Chemistry 1 Lab1 Experiment 1.

Basic Laboratory Operations

Objectives: The objective of this experiment is to familiarize the student with the use of basic laboratory equipment and simple chemical laboratory techniques. Their success in future experiments will depend on the mastering of these operations. Recording data: Use a printed copy of the spreadsheet provided to record your data. During the experiment you can use Laboratory Notebook, but for submission you lab report you must use the printed copy of the form. Grading of experiment: A student should pass each and every part successfully to earn points. To ensure that these important skills have been mastered in a timely fashion, every lab report MUST be completed individually and turned in within TEN DAYS after the experiment. If not, a 0 will be awarded for this work. Students will work in groups. Every group will consist of 4-5 members Every report should individually submitted Submission of a lab report must be within 10 days until 13:30 a.m. at the School Office via drop box and Moodle.

Waste Disposal Dispose all left over reagents in the waste container under the hood. INTRODUCTION CHEMICAL CONCEPTS PART A. Laboratory Solution Preparation Many of the reagents used in science are in the form of solutions which need to be purchased or prepared. For some purposes, the exact value of the concentration is not critical; in other cases, the concentration of the solution and its preparation technique must be as accurate as possible. Molarity The most common unit of solution concentration is molarity (M). The molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute per one liter (or dm3 in SI) of solution. M = molarity =

Normality Normality is another way of expressing the concentration of a solution. Normality is defined as the number of equivalent per liter of solution, where the definition of an equivalent depends on the reaction taking place in the solution. For an acid-base reaction, the equivalent is the mass of acid or base that can furnish or accept exactly 1 mole of protons (H+). The normality of a solution is the concentration expressed as the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution. A 1 normal (1N) solution contains 1 equivalent weight of solute per liter of solution. Normality is widely used in analytical chemistry because it simplifies many of the calculations involving solution concentration. Normality = N = or N = equivalents of solute/liter of solution

Mass Percent (Mass %) The mass percent of any component in a solution is the mass of that component divided by the total mass of the solution times 100%: Mass percent = For example: 5% of NaCl solution means the solution contains 5 g of NaCl per 100g of solution. PART B. Measuring pH The pH of a solution tells us whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. pH is defined as: pH = -log [H+] On the pH scale, values bellow 7 are acidic, a value equal to 7 is neutral, and values above 7 are basic. Typically, the pH scale has values between 0 and 14. pH scale

The molar concentration of H3O+ and OH- are indicated by square brackets. In pure water, [H3O+] = [OH-] =1.0x10-7M at 250C. The ion constant product of water, Kw, can thus be calculated. Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = [1.0x10-7][1.0x10-7] = 1.0x10-14 PART C. The Densities of Liquids and Solids Each pure substance exhibits its own set of intensive properties. One of such properties is density, the mass of a substance per unit volume. In this experiment, the data for the mass and the volume of water displaced are used to calculate the density of the water-insoluble solid; the density of an unknown liquid is calculated from separate mass and volume measurements of the liquid. Density = The units of density in the SI express as g/cm3 for solids, g/mL for liquids, and g/L for gases at specified temperatures and pressures. PART D. Viscosity of Liquids One of the important properties of liquids is viscosity, the liquid's resistance to flowing. Water, milk, and fruit juice are comparatively thin and flow more easily than thicker, more viscous liquids such as honey, corn syrup, shampoo, and liquid soap. Viscosity is an important property of drilling fluids. A more viscous fluid is better able to suspend rock cuttings and transport them to the surface. However, more pressure is needed to pump very viscous fluids, resulting in additional wear and tear on the drilling equipment. Also, viscous fluids are also more difficult to separate from the cuttings. Viscosity is measured with various types of viscometers and rheometers. PART E. Index of refraction of liquids Index of refraction is one of the important properties of materials. A common way to determine the index of refraction is by applying the concept of the Snells Law

n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2

(1)

Where is the angle between the incident ray and the plane perpendicular to the surface, also known as the angle of refraction. And n is the index of refraction.

incident

reflected air (n = 1.0)

water (n = 1.33) refracted

Experimental Procedure PART A Every member of a group MUST participate in the experiments. 1) Acquire from the instructor the concentrations and amounts of the solutions to be made. 2) Collect all mass measurements to +0.001g. Collect all volume measurements to +0.01mL. 3) Solution 1- Prepare 120g of 9% NaCl solution Prepare a solution of assigned mass and percent by mass. Determine the weight of the solvent and solute to prepare the solution. Weight X g of the solute. Pour it into a graduated cylinder or volumetric flask containing about half of necessary volume of the solvent (H2O). Once the solute has dissolved completely (stir the mixture if necessary), add the rest of the solvent amount. Caution: Do not simply measure X ml of solvent and add all the solute. This will introduce error because adding the solid will change the final volume of the solution and throw off the final percent. Place the solution in a bottle provided and label it with the solutions composition (% concentration), and your name. Do not dispose this solution. You will use it in further experiments. 4) Solution 2 100mL of 0.005M Fe (NO3)3 solution Follow the above procedure to prepare the solution with 0.005M concentration. Do not dispose this solution. It will be used for the following experiments. PART B In this experiment we will use pH meter to measure pH. Your will be instructed how to operate pH meter. The electrodes are fragile, therefore use them with care. Get 25-mL samples of the solution 1 and 2 in a 150-mL beaker, measure and record the pH of the solutions. Also determine pH of the followings: Orange juice cow milk 0.0025M NaCH3COO Rinse the electrode probe in distilled water after each measurement. After you have completed measurement, add a drop or two of an indicator solution (methyl orange or phenolphthalein) to the solution and note the solution color change. Some of the solutions are nearly neutral; others are acidic or basic. For e ach solution having a pH less than 6 or greater than 8, write a net ionic equation that explains qualitatively why the observed pH value is reasonable (for juice and cow milk provide the results explanation) Please, write a rationale for the colors obtained with the indicator.

PART C 1. Water insoluble solid. a. Obtain an unknown solid and record its number. Using the balance measure its mass. Record the mass according to the sensitivity of the balance. b. Half-fill a 10-mL graduated cylinder with water and record its volume. c. Gently slide the solid into the graduated cylinder held at a 450 angle. Roll the solid around in the cylinder, removing any air bubbles that are trapped or that adhere to the solid. Record the new water level. The volume of the sold is the difference between the two water levels. d. Remove the solid, dry it, and measure its volume a second time. 2. Liquid, water. a. Clean and dry your smallest laboratory beaker. Using your assigned balance, measure and record its mass. Pipette 5 mL of water into the beaker. b. Measure and record the mass of the beaker and water. Calculate the density of water from the available data. Repeat the density determination for trail 2. c. Collect and record the density value of water at room temperature from five additional laboratory measurements from other groups. Calculate the average density of water at room temperature. 3. Liquid, unknown a. Dry the beaker and pipette. Ask the instructor for a liquid unknown and record its number. b. Rinse the pipette with 1-mL of unknown liquid and discard. Repeat the measurements of Part C.2, substituting the unknown liquid for the water. Repeat the experiment for trial 2. Calculate the average density of the liquid. PART D No experiments for this part. PART E Index of refraction of liquids will be determined by refractometer. You should indentify the index of refraction of following liquids: Water Alcohol Acetone Follow the manual of this instrument. This manual informs you about the installation and the safe handling and use the refractometer. Pay special attention to the safety instructions and warnings in the manual and on the instrument.