The Synchronous Machine The synchronous machines are one the most important electrical machines, these machines

are used especially in the power electrical systems as three-phase alternating current (AC) generators. Steam, hydro, and combustion powered traditional electrical plants are being using this kind of machines for several decades, in particular to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. Synchronous machines are constituted by a stator and a rotor, the stator are formed by three windings wye-connected, the rotor have a coil that is wound around it, in the case of the 2 pole machine, most of the types of synchronous machines contain short-circuited windings around different axis of the rotor, they are called damper windings. The rotor windings produce a magnetic field with a spatial distribution in sinusoidal form, when the rotor moves, the force lines created by the magnetic field cut the conductors placed in the stator, then, a electromotive force that varies in the same way of the density of flux in the air gap is created. The frequency of variation of this sinusoidal wave depends of the rotation speed of the rotor. The current that circulate along the shield produce another magnetic field that spins in at the same direction and at the same speed of the rotor. This magnetic field, interacts with the magnetic field created by the rotor and produce a electromagnetic torque that tends to align the both. Synchronous Generator mathematical model. In the synchronous machine graphic show [1], it can be show that the field winding is represented by fd, the rotor contains a damper winding in the same axis kd, and two short circuited dampers kq1 and Kq2, when the assumed direction of the stator currents is out of the machine it can be said that the machine is acting as generator, otherwise is a motor. The stator windings are represented with a, b, c with de suffix s. The performance of other types of SM may be described by modifications of the equations that describe the figure above. The voltage equations in machine variables may be expressed as: (1) (2) where (3) (4) f could be current, voltage or flux linkage, rs y rr are diagonal matrices, so, the flux linkage equations can be.

][

(5)

Where, Ls, Lr, Lsr, Lrs, are the stator inductance, rotor inductance, and mutual inductances between stator and rotor. Each of these equations are defined in [1], by incorporate substitute variables that refer the rotor variables to the stator windings, the flux linkages matrix equation become. [ ] [ ][ ] (6)

Lsr and Lr are defined in [1]. It results in the next voltage equations: [ ] [ ][ ] (7)

Equations above have an high grade of complexity due the fact that some of the machine inductances are functions of or , hence, the coefficients of the voltage equations are time-varying. For example: . The torque equation in machine variables is defined in [1], (eq: 5.3-4) and the relationship between torque and rotor speed is. ( ) In order to reduce the complexity of these equations, Parks transformation is used to replace the time-varying variables of stator equations by other variables related with virtual windings that rotate with the rotor. By eliminating the three original stator variables, the angular position-dependence of the inductances is suppressed from the relationships. (8) Where a, b, c, are the three windings in the stator, f could be change by voltage, current, or flux linkage. (9) (10)

(11) [ The inverse transform is: ]

(12) [ ]

Its useful to transform the 3-phase variables of stationary circuit of a synchronous machine to the rotor reference frame setting the speed of arbitrary reference frame equal to the rotor speed (=r). The voltage equations in rotor reference frame are determined by: (13) (14) Its convenient to express the voltage equations in terms of currents or flux linkages this is useful in order to formulate transfer functions and computer simulations, those equivalent equations are: COPIAR 5.5-38 COPIAR 5.5-54 The next equation expresses the electromagnetic torque in terms of flux linkages per second and currents. ( )( )( ) (17)

In many cases its found that the synchronous machine equations may be expressed in per unit, the base voltage is selected as the RMS value of the rated phase for the abc variables, and the peak value for the qd0 variables, to write Parks equations in per unit system it has to be divided each term by the peak of the base voltage. Parks equation also helps to provide voltage equations that describe steady-state operation, under balanced conditions 0s quantities are zero, for steady-state balanced conditions the electrical angular speed of the rotor is equal to the electrical angular velocity of the synchronously rotating reference frame (r=e). The equation that describes the voltage is: ( ) (18)

And the torque is expressed as: ( )( )( )[

( )( )

) (

] (19)

Where the field voltage may be expressed as: Example:

A 3-phase synchronous generator is rated at 7,5 MVA, with 13,8Kv line to line voltage, power factor 0.88, frequency of 60Hz, rs=0.0015, Xq=0.92, and Xd=0.95. For balanced steady-state rated conditions calculate: , and Te. The apparent power | | Thus | | | || | | | | |

With a power factor of 0.88: | | ( )

Dynamic Performance.