Gavin Zhang EE213L 03/08/13 Biquad Circuit Lab Report

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this laboratory is to determine the step response, the natural response, and the frequency response of the biquad circuit below; experimental, numeric Matlab, and symbolic Matlab techniques are used to find these responses and compare the techniques. In the pre lab the transfer function of the circuit is obtained with symbolic Matlab; the solution is expressed in terms of the circuit element values. The poles and zeros of this circuit are found and expressed in terms of the circuit element values. Conditions on the circuit elements that produce an over or under, damped circuit are determined with symbolic Matlab and verified with numeric Matlab. The step response and the natural response are found with symbolic Matlab when the transfer function is expressed in terms of the poles and zeros of the circuit. The step response and the natural response are plotted with numeric Matlab; the effects of the poles and zeros on the step, and natural, responses are investigated with numeric Matlab. The experimental results are then compared with the Matlab results obtained for both an under, and an over, damped circuit. The circuit to be investigated is shown below. (Source: Lab handout)

PRELABORATORY: (1) Use physical arguments to determine the very high, and very low, frequency behavior of the circuit above; determine the type of filter realized by this biquad. Use physical arguments to determine the initial, and final, value for the step response of this circuit. Use physical arguments to determine the initial, and final, value for the natural response of this circuit. - When the source has a very high frequency, capacitors would act like short circuit. In this situation, there will be no current run thought the upper resistor because the voltage at both side of the resistor is the same. No voltage drop occur, output voltage equal to the source. - When the source has a very low frequency, capacitors would act like open circuit. In this situation, the whole circuit had disconnected from the source right after the first capacitor. Therefore, the output voltage is zero because it is not connected to any source. - This is a high-pass filter which only allow high frequency signal go through, and block the low frequency signal.

- For step response, initial value is 0 and final value would be the output voltage when both capacitors fully charged up. - For natural response, the initial value is output of the circuit when both capacitors had fully charged, and the final value is 0.

(2) Use symbolic Matlab to determine the transfer function of the circuit; express the solution in terms of the circuit element values. Check that your answers are consistent with your results to (1) with symbolic Matlab. Determine the effect of doubling and halving all the impedances in this circuit upon the transfer function. Determine the effect of halving, and doubling, the capacitor values in this circuit upon the transfer function. - This part of the lab was relatively easy, because the analyzed matrix of the circuit had already wrote on the board. All we have to do is use the Matlab operation from previous lab to solve the matrix and we could have the transfer function.

(3) Use symbolic Matlab to express the poles and zeros of this circuit in terms of the circuit element values. - This is totally new again, we tried all the commands we learned before, such as zeros, answer, but all of them didnt work, and we got help from TA.

Simulation:

After having hand on the Matlab, we had simulated the biquad circuit using the Allegro AMS Simulator. At the beginning, I was doing the 3 cases, under-damped, over-damped, and critically-damped separately. However, the over-damped and critically-damped look the same because they are not in the same graph, which is hard to compare. I asked Seyyed to help if there is a way to simulation both cases at the same time. After he showed me how to use parametric, I tried to also add in the under-damped case, and the picture above is the result of the simulation.

EXPERIMENTAL: Construct the circuit for an under damped case; use reasonable values for the circuit elements. Measure the square wave response of the circuit; compare your experimental results with the step response and natural response found with Matlab. Measure the frequency response of the circuit. Carefully compare your results with the results obtained from Matlab; discuss your results. Construct the circuit for an over damped case; use reasonable values for the circuit elements. Measure the square wave response of the circuit; compare your experimental results with the step response and natural response found with Matlab. Measure the frequency response of the circuit. Carefully compare your results with the results obtained from Matlab; discuss your results. After numerical Matlab and computer simulation, we had a hand on the physical circuit to verify all the results if all of them match each other. I am really sorry for putting the wrong voltage terminal into the op-amp and may have already broken it.

SUMMARY This is the first time we have to write a report for the lab. I was surprised and didnt have any record of the lab. I had just take a screenshot of them simulation at the end of the lab and shared with my group mate. At the time of the lab, I dont really understand what is going on. However, I did the analysis of the circuit by myself after going home and got the idea of how the step responses behaviors depend on the ratio of the values of both resistors. The lab was difficult and fun.