Review Morphology Test

Additional Words
Processing-mechanism used in drawing meaning from input Perception- registration of acoustic signals present in an utterance that the learner hears Noticing- conscious registration of those forms in memory Intake- art of the input that the learner has noticed and stored in his or her working memory for further processing

Grammar
-substential (morphological) level -sentenial (syntactic) level -suprasential (discourse) level

Teaching Grammar in Second Language Classrooms

Explicit vs Implicit -explicit: teacher tells the learner directly the learner discovers the language structure -implicit: the learner discovers the language structure Focus on Form -calls for an integration of grammar and communication in second language teaching Grammar Translation Method -focused exclusively on studying grammatical rules and structures -based on categories of Greek and Latin grammar -grammar taught deductively -explicit -memorization -translation -focus on written language Audio Lingual Method

Review Morphology Test -influenced by behaviorist psychology -focus on grammatical structures -little attention to meaning in context -rules taught inductively -emphasis on oral skills Synthetic Approach -language is segmented into different parts that are taught one by one in isolation Analytic Approach -instruction is organized in terms of the purposes for which language is used rather than in terms of its constituent forms Presentation-Practice-Production Models -Grammar-based approaches are still used in many L2 classrooms -presentation stage, practice stage, and production stage -based on the belief that practice makes perfect -theoretically informed by information processing and skills acquisition models of learning -claims that language learning is a cognitive skill similar to other kids of learning -popular because it is easy to use, organize, evaluate -teacher is in full control of structures intended to be covered Inadequacies of Grammar-Based Approaches -inadequate in meeting communicative needs of L2 learners -view teaching/learning as L2 linear -no study has shown presenting grammar rules in a discrete fashion matches the manner in which learners develop language rules as opposed to tendencies -L2 learning as opposed to acquisition -acquisition: developmental process that follows developmental patterns -include often lengthy stages of nontargetlike use of forms.

Review Morphology Test Communicative-Based Approaches Communicative competence vs. linguistic competence Functional use of language Although the communicative approach is generally recognized as an approach that emphasizes meaning-focused language use in language teaching, in terms of methodology, there are no established instructional procedures associated with it Weak vs. Strong Versions: o o o Strong includes notional-functional curriculumswich emphasized language functions as the key to organizing principles of language pedagogy Strong version has motivated much of the more recent task-based language instruction. Task-based instructions: works best with multilingual groups in which L2 learners really need the L2.

Inadequacies of Communication-Based Approaches: more recent proposals all emphasizing the need for attention to form in L2 task-based teaching. teaching approaches that put the primary focus on ,meaning with no attention to grammatical forms are inadequate *emphasis is mine+ o Can lead to fossilization of interlanguage o Fluency vs. Accuracy o Standardized test tend to Focus on Forms (FonFs). Measuring acquisition is more difficult.

Focus on Form (FonF) is a kind of instruction that draws the learners attention to linguistic forms in the context of meaningful communication is learner-centered, represents the learners internal syllabus, and happens when the learner is attending to meaning and has a communication problem. we conceive of FonF as a series of methodological options that, while adhering to the principles of communicative language teaching, attempt to maintain a focus on linguistic forms in various ways. we also adopt a broad definition of the term form taking it to include various formal components of language including grammatical, phonological, lexical, and pragmatic forms.

Review Morphology Test

Focus on Forms (FonFs) Is the traditional approach. It represents an anlytic syllabus, and is based on the assumption that language consists of a series of grammatical forms that can be acquired sequentially and additively.

Words
-Do not try to define word. It wont work. If asked, write a length paragraph discussing the following questions: Do all words have meanings? (hint: no. Think of the word the) Are words distinguished by their meanings: (Remember: I heard a shot as I took a shot of rum) Are true synonyms the same word? Can nonsense words exist? Is the idea of a nonsense word an oxymoron? (see: Through the Looking Glass) -CLOSEST THING TO A DEFINITION YOU WILL EVER FIND- it is best to think of a particular part of speech as being determined by a cluster of criteria.

Metalanguage Difficulties
-identyfing parts of speech is not a roblem- defining them is -think of the Wug study

Lexical Categories- parts of speech

-Major Word Classes (content words): called -AKA Open Classes: because we can add new words -nouns -verbs

Review Morphology Test -adjectives -adverbs -Minor Word Classes (function/structure words) -AKA Closed Classes: we cant add new words -auxiliary words -prepositions -pronouns -determiners -conjunctions -etc. (because English hates you)

Nouns
-semantic definition- name of a person, place, or thing -This definition sucks, because everything you ever learned is a lie. -Him isnt a person, it refers to a person -Green is a noun sometimes, but its also an adjective depending on how its used in a sentence, which is why its safer to go with a functional definition -Multiplication, mobilization, and refusal are actions, not things, but theyre nouns because of the suffixes; in this case, describing structural characteristics might help -structural characteristics -noun derivational morphemes: sadness, kingdom, friction, etc. -nouns can have plural and possessive (aka genitive) grammatical/inflectional morphemes -Johns books are on the table. -The books of John are on the table. (when you use the word of instead of the genitive inflectional morpheme, its called a periphrastic genitive) -you can also tell a word is a noun based on its position in a sentence, such as being preceded by a determiner.

Review Morphology Test -functions (safest route when explaining why a word is a noun) -subject of verbs: Arlene loves syntax -direct objects of verbs: Arlene loves syntax -subject noun predicates (aka subject complements): Philip is a doctor. -object noun predicates (aka object complements): They elected Van T president. -indirect objects of verbs: The professor gave the students a test. -appositives: San Juan, capital of Puerto Rico, is surrounded by water. -objects of prepositions: The students are in the bar. -vocatives: You, my friend, are going to get an A. -adjectival: The glass case is full of dictionaries. Types of Nouns -common -count -can be preceded by definite or indefinite articles to form a noun phrase -can be preceded by numerals (one, two, three) or expressions like several, many, etc. to form a noun phrase -regularly appear in plural form in addition to a singular form -noncount (aka mass) -cannot normally be preceded by a/an nor by numerals or similar expressions -cannot normally appear in a plural form -abstract nouns (honesty), liquids (beer), gases (oxygen), things made up of small particles (sand), other miscellaneous items (English is a guessing game- have fun!)

-collective -family, team, committee, flock, swarm, etc. -collective nouns are collective duh! ;)

Review Morphology Test -proper -John, Puerto Rico, etc. -Gender is rarely marked, but because English is fickle, here are some totally random cases in which it is: -actor/actress; host/hostess, widower/widow; hero/heroine; rooster/hen; stallion/mare; gander/goose; fox/vixen IF YOU CAN REPLACE THE WHOLE THING WITH A PRONOUN, IT IS A NOUN PHRASE Ex. The funny students ate the cake. THEY ate the cake.

Verbs
-semantic definition- a word that denotes an action or state of being -structural characteristics -four inflections -3rd person singular s -regular past tense ed -regular past participle ed -present participle ing -position -verbs follow nouns and may be followed in turn by adjectives, adverbs, or nouns -The authorities ______ cautious. -The authorities ______ carefully. -The authorities ______ the plan. -tense, aspect, and person and number -tense: present, past -only finite verbs are marked for tense -aspect: perfect, progressive

Review Morphology Test -person and number; 3rd person singular always has an s, except for be, because be is evil

Verb Categories -intransitive: does not permit a direct object. -(mono)transitive: requires a single noun phrase (which becomes the direct object) to complement it. -ditransitive: requires two noun phrases as its complementation -linking: requires a single complement, which can take the form of an adjective phrase, a noun phrase, or a prepositional phrase, -be: copula -infinitive form is different from any other form, which makes it different from all other verbs -complex transitive: take two complements: a direct object (NP) and an object-predicative (NP, AP, or PP) -prepositional: must be complemented by a prepositional phase -PP that complements a prepositional verb: prepositional complement -if a verb doesnt have to be followed by a PP, its not a prepositional

Adjectives
-semantic definition: describes or denotes the qualities of something -DO NOT USE THIS DEFINITION -structural characteristics -position -commonly occur between a determiner and a noun or after a copula or linking verbs -derivational morphemes -able, -ish, -ful, -y, -al, -ic, -ing, -ive, -less, -ous, etc. -inflectional morphemes

Review Morphology Test -comparative -superlative -periphrastic comparative: more -periphrastic superlative: most -function -modify or complement nouns Adjective Types -attributive: precede nouns -predicative: follow linking verbs and copula

Averbs
Some would go so far as to call adverbs a catch-all category that includes all words that dont belong to one of the other parts of speech -semantic definition- typically express some relation of place, time, manner, attendant, circumstance, degree, cause, inference, result, condition, exception, concession, purpose, or means -DONT USE THE SEMANTIC DEFINITION ON THE TEST! -structural characteristics -position: flexible -derivational morphemes -ly, but for manner adverbs only -inflectional morphemes -comparitive er and superlative est -function: modify verbs OR a whole sentence Adverb Types -direction -location

Review Morphology Test -manner -time -frequency Intensifiers -modify adjectives and other adverbs Adverbials -mulitword constructions -phrases and clauses that can occupy the same position in a sentence as single-word adverbs and can convey the same meanings as adverbs

Conjunctions
Semantic definition-words that join Function -types -coordinating -join elements that are grammatically equal -subordinating -join a subordinate clause (any construction containing a subject-verb relationship) to a main one

Pronouns
-semantic definitions- substitute noun phrases -structural characteristics -position: occupy same position as noun or noun phrase -function-refer to or replace nouns and noun phrases within a text or as direct reference to an outside situation Pronoun Types

Review Morphology Test -definite pronouns: I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, them -indefinite pronouns: some, something, anything -demonstrative pronouns: this, these, that, those -interrogative pronouns: who, which, what, whose -possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, whose -reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Deteriners
-articles, demonstratives, and possessive determiners - precede and adjective if one is present, otherwise they are positioned directly in front of a noun

Prepositions
-semantic definition- easier to list them than to define them -structural characteristics -position- word that follows it is usually a noun -function -connect words to other parts of a sentence -express relations -can signal the grammatical category of case (depicts the role relationship between words) Prepositions and Case -dative case: receiver -Marge gave a donation to charity. -Ablative case: source -The charity received a donation from Marge.