1

Introductionto3GPPLTETechnology
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1. Introduction

Stream video applications and Internet connected consumer devices, along with
flatrate pricing strategy, contribute toward fast growing demand of mobile data
services for cellular industry. 3G HSPA operators may experience tremendous
increase of data traffic in 2007 and 2008, to push the demand of allIP cellular
technology. 3G longterm evolution (LTE) has been developed to satisfy the market
need. LTE is an allIP wireless network based on orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM), and over current 3G spectrum as well as new spectrum (2.6G
Hz band and digital dividend spectrum at 700M Hz) or refarmed GSM band with
bandwidthfrom1.4MHzto20MHz.Tosupportmultimediabroadcastandmulticast
services (MBMS), LTE may transmits multicast/broadcast over a single frequency
network(MBSFN).

Although 3G technology is based on WCDMA, LTE adopts OFDM with advantages in

high spectral efficiency but sensitive to phase noise caused by channel fading etc.
The multiple access of LTE is OFDM with cyclic prefix in the downlink and
singlecarrier FDMA (SCFDMA) in the uplink. Both FDD and TDD modes are
supported.Themodulationsinthedownlink(DL)anduplink(UL)areQPSK,16QAM,
and64QAM.

Thephysicalchannelsdefinedinthedownlinksinclude

PhysicalDownlinkSharedChannel(PDSCH)
PhysicalMulticastChannel(PMCH)
PhysicalDownlinkControlChannel(PDCCH)
PhysicalBroadcastChannel(PBCCH)
PhysicalControlFormatIndicatorChannel(PCFICH)
PhysicalHybridARQIndicatorChannel(PHICH)

Thephysicalchannelsdefinedintheuplinkinclude

1
ThisarticlesummarizedfromreferencesispreparedforthecourseofMobileCommunicationsat
theNationalTaiwanUniversity,andisauthoredbyDr.KwangChengChen,IEEEFellowand
DistinguishedProfessor,GraduateInstituteofCommunicationEngineeringandDepartmentof
ElectricalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity.Email:chenkc@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw

PhysicalRandomAccessChannel(PRACH)
PhysicalUplinkSharedChannel(PUSCH)
PhysicalUplinkControlChannel(PUCCH)

ThereareseveralphysicallayerproceduresinvolvedwithLTEoperation:

Cellsearch
Powercontrol
Uplinksynchronizationanduplinktimingcontrol
Randomaccessrelatedprocedures
HARQrelatedprocedures

RadiocharacteristicsaremeasuredbyUEandeNodeB,andreportedtothenetwork,
such as measurements for intra and interfrequency handover, inter RAT handover,
timing,andmeasurementforRRA.

Figure1:RadioInterfaceProtocolArchitecture[1]

2. SingleCarrierFDMA

Although OFDM is sensitive to phase noise, its advantage for simple equalization
over frequencyselective fading channels introduces great attraction to wireless
broadband communications requiring high spectral efficiency. The multiuser OFDM
or known as orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is therefore
widely considered and adopted in allIP broadband wireless systems. OFDM(A) type
systemssufferfrompeaktoaverageratio(PAPR)problemandphasenoisecausedby
fading and other issues. A slightly modified OFDMA has been proposed for the PHY
of LTE, known as singlecarrier frequency division (or domain) multiple access
(SCFDMA).ForSCFDMA,thetimedomaindataistransformedtofrequencydomain
byDFTpriortomodulation,toresultinanothernameasDFTspreadOFDMA.Figure

2illustratesthisslightdifferencebetweenSCFDMAandOFDMA.

Figure2:SCFDMAvs.OFDMA[6]

There are several ways to transmitted symbols to SCFDMA subcarriers, and two
categories are of most interests as Figure 3. In the distributed subcarrier mapping
mode, DFT outputs of the input data are allocated over the entire bandwidth with
zeros occupying the unused subcarriers resulting in a noncontinuous combshaped
spectrum. Interleaved SCFDMA (IFDMA) is an important special case of distributed
SCFDMA. In contrast with IFDMA, consecutive subcarriers are occupied by the DFT
outputsoftheinputdatainthelocalizedsubcarriermappingmode,whichresultsin
a continuous spectrum that occupies a fraction of the total available bandwidth.
Subcarrier mapping methods are further implemented as static and channel
dependentscheduling(CDS)methods.CDSassignssubcarrierstousersaccordingto
the individual channel frequency response of each user. For both scheduling
methods, distributed subcarrier mapping provides frequency diversity because the
transmitted signal is spread over the entire bandwidth. With distributed mapping,
CDSincrementallyimprovesperformance.Ontheotherhand,CDSisofgreatbenefit
withlocalizedsubcarriermappingbecauseitssignificantmultiuserdiversityorder.

Figure3:SubcarrierMappingofSCFDMA[6]

For OFDMA, data are conveyed at each subcarrier, and equalization and data
detection are executed at each subcarrier, likely in frequency domain. A null in
spectrum can severely degrade the system performance, and channel coding with
power/rate control would be necessary. For SCFDMA, channel equalization is also
realized in the frequency domain but data detection is performed after the
frequency domain equalized data is converted back to time domain by IDFT. It is
therefore more robust to spectral nulls compared to OFDMA since the noise is
averaged out over the entire bandwidth. Additional disadvantages of OFDMA
compared to SCFDMA are the high sensitivity to phase noise caused by carrier
frequency offset and strong sensitivity to nonlinear distortion from the power
amplifier due to the high PAPR, while these are inherent properties of the
multicarriernatureforOFDMA.

The next issue plays an important role in OFDM type systems, that is,
peaktoaveragepowerratio(PAPR),whichisparticularlycriticalforalargenumber
ofsubcarriers(goodforhighmobility)andahighdimensionalsignaling.Givena5M
Hz bandwidth, Figure 4 depicts PAPR for different realizations of SCFDMA and
OFDMA.SCFDMAsignalsindeedhavelowerPAPRthanOFDMAsignals.Inthemean
time,LFDMAincurshigherPAPRcomparedtoIFDMAbutlowertoOFDMA.Another
interesting observation is that pulse shaping significantly increases the PAPR of
IFDMA.ApulseshapingfiltershouldbedesignedcarefullyinordertolimitthePAPR
without degrading the system performance. Generally speaking, IFDMA is more
desirable than LFDMA in terms ofPAPR and power efficiency. However, in termsof
system throughput, LFDMA is clearly superior when channeldependent scheduling
(CDS) is utilized [6]. CDS determines the allocation of time and frequency resources
fairly among users while achieving multiuser diversity and frequency selective
diversity. It is common to introduce utilitybased scheduling where utility is an
economic concept representing level of satisfaction. The selection of a utility
measureinfluencesthetradeoffbetweenoverallefficiencyandfairnessamongusers.
Twodifferentutilityfunctionsarecommonlyconsidered:aggregateuserthroughput

for maximizing system capacity and aggregate logarithmic user throughput for
maximizing proportional fairness. The objective is to find an optimum chunk
assignmentforallusersinordertomaximizethesumofuserutilityateachtransmit
timeinterval(TTI).Inpractice,theunitsofresourceallocationarechunks,whichare
disjoint sets of subcarriers. As a practical matter chunkbased transmission is
desirable since the input data symbols are grouped into a block for DFT operation
before subcarrier mapping. The CDS completes through optimization, which usually
involvesgreatcomplexity.

Figure 4: Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function of PAPR for IFDMA,

LFDMA, and OFDMA with M = 256 system subcarriers, N = 64 subcarriers per user,
anda=0.5rollofffactor;(a)QPSK;(b)16QAM[6]

3. PhysicalLayerof3GLTE

Physicallayerof3GLTEbasicallyadoptsOFDMA(orjustOFDM)forthedownlinkand
SCFDMAfortheuplink.

3.1FrameStructure

LTEframesareof10msecdurationasshowninFigure5.Eachframeisdividedinto
10 subframes, and each subframe has 1.0 msec duration. Each subframe is further
dividedintotwoslots,eachof0.5msecduration.Slotsconsistofeither6or7ODFM
symbols,dependingonwhetherthenormalorextendedcyclicprefixisemployed.

0 1 2 3 10 11 20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
CyclicPrefix
1Frame(10msec)
1SubFrame
(1msec) 1slot
(0.5msec)
7OFDMSymbolswithshortcyclicprefix

Figure5:LTEGeneticFrameStructure

Based on the frame structure, LTE operation relies on the concept of physical
resourceblock(PRB).APRBisdefinedasconsistingof12consecutivesubcarriersfor
oneslot(0.5msec)induration.APRBisthesmallestelementofresourceallocation
assigned by the base station scheduler. In practical operation, the bandwidth and
PRBshavethefollowingrelationshipasTable1.

Bandwidth(MHz) 1.25 2.5 5 10 15 20

SubcarrierBandwidth(kHz) 15
Physical Resource Block
(PRB)Bandwidth(kHz)
180
NumberofAvailablePRBs 6 12 25 50 75 100
Table1:Available(Downlink)Bandwidthv.s.PhysicalResourceBlocks

3.2Slotstructureandphysicalresourcesinuplink

3.2.1Resourcegrid
The transmitted signal in each slot is described by a resource grid of
UL RB
RB sc
N N
subcarriers and
UL
symb
N SCFDMA symbols. The resource grid is illustrated in Figure 6.

Thequantity
UL
RB
N dependsontheuplinktransmissionbandwidthconfiguredinthe
cellandshallfulfill
min, max, UL UL UL
RB RB RB
N N N s s
where
min,
6
UL
RB
N = and
max,
110
UL
RB
N = isthesmallestandlargestuplinkbandwidth,
respectively, supported by the current version of this specification. The set of
allowed values for
UL
RB
N is given by [6]. The number of SCFDMA symbols in a slot
dependsonthecyclicprefixlengthconfiguredbyhigherlayersandisgiveninTable2.
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
U
L
R
B
R
B
s
c
N
N

s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
R
B
s
c
N
One uplink slot
slot
T
SC-FDMA symbols
UL
symb
N
1
UL RB
RB sc
k N N =
Resource block resource elements
UL RB
symb sc
N N
Resource element ( , ) k l
0 l =
1
UL
symb
l N =
0 k =
:
:

Figure6:UplinkResourceGrid

3.2.2Resourceelements
Each element in the resource grid is called a resource element and is uniquely
defined by the index pair ( , ) k l in a slot where
0,..., 1 and 0,..., 1
UL RB UL
RB sc symb
k N N l N = = are the indices in the frequency and time
domain, respectively. Resource element ( , ) k l corresponds to the complex value
, k l
a . Quantities
, k l
a corresponding to resource elements not used for transmission
ofaphysicalchanneloraphysicalsignalinaslotshallbesettozero.

3.2.3Resourceblocks
A physical resource block is defined as
UL
symb
N consecutive SCFDMA symbols in the
time domain and
RB
sc
N consecutive subcarriers in he frequency domain, where
UL
symb
N and
RB
sc
N are given by Table 2. A physical resource block in the uplink thus
consists of
UL RB
symb sc
N N resource elements, corresponding to one cost in the time
domainand180kHzinthefrequencydomain.
Table2:Resourceblockparameters.
Configuration
RB
sc
N
UL
symb
N
Normal cyclic prefix 12 7
Extended cyclic prefix 12 6

Therelationbetweenthephysicalresourceblocknumber
PRB
n inthefrequency
domainandresourceelement ( , ) k l inaslotisgivenby
PRB RB
sc
k
n
N
(
=
(

3.3Slotstructureandphysicalresourceelementsindownlink

3.3.1Resourcegrid
The transmitted signal in each slot is described by a resource grid of
DL RB
RB sc
N N

subcarriers and
DL
symb
N OFDM symbols. The resource gird structure is illustrated in
Figure 7. The quantity
DL
RB
N depends on the downlink transmission bandwidth
configuredinthecellandshallfufil
min, max, DL DL DL
RB RB RB
N N N s s
where
min,
6
DL
RB
N = and
max,
110
DL
RB
N = are the smallest and largest downlink
bandwidth,respectively,supportedbythecurrentversionofthisspecification.

Thesetofallowedvaluesfor
DL
RB
N isgivenby[6].ThenumberofOFDMsymbolsin
a slot depends on the cyclic prefix length and subcarrier spacing configured and is
giveninTable3.

Incaseofmultiantennatransmission,thereisonresourcegirddefinedperantenna
port. An antenna port is defined by its associated reference signal. The set of
antennaportssupporteddependsonthereferencesignalconfigurationinthecell:
- Cellspecific reference signals, associated with nonMBSFN transmission,
supportaconfigurationofone,two,orfourantennaportsandtheantenna
portnumber p shallfufil 0, {0,1}, and {0,1,2,3} p p p = e e ,respectively.
- MBSFN reference signals, associated with MBSFN transmission are
transmittedonantennaport 4 p =
- UEspecificreferencesignalsaretransmittedonantennaport 5 p =

3.3.2Resourceelements
Eachelementsintheresourcegirdforantennaport p iscalledaresourceelement
and is uniquely identified by the index pair ( , ) k l in a slot where
0,..., 1
DL RB
RB sc
k N N = and 0,..., 1
DL
symb
l N = are the indices in the frequency and time
domain, respectively. Resource element ( , ) k l on antenna port p corresponds to
thecomplexvalue
( )
,
p
k l
a .Whenthereisnoriskforconfusion,ornoparticularantenna
portisspecified,theindex p maybedropped.

10

s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
D
L
R
B
R
B
s
c
N
N

s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
R
B
s
c
N
One downlink slot
slot
T
OFDM symbols
DL
symb
N
1
DL RB
RB sc
k N N =
Resource block resource elements
DL RB
symb sc
N N
Resource element ( , ) k l
0 l =
1
DL
symb
l N =
0 k =
:
:

Figure7:DownlinkResourceGrid

3.3.3Resourceblocks
Resource blocks are used to describe the mapping of certain physical channels to
resourceelements.Physicalandvirtualresourceblocksaredefined

Aphysicalresourceblockisdefinedas
DL
symb
N consecutiveOFDMsymbolsinthetime

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domain and
RB
sc
N consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain, where
DL
symb
N
and
RB
sc
N are given by Table 3. A physical resource block thus consists of
DL RB
symb sc
N N resource elements, corresponding to one slot in the time domain and
180kHzinthefrequencydomain.

Physical resource blocks are numbered from 0 to 1

DL
RB
N in the frequency domain.
The relation between the physical resource block number
PRB
n in the frequency
domainandresourceelements ( , ) k l inaslotisgivenby
PRB RB
sc
k
n
N
(
=
(

Table3:Physicalresourceblocksparameters.
Configuration
RB
sc
N
DL
symb
N
Normal cyclic prefix 15kHz f A =
12
7
Extended cyclic prefix 15kHz f A = 6
Extended cyclic prefix 7.5kHz f A = 24 3

A virtual resource block is of the same size as a physical resource block. Virtual
resource blocks are numbered from 0 to 1
DL
RB
N . Two types of virtual resource
blocksaredefined:

Virtualresourceblocksoflocalizedtype
Virtualresourceblocksofdistributedtype

Virtual resource blocks of localized type are mapped directly to physical resource
blockssuchthatvirtualresourceblock
PRB VRB
n n = .

Virtual resource blocks of disturbed type are mapped to physical resource blocks
such that virtual resource block
VRB
n corresponds to physical resource block

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( , )
PRB VRB s
n f n n = ,where
s
n is the slot number within a radio frame. The
virtualtophysicalresourceblockmappingisdifferentinthetwoslotsofasubframe.

3.3.4Resourceelementsgroups
Resourceelement groups are sued for defining the mapping of control channels to
resource elements. A resourceelements group is represented by the index pair
' '
( , ) k l of the resource elements with the lowest index k in the group with all
resource elements in the group having the same value of l . The set of resource
elements ( , ) k l inaresourceelementgroupdependsonthenumberofcellspecific
referencesinglesconfiguredasdescribedbelowwith
0
,0
RB DL
PRB sc PRB RB
k n N n N = s < .

In the first OFDM symbol of the firs slot in a subframe the two
resource element groups in physical resource block
PRB
n consist of
resource elements ( , 0) k l = with
0 0 0
0, 1,..., 5 k k k k = + + + and
0 0 0
6, 7,..., 11 k k k k = + + + ,respectively
In the second OFDM symbol of the first slot in a subframe in case one or
two cellspecific reference signals configured , the three resourceelement
groupsinphysicalresourceblock ( , 1) k l = with
0 0 0
0, 1,..., 3 k k k k = + + + ,
0 0 0
4, 5,..., 7 k k k k = + + + and
0 0 0
8, 9,..., 11 k k k k = + + + ,respectively.
In the second OFDM symbol of the first slot in a subframe in case of four
cellspecificreferencesignalsconfigured,thetworesourceelementgroups
in physical resource block
PRB
n consist of resource elements ( , 1) k l =
with
0 0 0
0, 1,..., 5 k k k k = + + + and
0 0 0
6, 7,..., 11 k k k k = + + + ,
respectively
In the third OFDM symbol of the first slot in a subframe, the three
resourceelement groups in physical resource block
PRB
n consist of
resource elements ( , 2) k l = with
0 0 0
0, 1,..., 3 k k k k = + + + ,

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0 0 0
4, 5,..., 7 k k k k = + + + and
0 0 0
8, 9,..., 11 k k k k = + + + ,respectively.

Mapping of a symbolquadruplet ( ), ( 1), ( 2), ( 3) z i z i z i z i + + + onto a

resourceelement group represented by resourceelement
' '
( , ) k l is defined such
that elements ( ) z i are mapped to resource elements ( , ) k l of the
resourceelement group not used for cellspecific reference signals in increasing
order of and i k . In case a single cellspecific reference signal is configured,
cellspecificreferencesignalshallbeassumedtobepresentonantennaport0and1
for the purpose of mapping a symbolquadruplet to a resourceelement group,
otherwisethenumberofcellspecificreferencesignalsshallbeassumedequaltothe
actualnumberofantennaportsusedforcellspecificreferencesignals.

For halfduplex FDD operation, a guard period is created by the UE by not receiving
thelastpartofadownlinksubframeimmediatelyprecedinganuplinksubframefrom
thesameUE.Forframestructuretype2,theGPfieldservesasaguardperiod.

3.4PHYOperation

Thefollowingfiguresummarizesthephysicalchannelprocessingforthedownlinkas
an example of PHY operation. The scrambling sequence generator is initiated at the
start of each subframe depending on the transport channel type. The modulation
can be QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM. Layer mapping can be trivial for single antenna.
For spatial multiplexing and transmit diversity, layer mapping can be employed by
appropriate definition of number of layers and code words. Precoder takes a block
ofvectorsfromlayermappingtogenerateablockofvectorsmappedontoresources
oneachantennaport.

Figure8:PhysicalChannelProcessing(Downlink)

Toensuresuccessfulsignalreceptionofhighmobility,dataaidedchannelestimation

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isneededwithreferencesignals.

Figure9:LTEReferenceSignalArrangement[5]

3G LTE allows MIMO transmission. The receiver therefore has to execute further
channelestimationtocomputechannelresponse,through sequentiallytransmitting
knownreferencesignalsfromeachantennaasthefollowingfigure.

Figure 10: Reference Signals Transmitted Sequentially to Compute Channel

ResponsesforMIMOOperation

4. 3GLTERadioAccess

Figure 11 depicts the basic protocol structure of LTE. LTE uses channel dependent
scheduling(CDS).

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Figure11:SimplifiedLTEProtocolStructure[9]

TheuplinkanddownlinkofLTEareorthogonal.TheLTEsystemperformance(suchas
spectrumefficiencyordatarates)ismorelimitedbyinterference,especiallynearthe
cell edge. Uplink power control is one of the mechanisms to reduce/control the
intercell interference. LTE uplink power control supports fractional pathloss
compensation, which implies users near the cell border use relatively less transmit
power.Intercellinterferencecoordination(ICIC),asanadvancedinterferencecontrol
scheme, is essentially a scheduling strategy to limit the intercell interference [9]. A
simplemethodtoimprovecelledgedataratesistorestricttheusageofpartsofthe
bandwidth statically, for example, through a reuse larger than one. Such schemes
improvethesignaltointerferenceratiosoftheusedfrequencies.However,theloss
duetoreducedbandwidthavailabilityistypicallylargerthanthecorrespondinggain
duetohighersignaltointerferenceratio(SIR),leadingtoanoveralllossofefficiency.
Therefore, the LTE system supports dynamic intercell interference coordination of
the scheduling in neighboring cells such that celledge users in different cells are
preferablyscheduledoncomplementarypartsofthespectrumwhenrequired.

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PleasenotethatamajordifferencefromstaticreuseschemesisthatLTEstillallows
for the entire available spectrum to be used in all cells. Bandwidth restrictions are
applied only when the traffic and radio conditions are concerned. Interference
coordination can be applied to both uplink and downlink, although with some
fundamental differences between these two links. In the uplink, the interference
originates from several geographically separated terminals, and thus, the overall
interference varies over time with the scheduling decisions. On the other hand, in
the downlink, the interference originates from the stationary base stations. Hence,
the observed interference depends more heavily on the scheduling decision in the
uplinkcase,comparedtothedownlinkcase,andintercellinterferencecoordination
canbemoresuitabletotheuplink.Inaddition,astheLTEinterferencecoordination
mechanismisbasedonschedulingrestrictionsinthefrequencydomain,itismainly
for relatively narrowband services not requiring the full system bandwidth. As the
uplink transmission power generally is significantly smaller than the downlink
transmission power, uplink transmissions are likely narrowband in nature than
downlink transmissions. This further indicates that intercell interference
coordinationisprimarilyusedintheuplink.Toaiduplinkintercellcoordination,LTE
defines two indicators exchanged among base stations: the highinterference
indicator and the overload indicator. The highinterference indicator provides
informationtoneighboringcellsaboutthepartofthecellbandwidthuponwhichthe
cellintendstoscheduleitscelledgeusers.Becausecelledgeusersaresusceptibleto
intercell interference, upon receiving the highinterference indicator, a cell might
want to avoid scheduling certain subsets of its own users on this part of the
bandwidth. This subset includes users close to the cell that issues the
highinterference indicator. The overload indicator provides information on the
uplink interference level experienced in each part of the cell bandwidth. A cell
receivingtheoverloadindicatormayreducetheinterferencegeneratedonsomeof
these resource blocks by adjusting its scheduling strategy, for example, by using a
differentsetofresources,andinthisway,improvetheinterferencesituationforthe
neighborcellthatissuestheoverloadindicator.

In the downlink, intercell coordination implies restrictions of the transmission

power in some parts of the transmission bandwidth. In principle, this parameter
couldbeconfiguredonastaticbasis;however,asmentionedabove,thisisnotvery
efficient. Instead dynamic, downlink coordination is supported through the
definition of a relative narrowband transmissionpower indicator. A cellcan provide
this information to neighboring cells, indicating the part of the bandwidth where it

17

intends to limit the transmission power. A base station receiving the indication can
schedule its downlink transmissions within thisband, reducing the output power or
completely releasing the resources on complementary parts of the spectrum. A
crucial part of the supported intercellinterference coordination scheme in LTE is
that fullfrequency reuse in neighboring cells is possible. Both uplink and downlink
intercell interference coordination strategies benefit from knowledge about the
radiowisepositionofaterminalrelativetoneighborcells.

5. CoreNetwork

Theevolved3GPP systemishybrid mobilenetworkarchitecturetosupportmultiple

radioaccesstechnologiesandmultiplemobilitymechanisms,asFigure12showing.

Figure12:SimplifiedEvolved3GPPNetworkArchitecture[10]

Evolved packet system (EPS) provides access network operators and service
operators with a set of tools to enable service and subscriber differentiation [11],
whichisimportantasoperatorsaremovingfromasingletoamultiserviceoffering
at the same time as both the number of mobile broadband subscribers and the
traffic volume per subscriber is rapidly increasing. The bearer plays a central role in
the EPS QoS concept and provides the level of granularity for bearerlevel QoS
control (that is, all packet flows mapped to the same bearer receive the same
packetforwardingtreatment).ThenetworkinitiatedQoScontrolparadigmspecified

18

in EPS is facilitated by a set of signaling procedures for managing bearers and

controllingtheirQoSassignedbythenetwork.SuchEPSQoSconceptisclassbased,
where each bearer is assigned one and only one QoS class identifier (QCI) by the
network. The QCI is a scalar used within the access network as a reference to
nodespecificparametersthatcontrolpacketforwardingoperations.Thisclassbased
approach,togetherwiththenetworkinitiatedQoScontrolparadigm,givesnetwork
operators full control over the QoS provided for its offered services for each of its
subscribergroups.

Figure13:BearerandAssociatedQoSParameters[11]

6. LTEAdvanced

As of June 2009, LTEAdvanced as a new evolution of LTE is still in early stage. The
technologyofinterestsincludes

Carrieraggregationtoformalargeroverallbandwidthupto100MHz
Relaytoimprovecoverageandtoreducedeploymentcost
Extending multiantenna transmission by increasing the number of downlink
transmission layers to 8 and the number of uplink transmission layer to 4, to
supporthigherdatarates
Coordinatedmultipoint(CoMP)transmission/reception,wheretransmissionand
receptioncouldbeperformedjointlyacrossmulticell,asanextensionofICIC.

References:
[1] 3GPP TS 36.201, V8.1.0, LTE Physical Layer General Description (Release 8),
Nov.2007.

19

[2] 3GPP TS 36.211, V8.2.0, Physical Channels and Modulation (Release 8), Mar.
2008.
[3] 3GPP TS 36.212, V8.3.0, Multiplexing and Channel Coding (Release 8), May
2008.
[4] 3GPPTS36.213,V8.2.0,PhysicallayerProcedure(Release8),Mar.2008.
[5] J. Zyren, Overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Physical Layer, Freescale
WhitePaper,July2007.
[6] H.G. Myung, J. Lim, D.J. Goodman, Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless
Transmission,IEEEVehicularTechnologyMagazine,vol.1,no.3,pp.3038,Sep.
2006.
[7] D. Falconer, S.L. Ariyavisitakul, A. BenyaminSeeyar, and B. Eidson, Frequency
Domain Equalization for SingleCarrier Broadband Wireless Systems, IEEE
Commun.Mag.,vol.40,no.4,pp.5866,Apr.2002.
[8] H. Sari, G. Karam, and I. Jeanclaude, Transmission Techniques for Digital
Terrestrial TV Broadcasting, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 100109,
Feb.1995.
[9] D.Astely,E.Dahlman,A.Furuskar,Y.Jading,M.Lindstrom,S.Parkvall,LTE:The
EvolutionofMobileBroadband,IEEECommunicationsMag.,vol.47,no.5,pp.
4451,April2009.
[10] A.K. Salkintzis, M. Hammer, I. Tanaka, C. Wong, Voice Call Handover
Mechanisms in Next Generation 3GPP Systems, IEEE Communications Mag.,
vol.47,no.2,pp.4656,February2009.
[11] H. Ekstrom, QoS Control in the 3GPP Evolved Packet System, IEEE
CommunicationsMag.,vol.47,no.2,pp.7683,February2009.