) - Bin ng ln - severely destructive Something that's cataclysmic is violently destructive. the word often refers to natural disasters, like a cataclysmic earthquake, but cataclysmic can describe other events as well as long as they're bad enough, like the cataclysmic failure you had making meatloaf. Eg 1 : Right-wing israelis and hamas leaders alike are pushing for a cataclysmic fight. Eg 2 : Everybody who lost a loved one on that cataclysmic day was immeasurably grief-stricken. NOTION (n) - nim, khi nim,quan im - a general inclusive concept If you have a notion that you can swim across the ocean, you are probably wrong. a notion is an idea, often vague and sometimes fanciful Eg 1 : Product teams may be disheartened when their preconceived notions turn from promising hypotheses into failed experiments. Eg 2 : That notion would have felt ludicrous three minutes from full-time. PROPONENT (n) - ngh, xut, xng - a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea Proponent means someone who is in favor of something. you might be a proponent of longer vacations, but your parents are proponents of a longer school year. Eg 1 : Proponents say having the roles filled by a single person concentrates too much corporate power and can lead to conflicts of interest. Eg 2 : Proponents argue that operators of vehicles, for example, must have liability insurance, so gun owners should as well. CATASTROPHE (n) - Tai ng, tai bin, thm ho - a sudden violent change in the earth's surface A catastrophe is a disaster. if a wedding reception is disrupted by a fistfight between the bride and her new mother-inlaw, you could call the occasion a catastrophe. Eg 1 : Climate engineering may be able to keep temperatures low, unless some other catastrophe occurs. Eg 2 : Lack of funds has resulted in a catastrophe for our school system
ARCHAEOLOGIST (n) - Nh kho c hc - an anthropologist who studies prehistoric people and their culture An archaeologist is a scientist who studies human history by digging up human remains and artifacts Eg 1 : Archaeologists have unearthed olive pits at sites dating to about 8,000 years old. Eg 2 : And dating as far back as 6,000 years ago, archaeologists find evidence of olive oil production in carmel, israel, besnard said.
EXCAVATE (v) - o,khai qut - find by digging in the ground To excavate is to remove or find by digging. if you have rocky soil in your garden, you may have to excavate it to remove the rocks and replace them with additional soil. Eg 1 : The mining company wants to excavate the hillside Eg 2 : A derelict farm in strabane was also excavated but tests had proved negative.
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REALM (n) - Vng quc - a domain in which something is dominant A realm is an area that is ruled by something. if you are a controlling cook who doesnt like anyone to do anything else in the kitchen, then the kitchen is your realm. Eg 1 : Meanwhile, he argues, large realms of black experience are being ignored. Eg 2 : A lot of this discussion takes place in a total fantasy realm where costs are never considered EXOTIC (adj) - K l,vt ngoi lai, vt t nc ngoi a vo - being or from or characteristic of another place or part of the world Something so unusual that it must be from some unfamiliar place is exotic. an exotic pet might be a panda, instead of a hamster. an exotic trip might be a journey to the galapagos islands, instead of to orlando's sea world Eg 1 : While most iditarod racers are from alaska, a few have exotic backgrounds. Eg 2 : Exotic plants in a greenhouse COMMODITY (n) - Hng ho,tin nghi - articles of commerce A commodity is any useful or valuable thing, especially something that is bought and sold. grain, vegetables, and precious metals are commodities, but so are personal qualities that can be used to make money: originality and imagination are rare commodities in the film business. Eg 1 : Since commodity prices are higher than they were several decades ago, deposits once not worth digging up can now be mined at a profit Eg 2 : Wasn't being big in trading commodities, as opposed to merely digging the stuff out of the ground, meant to offer shareholders protection? LUCRATIVE (adj) - C li, sinh li - producing a sizeable profit Use lucrative to refer to a business or investment that makes money. the drug trade has proved very lucrative, if dangerous, for people willing to risk their lives to take part in it. Eg 1 : He has offers to switch to rugby or basketball and turned down a lucrative proposal from the united states to fight in mixed martial arts. Eg 2 : Valco pulled out the lucrative insurance business by backing a separate management buyout. MERCHANT (n) - Nh bun, li bun - a businessperson engaged in retail trade A merchant is someone who works in or owns a retail business and sells goods. in paris you can stroll from merchant to merchant, buying a loaf of bread in one shop and a wedge of cheese in another. Eg 1 : The decline has been largely attributed to the increased presence of armed guard detachments on board merchant vessels. Eg 2 : It makes money by charging participating merchants a small fee.
PENETRATE (v) - Thm nhp,nhn thu - pass into or through, often by overcoming resistance To penetrate is to force into or pierce through. if the fog is thick as pea soup, your flashlight won't penetrate it. if you stubbornly ignore good advice, people might say nothing can penetrate that thick skull of yours Eg 1 : Thinktanks, government agencies, human rights groups and law firms have all been penetrated. Eg 2 : Why are chromebooks penetrating school systems at this brisk pace?
INHERIT (v) - Tha hng, tha k - receive from a predecessor When your grandmother dies, you might inherit her tea set. regardless of her death, you might inherit her sense of humor or rather large nose. to inherit is to receive from a predecessor Eg 1 : Her father inherited the family bank, founded by chens grandfather and later publicly listed.
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Eg 2 : But in modern times, inheriting an old house often is more trouble than it's worth. ENLIST (v) - Tuyn (qun),tranh th, ginh c - join the military,hire for work or assistance To enlist is to voluntarily join the military. you may have seen television commercials or posters encouraging people to enlist. Eg 1 : After enlisting i reported to the fort meade military entrance processing station on 1 october 2007. Eg 2 : He volunteered to go to southeast asia as an enlisted man, where he earned two purple hearts.
PROJECTILE (n, v) - n,phng ra, bn ra - a weapon that is forcibly thrown or projected at a targets but is not selfpropelled A projectile is a type of weapon that is propelled towards its target. if you shoot a gun at someone, the bullet is a projectile, but the gun itself is not Eg 1 : In both cases, loose lawn items will easily become flying and potentially deadly or damaging projectiles. Eg 2 : Sakani escaped, but a handgun, homemade projectiles and some explosives were found. CATAPULT (v, n) - Phng,bn - shoot forth or launch A catapult is something that hurls things through the air, like a catapult that send pumpkins flying in an annual halloween competition. Eg 1 : In other words: there would be no divorce segment catapulting into your living room unannounced. Eg 2 : But a little more than a year later, support dropped back until being catapulted by the newtown shootings. STEM (v, n) - Pht sinh, bt ngun - grow out of, have roots in, originate in Sometimes stem means to originate; other times it means to stop something its source. you stem the flow of a river, but you can also observe that a river's flow stems from a spring. Eg 1 : Money pouring into new build could help to stem price rises while boosting the construction industry. Eg 2 : Most wars are prolonged by motives of revenge stemming from earlier hostilities. SEIZE (v) - Chim ot, cp ly,nm vng - take hold of; grab Infomercial salesmen constantly tell you to seize the opportunity to buy their product while you still can. supplies are limited! after all, everyone will want that solar-powered puppy petter, so you'd better grab the opportunity and buy two! Eg 1 : Illegal elephant ivory and rhino horn are routinely seized in large quantities, too. Eg 2 : His assets could be seized if he does not meet bail
EXPEDITION (n) - Cuc vin chinh,thm him - an organized group of people undertaking a journey for a particular purpose An expedition is an organized journey that is undertaken for a particular purpose, like a group of scientists launching an expedition to south america to seek out a new medicinal herb Eg 1 : But all too often these kind of expeditions end up looking like stunts. Eg 2 : An expedition was sent to explore mars
VESSEL (n) - ng, mch - an object used as a container What do a canoe, a soda can, and your arteries have in common? each one is a type of vessel. a vessel can be a ship, a container for holding liquids, or a tube that transports blood throughout your body. Eg 1 : Seasonal ice in the chukchi sea delayed shell vessels from moving north. Eg 2 : He denied his vessels have loaded oil from iran while at anchor in the gulf
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RAID (v, n) - t kch,khm xt bt ng - a sudden short attack An attempt by speculators to defraud investors Eg 1 : Finally the authorities stepped in, a curfew was imposed and the raids stopped, for a while Eg 2 : Police in italy raided an asda supplier and found that tomato puree, labelled made in china, had been imported from china SURGE (v) - S dy ln, dng tro ln - rise and move, as in waves or billows A surge is a sudden strong swelling, like a tsunami wave that engulfs the land. although a surge offers a fluid image, anything can experience a sudden surge, including emotions, political support, or an angry mob Eg 1 : Today, he helps power a czech communist party that has surged to second place in polls, tapping anger over poverty and graft. Eg 2 : He spent the next year in the shadows, demoralized and depressed, before surging back in december. CONQUER (v) - Chinh phc, ch ng - take possession of by force, as after an invasion To conquer is to defeat someone or something, usually with force, like army troops that conquer enemy territory, or your lunchtime hunger which you conquer with a sandwich and cup of soup. Eg 1 : Rising above depression means, more than anything, conquering that fear of failure. Eg 2 : Remember napoleon, the french tactical master seeking to conquer europe. ACKNOWLEDGE (v) - Tha nhn, cng nhn,t lng bit n, cm t - declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of To show that you know something is to acknowledge it. waving "hello" to acknowledge a friend and nodding your head "yes" to acknowledge that you agree with what's being said are both acts showing knowledge or acceptance of someone or something. Eg 1 : He acknowledged international concerns over japan's monetary policy and worries a sliding yen could spark competitive currency devaluations Eg 2 : She acknowledged that she might have forgotten RAVAGE (v, n) - Tn ph - cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly The word ravage can be used as a noun or a verb meaning destruction or to destroy. in a war, bombs and the attacking army will ravage the country under siege Eg 1 : Humans as a species have ravaged the earth in many other ways. Eg 2 : U.s. taxpayers are being ravaged by climate-influenced economic losses
OCCUPY (v) - , chim ng - keep busy with When you spend a lot of your free time reading tea leaves, you occupy yourself with that pastime, meaning it takes up your time and keeps you busy Eg 1 : Hundreds of students have occupied a second building at sussex university as part of an escalating dispute over the privatisation of campus services. Eg 2 : The increase suggests sales of previously occupied homes will continue rising in the coming months.
EVENTUALLY (adv) - Cui cng - after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay Eventually refers to an unspecific time when something will be completed, and it usually suggests it won't be done soon Eg 1 : The shot was initially waved off, but the referees eventually reversed the call Eg 2 : Eventually, georgetown got going and led by as many as seven points in the first half
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LONGEVITY (n) - S sng lu - the property of being long-lived,last for a long time At the root of longevity is the word long. so when you see longevity, think - a long time." in fact, this word has some serious longevity, since it's been around since the 1600s. longevity is most commonly used to describe the length of ones lifetime, but it can also mean a long duration, such as one s longevity working for a certain company for an extended period of time Eg 1 : Despite rising longevity, congress created an option for early retirement at age 62 in 1961 Eg 2 : Until recently, most studies linking diet with health and longevity focused on calorie restriction EVAPORATE (v) - Lm bay hi,lm kh - to fade away or to literally turn into vapor People often use the word evaporate metaphorically because it produces a strong image of something disappearing like vapor. when the economy goes through a rough patch, funding for projects like education and the arts tends to evaporate or disappear. your feelings for a mate might evaporate after you spend too much time with him or her Eg 1 : Traditional equity financing deals have all but evaporated, leaving many small miners high and dry. Eg 2 : Tomato fruits are constantly making more volatiles to replace those that have evaporated INFRASTRUCTURE (n) - C s h tng - the basic foundation or underlying framework of an organization or system Infrastructure often refers to the equipment and structures required by the military or by a country or region. roads, bridges, and school buildings are part of our nation's infrastructure, and are necessary for the continued growth of our communities. this word was formed as a compound in english, using the prefix infra- "below, underneath." Eg 1 : New infrastructure, better technology, growing urbanisation and the return of emigrants will keep fuelling business Eg 2 : Deadly accidents caused by poor management and a decrepit infrastructure have taken place since mr. morsi took office ECOLOGY (n) - Sinh thi hc - the noun ecology describes the environment as it connects to living things, or the branch of biology that studies that environment. The german zoologist ernst haeckel coined the word ecology almost 150 years ago, and it should come as no surprise his being a serious scientist and all - that he combined a couple of greek words to do it. oikos means "habitation" and ology means "the study of." so ecology started off as the study of where things live. more and more, though, the word is used interchangeably with environment. Eg 1 : She studies bird behavior, reproduction, and ecology at large scales using data from citizen science networks Eg 2 : His previous research has focused on chimpanzee ecology in cameroon and ring-tailed lemur nocturnal behavior on st. catherines island
CONFRONT (v) - Chm trn, ng u,i mt - oppose, as in hostility or a competition Confront means either to face a situation that makes you uncomfortable, or to say something to someone about something they've done that bothers you. rather than letting things go, when people are rude to you you should confront them. Eg 1 : They are confronted on all sides by misery, poverty, insecurity, crime Eg 2 : The riot police feel they are dragged into politics by being forced to confront protesters during mass rallies, he said DECEPTION (n) - S di tr, s la di, s la gt - a misleading falsehood,a lie or a trick Deception occurs when you deceive, a word that comes from the latin de- meaning "from" and capere, meaning "to take." when you deceive someone, the result may be taking - like items you don't really need from people willing to give
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them, believing they are helping you. you may have heard the phrase "take someone for a ride." that's a way of describing deception Eg 1 : He used deception within china to hide his activities not only from the authorities but from chinese companies as well, the officials added Eg 2 : The university said "the proper authorities" are investigating a "very cruel deception." SPECTACULAR (adj) - p mt, ngon mc - sensational in appearance or thrilling in effect;having a quality that thrusts itself into attention Spectacular is both a noun and an adjective. the noun spectacular refers to a big, beautiful production, like a play or musical performance that has a huge cast and many dance numbers. Eg 1 : On coming to office, he staged a spectacular featuring a host of disney characters Eg 2 : "looking at her numbers, she is having a spectacular year." IMMERSE (v) - Nhng, nhn chm, ngm - devote (oneself) fully to; enclose or envelop completely, as if by swallowing If you immerse yourself in your work, you completely involve yourself in it, spending long hours in the office and thinking about work all the time. Eg 1 : The best global leaders need to immerse themselves in local cultures Eg 2 : Since the port said tragedy, bradley has immersed himself in egyptian society CORRELATION (n) - S tng quan - a reciprocal relation between two or more things Correlation is something that scientists are often trying to show - is there a correlation between smoking and poor health or between napping and productivity? how about daily flossing daily and good grades? Eg 1 : What does it say that theres been no direct correlation between games causing violence? Eg 2 : When connected to all these data sources, machine learning can help make correlations that prevent marketing fails. CONTAMINATE (v) - Lm bn, lm u - make impure The verb contaminate means the same as pollute. whether its food, air, or water, when you contaminate something, you make it impure or hazardous. Eg 1 : "our case is about the u.n. dumping contaminated sewage in haiti's waters that has caused thousands of deaths," he said. Eg 2 : Don't drink the water,it's contaminated CONCEDE (v) - Nhn, tha nhn - acknowledge defeat If you concede something, you admit that it is true, proper, or certain - usually in an unwilling way and often in the context of a competition, as in "at midnight, the candidate finally conceded defeat." Eg 1 : Mr mayer concedes that dispersed shareholding produces benefits Eg 2 : On the other hand, he conceded, it could all end tomorrow
CONTROVERSY (n) - Cuc tranh lun, cuc bn ci - a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement Controversy means a public dispute in which there is strong disagreement, but the topic can be as unimportant as a new movie. there might be a controversy in the pages of fashion magazines over whether shorter hems are really in style, or whether fashion models should be as thin as they are. Eg 1 : "if you get into such controversy, you not only lose money but your reputation is also at stake," he said. Eg 2 : Why do you think there has been so much controversy surrounding this game?
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EXAGGERATE (v) - Phng i, cng iu - to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth When you exaggerate you stretch the truth. fishermen tend to exaggerate the size of their fish. and children tend to exaggerate the seriousness of their cuts, in order to get a cute band-aid Eg 1 : She describes the experience of being an outsider in that rarefied world with typical astuteness, but at times exaggerates for effect Eg 2 : Over and over again, the modern science of nutrition has wandered off the reservation by making exaggerated claims DEGRADE (v) - Lm gim gi tr, gim st - reduce in worth or character, usually verbally or lower the grade of something; reduce its worth Degrade means to put down a degrading comment is one that makes the subject feel bad, a degraded field is one whose soil has been worn out. if you move from an a average to a b, you've been degraded. Eg 1 : The researchers were surprised, jha says, because stressful experiences tend to degrade working memory Eg 2 : His faculties had indeed degraded, but in some ways he remained as sharp as ever EXPLANATION (n) - S gii thch, s thanh minh - the act of explaining; making something plain or intelligible An explanation is a statement about how or why something is the way it is. if you're failing math, you'd better come up with a good explanation to give to your parents. Eg 1 : Explanations for their disappearance have historically involved climate change,hyperdisease, comet impact, and hungry humans Eg 2 : He also put forward an explanation of his own: barcelona may be suffering a physical dip ABRUPTLY (adv) - Bt ng, t ngt - quickly and without warning If the weather changes abruptly, from bright and sunny to pouring down rain, you're going to get wet. when something happens abruptly, it is sudden and unexpected. Eg 1 : The letters stopped abruptly, and spiro said he believes someone told chapman not to write to the police department anymore Eg 2 : As he walked toward deborah, dukes stopped abruptly, turned around and headed back to the podium IMPRINT (v, n) - ng du,in su,nh hng su sc - mark or stamp with or as if with pressure;establish or impress firmly in the mind To imprint is to mark or stamp something, like with the name of a publisher. it also can refer to any kind of impression or influence. Eg 1 : She subsequently settled in new york and set up bola press, the independent imprint which published most of her works Eg 2 : Fifty shades is published by a random house imprint called virago
PRIMITIVE (adj, n) - Nguyn thu, ban s,gc - little evolved from or characteristic of an earlier ancestral type,belonging to an early stage of technical development; characterized by simplicity and (often) crudeness Primitive is related to the word prime, and the root of both words is primus, which is latin for "first." since the phrase "primitive man" refers to the world's first people, you might think that the word primate has something to do with the similarity between early humans and monkeys, but it doesn't. monkey, apes, and humans are called primates because they're seen as standing on the first, or highest, rung of the animal-kingdom ladder Eg 1 : His real metier turned out to be primitive violence. Eg 2 : Were so clever and civilized, but our hearts are very primitive.
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ACCELERATE (v) - Gia tc,lm nhanh thm - move faster Accelerate means to speed up. a car accelerates when you step on the gas. you can accelerate the process of getting a visa if you happen to know someone who works in the consulate Eg 1 : He accelerated the car Eg 2 : Even as gates continued to press his case, the administration quietly accelerated its planning for war ANALYZE (v) - Phn tch - analyze means to study or examine something carefully in a methodical way This verb analyze comes from the noun analysis. the noun analysis was in turn borrowed from greek, from analyein, or "to dissolve." if you go into analysis, it means that you will be examined and helped by a mental health professional - who will analyze your particular problems and help you find solutions Eg 1 : Ford said he watched texas' comeback against oklahoma twice, trying to analyze why it happened Eg 2 : Worse, critics say the methods used to analyze that data are also deeply flawed in many cases EXPOSE (v) - Phi by, bc trn, vch trn, bc l - to show, make visible or apparent;put in a dangerous, disadvantageous, or difficult position,expose to light, of photographic film This also means to make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret Eg 1 : Kids should be exposed to the creative work and problem solving that you get in computer science Eg 2 : Humans being exposed to sewage happens all the time around the globe INTRIGUING (adj) - Hp dn, gi thch th, kch thch s t m - capable of arousing interest or curiosity Intriguing things or people arouse curiosity and have an indescribable draw. if you find the night sky intriguing and enjoy pondering the limitlessness of the universe, you should consider becoming an astronomer. Eg 1 : Why patrick seems to fascinate and exacerbate so many us racing fans is intriguing Eg 2 : It also raises an intriguing question: could seattle fall for big-time hockey all over again? RAMIFICATION (n) - S phn nhnh, s chia nhnh - a development that complicates a situation;the act of branching out or dividing into branches The ramifications are the broader effects that fan out into the world from one situation, or decision, that kicks it all off. ramification also refers to something branching out, like limbs on a tree - which is what bad decisions tend to do. ramification is like consequence, but usually unintended and bad. the word is often used in political discussions about laws or government decisions because they might be made locally but could affect people worldwide. Eg 1 : As usual, theyll be looking for emerging trends in economic growth, rather than political ramifications Eg 2 : The court's decision had many unforeseen ramifications
DISPUTE (n, v) - Cuc bn ci, cuc tranh lun - coming into conflict with;a disagreement or argument about something important; The noun dispute means any conflict or disagreement. the countries were in the middle of a border dispute; both sides claimed the toxic waste dump belonged to the other. as a verb, dispute can mean to quarrel or argue, but it can also mean to take exception to something. if your boasting friend crows because you lost the trivia game to her by 150 points, you may want to dispute the facts. it was only 145 points Eg 1 : The ongoing dispute, however, involves far larger amounts Eg 2 : South sudan accused sudan two weeks ago of building up troops near the border, much of which is disputed HAUNT (v, n) - m nh,ni thng lui ti - the verb to haunt means to appear as a ghost or some kind of supernatural
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phenomenon;be a regular or frequent visitor to a certain place The first recorded usage of the word haunt is in william shakespeare's a midsummer night's dream, a play filled with supernatural characters running around scaring the knickers off each other. as shakespeare knew, haunting is at its most effective in the passive voice, because there is much more drama in being haunted than haunting. another use of the word haunt is as a noun, and it means "a place that is frequented often," like a popular hangout. the gym, a bar, a corner: these are all potential haunts. the dentist, the principal's office, a busy intersection: these are not. Eg 1 : The ghost of her mother haunted her Eg 2 : Ms. ortega was still haunted by the past, but now she was speaking back ENIGMA (n) - n s,b n - something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained,a difficult problem Take the noun, enigma, for something that is a puzzle or a mystery. why do you have to learn difficult words like this? that is an enigma Eg 1 : Apple has turned from being a glamorous company to becoming an enigma Eg 2 : A rare german enigma enciphering machine from world war ii is being auctioned in london HOAX (n, v) - Tin vt bo ch;tr la - something intended to deceive; deliberate trickery intended to gain an advantage If you put on big fake feet, stomp through your muddy backyard and tell everyone you saw bigfoot fixing a steak on your grill, you are playing a hoax on your friends Eg 1 : Once the hoax was uncovered, whitehaven shares recovered the losses Eg 2 : Twice last year, the coast guard also pursued time-consuming, high-profile searches that turned out to be hoaxes, one in texas and another in new jersey INHIBIT (v) - Ngn chn, hn ch, kim ch - limit the range or extent of;limit, block, or decrease the action or function of When you inhibit something, you block it or hold it back. if you put plants in a dark room, you inhibit their growth. a teacher who mocks their students for giving wrong answers inhibits their willingness to speak up in class. Eg 1 : Contact between the young was inhibited by strict social customs Eg 2 : Unanswered questions and limited additional evidence inhibited the police of going further SOW (v, n) - Gieo; gieo gi gt bo: sow the wind and reap the whirlwind - place (seeds) in or on the ground for future growth When you plant seeds in the ground, you sow them. you can also sow things like doubts or ideas, simply by spreading them around. if your ideas (or your seeds) develop and grow, you've successfully sown them. Eg 1 : Obama has sown nothing but discord, he argues Eg 2 : Breeding sows are also kept outside, in fields for their productive life
ANOMALY (n) - S khng bnh thng, s d thng - deviation from the normal or common order or form or rule; something that is unusual The noun anomaly comes from the greek word anomolia, meaning "uneven" or "irregular." when something is unusual compared to similar things around it, it's the anomaly. if you are an olympian who comes from a family of bookish types who all find it strenuous to walk the dog, you are an anomaly Eg 1 : The renewed scrutiny of charles's tax affairs has thrown up other possible anomalies in his arrangements Eg 2 : Four steaks are on the menu, too - a pricey anomaly on an otherwise inexpensive card INTRICATE (adj) - Rc ri, phc tp, kh hiu - having many complexly arranged elements; elaborate Anything intricate is complicated. chess is a very intricate game that you could study your entire life and still not know
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everything about. a two-part plan isn't very intricate. a 2000-step plan is intricate; it's harder to wrap your head around Eg 1 : Early 3d printers could only work in one colour but the latest versions can produce intricate, multicoloured objects Eg 2 : Fish are part of an intricate ecosystem with multiple checks and balances, acting as both prey and predator GEOMETRY (n) - hnh hc - the pure mathematics of points and lines and curves and surfaces You study geometry in school, and you use it all the time, like calculating the best angle to cut a piece of wood for a birdhouse, or when playing a game of pool. astronomers use geometry to measure planets millions of miles away - much easier than finding a ruler that big Eg 1 : "geometry is really important in chemistry," dr. hartings said Eg 2 : But in three dimensions, these are not the only "nice" geometries out there ERECT (v, adj) - Dng nn, xy dng,ng thng - upright in position or posture Erect means "build" or "upright." if you erect a house, you build it. if you stand erect, you hold your body as tall as possible. Eg 1 : In other words, he had decided it was time to erect a paywall Eg 2 : Iran, too, has taken preparatory actions, erecting new perimeter fences around its underground enrichment plant at qum. ASSERTION (n) - S xc nhn, s khng nh, s qu quyt, s quyt on - a declaration that is made emphatically,the act of affirming or asserting or stating something To assert is to state with force. so if someone makes an assertion, they're not just trying out an idea - they really mean it. an assertion can also be an act that seems to make a statement without words. when your dog urinates in multiple places up and down your block, he's making an assertion of his dominance (also called "marking") over his "territory." Eg 1 : He made the statement in response to an assertion by his other main rival Eg 2 : The advocates' assertions were at times passionate and animated STABLE (adj) - Vng vng; n nh - resistant to change of position or condition When something is stable, it's fixed and steady. if you needed advice, you'd probably go to your most stable friend, the one least likely to act crazy or be easily upset. Eg 1 : In 2008, egypt and syria appeared stable; today they are in varying shades of chaos Eg 2 : Some models, such as the federal home loan banks, have remained stable throughout the recession TRAIT (n) - Nt,c im im,c th - a distinguishing feature of your personal nature In science, trait refers to a characteristic that is caused by genetics. having green eyes or being shorter than average are traits a person might have. in more general use, a trait is an important part of someone's personality or appearance. try to describe your favorite teacher in three words and you'll probably come up with a list of her essential traits - such as compassionate, calm, and kooky Eg 1 : Traits that affect our relationship negatively: critical, judgmental, overbearing, controlling, short fuse Eg 2 : Domesticated species are important tools for comparative genomics, with traits honed by humans over thousands of years
SPARSE (adj) - Tha tht, ri rc, l th - thin, not dense Something that's sparse is thin, not dense. if you're looking for the perfect place to build a tree house, a sparse forest is probably not your best bet. Eg 1 : Marine air base to a sparsely populated part of japan's okinawa island Eg 2 : The house was sparsely furnished, a sofa and one chair slip-covered in beige gone gray at the seats and arms
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IELTS LEADER - Vocabulary List

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IELTS LEADER - Vocabulary List

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WORD LIST 1 : TEST 1

106 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

108 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

110 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

111 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

113 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

WORD LIST 2 : TEST 2

153 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

157 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

WORD LIST 3 : TEST 3

193 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

196 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

200 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

WORD LIST 4 : TEST 4

234 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

235 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

238 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

239 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

WORD LIST 5 : TEST 5

269 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

271 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

272 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

273 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com

WORD LIST 6 : TEST 6

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