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SAFETY RULES
1. Please dont touch any live parts.
2. Never use an electrical tool in a damp place.
3. Dont carry unnecessary belongings during performance of
practicals (like water bottle, bags etc).
4. Before connecting any leads/wires, make sure power is switched off.
5. In case of an emergency, push the nearby red color emergency switch of the
panel or immediately call for help.
6. In case of electric fire, never put water on it as it will further worsen the
condition; use the class C fire extinguisher.
Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation
(combustion) of fuel. Three basic conditions when met,
fire takes place. These are fuel, oxygen & heat, absence
of any one of the component will extinguish the fire.
A(think
ashes):
paper, wood etc
B(think
C(think
barrels):
flammable liquids
circuits):
electrical fires
Contents
CONTENTS
Lab.
No.
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
Dated
List of Experiments
Page
No.
R e ma r k s
Lab Session 01
LAB SESSION 01
TITTLE:
Studying the operation of a power transmission line in no-load conditions (no-load current of the
transmission line).
APPARTUS:
THEORY:
Power transmission lines are designed to transmit large volumes of power between even far points
(hundreds and sometimes thousands of kilometres). Generally power plants are erected where an
energy source is available, then these plants will serve all the users located in urban and industrial
areas. The operating voltage is chosen according to the power in order to minimize Jouleeffect
losses (R I2). It can immediately be realized that losses will be reduced when current is reduced,
but, when huge volumes of power have to be sent, energy will exclusively be transmitted with
high voltages (of some hundreds of kV). All that will lead to consider also the accessories that are
step-up transformers at the origin and the respective step-down transformers at the destination of
the lines.
PREPARING THE EXERCISE
Start this exercise considering the transmission LINE 1 with the following constants:
Resistance = 25 ; Capacitance = 0.2 F; Inductance = 0.072 H; Length = 50 km;
Turn the breakers at the origin and at the end of the LINE 1, to OFF.
Connect the measuring instruments between the left busway and the terminals at the
beginning of the LINE 1.
Connect the measuring instruments between the end terminals of the LINE 1 and the right
busway.
Connect the jumpers with the set of left capacitors, only in the LINE 1, to reproduce the
capacitance between active conductors (called CL). These capacitors can be connected
either in star or delta configuration. The delta connection will ensure stronger capacitive
currents.
Connect the jumpers with the set of right capacitors, only in the LINE 1, to reproduce the
capacitance between the active conductors and the ground (called CE); connect also the
-1-|Page
Lab Session 01
jumper that grounds the star center of the capacitors. In this case the only star connection
can be carried out because each line conductor generates a capacitance to the ground.
Adjust the position of the selector Resistance LINE 1 at the value of 25 .
Connect with the variable three-phase power supply.
The reference electric diagram, the connections and configuration of the line are
respectively shown in the figures 4.1.1 and 4.1.2.
Read the electric quantities on the measuring instruments and write them down in the
following table.
OBSERVATION
OPERATIONAL MODE
Enable and adjust the voltage of the power supply at 380 V. The warning lights of the left
busway will be on. If no variable three-phase power supply is available, but only a fixed
line is used, the voltage can be adjusted at the nearest rated value through the outlets of per
cent variation of the transformer (+/- 5 %).
Turn the breaker at the origin of the LINE 1, to ON.
All the parameters of the starting energy can be measured with the digital instrument
available at the origin of the line.
Turn the breaker at the end of the LINE 1, to ON.
Read the electric quantities on the measuring instruments and write them down in the
following table.
Actual measurements carried out on the LINE 1 with: Resistance = 25; Capacitance =0.2F;
Inductance = 0.072 H.
Interlinked
voltage
measured at
the origin
of the line
U1 (V)
Line current
measured at
the origin
of the line
I1 (A)
Active power
measured at
the origin
of the line
P1 (W)
Interlinked
voltage
measured at
the end
of the line
U2 (V)
Reactive
power
measured at
the origin
of the line
Q1 (VAR)
Compare the reactive power measured on the line to that calculated with the following formulae:
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Lab Session 01
QL and QE resulting from the formulae indicated above are calculated for only one phase. The total
reactive power of the three-phase system will result from the sum of the powers of both the three
line capacitors and the three capacitors to the ground.
Total reactive power of the transmission line:
QTOT 3 * QL 3 * QE 36VAR
The no-load operation of the transmission line does not show any active power actually, if the
active power lost by the conductance G is not considered, like in this case. If the measurement is
carried out with proper instruments (wattmeter or wattmeters of low power factor and proper
current-carrying capacity), however some active power can be detected and this is due to the
dielectric losses and to the discharge resistances available in capacitors.
Repeat and record the measurements excluding the set of capacitors CE to the ground.
Actual measurements carried out on the LINE 1 with: Resistance = 25 ; Capacitance = 0.2 F;
Inductance = 0.072 H.
Interlinked
voltage
measured at
the origin
of the line
U1 (V)
Line current
measured at
the origin
of the line
I1 (A)
Active power
measured at
the origin
of the line
P1 (W)
Interlinked
voltage
measured at
the end
of the line
U2 (V)
Reactive
power
measured at
the origin
of the line
Q1 (VAR)
As it has been explained in the part 2 at the section of electric constants, a model of overhead line
is represented by an equivalent total capacitance considering both the capacitances between
conductors and between conductors and ground.
In principle only one set of capacitors is sufficient to reproduce the equivalent capacitance of the
line, in the exercises on the lines available in the simulator.
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Lab Session 01
Department of Electrical Engineering
-4a-|Page
Lab Session 01
Department of Electrical Engineering
-4b-|Page
Lab Session 02
LAB SESSION 02
TITTLE:
Studying the operation of a transmission line in no-load conditions with increased capacitance (noload current of the transmission line).
APPARTUS:
THEORY:
The parameter of capacitance is directly proportional to the length of the transmission line; it is
concentrated into an equivalent total capacitance only for an easier study. Actually the
parameters of a transmission line (capacitance and resistance in this particular case) are
distributed; crossing the line resistors the capacitive currents will provoke power losses occurring
even when the transmission line is in no-load condition.
PREPARING THE EXERCISE
Prearrange the simulator as in the previous exercise (exercise #1) and connect the
capacitors of the module AZ 191a in parallel with CL (becoming CLaux). Caution: when the
auxiliary capacitors are connected, the current transient could burn out the fuses protecting
the transmission line (intervention due to overcurrent). This trouble can be avoided if the
auxiliary capacitors are not connected when the line is powered, but they will be connected
without any applied voltage; then the voltage will be applied in variable and rising way.
The reference electric diagram is still that shown in the fig. 4.1.1 (exercise #1), whereas the
connections and configuration of the line are shown in the fig. 4.2.1.
Read the electric quantities on the measuring instruments and write them down in the
following table.
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Lab Session 02
OBSERVATION
Enable and adjust the voltage of the power supply at 380 V.
Turn the breaker at the origin of the LINE 1, to ON.
All the parameters of the starting energy can be measured with the digital instrument
available at the origin of the line.
Turn the breaker at the end of the LINE 1, to ON.
Read the electric quantities on the measuring instruments and write them down in the
following table.
Actual measurements carried out on the LINE 1 with: Resistance = 25; Capacitance =2.2F;
Inductance = 0.072 H.
Interlinked
voltage
measured at
the origin
of the line
U1 (V)
Line current
measured at
the origin
of the line
I1 (A)
Active power
measured at
the origin
of the line
P1 (W)
Interlinked
voltage
measured at
the end
of the line
U2 (V)
Reactive
power
measured at
the origin
of the line
Q1 (VAR)
Compare the reactive power measured on the line to that calculated with the following formula:
Interlinked
voltage
measured at
the origin
of the line
U1 (V)
Line current
measured at
the origin
of the line
I1 (A)
Active power
measured at
the origin
of the line
P1 (W)
Interlinked
voltage
measured at
the end
of the line
U2 (V)
Reactive
power
measured at
the origin
of the line
Q1 (VAR)
-6-|Page
Lab Session 02
0.2 F
2.2 F
4.2 F
4) Refer to the fig. 4.2.1 with the auxiliary capacitance CLaux = 2.2 F, and write down the three
measures resulting from the changement of the point of connection respectively at the origin of the
line, at half length of the line (between resistors and coils) and at the end of the line.
Capacitance
(F)
Interlinked
voltage
measured at
the origin
of the line
U1 (V)
Line current
measured at
the origin
of the line
I1 (A)
Active power
measured at
the origin
of the line
P1 (W)
Interlinked
voltage
measured at
the end
of the line
U2 (V)
Reactive
power
measured at
the origin
of the line
Q1 (VAR)
2.2 F
origin of line
2.2 F
half line
2.2 F
end of line
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Lab Session 02
Department of Electrical Engineering
Fig. 2.1 - No-load performance of a power transmission line with increased capacitance
-8-|Page
Lab Session 03
LAB SESSION 03
TITTLE:
Studying the operation of a transmission line in different load conditions, determining the voltage
drop, calculating the total performance and finding out the characteristic impedance of the line.
APPARTUS:
THEORY:
The power losses and voltage drops of a transmission line are defined under load when the rootmean-square values of the electric quantities are measured at both the starting and destination
stations. The simulator will refer to lines with symmetrical conductors and balanced load. This
statement enables to imagine the electric diagram shown in the fig. 1.
Fig.1 - Equivalent diagram of a three-phase line with symmetrical conductors and balanced load
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Lab Session 03
Department of Electrical Engineering
The diagram of the fig. 1 also includes a fictitious neutral conductor, equidistant from the three
active conductors: this gives the possibility of leading the study of the operating characteristics of
the three-phase line to a mere single-phase circuit consisting of only one of the three line wires
and of an ideal return wire without resistance nor inductance. All that is due to the fact that the
neutral wire of a three-phase line with balanced load would not be crossed by any current and
consequently it could not provoke any ohmic nor inductive voltage drop.
PREPARING THE EXERCISE
Start this exercise considering the transmission LINE 2 with the following constants:
Resistance = 8.9 ; Capacitance = 0.1F; Inductance = 0.035 H; Length = 25 km;
Section = 50 mm2 - conductor of copper. As regards other parameters, refer to the table 2.1.
If necessary, remove all the jumpers of the LINE 1 not considered.
Turn the breakers at the origin and at the end of the LINE 2, to OFF.
Connect the measuring instruments between the left busway and the terminals at the
starting of the LINE 2, and between the end terminals of the LINE 2 and the right busway.
Connect the jumpers with the set of left capacitors, in the LINE 2, to reproduce the
capacitance between active conductors (called CL). Carry out the delta connection
ensuring stronger capacitive currents. Select the value of 0.1 F for CL.
Connect the jumpers with the set of right capacitors, still in the LINE 2, to reproduce the
capacitance between the active conductors and the ground (called CE); connect also the
jumper that grounds the star center of the capacitors. In this case the only star connection
can be carried out because each line conductor generates a capacitance to the ground.
Select the value of 0.1 F for CE too.
Adjust the position of the selector Resistance LINE 2 at the value of 8.9 and that of
inductance at the value of 0.036 H.
Connect with the variable three-phase power supply inserting the three phase insulation
transformer. This transformer is used to insulate the line from the user mains to avoid that,
when connected, the current unbalances of the capacitors CE (capacitance to the ground)
can provoke the untimely intervention of the differential protections of high sensitiveness.
If the power supply is insulated from the mains, that is it is not grounded, this three-phase
transformer can be omitted.
The reference electric diagram, the connections and configuration of the line are
respectively shown in the figures 4.3.2 and 4.3.3.
OBSERVATION:
Please Read this very carefully:
Line 1 Design Parameters:
Modifiable parameter: Section (capacity in A)
Simulated voltage: 120 kV (working U 3x400 Vmax.)
Simulated power: P 10 - 15 - 20 MVA
Working current: 1 A
Equivalent resistance: 18 - 25 - 35
Equivalent inductance: 72 mH
Equivalent distributed capacitance: 2 x 0.2 F
Protection fuses 1A
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Lab Session 03
Power
P1 (W)
Power
Q1(Var)
Voltage
UA (V)
Current
IA (A)
Power
PA (W)
Power
QA (Var)
No load
R1(2200)
R2(1100)
R3(735)
R4(550)
R5(440)
R6(365)
R7(315)
R8(270)
R9(240)
R10(220)
R11(200)
R12(185)
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Lab Session 03
Current
IA (A)
Power
PA (W)
Power
QA (Var)
Power
P1 (W)
Power
Q1(Var)
Voltage
UA (V)
Current
IA (A)
Power
PA (W)
Power
QA (Var)
No load
C1(4.5F)
C2(.0F)
C1(F)
OPERATIONAL MODE FOR DETECTING THE PERFORMANCE WITH RL, RC
LOAD
Assemble a load with the three resistive, inductive and capacitive modules.
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Lab Session 03
Enable and adjust the voltage of the power supply at 380 V. The warning lights of the left
busway will be on. If no variable three-phase power supply is available, but only a fixed
line is used, the voltage can be adjusted at the nearest rated value through the outlets of per
cent variation of the transformer (+/- 5 %).
Turn the breakers at the origin and at the end of the LINE 2, to ON.
Connect the various steps of the load, starting from R-L and going on with R-C (assemble
balanced loads using the same step for the three phases), read the electric quantities on the
instruments and write them down in the table shown here below.
Power
PA(W)
Power
Loss
P(W)
Performance
in load
condition
No load
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4
Load 5
Load 6
Load 7
Load 8
Load 9
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Lab Session 03
Department of Electrical Engineering
DO IT YOURSELVES
1. Draw one or more graphs to represent the voltage available at the end of the line and the
per cent performance of the line, according to the different conditions of resistive load.
2. Plot also the trend of the voltage available at the end of the line with resistive, inductive
and capacitive load, on the same graph/s (comparing them). The above shown trend will be
observed.
DETERMINING THE CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE
Determine the value of the current supplied by a merely resistive load connected at the end of the
line provoking the elimination of the reactive power at the origin of the line.
THEORETICAL HINTS
This particular operation occurs when the transmission line is connected with a merely resistive
load and the ohmic value is equivalent to the characteristic impedance. This condition of use is
called natural load.
The line current makes that the reactive power in the coils is equivalent to the reactive power in
the capacitors, therefore the transmission line does not need any external reactive power in the
operation. These hypothetical operating conditions represent the optimum case: in fact the losses
of active power are as low as possible because the current is as weak as possible; actually the
currents annul each other by capacitive and inductive effect.
But the case shown above occurs rarely; actually, every time the line current varies, the balance is
missing. If the current is lower than the balance current, the line is still crossed by capacitive
currents. If the current is higher than the balance current, the line is crossed by inductive currents.
The rated current-carrying capacity of an overhead transmission line is considerably higher than
that defined as natural-load current, and some inductive reactive power can be found in the
operation.
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Lab Session 03
Department of Electrical Engineering
DO IT YOURSELVES
Find the current value being able to balance the inductive reactive power due to the current
crossing the coils, and the capacitive reactive power due to the capacitors of the LINE 2 with an
applied voltage of 220 V instead of 380 V.
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Lab Session 03
Department of Electrical Engineering
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Lab Session 04
LAB SESSION 04
TITTLE:
Studying the series operation of power transmission lines.
APPARTUS:
THEORY:
The power losses and voltage drops of a transmission line are defined under load when the rootmean-square values of the electric quantities are measured at both the starting and destination
stations. The simulator will refer to lines with symmetrical conductors and balanced load. This
statement enables to imagine the electric diagram shown in the fig. 4.3.1.
PREPARING THE EXERCISE
STRICT PRECAUTIONS FOR INSTRUCTORS AND STUDENTS: Before starting Lab
thoroughly read the Detailed Manual of the Equipment, this Laboratory Manual is very
brief, Laboratory Incharge have Detailed Equipments Manual.
Consider two lines with equal current-carrying capacity, but different length, for this
exercise, that is the LINE 1 with the constants: Resistance = 18 ; Inductance = 0.072 H;
Length = 50 km; Section = 50 mm2 conductor of copper; and the LINE 2 with the
constants: Resistance = 8.9 ; Inductance = 0.036 H; Length = 25 km; Section = 50 mm2
conductor of copper. As regards other parameters refer to the table 2.1.
Connect only the jumpers at the origin of the LINE 1 and those of the end of the LINE 2.
Connect the end terminals of the LINE 1 (terminals immediately at the right of the breaker)
with the starting terminals of the LINE 2 (terminals at the left of the breaker), via some
leads, to carry out the series connection of the two lines.
Turn the origin and end breakers of both the lines to OFF.
Do not connect the jumpers with the capacitors supposing that the parameter of
capacitance is negligible.
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Lab Session 04
Connect the left busway with the three-phase power supply, and the load with the right
busway. Remember that the allowable voltage value ranges from 0 to 400 V and only if
this value is approximately at half range, the warning lights available on the left busway
will be on.
The reference electric diagram is shown in the fig. 4.4.1, whereas the connections and
configuration of the line can be seen in the fig. 4.4.2.
OBSERVATION:
OPERATIONAL MODE 1 (WITHOUT CAPACITORS)
Enable and adjust the supply voltage of the line at 380 V.
Turn the origin and end breakers of the LINE 1 to ON, in sequence, then turn the origin
and end breakers of the LINE 2 to ON; now the destination busway is energized by some
voltage that will be signaled by the respective warning lights.
Insert some load steps in the resistive load, in sequence.
Read the electric quantities on the measuring instruments and write them down in the table,
calculate the voltage drop according to load.
Draw the trend of the voltage at the end of the lines 1 and 2 versus the load current, on a
graph.
Load
Interlinked
Condition voltage
measured at
the origin of
the line 1
U11 (V)
Line
current
measured at
the origin of
the line 1
I11 (A)
Interlinked
voltage
measured
at the end
of the line 1
U12 (V)
Interlinked
voltage
measured
at the end of
the
line 2
U22 (V)
Line
current
measured
at the
origin of
the line 2
I22 (A)
Voltage
drop at
the end of
lines
U =
U11 U22
1
2
3
4
5
6
OPERATIONAL MODE 1 (WITH CAPACITORS)
Connect the left jumpers to reproduce the capacitance between the active conductors, then
connect the jumpers with the right capacitors to reproduce the capacitance between active
conductors and the ground, and write the values of the measurement in the third line of the
table shown here below. Enable and adjust the supply voltage of the line at 380 V.
Turn the origin and end breakers of the LINE 1 to ON in sequence, then turn the origin
and end breakers of the LINE 2 to ON; now the destination busway is energized by some
voltage that will be signaled by the respective warning lights.
Read the electric quantities on the measuring instruments, with the load steps used before,
and write them down in the table, then calculate the voltage drop according to load.
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Lab Session 04
Draw the trend of the voltage at the end of the lines 1 and 2 versus the load current, on a
graph.
Load
Interlinked
Condition voltage
measured at
the origin of
the line 1
U11 (V)
Line
current
measured at
the origin of
the line 1
I11 (A)
Interlinked
voltage
measured
at the end
of the line 1
U12 (V)
Interlinked
voltage
measured
at the end of
the
line 2
U22 (V)
Line
current
measured
at the
origin of
the line 2
I22 (A)
Voltage
drop at
the end of
lines
U =
U11 U22
1
2
3
4
5
6
DO IT YOURSELVES
The study of the series connection of transmission lines will lead to the following conclusion:
1. Becoming longer the line increases its resistance, and consequently it will suffer higher
voltage drops and power losses;
2. The capacitance increases and consequently the value of reactive power absorbed by
the line in no-load condition will increase.
N.B.: the increased capacitance will become important when the ground fault in insulated lines is
examined.
Lab Session 04
Department of Electrical Engineering
Lab Session 05
LAB SESSION 05
TITTLE:
Studying the parallel operation of power transmission lines
APPARTUS:
THEORY:
The continuity of the service of distribution of electric energy is very often ensured by systems
also including spare components that can be enabled, when necessary. This is the reason why,
besides the generators and the step-up/step-down transformers, also the main long-distance power
lines have a spare line, that is a line in parallel that can be used to meet a demand of energy
increase, but this type of is also very often used as substitute of the normal line to enable
maintenance operations of the power line. Maintenance is generally scheduled and carried out in
certain periods when the demand for power is lower. But this spare line can be enabled not only
for routine maintenance, but also for faults in the main line. Under this hypothesis, a long-distance
power line can always be considered as a single line, apart from the few instants when the lines are
in parallel to avoid the interruption of power. This exercise will examine the normal operation of
two lines in parallel with each other.
PREPARING THE EXERCISE
STRICT PRECAUTIONS FOR INSTRUCTORS AND STUDENTS: Before starting Lab
thoroughly read the Detailed Manual of the Equipment. This Laboratory Manual is very
brief, Laboratory Incharge have Detailed Equipments Manual.
Consider two equal lines, with the following constants: Resistance = 18 ; Inductance =
0.072 H; Capacitance = 0.2F; Length = 50 km; Section = 50 mm2 conductor of copper.
As regards other parameters refer to the table 2.1.
Connect all the jumpers at the origin and at the end of the lines, enable both sets of
capacitors (those of left hand between phases, and those of right end to ground).
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Lab Session 05
Turn the origin and end breakers of both the lines to OFF.
Connect the left busway with the three-phase power supply, and the load with the right
busway.
The reference electric diagram is shown in the fig. 4.4.1, whereas the connections and
configuration of the line can be seen in the fig. 4.4.2.
OPERATIONAL MODE
Enable and adjust the supply voltage of the line at 380 V.
Turn the origin and end breakers of both the lines to ON; now the destination busway is
energized by some voltage that will be signaled by the respective warning lights.
Insert a load step ranging from 50% to 60 % of the current-carrying capacity of each line
(rated current of the lines of the simulator = 1 A), in the resistive load.
Read the electric quantities on the measuring instruments and write them down in the
table; calculate the voltage drop according to load.
Assess how currents are distributed in the two power lines.
Plot the trend of the voltage versus the load current, on a graph.
Now disconnect one of the two parallel lines and repeat the measurements. The line still
operating is crossed by overcurrent, but the voltage drop is increased.
OBSERVATION:
Load
Interlinked
Condition voltage
measured at
the left
busway U1
(V)
Current of
line 1
I1 (A)
Current of
line 2
I2 (A)
Load current
IC (A)
Interlinked
voltage
measured
at the right
busway U2
(V)
Voltage
drop at
the end of
lines
U = U11
U22
1 (2lines)
2 (2lines)
3 (2lines)
4 (2lines)
5 (2lines)
6 (2lines)
1 (1lines)
2 (1lines)
3 (1lines)
4 (1lines)
5 (1lines)
6 (1lines)
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Lab Session 05
CONCLUSION:
The study of the parallel connection of transmission lines will lead to the following conclusion:
1. The lines normally working in parallel in case of inefficiency of a line, cannot bear the
load for long time; however they can power the user, but with higher voltage drops
(being the load equal);
2. The capacitance increases and consequently the value of reactive power absorbed by
the line in no-load condition will increase.
N.B.: the increased capacitance will become important when the ground fault in insulated lines is
examined.
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Lab Session 05
Department of Electrical Engineering
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Lab Session 06
LAB SESSION 06
TITTLE:
Bus Admittance Matrix on MATLAB
TASK:
1. Simulate the two systems on etap software.
2. For the given power system, find the bus admittance matrix using Y=ybus1(zdata).
Instruction:
To use the above command power tool box should be installed
(Reference Book Hadi Saadat)
Fig 1
Fig 2
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Lab Session 06
Department of Electrical Engineering
Lab Session 06
Department of Electrical Engineering
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Lab Session 07
LAB SESSION 07
TITTLE:
To solve the Non Linear Algebraic Equations
TASK:
1. Use the Gauss-Seidel Method to find a root of the following equations using MATLAB up
to 6 iterations.
f ( x) x3 6x2 9 x 4 0
Also plot the curve
g ( x) x
For the values between 0 to 4.5 to find the intersection point, roots of f(x).
Write down the MATLAB code here.
Also mathematically calculate the roots for two iterations.
2. Use the Newton Raphson Method to find a root of the following equations using
MATLAB up to 6 iterations. Assume an initial estimate of
x0 6
f ( x) x3 6x2 9 x 4 0
Also plot the curve
f (x )
vs
For the values between 0 to 6 to find the intersection point, roots of f(x).
Write down the MATLAB code here.
Also mathematically calculate the roots for two iterations.
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Lab Session 07
Department of Electrical Engineering
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Lab Session 07
Department of Electrical Engineering
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Lab Session 08
LAB SESSION 08
TITTLE:
Line Performance of transmission line on MATLAB
TASK:
A three phase 50Hz, 220kV transmission line having length of 600km. The line parameters per
phase per unit length are found to be
r=0.016 /km ; L= 0.97mH/km ; C=0.0115F/km
a. Determine the line performance when load at the receiving end is 800 MW 0.8 power
factor lagging 200kV.
b. Determine the receiving end quantities and the line performance when 600MW and
400MVAr are being transmitted at 210kV from the sending end.
c. Determine the sending end quantities and the line performance when the receiving end
load impedance is 290 at 500kV.
d. Find the receiving end quantities when the line is terminated in an open circuit and is
energized with 500kV at the sending end. Also determine the reactance and the MVAR
of three phase shunt reactor to be installed at the receiving end in order to limit the
receiving end voltage to 500kV.
e. Draw the voltage profile for both compensated and uncompensated line.
f. Find the receiving end and the sending end currents when the line is terminated at the
short circuit.
g. Construct the receiving end circle.
h. Determine the line voltage profile for the following cases.
a. No load
b. Rated load
c. Line terminated in the SIL
d. Short Circuited Line
i. Obtain the line load ability curve.
Instruction:
To solve the above problem power tool box should be installed.
(Reference Book Power System Analysis By Hadi Saadat)
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Lab Session 08
Department of Electrical Engineering
- 32 - | P a g e
Lab Session 08
Department of Electrical Engineering
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Lab Session 09
LAB SESSION 09
TITTLE:
Voltage Profile and Modeling of a Long Transmission Line on MATLAB
TASK:
1. Model the Long Transmission Line on MATLAB software (assume necessary data)
and attached your simulations with experiment.
a) With Load
b) Without Load
No. of phases=1
f=60Hz
R=0.996 ohm/km
L=1.36 mH/km
C=0.85 exp(-8)
Length = 370km
Vm=125kV
f=60Hz
P=50MW
QL=0
Qc=0
- 34 - | P a g e
Lab Session 09
Department of Electrical Engineering
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- 35 - | P a g e
Lab Session 09
Department of Electrical Engineering
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2. A 50 Hz, Transmission line 300 km long has a total series impedance of 40+j1.25 . and a
total shunt admittance of 10 exp (-3) mho. The receiving end load is 50 MW at 220 kV with
0.8 lagging power factor. Find the sending end voltage, current, power & power factor
using:
a) Nominal T Method.
b) Nominal method.
3. A 3 phase, 50 Hz transmission line is 400 km long. The voltage at the sending end is 220
kV. The line parameters are r = 0.1250 /km, x = 0.4 /km and g = 2.8*10 exp(-6)
mho/km. Now if the line is open circuited with a receiving end voltage of 220 kV, find the
r.m.s. value and phase angle of following:
a) The incident and reflected waves of voltages to neutral at the receiving end.
b) The incident and reflected voltages to neutral at 200 km from receiving end.
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Lab Session 10
LAB SESSION 10
TITTLE:
Simulation of Compensation Techniques of Transmission Line on MATLAB
THEORY:
Model the Long Transmission Line With
(1) Series Compensation
(2) Shunt Compensation
on MATLAB software.
c) With No Compensation
d) With 50% compensation
e) With 75% compensation
f) With 90% compensation
Assume any transmission line with suitable parameters.
And note down your observation:
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- 37 - | P a g e
Lab Session 10
Department of Electrical Engineering
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Lab Session 11
LAB SESSION 11
TITTLE:
Load Flow Analysis on MATLAB and etap software.
TASK:
1. Simulate the two systems on etap software (the necessary data you can assume).
Fig 1
Fig 2
The above two examples are from the Book of Power System Analysis By Hadi Saadat.
1. Write down the MATLAB code for load flow analysis using Gauss Seidal Method.
Instruction:
To use the power commands power tool box should be installed
(Reference Book Power System Analysis By Hadi Saadat)
2. Mathematically calculate the load flow solution for the above cases.
- 39 - | P a g e
Lab Session 11
Department of Electrical Engineering
MATLAB CODE:
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