........... (Topic of Thesis) ...........

A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Master of Technology in Department of ........... (Name of Deptt.).......... Engineering (with specialization in ........... (Name of Specialization) ...........)

Supervisor Name Designation

Submitted By: Name of Candidate Enrolment No.: ..... Department of ...........(Name of Deptt.).......... Engineering
...........
(Name of College)

..........

Rajasthan Technical University Month and Year

Acknowledgements
First of all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my guide Prof. (Ms.)Shilpi Gupta who not only provided me valuable and countless guidance resources, in-sight, and intuition, but also constantly gave me support, encouragement, and reassurance throughout this semester.

I would like to thank all the members of Electronics Department, SVNIT, Surat for their valuable support and encouragement. Ketan H. Agraval (P12EC009) Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat September, 2013

List of Figures
1.1 Comparison of Spectral Utilization efficiency between FDM and OFDM....1 1.2 OFDM carriers and carrier offset due to Doppler Effect..........2 1.3 Block diagram of OFDM transmitter and receiver....4 2.1 Single Carrier and Multi Carrier Time and Frequency Properties.8 2.2 High Peaks in OFDM generated by summing multiple sinusoidal....9 2.3 x(t) with oversampling and without. The samples in the oversampling case are more accurate than the original case. The position of the circular points are far away from the peak. The position of the star points almost approach the real peak of the graph.............................................................................10 2.4 Typical Input power Vs Output power Characteristics curve in dB scale...12 3.1 Taxonomy of PAPR reduction Techniques.14 3.2 Block diagram of Complex samples clipping approach..18 3.3 Block diagram of I-phase and Q-phase clipping approach..19 3.4 Block diagram transmitter and receiver of peak Cancellation technique....20 3.5 A Partial Peak Cancellation and Partial Clipping of OFDM...... 22 3.6 Block diagram conventional peak windowing method...23 3.7 Block diagram transmitter of advanced peak windowing method..24 3.8 Comparison of peak suppression to the given threshold by previous and proposed method. (a) Comparison of signal peaks. (b) Proposed new scale function. (c) Peak amplitude difference between previous method and proposed one..25 3.9 Comparison of APW and FPW with Original signal spectral density.....25 3.10 Block diagram of Selected Mapping Technique transmitter26 3.11 Block diagram DCT precoder with Selected Mapping Technique transmitter28 3.12 Block diagram DCT precoder with Selected Mapping Technique transmitter second approach..29 3.13 Block Diagram of Partial Transmit Sequence..30 3.14 The cyclically extended 16-QAM constellation diagram. Any of the nine replications denoted by a given symbol can be used for PAPR reduction...32 4.1 CCDF and BER analysis of different scaled technique with clipping technique............................................................................................................................35 4.2 PAPR performance of clipping and amplication technique for both two ways.36 4.3 BER and PAPR performance of clipping and Peak Cancellation and Recoverable peak cancellation techniques...37 4.4 PAPR performance FPW and APW techniques...37

4.5 CCDF of the PAPR of OFDM Original, SLM Conventional, WHT Precoder based SLM and DCT Precoder based SLM OFDM for N=64 and V=16 ....38 4.6 CCDF of PAPR reduction technique PTS with GPW and RPW ....39 4.7 CCDF of PAPR reduction for TI-ACP.40 4.8 CCDF of PAPR reduction for TR with Deep Clipping40 4.9 Basic Comparison of PAPR reduction Techniques..41

Contents
Page Acknowledgements ..iii Abstract iv List of Figures vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation .1 1.2 General Concept of OFDM ...3 1.3 OFDM Transmitter and Receiver ..4 1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of OFDM 5 2 Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) ...8 2.1 Peak To Average Power Ratio (PAPR) .9 2.2 Nonlinearity and Amplifier Model ......11 3 PAPR Reduction Techniques ...13 3.1 Classification of PAPR Reduction Schemes ...13 3.2 Signal Distortion Techniques ..14 3.2.1 Clipping and Filtering Technique15 3.2.2 Peak Cancellation Technique .19 3.2.3 Peak Windowing Technique ..22 3.3 Multiple Signalling and Probabilistic Schemes ...26 3.3.1 Selected Mapping Technique .26 3.3.2 Partial Transmit Sequence Technique ....30 3.3.3 Tone Injection Technique ...31 3.3.4 Tone Reservation 34 4 Comparison of Techniques ...35 4.1 Comparison of Techniques with Evolution .35 4.1.1 Clipping Technique ...35 4.1.2 Peak Cancellation Technique 36 4.1.3 Peak Windowing Method . 36 4.1.4 Selected Mapping ..38 4.1.5 Partial Transmit Sequence .39 4.1.6 Tone Injection 39 4.1.7 Tone Reservation ...40 4.2 Basic Comparison ..41 Conclusion ..42 References .. 43

Abstract
The objective of this report is to provide the a broader understanding of the high peak-toaverage power ratio (PAPR) problem in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) systems and generate a comparison the some available solutions to mitigate the problem. Beginning with a description of OFDM systems, describes the most commonly encountered impediment of OFDM systems, the PAPR problem and consequent impact on power amplifiers leading to nonlinear distortion. A PAPR reduction schemes classifications them into signal distortion, multiple signaling and probabilistic, and coding techniques with further classification within each category. We provide basic comparison between some techniques and how they recently used. As future OFDM-based systems may push the number of subcarriers up to meet the higher data rates and mobility demands, there will be also a need to mitigate the high PAPR that arises, which will likely spur new research activities. The author believe that this report will serve as a valuable pedagogical resource for understanding the current research contributions in the area of PAPR reduction in OFDM systems, the different techniques that are available for designers and their trade-offs towards developing more efficient and practical solutions, especially for future research in PAPR reduction schemes for high data rate OFDM systems.

Chapter 1 Introduction
OFDM is one of the best solutions to achieve very high speed transmissions rates, mobility and efficiency utilize the available spectrum and network resources [1]. OFDM has been standardized as part of the IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11g for high bit rate data transmission over wireless LANs. It is incorporated in other applications and standards such as digital audio broadcasting (DAB), digital video broadcasting (DVB), the European HIPERLAN/2 and the Japanese multimedia mobile access communications (MMAC). Also, OFDM is the transmission scheme of choice in the physical layer of the worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and long term evolution (LTE) standards [2].

1.1 Motivation
OFDM was first presented in the late 1950s and characterized in the mid 1960s. In OFDM modulation scheme, multiple data bits are modulated simultaneously by multiple Figure 1.1: Comparison of Spectral Utilization efficiency between FDM and OFDM [3]

carriers. This procedure partitions the transmission frequency band into multiple narrower sub bands, where each data symbol spectrum occupies one of these subbands. As compared to the conventional frequency division multiplexing (FDM), from Figure 1.1 where such subbands are non-overlapping, OFDM increases spectral efficiency by utilizing sub bands that overlap.To avoid interference among subbands, the subbands are made orthogonal to each other, which means that subbands are mutually independent. By breaking the wide transmission band into narrower, multiple subbands, OFDM schemes effectively combat the effect of frequency-selective fading usually encountered in wireless channels. Frequency-selective fading is a consequence of the phenomenon called multipath propagation, where multiple copies of the transmitted signal travelling

along different paths combine at the receiver. To overcome the frequency-selective fading, each subband should be narrow enough such that its bandwidth B satisfies, B< 1 2_Tav (1.1) Where Tav is the average delay spread. OFDM converts the frequency-selective fading channel into multiple flat-fading sub channels. From Fig. 1.2 shows Orthogonal subcarriers, OFDM introduces inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI). Figure 1.2: OFDM carriers and carrier offset due to Doppler Effect [1] 2 1.2. General Concept of OFDM The evolution of the physical layer of such high speed networks points to the use of OFDM systems with a large number of subcarriers with potentially high PAPR. Consequently, mitigation solutions are expected to gain increased interest and spur further research [3].