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International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 27 (2007) 263267 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijadhadh

A simple mechanical model of a structural hybrid adhesive/riveted single lap joint

meza,, J. On na S. Go orob, J. Pecharroma
b

nica Industrial, EUIT Industrial, Universidad Polite cnica de Madrid, C/Ronda de Valencia, 3. 28012 Madrid, Spain Dpto. Meca a y Ciencia de los Materiales, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Polite cnica de Madrid, C/Jose Gutie rrez Abascal, 2. 28006 Madrid, Spain Dpto. Ingenier Accepted 7 January 2006 Available online 20 December 2006

Abstract A simple mechanical model that reproduces the behaviour of a structural hybrid adhesive/riveted single lap joint is presented. The model has been applied to joints with rigid cyanoacrylate adhesive and tubular steel rivets. The Bond-Graph technique has been used in order to obtain the equations of the model. These equations depend on four parameters that can be considered as characteristics of the joint. With these obtained parameters the model reproduces the experimental curves with great precision. r 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: Mechanical model; Joint design; Mechanical properties of adhesives; Cyanoacrylate

1. Introduction Hybrid joints resulted from the combination of a welded or mechanical joint (riveted, screwed etc.) with an adhesive. These joints are of a great technological interest as they permit to combine and, in several cases, to enhance the individual effects of each kind of joint [13]. The properties of these joints will depend not only on the nature and properties of the adhesive, but also on the mechanical system used, on the compatibility of the design, on the sequence, as well as on the conditions used for making the hybrid joint [47]. Hybrid joints are used in many industrial sectors (aeronautics, automation, naval industry, etc.) so that their properties are better than those obtained from simple joints (that are adhesively bonded, welded, or mechanically fastened) [8,9]. Hybrid joints have also been considered regarding the repair and improvement of damage tolerance [10,11]. The main advantages of composite joints can be summarised in the following way. They have

   

stiffer structures, sealed joints and better resistance to corrosion, no need for additional fastening while the adhesive is being cured, a two-stage cracking process that makes it easier and safer to detect before the joint breaks.

A hybrid joint in service usually behaves as if the tests of each individual joint were overlapped. If the adhesive and mechanical systems are adequately chosen, it will be possible to obtain joints with different behavioural patterns that have

  

more stiffness (adhesive) and high ductility (rivet), static strength (rivet) and resistance to fatigue (exible adhesive), mechanical strength (rivet) and resistance to corrosion (sealing adhesive), etc.

high static strength and better resistance to peeling and fatigue,

mez). E-mail address: sara_gomez@mi.upm.es (S. Go

Corresponding author. Fax: +34 91 3367707.

The best behaviour of a hybrid joint is reached when each of the elements that composes it improves different properties, although in some cases, the same properties can be improved by the synergetic action of both of the joints individual systems [9,12].

0143-7496/$ - see front matter r 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2006.01.004

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The mechanical behaviour model in adhesive and hybrid single-lap joints have been analysed mainly by nite element modelling. Studies have been made where the stress eld throws the joint and the load transfer between the fasteners, adhesives, and adherents with two- and threedimensional models [5,9,11]. In this paper, a mechanical model combining springs and dampers has been developed that reproduces the behaviour of a single-lap hybrid joint (made by adhesives and rivets). According to the Maxwell model, it is assumed that every single joint will have a viscoelastic behaviour where the mechanical fastener and the adhesive-bond behaviour are overlapped in the hybrid joint. The model resolution, according to some characteristic parameters of both the rivet and the adhesive, allows the model to be applied and generalised to different hybrid joint combinations carried out with these joint systems or with others. 2. The model The model was made for a rivet-adhesive hybrid joint with the geometry that appears in Fig. 1. The proposed model supposes that the joint will absorb the load that it receives as if there were two different joints working simultaneously. In this way, the more rigid component will absorb the initial stress, while the one with more plasticity will support the nal strain. When one of the elements reaches the maximum limit of its stressstrain curve, it breaks, so that only the other element in the joint comes into play and the previous one coming from the model is cancelled. The model was designed by combining springs and dampers. The springs show how elastic a simple joint is; while the dampers shows its inelasticity [13]. The proposed model, whose diagram is shown in Fig. 2, represents a higher branch that responds to the behaviour of the mechanical joint, and a lower branch that corresponds to the behaviour of the adhesive joint. 2.1. Bond-graph diagram The Bond-graph technique is used because it is possible to obtain the equations of the system in an easy way, especially when the model be quite complex. The Bondgraph diagram shown in Fig. 3 was designed from the spring and damper arrangement shown in Fig. 2. The differential equations that govern the systems behavioural
4 mm

x1 K1 R

x2

v K2 R2

vo

x3
Fig. 2. Proponed model.

x4

Fig. 3. BondGraph diagram. x, joint elongation; x1 , spring 1 elongation; x2 , damper 1 elongation; x3 , spring 2 elongation; x4 , damper 2 elongation; v dx=dt f 1 , test speed (constant); v1 dx1 =dt f 4 , spring 1 speed; v2 dx2 =dt f 6 , damper 1 speed; v3 dx3 =dt f 7 , spring 2 speed; v4 dx4 =dt f 9 , damper 2 speed; F e1 , total joint force; F 1 e2 ; rivet force; F 2 e3 ; adhesive force.

patterns and its subsequent solution were obtained from this diagram using Bond-graph techniques [1417]. The elements in Fig. 3 and its expressions are given. According to the Bond-graph technique, the ow is maintained and the sum of the incoming elongations must be equal to the sum of the outgoing elongation in type 1 knots. For knots A and F, the following is considered: f 1 f 2 f 3 v, e1 e2 e3 ) F F 1 F 2 , f 12 f 11 f 10 v0 0, e12 e11 e10 . (1)

25 mm

In contrast, the elongation and sum of the incoming ow must be equal to the sum of the outgoing ow for type 0 knots. For knots B, C, D and E, the following is considered:
12.5 mm Rivet 4x8

e2 e4 e5 F 1 , f 2 f 4 f 5 ) v v1 f 5 ,

Fig. 1. Hybrid joint geometry.

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e5 e6 e10 F 1 , f 5 f 6 f 10 v2 0 ) f 5 v2 ) v v1 v2 , e3 e7 e8 F 2 , f 3 f 7 f 8 ) v v3 f 8 , e8 e9 e11 F 2 , f 8 f 9 f 11 v4 0 ) f 8 v4 ) v v3 v4 . From the elongation equation of knot F, the following is considered: e12 F 1 F 2 F . In contrast, if the different gates are taken into account, we have e4 F 1 K 1 x1 , e6 F 1 R1 v2 , e7 F 2 K 2 x3 , e9 F 2 R2 v4 . Deriving Eq. (2): dF 1 dx1 K1 K 1 v1 K 1 v v2 . dt dt Taking into account Eq. (3), dF 1 F1 K 1v K 1 . dt R1 Taking into account that dt dx=v, the following ensues: dF 1 K 1 F 1 K 1. dx R1 v (6) (2) (3) (4) (5)

2.2. Obtaining the characteristic parameters The calculation of each characteristic parameter corresponding to a simple joint (mechanical or adhesive) was carried out from the equation of the stressstrain curve given above: F x Rv1 eK =Rvx . (11)

This equation is obtained from the following differential equation:   dF F K 1 . (12) dx Rv If F is small, as observed in the rst part of the curve, it is calculated using F =Rv51, so that from Eq. (12), the following is obtained: dF K, dx (13)

where K is estimated by taking one point from the rst part of the two branches of the curve using Eq. (13), and the coefcient F =x, whose value will be close to K, is calculated as a result. The limit of Eq. (11) when x ! 1 yields
x!1

lim F x lim Rv1 eK =Rvx Rv.

x!1

An approximation of value Rv is given by the maximum forces value (breaking force Fr) in each of the two branches of the curve. As the value for v is known (0.03 mm/s), R is estimated as: Fr R. v (14)

Proceeding in a similar way with Eqs. (4) and (5), we obtain, dF 2 K 2 F 2 K 2. dx R2 v The solutions of Eqs. (6) and (7) are the following: F 1 x R1 v1 eK 1 =R1 vx , F 2 x R2 v1 eK 2 =R2 vx . (8) (9) (7)

The characteristic parameters of the model are obtained using Eqs. (13) and (14) from the individual joints behaviour, thus making it possible to solve Eq. (10) and dene the behaviour of the model. 3. Experimental Tests on the three following types have been carried out: single lap joint with adhesive, single lap riveted joint and hybrid adhesive/riveted single lap joint. A mechanical model consisting on a serial of a spring and a damper that reproduces the behaviour of the two rst types has been probed. The characteristics parameters of this model have been obtained for both joints and used to estimate the ones of the hybrid joint. The joints were prepared on carbon steel sheet test pieces with the geometry and dimensions presented in Fig. 1 in all cases. Tests with other geometries and dimensions are not used in this paper. The tests were carried out with an electromechanical universal testing machine. The samples underwent shear stresses and the crosshead was run at a constant speed until the joint was broken. The precision of the equipment was tested according to EN 10.002.2 and

It can deduced that the equation was obtained from the already known forceelongation relation in each element of the joint. Taking into account Eq. (1), the equation for the theoretical forceelongation curve can be deduced for the composite joint F F 1 x F 2 x R1 v1 eK 1 =R1 vx R2 v1 eK 2 =R2 vx . 10 In Eq. (10), it is possible to see the given theoretical curve that depends on parameters K1, K2, R1 and R2, which are designated as the characteristic parameters of the joint.

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ASTM-E4 standards. An extensometer working with a precision of 0.001 mm was used. The adherent surface treatment was similar for all the bonded samples. The surface was gridded using 240 grit SiC paper. The samples were later degreased with acetone before being joined. The adhesive used was 480 Loctite cyanoacrylate designed for structural applications. To make hybrid joints, the same sequence was always used: the surfaces were gridded and cleaned, the rivets were placed in the hole used for that purpose and the adhesive was hanical joint was fastened immediately afterwards. The mechanical fastening of hybrid lap joints, which are made without waiting for the adhesive to be cured, does not affect the mechanical properties of the said joints. In fact, this is one of the advantages of using hybrid joints for industrial uses as mentioned above. 4. Results and discussion The forceelongation curves for two particular hybrid joints tested are shown in Figs. 4 and 5 overlapped with the ones obtained from the mechanical model given by Eq. (10). These curves present two areas that are well differentiated: the rst corresponds to the break of the adhesive and has been called the head. Once the adhesive is broken, the force decreases sharply. The hybrid joint does not collapse since the rivet supports it but a transitory period which can be seen in the experimental curves takes place. When the mechanical element, which now acts on its own, absorbs the force and the elongation applied by the test machine recovers its continuous behaviour until the rivet breaks and the joint nally cracks. This second area of the curve is called the tail. Similar observations were made by Meschut [18] in hybrid joints for new light material combinations in the automotive industry. The stiffness and high mechanical properties of cyanoacrylate adhesives have been previously analysed for structural joints in a

previous paper [19]. The model reproduces the hybrid joints behaviour with great precision and clearly identies the two different areas of the curves (head and tail) although it does not reect the transitory phase that is produced between one and the other. This was expected since the model acts as if the test were carried out under stable conditions always. The model shows that the breaking point of one of the components occurs when one of the models branches stops working and that the other replaces it instantly, thus not bringing about a transitory phase. From the experimental data and according to the model detailed in Section 2, the values of the characteristic parameters have been obtained. Table 1 shows the mean values of the characteristic parameters and the corresponding standard deviations for ten tests carried out with the hybrid joints. These deviations are less than 15. More complex joints, for example containing a row of rivets, will be studied in the future, but probably the presented model should reproduce the behaviour of these joints if the corresponding forceelongation curve is similar to the obtained in this work but with a different set of characteristic parameters. 5. Conclusions 1. A mechanical model combining springs and dampers is developed reproducing the behaviour of rivet-adhesive hybrid joints, since the equations obtained can be adjusted according to the experimental forceelongation curves. 2. The proposed equations depend on four characteristic parameters (K1 R1 K2 R2). The obtained values for these parameters show that the maximum typical deviations are less than 15% considering, as a result, that the model characterises the joint. 3. The values of these parameters are similar to those obtained previously by simple joints (fastened by rivets

12 HYBRID JOINT 10
CURVE TEST CURVE MODEL

8 FORCE (kN)

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 ELONGATION (mm) 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Fig. 4. Forceelongation curve test and model for a particular test.

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12
HYBRID JOINT

267

10
CURVE TEST CURVE MODEL

FORCE (kN)

8 6 4 2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ELONGATION (mm) 1 1.2 1.4

Fig. 5. Forceelongation curve test and model for a particular test.

Table 1 Mean values and standard deviations of the characteristic parameters in hybrid joints K (kN/mm) Rivet (K1, R1) Adhesive (K2, R2) 8.458 100.409 s (kN/mm) 0.715 14.790 s (%) 8.5 14.7 R (kN s/mm) 82.616 310.919 s (kN s/mm) 3.524 8.242 s (%) 4.3 2.7

and adhesively bonded). For this reason, the proposed model also characterises hybrid joints using the same characteristic parameters corresponding to the model used for simple joints.

Acknowledgements We want to thank CICYT for their nancial support through the Project DIP02-04007-C02. References
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[6] Darwish SM, Al-Samhan A. Design rationale of weld-bonded joints. Int J Adhes Adhes 2004;24:36777. [7] Al-Samhan A, Darwish SMH. Strength prediction of weld-bonded joints. Int J Adhes Adhes 2003;23:238. [8] Allan RC, Bird J, Clarke JD. The use of adhesives in the repair of cracks in ship structures. Structural adhesives in engineering. Bristol, UK: Institution of Mechanical Engineers; 1986. [9] Al-Samhan A, Darwish SMH. Int J Adhes Adhes 2003;23:238. [10] Chan WS, Vedhagiri S. J Compos Mater 2001;35(12):104561. [11] Kelly G. Compos Struct 2005;69:3543. [12] Kinloch AJ. Adhesion and adhesives science and technology. London: Chapman & Hall; 1990. [13] Xu C, Siegmund T, Ramani K. Rate-dependent crack growth in adhesives I. Modelingapproach. Int J Adhes Adhes 2003;23:913. [14] Blundell AJ. Bond graphs for modelling engineering systems. Chichester, UK, New York: Ellis Horwood, Halsted Press; 1982. [15] Cellier F. Simulation 1992;58(4):23048. [16] Granda JJ. Cellier FE. International conference on Bond Graph modelling ICBGM93, San Diego 1993. Simulation Series:25(2). ISBN1-56555-019-6. lez J, Bond graph for modelling dynamic [17] Vera C, Aparicio F, Fe systems. Ed. ETSII. UPM, Madrid, Spain, 1993. [18] Meschut G. MP Materialpru fung 2002;44(78):28794. mez S, et al. Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 2004;43(2):1825. [19] Go