What is the improvement in noise figure with RF equal to 200 kHz and an IF of 10 kHz? ANS.

10 log ( ) = 13 dB

For an FM super receiver that uses high side injection and has a LO frequency of 1355 kHz, determine the IF carrier, USF and LSF for an RF wave that is made up of a carrier, an upper and lower side frequency of 900, 905, 895 kHz respectively. ANS. A) IF = 1355 900 = 455 kHz B) USF = 1355 895 = 460kHz C) LSF = 1355 905 = 450kHz

Determine the bandwidth for lower side and upper side frequency of an AM signal (535-1605 kHz). (Q=54) ANS. BW= = = 10 kHz

A RECEIVER IS TUNED AT 590KHZ. CALCULATE a.) the image frequency b.) the IFRR with Q=40 ANS. A.) Fimg = Fs + 2IF = 590 + 2(455) = 1500 kHz B.) IFRR = 20 log 38.7dB X= = 2.149 = -

Find the Doppler shift caused by a vehicle moving toward a radar at 60 mph, if the radar operates at 10 GHz. ANS. FD =
( )(

=
)( )( )

= 1788.16 Hz

In a microwave system, the antenna sees a sky temperature of 120 K and the antenna feedline has a loss of 2dB. Calculate the noise temperature of the antenna/ feedline system, referenced to the receiver input.
( ) ( )

Compute for bandwidth for a signal whose carrier is 10 kHz a.) using a two single tuned amp b.) using three single tuned amp c.) using four single tuned amp d.) using double tuned amp with critical coupling equal to 0.02 at frequency equal to 10.7 MHz ANS. BW = fc ; n = number of tuned amp A) 6436 Hz; B) 5098 Hz; C) 4350 Hz; D) 359 Hz

ANS. Ta = 182 K

The system operates at a bit rate of 40 Mbps. Calculate the energy per bit to noise density ratio, in dB. (Given that PR = 631 pW, TNOISE = 350 K) ANS. Eb = = = 15.67 x 10
-21 -18

No = kT = k (350) = 4.83 x 10 (dB) = 10 log = 35.1 d Given: space diversity = 10 log

W/Hz

F = 1.8 Ghz DISTANCE = 2.4 km R = 99.99% Smooth terrain = 4 Weather is humid = 0.5 100 40 ANS. FM = 30 log Dkm + 10 log 6abfGHz 10 log (1-R) 70 = 113.35 dB

ans: 2

Given: fsig= 2000( blah blah blah) (xensya gd ) find: a.) b.)power c.) d.)mf e.) ans: a.) 1000 kHz (d sure) b.) 40 kW c.)5 kHz d.)2 (sa equation) e.) ---

GIVEN: 10MHz? F = -104 + 24 = 80 F = -80 +113.35 = 33.35

Given: S/N =2,fsig= 5kHz, broadcasting signal find: worst case S/N ans: phi= N/S = .5 .5(5kHz)=2.5 kHz S/N = 75kHz/2.5kHz = 30

Calculate the energy per bit of a system given that the power received is equal to 1000 W and operates at 50 Mbps. ANS. Eb = 10 log ( ) = -47 J

Given: D = .15in, d = .025in, Find: Zo

Zo = 71.9 Given: fsig= 620 khz, IF=455 khz find: fim= fsig+2IF= 1530 khz Find Q(SSB): (SSB suppression formula) a.) given: 1MHZ, 80 db suppression ans: 125,000 b.) given: 100 khz, 20 db suppression ans: 12,500 (d sure)

Given: L = 118H/ft, C = 21pF/ft Find: Zo Zo = 75

Given: C= 96.6pF, L = 241.56nH, Given: upper freq = 100.001 MHz, lower freq = 99.999 MHz, 100 cycles/s Find: intelligence signal ans: 100 Hz (patibong lg, given ang answer) Vf = .69 Given: freq dev = 20 kHz, fm= 10 kHz Find: mf Or Find: Vf

G(dBi) = 10log1.39 = 1.43 dBi Vf = .66

Given: Ei = 5V, Er = 3V Find SWR,

The ERP of a transmitting station is specified as 17W in a given direction. Express this as an ERP in dBm so that it can be used with the path loss equation. Solution: Convert the ERP to dBm, then add 2.14 dB. ERP(dBm) = 10log 10log

ERP = 1mW

SWR = 4 dBm

17 = 42.3 dBm 1 103

ERP(dBm) = 42.3 + 2.14 = 44.44

= .6

Given: f = 150MHz, Zo = 50, ZL = 150 Vf = 1 Find: Zo,

A helical antenna with eight turns is to be constructed for a frequency of 1.2 GHz. a) Calculate the optimum diameter and spacing for the antenna and find the total length of the antenna. b) Calculate the antenna gain in dBi. c) Calculate the beamwidth. Solution: a) =

Zo =86.6

= 2m

3 10 8 = 0.25 m 1200 10 6 0.25 D= = 80mm 0.25 S= = = 62.5 mm 4 4

L = NS = 8 x 62.5 mm = 500mm

Given: Vp = .8c, t = 1s Find d distance of object from the radar

d = 120m

15N 15 8 = = 30 = 14.8 dBi 4 4 104 104 c) = = = 36.6 N 8

b) G = A parabolic antenna has a diameter of 3m, an efficiency of 60%, and operates at a frequency of 4 GHz. Calculate its gain and beamwidth. Solution: Free-space wavelength is

A dipole antenna has an efficiency of 85%. Calculate its gain in decibels. Solution: The directivity of 2.14 dBi can be converted to a power ratio: D = antilog(2.14/10) = 1.638 Find the gain: G = Dn = 1.638 x 0.85 = 1.39 Convert to dBi:

300 10 6 = 0.075 m 4 10 9 70 0.075 = 1.75 = 3

G=

2D2 2

0.6 2 32 0.075 2

Solution First convert the temperature to kelvins: T(K) = 27 +273 = 300 K PN = kTB = (1.38 x 10 = 4.14 x 10
-23

= 9475 = 39.8 dBi If a transmit antenna has a directive gain A = 10 and radiated power Pr = 100W, determine: a) EIRP, b) power density at a point 10 km away, c) power density had an isotropic antenna been used with the same input power and efficiency. Solution: a) EIRP = PA = 100 x 10 = 1000W b) PD = uW/m c) PD = uW/m
2

J/K)(300K)(10 x 10 Hz) W

-17

100 10 PA = = 0.796 2 4 (10,000 )2 4R

100 P = = 0.0796 2 4 (10,000 )2 4R

2

A 300 resistor is connected across the 300 antenna input of a television receiver. The bandwidth of the receiver is 6 MHz, and the resistor is at room temperature (293 K or 20C or 68F). find the noise power and noise voltage applied to the receiver input. Solution PN = kTB = (1.38 x 10 = 24.2 x 10 VN = = ( = 5.4 V Of course, only one-half this voltage appears across the antenna terminals; the other half appears across the source resistance. Therefore the actual noise voltage at the input is 2.7 V )( )( )( )
-23

Calculate the wavelength in free space corresponding to a frequency of: a.) 1 MHz (AM radio broadcast band) b.) 27 MHz (CB radio band) c.) 4 GHz (used for satellite television) Solution c = f = (a) = = 300 m (b) = = 11.1m (c) = = 0.075 m or 7.5 cm

J/K)(293K)(6 x 10 Hz) W or 24.2 fW

-15

A receiver has a noise power bandwidth of 10 kHz. A resistor that matches the receiver input impedance is connected across its antenna terminals. What is the noise power contributed by that resistor in the receiver bandwidth, if the resistor has a temperature of 27 C?

A diode noise generator is required to produce 10 V of noise in a receiver with an input impedance of 75 , resistive, and a noise power bandwidth of 200 kHz. (These values are typical of FM broadcast receivers.) What must the current through the diode be?

Solution First, convert the noise voltage to current, using Ohms Law: IN = = = 0.133 A Next, solve for Io: IN = ( I N= = I N/2qB = (0.133 x 10 A) / 2(1.6 x 10 C)(200 x 10 Hz) = 0.276 A or 276 mA
3 -6 2 -19 2 2

= ( = 779 nV This is of course, the open-circuit noise voltage for the resistor combination. Since in this case the load is equal in value to the sum of the resistors, one-half of this voltage, or 390 nV, will appear across the load. P= =
( )

)(

)(

)(

)(

= 0.506 x 10

-15

W or 0.506 fW

The circuit in the figure shows two resistors in series at two different temperatures. Find the total noise voltage and noise power produced at the load, over a bandwidth ot 100 kHz.

A receiver produces a noise power of 200 mW with no signal. The output level increases to 5 W when a signal is applied. Calculate (S + N)/N as a power ratio and in decibels. Solution The power ratio is (S + N)/N = = 25 In decibels, this is (S + N)/N (dB) = 10log25 = 14 dB

Parallel LC circuit: L= 3 mH, C = 0.47 F, R= 2 Solution VN = = ( = = ( ) ) ( ) Calculate: (a) fr, (b) Q (c) Z max (d) BW

Soln: (a) (b) (c) 4240 = 39.9

(d) BW=

Let: f1= 11 MHz ; f2 = 10 MHz f1= 11 MHz 2 f1= 22 MHz f1 + f2 = 21 MHz f2 = 10 MHz f1 - f2 = 1 MHz 2f2 = 20 MHz

A varactor has a maximum capacitance of 80 pF and is used in a tuned circuit with a 100H inductor. (a) find the resonant frequency with no tuning voltage applied. (b) find the tuning voltage necessary for the circuit to resonant at double the frequency found in part (a). SOLN: a. = = 1.78MHz

b.

; Tuning voltage:

=20 pF ; V= 7.5 V

A phase-locked loop has a VCO with a free-running frequency of 12 MHz. As the frequency of the reference input is gradually raised from a zero, to loop locks at 10 MHz and comes out of lock again at 16 MHz. (a) find the capture range and the lock range (b) suppose that the experiment is repeated, but this time the reference input begins with a very high frequency and steadily moves downward. Predict the frequencies at which lock would be achieved and lost. SOLN: (a) Capture range = 2(12 MHz 10MHz) = 4 MHz Lock range = 2(16 MHz 12 MHz) = 8 MHz (b) The frequency at which lock will be acquired, moving downward the frequency is, 12 MHz + 2 MHz = 14 MHz Lock will be lost on the way down at 12 MHz 4 MHz = 8 MHz

A portable radio transmitter has to operate at o o temperatures from -5 C to 35 C. If its signal is derived from a crystal oscillator with a temperature coefficient of +1 ppm/degree C and it transmits at o exactly 146 MHz at 20 C, find the transmitting frequency at the two extremes of the operating temperature range. Soln: fT = fo + kfo(T-To) fmax = 146 MHz + (146 MHz)(1 x 10^-6)(3520) = 146.00219 MHz fmin = 146 MHz + (146 MHz)(1 x 10^-6)(-520) = 145.99635 MHz

Sine wave signals with frequencies of 10 MHz and 11 MHz are applied to a square-law mixer. What frequencies appear at the output? SOLN

A synthesizer has fref = 20 kHz and a local oscillator operating at 10 MHz. Find the frequency range of the output as the value of N ranges from 10 to 100. Also find the minimum amount by which the frequency can be varied. SOLN: fo = Nfref + fLO

b) Pout in mW , and in dBm c) Each gain in dB d) Total Gain in dB Solution: a) Pin(dBm) ^-3) Pin(dBm) = 10 log ( 1x10^-4 / 1 x 10 = -10 dBm

For fLO = 10 MHz, = 20 kHz, N=10: fo = 10 x 20 kHz + 100 MHz = 10.2 MHz For N = 100: fo = 100 x 20 kHz + 100 MHz = 12 MHz 20 dBm

b) Pout(mW) = (1 x 10^4)(100)(40)(0.25) Pout(mW) = 100 mW Pout(dBm) = 10 log (100mW / 1mW) =

c)

Each gain in dB Ap(1) = 10 log 100 = 20 dB Ap(2) = 10 log 40 = 16 dB Ap(3) = 10 log (0.25) = -6 dB

Convert absolute power ratio 200 to power gain in dB. Solution P(dB) = 10 log 200 P(dB)= 23 dB

d) Ap(total) = Ap(1) + Ap(2) + Ap(3) = 20 + 16 -6 Ap(total) = 30 dB

Three stage system Given: Three stage Pin = -20 dBm Given: Ap(1) = 13 dB Pin = 1 x 10 ^ -4 W Ap(2) = 16 dB Ap(1)= 100 Ap(2) = -6 dB Ap(2) = 40 Ap(3) = 0.25 Reqd : Reqd : a) a) Pin in dBm Pout in dBm Soln

Pout = Pin + Ap(1) + Ap(2) + Ap(3) = -20 dBm + 13 dB + 16 dB 6dB Pout = 3 dBm c) b) Pout in mW = 10^(3/10) x 1mW = 2mW

Sout = 1,000,000( 2x 10^-10) = 2 x 10 ^-4 W (S/N)out = 10 log (2x 10^-4 / 8 x 10^ -12) = 74 dB

Noise Factor and Noise Figure NF = 80 74 = 6dB F = 10^(6/10) = 4 30) Three stage system NF = 3 dB Ap = 10 dB Reqd NF(total) F(total) Soln

Signal power level 20 dBm combine with another signal power level 21 dBm. Soln: 10^(20/10) x* 1mW + 10^(21/10)*1mW = 0.225 W 10 log (0.225/ 1mW) = 23. 5 dBm

Non- ideal amplifier Parameters: Input signal power = 2 x 10^-10 W Input noise power = 2x 10^ - 18 W Power Gain = 1,000,000 Internal Noise (Nd) = 6 x 10^ -12 W Reqd: a) S/N input in dB Soln: S/N (in) = 10 log (2x10^-10 / 2x10^-18) = 80 dB b) S/N output in dB Nout = 1,000,000(2x 10^-18) + 6x 10^-12 = 8 x 10 ^ -12 W F= 10^(3/10) = 2 G= 10^(10/10) = 10 F(total) = 2 + (2-1)/10 + (2-1)/100 = 2.11 NF(dB) = 10 log (2.11) = 3.24 dB

A 10 MHz signal with temperature coefficient of k=10 Hz/Mhz/oC . Determine the frequency of operation if the temperature a) increase by 10 o C and b) decrease by 5 oC Solution: A. f = k (fn x C) = 10 Hz/MHz/oC (10 MHz x 10 oC) = 1000 Hz = 1 kHz fo = fn + f = 10 MHz + 1 kHz = 10.001 MHz

B. f = k (fn x C) = 10 Hz/MHz/oC (10 MHz x (-5 oC) ) = -500 Hz fo = fn + f = 10 MHz 500 Hz = 9.9995 MHz

Find the modulation index of a 10 V carrier if amplitude-modulated by different signals of 1V, 2V, and 3V, respectively. Solution:

For a PLL with a VCO natural frequency fn = 200 kHz, external input frequency fin = 210 kHz, and transfer functions of Kd = 0.2 V/rad, Kf = 1, Ka = 5, Ko = 20 kHz/V. Determine the following: a) PLL open loop gain in Hz/rad and rad/s b) Change in frequency needed to achieve lock (f) c) PLL output voltage (Vo) d) Phase detector output voltage (Vd) e) static phase error e f) fmax Solution: a) KL = (Kd)(Kf)(Ka)(Ko) = (0.2V/rad)(1)(5)(20 kHz/V) = 20 kHz/rad Kv = 2pi x KL = 20 kHz/rad = (20 kilocycles/ rad-s)(2pi rads/cycle) = 125,663 = 125, 600 rad/s b) f = fin fn = 210 kHz 200 kHz = 10 kHz c) Vout = f/Ko = 10 kHz/(20 khz/rad) = 0.5V d) Vd = Vout/(Kf)(Ka) = 0.5 V/ (1)(5) = 0.1 V e) e = Vd/Kd = 0.1 V/ (0.2V/rad) = 0.5 rad or 28.65o f) fmax = (+ pi/2 rad)(20 kHz)/rad = + 31.4 kHz **Refer to Tomasi, pages 78, 98 - 100

m1 = 1V/10 V = 0.1 m2 = 2V/10V = 0.2 m3 = 3V/10V = 0.3 m = sqrt of (0.1)2 + (0.2)2 + (0.3)2 = 0.3741

An AM broadcast transmitter has a carrier output of 50 kW. What will be the total power produced by 80% modulation? Solution: Pt = Pc (1 + m2/2) = (50,000 W)(1 + (0.8)2/2) = 66,000 W = 66 kW A 1.4 MHz carrier is modulated by a music signal that has components of 20 Hz and 15 kHz. Find the range of the upper and lower sidebands. Solution: Upper sideband: 1,400,000 Hz + 20 Hz = 1,400, 020 Hz = 1.40002 MHz 1,400,000 Hz + 15,000 Hz = 1,415,000 Hz= 1,415 MHz

Lower sideband: 1,400,000 Hz 20 Hz = 1,399,980 Hz = 1.39998 MHz 1,400,000 Hz 15000 Hz = 1,385,000 Hz = 1.385 MHz Find the %m for the following conditions if the unmodulated carrier is 80V pk to pk, modulated carrier max is 100V and modulated carrier min is 60V.

Solution: %m = (VmaxVmin)/(Vmax+Vmin) = (100 60)/(100+60) = 0.25

Determine the sideband power if the carrier output is 1 kW and calculate the total transmitter power. ( ) ( )

Given: Pc=10 kW Pt=11.2 kW Calculate m. If the Pc is modulate by another modulation index of 50%. Calculate the maximum output power transmitted. ( ) ( m=0.49 )

A 500 W carrier is to be modulated to a 90 % level. Determine the maximum output power transmitted. ( ( ) )

) (

( ) )

Given: Pc=10 kW in 100% modulation. Calculate the sideband power in 70% modulation. ( )

Given:

f_c= 100 kHz f_(m(max))= 5 kHz

Required: f_USB; f_LSB Solutions: f_USB= 100 + 5 kHz 100 kHz 105 kHz

Given:

I=12A unmodulated I=13A modulated

f_LSB= 100 5kHz 95 kHz 100 kHz

Calculate the modulation index. (

( )

Required: m=0.41 f_USB;f_LSB with single frequency tone of 3 kHz tone Solution:

Given: Pt=50 kW m=95% Calculate the sideband power. ( (

( )

f_USB= 100 + 3 kHz 100 kHz 103 kHz f_LSB= 100 3 kHz 97 kHz 100 kHz ) Required: ) Pc=34.45 kW

BW Solution: BW= 2f_m = 2(5kHz)= 10 kHz

Pc = 100 W; m1= 0.2; m2=0.4; m3= 0.5 Required: Total modulation index, total sideband power, total transmitted power Solution: Total modulation index= (m1^2+m2^2+m3^2 ) = (0.2^2+0.4^2+ 0.5^2 ) = 0.67

Given:

V= 10V Vp m=1 R_L= 10

Required: P_C; P_LSB and P_USB Solution: P_C = V^2/2RL P_LSB= P_USB= (m^2 Pc)/4 = (10^2)/(2(10)) = ((1)^2 (5))/4 = 5W = 1.25W Given: R_1= 10 k Required: P_SBT C_1= 0.001 f Solution: f= 5 kHz P_SBT = (m^2 Pc)/2 = ((1)^2 (5) )/2 = 2.5W Solution: Required: Required: PTSB = (m^2 Pc)/2 =22.45 W PT= Pc[1+m^2/2] = 122.45 W

Carrier frequency

f_C= 1/((C_1 )(R_1)) = 1/((0.001 f)(10 k)) P_T = 100 kHz Solution: Required: P_T= Pc[1+m^2/2] fusb; flsb = 7.5W Solution: flsb= 100 kHz 5 kHz 95 kHz AM modulation DSBFC fusb=100 kHz + 5 kHz 105 kHz Given:

An fm modulator has kf= 30 kHz/V and operates at a carrier frequency of 175 MHz. Find the output frequency for an instantaneous value of the modulating signal equal to: a. 150 mV b. -2V Solution: fsig= fc + (kf)(em) a. fsig= (175 X 10^6 Hz) + (30 X 10^3 Hz/V)(150 X 10^-3 V) = 175.0045 MHz b. fsig= (175 X 10^6 Hz) + (30 X 10^3 Hz/V)(2V) = 174.94 MHz

An FM signal has a freq. deviation of 5khz and a modulating freq. of 1khz. The signal-to-noise ratio at the input to the receiver detector is 20dB. Calculate the approximate signal-to-noise ratio at the detector output. Soln. Es/En= antilog((S/N)(dB)/20) = antilog(20/20) = 10 En/Es = 1/10 = 0.1 Since Es>>En, we can use equation = En/Es =0.1rad MfN = 0.1 N = mfFm = (0.1)(1Khz) = 100Hz (Es/En)out = s/n = 5khz/100Hz =50

An FM broadcast transmitter operates at its maximum frequency deviation of 75khz. Find the modulation index for a sinusoidal modulating signal with a freq. of a.)15khz b.) 50hz Soln. a.) Modulation index = freq. deviation/modulating freq. 75khz/15khz = ans. 5 b.) Modulation index = freq. deviation/modulating freq. 75khz/50hz = ans. 1500

(S/N)out(dB) = 20log(50) = ans. 34 dB

A phase modulator has Kp = 2rad/V. what RMS voltage of a sine wave would cause a peak phase deviation of 60? Soln. 360 = 2 rad 60 = 2 rad 60/360 Vrms = Vpeak / = 0.524/ = /3 rad Kp = /Em = ans. 0.37 V

An FM communication transmitter has its maximum freq. deviation of 5khz and a range of modulating freq. from 300hz to 3khz. What is its maximum phase shift that it produces? Soln. max = /fm Maximum phase shift = Mf = freq. deviation/ modulating freq. = 5khz/300hz = ans. 16.7 rad

Em = / Kp Em =(( )rad)/(2 rad/V) = /6 rad or 0.524 V

A phase modulator has a sensitivity of Kp = 3 rad/V. How much freq. deviation does it produce with a sine wave input of 2V peak at a freq. of 1Khz? Soln.

Mp = max = KpEm = 3 rad/V Mf = /fm = fmMf = 6 1 Khz = ans. 6 Khz

2V = 6 rad

A crystal oscillator has an accurate rate of 0.0005%. How far off could its output be at 27 MHz? Soln. F = (27 MHz) (0.0005/100) F = ans. 135 Hz