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PRACTICEPROBLEMSWORK(CHAPTER11)

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I l-8

Chapter II

11.24. Visugltse The system loses l(X)O J of potential enrgy. In the process of losing this energy" lt dos 500 J of work on fhe envhonment, which means lV*, = -500 J. Since the thermal efrbrgy incfoases l(X) J, we have AE* = IQQJ. This is shown in the energy bar chart.
Energy (I)

+l K : lfi)ol

+ al

=,--51. *--Ysq. * -ur * -4&-: '

500

Ww
+
+ Ut. * W""t = Kf +

+ fE

-500

-1000

11.25. Visuallze:

Energy(J) +
Kt

Ur

+ AE6,

600 ,f00 zffi 0

Note that the conservationofenergy equation Kt+ U t+ W * = K t+ U r+ LE 6 requires that W* be equal to +400 J. t1,26. Solve Pleaserefer to Figure Exl 1.26. The ene{gy eonservationeuuatioa yields l | , + U t+ We n = K r+ II, +A E ; + 4J+ 1J+ Iy,t = !I+ 2J+ l J-rW *

= -1 J Thus, the work done to the envirounent is -l J. In other words, I J of energy is transferredfrom the sy$em environment. This is shown in the energy bar chart.
Energy(I) Rt + Ui +W" o = Kf + Ur + A.E6

4 3
a

0
-l
a

w. w:&=.w.w.k

Work

l 1-9

fi.n, Visualize: The tension of 20 N in the cable is an extemal force that does work on the block I7*, = (20 I{X2.0 m) = 40 J, increasingthe gravitationalpotential energyof the block. We placed the origin of our coordinate systern on the initial restingpositionof the block, so we have 4 = 0 J and U, = mglr = (1.02kSXS.t m/s2X2.0 m) = 20 J. Also, K, = 0 J, andAE*= 0 J. The energybar chart showsthe energyfransfen andtransformations.
Energy(J)
Ki

+ U. r + l% * t = Kr + U t +M , n

is ofenergyequation Solve: Theconservation + 0 J+0J+40 J = )*ri +20 J+0 J Ki+IJ,+W* = Kr+(Jr+A.8,


L

=+ vr = JQ\ J)QY L0' k8 = 6.26 mls 11.28. Model: Model the elevator as a particle, and apply the conservationof energy equation. Solve: The tension in the cable does work on the elevator to lift it. Becausethe cable is pulled by the motor, we say that the motor doesthe work of lifting the elevator. (a)Theenergyconsewation equationis K, +U1+Wot = K, +Ut + AE,,.Using6=0J,Kr=0J,and/E*=0Jgives kg)(9.8 -U) = mg(h -/i) = (1000 m/s2Xt00m) = 9.8x 105J Wu,= ((J1 (b) The power required to give the elevator this much energy in a time of 50 s is p = w u * , - 9 ' 8x 1 0 5J = 1.96 x l oa w Lt 50s (hp) is 7a6 W, the power of the motor is 26 hp. This is a reasonable amountof power Assess: Since I horsepower to lift a massof 1000kg to a height of 100m in 50 s. 11.29, Model: Model the steel block as a particle subject to the force of kinetic friction and use the energy equation. conservation Visualize: v l1'nown Af
vlt = Yo" -- lJ mts .t0 =Y0 =0 m fo=0s t t = 3' 0s ]r=0s Ft = 0'6

Find xt:.t'o =tr'x

.rg,/0" rs vor

Before After Solve: (a) The work done on the block is l7"o - d", 'Ay' where Ai is the displacement.We will find the in using kinematic equationsand the force using Newton's secondlaw of motion. The displacement displacement thex-directionis

'

At-rr

= x 0 + v o .* (l-ro , )+ l a .(t,
z

-t6 )2= 0 m+ (1.0m/s)(3.0s-0 s)+ 0m= 3.0m

Thus Ai = 3.01'm.

ll-10

1I Chapter

The equationsfor Newton's secondlaw along the.r and y componentsare (4" ), = n - w =0 N + n = w = mg = (lO kg)(9.Sm/s2) = 98.0N = (0.6)(98'0N) = 58.8N (4",), = F - n= 0 N =+ F = f* = 1t*n = W"* = i* .li = FAxcos0o= (58.8NX3.0 mxl) = 176.4J

(b) The power required to do this much work in 3.0 s is p = Y -176' 4 J = 58.8w t 3.0s 11.30. Solve: The power of the solar collector is the solar energy collected divided by time. The intensity of fu solar energy striking the earth is the power divided by area.We have .^^^ w L E l 5 0 x l 0 6 J .. ^ = ---=p = 41,667 -----. W and intensity=1000-; m' Lt 3600 s 4l'667 w - = 41.7m2 + Area of solar collector ' 100OW/m' 11.31. Solve: The night light consumesmore energy than the hair dryer. The calculations are x 10x60 I = 7.2x105 J 1 .2k W x 1 0 m i n = 1 .2 x103 l 0 Wx 2 4 h o u rs = 1 0 x 24x60x60J = 8.64x105J

11.32. Solve: (a) A kilowatt hour is a kilowatt multiplied by 3600 seconds.It has the dimensions of energy. (b) One kilowatt hour is energy 1 kwh = (1000J/sX3600 s) = 3'6 x 106 J Thus 500 kwh =

(sook'h{T#)=,.**,0n,

11.33. Model: Model the sprinter as a particle, and use the constant-accelerationkinematic equations and tbe definition of power in terms of velocity. Visualize:

xg ttg vor= 0

xPtl vl*

Solve: (a) We can find the acceleration from the kinematic equations and the horizontal force from Newton's second law, We have t^ l s)2 a, = 2.04m1s2 x - x o + v o * (t, -t)+ )a ,G , - t)' = 5 0 m = 0 m+ 0 m+ | a,QIs-0 1g2P t F, = t/ta, =(50 kgX2.0 -lr'i= O) We obtainthe sprinter'spower outputby using P = F -i, where i is the sprinter'svelocity. At t = 2 s thepower is P = (F,)fvo, + ct,(t - t)l= (102NXO m/s + (2.04m/s' X2.0 s - 0 s)l = 416 W The power at t = 4 s is 832 W, and at t = 6 s the power is 1248W. 11.34. Model: Use the definition of work for a constant force F, W = F . A3, where Ai is the displacement. Pleaserefer to Figure P11.34.The force F = tei + Sj) N on the particle is a constant.

Visualize: +F'1631uo Solve: (a) l7*o =WeslWu, = F.(A.!)AB

= (6i + 0j) N .(3i)m + (6i + sjl N. t+ji m = 18J + 32J = 50J

Work

11-lI

(b)

= F' (43)Ac + F' (Ai)cD + IVCD wocD= lryAc

= (6i +6i) N' (4i) m + (6i + 8j) N (3i) m = 32J+ 18r = s0r ( c ) w * = F.r a lt- = toi+0itr'r3l++jlm=tsJ+32 J = s 9 J
1.lr" to# i,

path' becausethe work done is independentof the "on"".uative The force is conservative' so it has a potential energy' 11.35. Moiletl graph of the force' ,"i"t to FiSure Pl1'35 for thej-W<.i iiJiit*i--pi""t" -. work is the area under the force-velsusAt it Solve: The definition of potenti'I ""; 3 "AAlti' Since U' = 0 at 't = 0 m' the potential -.O curve) -1area under the force displacement graph. Thus tU = U, -ij'= ttrn o to r) From 0 m to 3 m' the area increaseslineady enetgy at position .r i, uOf = <"'* onii' t'"'ltt* "t-" ett= 4 nu dre areais -?0 J' Thus U= 70 J at.r=4 m' and eOr' from 0 N m to -60 N m, so u increas"s?o^bi to U must Between 3 m and 4 m' where F changeslineady' ttt"n U doesn't change after ttat since tne iorcil' on *re shown ""'o' is information This parabola)' is a curve potential energy have a quadratic dependenceon r (i'e', the potential energYgraPhbelow u(n

, (m)

012345 U=20J atx= | m' the craptr' Fmm is E=K+ U energy (b) Mechanicat 25 J ThusE= 5l '25 J' Thekineticenergvis1(=+nltr=t(0'l0k'g)'(25nVs)'?=31 graph above' at 5i 25 J is shown on the t"f ilr" ttrtf *".gi-fit" Itye can se from the the loteniial enersv cuwe' Ii* (d) The tuming point occurs where ilt"tJ;tCy "'*'o is U = 20x J' The function enirgy u to? u"curate value' the potential sraDhthat this is at apFoximately z'i t' fot = m' ,fte point wtrere20* = 5l '25' sNch is "r 2 56 ifii.. "t*r* " and potential energy and the work-kinetic energy theorem' Model: use the relationship betweenforce 113f. F (N) Visualize!

PleaserefertoFigufePll.36.Wewillfindtheslopeinthefollowiug'regions:

0cm< x<

I cm, 1< .x< 3 cm'

7 <r< 8 cm' 3<r<5" cm,5 <r<7cm, and for 0 m< r<2m graph'for example' oith" .lop" nugutiu" it ,rt" ir]"", t"ib, dU _ 4J __461N=F,=+,t00N 0.01m dx --versus-x graphasshown' drawtheforce-versus-position can we way, this the valuesof F, in Calculating asthe particle 4 andxn thework doneby the force (b) Since W = j:l 4 dr = areaof the Flersus-x graphbetween

4=2Iin ffiil3"T,L#I'?J#"fi"iu?"*",*',=r,+uuwecanseeftomthegraphthatu'=0Ian<l = is v' l0 m/s'so speed


;;;;;;;;t "m to.r =-6cm rhe finat =0J+*(0010kg)v''+v' = 22'4 mls 0 m/s)'? kg)(10 2 J + +(0'010

t1-14

11 Chapter

/ o =0 m yl = l0m a = 1.0fir/s2 kB a = 100O Find

Solve: (a) The work done by gravity on the elevator is W" = - LU, = m,lo - mTt t = -mg(yl - y) = -(1000 kg)(9.8 m/s'?)(10 m) = -9.8 x 104 J (b) The work done by the tension in the cable on the elevator is Wr = T(Ay)cosO' = I(vr - Yo)= ?(10 n) To find rwe write Newbon's scondlaw for 0re elevator:

= = kgx9.8m/s' + 1.0m/s'z) ),f, = f - * = r", = T w + tM, = n k + 4y) (1000 =1.08x10a 1gs I N11t0 m; = 1.93;a N+ wr =(1.08x105 (c) Thework-kineticenergy is theorem a W* =Ws+Wr = LK = Kr - X, = X, - j^r'" a K, = W,+ 1t1t, !^u3 = 1.ox 10aJ x 105J) + +(loo0 kgxo m/s)'z + Kr = (-9.8 x 104J) + (1.08
z

(d) &=-nt

l -l

= l.OxloaJ =;(1000ks)v; \=4.47 mts theorem. Model the rock asa particle,andapplythework-kineticenergy
L7

11.40. Model
Vicualize:

Solve:

t l= lm f r = 0m to=otE/s ,l=30n/8 ' (a) The work done by Bob on the rock is

=225 1 t glro.r s)2 w* = LK= !nv: -!-ri, = !^ri = l1o.so 2' 2 " 2 2'
(b) For a constantforce, W*o = F*oA.r + F"o = Ws.r/Ar = 225 N, = 4.byd. and qdll b a maximum when the rock has maximum sped,This is jusr (c) Bob's power output is PB.b = v, = l$ pts. Thus, P* = {*v, = 675QW = 6.75 kW. with v** he releases the rock as

11-16

11 Chapter

where we have used Ar = hlsin2tr = 146 rn Now we can compute = 15'7m/s m)+{} vr =112(9.8m/s')(50 /) xg t (b) We will use a tilted coordinate system,with the -r-axis parallel to the slope. Newton's secondlaw for Sam is (R-). wsir20"- f,- cos20' ngsin20'- (* cos20' ^mmln _ (75 kgx9.8 m/sr)sin20" - (200 N)cos2o' = 0.8rt6m/s,

7 sw

kinematics as foUows: Now we can useconstant-acceleration

m/s v! =.trt,+2a(x, - x) =2ax,+ vr=lEA = f@"846;/-1G4'6.) = 15.7


Asscss: We used a vertical yaxis for energy analysis, mther than a tilted coordinate system, because % is determinedby its vertical position. 11.43. Modell Model Paul and the mat as a panicle, assumethe mat to be massless,use the model of kinetic ftiction, and apply the work-kinetic etrergy theorem. y Visualize:
Knowa n =l 0 k g l =3 0 N f u =0 r n , l r = 3 m vl = o rn/s Find

We define the.r-axis along the floor and the y-axis perpendicularto the floor. = Solve: We need to first determine ,. Newton's second law in the y-direction is n + ?sin30o = rv - mg s n rg - rsin30' = (lo kg)(9.8 mi s') - (30 N)(sin30") = 83.0 N. using n andthe modelof kintic fiction' fx= ltrn= (0.2X83'0N) = 16'60N. Thus,

= n. Ai+ i.Ai = (i )(Ax)(cos180') + (rx&)(cos30') Lt/"a = 28.14 J = (16.60 (30.0 m)(0.8660) m)(-1)+ N)(3.0 N)(3.0
The other forces i and fr make an angle of 90" with Ai and do zero work, we can now use the work-kinetic energytheorem to find the final velocity as follows:

tff*=K,- K,=y, -ot =lnvl

= -,,

^ffrji

=z.gt =Jz.:r,',ll1lildfu mrs

Assss; A spedof 2.37 m/s or 5.3 mph is reasonablefor the presentproblem. 11.44. Model: Assume an ideal spring that obeys Hooke's law. Model the box as a particle and use th model qf kinetic ftiction. Visualize:

,b

.t"= 0

x2't2t= 'bvl'

means of energy is frictionless, conservation surface Solv: Whenthehodzontal r I | -_ m - 0 m)' = 2.0J ^ !Hx^-x^t, ^ =!nv?,=K, e 6, = l1to0 N/mX0.20 '22

Work

11-15

11.41, Model: Visualizer

Model the crate as a padicle, and use the work-kinetic energy theorem. v

= 5.85 m x0:rb=0 r! = h/sin0 m = 5k g pr = 0 Fp* 1= 25N

Solve: (a) The work-kinetic energy theore^ i" 6y = lmv! - infi = lntl = Wt"ra.Ttuee forces act on the box' so W.,,, = W*" + Itl" + W",r,. The normal force is perpendicular to the motion, so lry. = 0 J. The other two forces do lhe following amount of work:

= 137.4 J w*n = fun -ai = 4*nArcos20"

x = -98'0J wg* =It'Ai= w,Lx = (-ngsrn2o')A

Thus, L(*, = 39.4 1, l"ading to a speedat the top of the ramp equal to

(b) The.r-component of Newion's secondlaw is (F \ E"$cos2oo-vr'sin2oo _ 4*i cos20"- mgsin2o" = L34.1nlsz a, = a= ::B:t' = J m m kinematics with 4 = h lsin2o" = 5.85 m gives the final speed Constant-acceleration

=vf,+Za1xr-x)=2axrsvr=Jr*, v,2

= 16(134? m/s r,tdx5.85t") = 3.97

I 1.42. Model: Model Sam strappedwith skis as a particle, and apply the law of conservationof energy. analysis y Aris for energy Visualize: -- 20"
-\ >

Ar= xl -- /t/sin2o'= 146m )o = 50m r t = 146m . y t = 0, v |

F-.pel
""160p I,I/= F*ind' Ar' = F*ina Ar cos160'

Solver (a) The conservationof energy equation is rr + % , + a Eo \= ro+ % o+ l l /* t The snow is ftictionless, so AE = Q J, However, the wind is an extemal force doing work on Sam as he moves down the hill. Thus,

=(& +%,)-(K. +%") = W*,n W*,


__\ It , \ i rt ^ t +rl.svo\ " +.8y"\ /l =:mvi - mgvo +o r =l1nvi +na, )=\:nvi )-(o )-l;^,i, t

* r,=,lrrro *!*
We compute the work done by the wind as follows: m)cos160'= 11,4N W ."d= 4,"d . Ai = 4idArcos160o = (200 N)(1'16 I

Work

1r-l'l

Thatis,theboxislaunchedwith2oJofkineticenergyltwilllose2'0Jofkineticenergyontheroughsurface' The work-kinetic energy theorem is

w*,=-h'Li=K "-4=0J

-2' 0 1 =1 ' o t

= -Pkmg(xz - x)= 1'O J Oo) 18 + /*(x, - x,)(cos 2-O I J 2.O

a (xz - x)=

the work on the box, energy is trausferredout of tlF box into Assessr Becausethe force of ftictiol does negative rest' to environment. In response,the box slows down and comes use the model of kinetic friction' and use the work-kinetic 11.45. Model: Model the suitcase as a particle' eDergytheorem. Y Visualize:

rffi=,ortoj 6,rfi^5

=54'4 cm

la7>

n= t5kA

&= 0 m Belore

After The forces fr ar.d fr are

the force of kinetic ftiction' i The only force that does-work on the suitcase is do not do work on the suitcase' Derpoldicutar to the displacement,and thercfore rs theorem 3olve: The work-kineticenergy I' r-r (i

w^^=M=!m',i-l^ri-i*

Li=OJ-tnv'o+

= --mv; - r0)cosl80" X-rr

Assess: Friction does suitcaseslows down and comesto rest'

= orz o =ur, -|."i' p^= - = * -ur*a, , ffi -l ^t -ffiffi out of the suitcase.In response,the negative wofk on the suitcase,ajd thus transfersenergy

gravel as the system' We need the gravel inside the system 11.46. Model: Identiff the truck and the loose ,n" gravel. we will also use the model of kinetic friction .iii" *"f becausefriction incre".", tt " t"-p"rlirJ ""a and the conservationof energy equation' Vizualizet
kg n = 15,000 Pk=o.q vo' = 35 n/s

tu=0m

y o =0 m yl =xl si'l 6o rrno

0-r ramp base of the ramp itl such a wav that the -r-axis is along tle We place the origin of our coordinate system at the is truck the on forces of diagram r*t-u"ay rn" and the v-axis is vertical so that we "o"tgy "#:;i;;il;#J = In the present case' w* = 0 J' of energy equation is K' + urr + AEn Ko + ur6 + w*, ' *" 3.*# "onr"*ation qeated by friction is vr, = 0 rn/s, Ud = 0 J, vo' = 35 rnls The themal energy - to) = AE* = (/* )(-r, -.ro) = Grkn)(t! - ro) Fk(ngcos6'0")(tr = (0.40)(15,000 kg)(9'8 m/s')(cos6'0")(r' - xo) = (58'478 J/m)(x' - xo)

Work

1l -19

patticles The two blocks make our system' 11.48. Model: Model the two blocks as (vf)3 (vi):=om/s Visualize:

. r = 0m ,y = 0 m
(v)2= (td3 = vf y r - y t = A y = - 1 .5 0 m

locatioDof the 3'0 kg block' We place the origin of our coordinate svstem at the ; oE'' = xi +ua+w-''

Sotve; (a)rheconr"t"o* o, *orv'|i'ul;;


we get

;i;;4

w- =0 J oE*=0 J and using

+ n's(t') +L ^,{u')! +n,g{v;= f,m,o,t', + :m,p,;?, l^,(,,tl


= (v,)r = 0 m/s' this becomes Notitrgthat (rr)z = (vr)r = !r and (v,), |{^,* = -m2g(vr - Y) -)u?

m/s'Xl.50 m) = 3.43m/s kg)(9.8 2(2.0 (2.0kg + 3.0kg) However'dristime equation' consewation energy (b) We will usethesame = (0 15X3'O kg)(9'8m/s'X1'50m) = 6'615J = ff,XAt) = (pknxAr) = Fk(ltr3g)(Ax) ^.Ed, is now equation conservation Theenergy

+0J +n'gv' I =|-"<',1i+f,^,<v')l - mr(\l; + +6.6!s *|^*i +m,svr |^,t Zm' 2 " ' t' , 2

= -)r)+ vr !1^,+,,)ul+6.615 J=',,s(y, J(tfi;)',t"' I\,nr+mr,,

w;.,-,,^
-r,'Knolvn rr = 8.0 kg r= 120N *r= o.25 x o =0 m t l =5 0 m

Jl = 3 02m/s m)-6.615 |. ' I,t.o *rxr.8 m/s'?xt.s0 Is.0kgf


presentcomparedto when there is no ftiction is reasonable' Assess: A reduced speedwhen ftiction is kinetic ftiction' definition of work * = i .N' and the model of 11.49. Modetr Use the particte model' the incline' the along is r'"t" on the incline so that its r-axis w" pf""" O" iiJJr^, "oo,ainut"

Work

tl-21

ftiction, and the wort-kinetic 11.51. Modelr use the particle model for the ice skater, the model of kineticy'static theorem. energy Visualize: After a
yl= 100m, rt Wind n= 50k g = 4.0N F .n6

i ^'l
Be f or e I

] Yo= 0m . uo= qm ls

Solve:

(a) The work-kinetic energy theorem is

AK = !mr? -:nvl

rl

=W-,^*1ry,n

preventhT ilrllles from slipping Thereis no kinetic friction atongrrerdirection'ofmoion. static friction actsto I4,t"= 0 J. The anglebetween work: no and does to the motion tt" i"", tut this forci is perpendicular ,'i;;;;;r';; i'o anclAi is I = 135',so J (4 N)(100 m)cos135'= -282'8 W .* = 4"d Ai = 4,*Avcos135'= is Thus,herfinal speed

,,=l ,i * *

=2-t6mts

= (lr) If the skatesdon't slip, shehas no accelerationin the t-direction and so (F".r)' 0 N' That is: = I = 4hd cos45"= 2'83 N i - 4hd cos45" 0 N Nowthereisanupperlimittothestaticfriction:I<(i).*=llsm8'Tonotsliprcquires

28 3 N ,,t/"= = = o.oo:s m/s') '" - mg (50kgx9.8


Thus,the minimum valueof A is 0.0058. skater down' rvo* aoneby G wind on the ice skater is negative' becausethe wind slows the t .lt"o"t " 1 1 .52. M odel: M ode l th e i c e c u b a s a p a rti c l e ,th espri ngasani deal thatobeysH ooke' sl aw ,andthel aw of conservationof energY. t Visualize:
Original end of spring 25N/m \

kg n = 0.050
yl = rlsin3o"=-0 05 m

\ 6'r

(a) Thenormalforcedoesno work andthe slopeis frictionless' Jorvc; ta' Solver a tilted s-axis to measuredistance along Lu\an t*o t"p-u," *es: a vertical y-axis to $eas:re pgtentil energy anj

l = - 0 lo 3Oo t =o

somechanical,:i:tg^::.:"1t:::*-Yi^l:

poTt wtlere.ft:.'p'lc i! at.the il;i;. roih;;;; '*'" o.ieii.'.r'i"r' l:t::yf::*:simprv llT"T.:"'l:5"i - so u =] &(s )' = ;'"k* il ;;;i; ;il;,;';; *: :i[d?]::"'ffi.""1il, "o"rs]' "tu'ii"'potJnti'r

|ts2,Becauseenergyisconsewed,wecanrelatetheinitiatpoint-withthesprinscompressed-tothefinalpoint which it leaves the spring we where the ice cube is at maximum heighr we do not need io nna tlt" speedwith have K, * IJ -tue = Kr+U"rrU"r "z 1' 2 | 1'2 1 . 2 - mi + ngY' + = ksf = = mv; + mgYt+ - lc1: 2' , z z

1l-22

11 Chapter

It is important to noto that at the final point, when the ice cube is at y2,tlrc end of the spring is only at s6.The spring doesao, stretch to J2,so U"2is zrt {fts]. Three of the terms are zero, leaving l. mgy2=+ng\+;ts: = -:]" + y, -yr = A) = hei9ht Eained = 0'255 m = 25'5 cm

The distancetraveled is As = A/sin 30" = 51.0 cm. @) Using the energy equation and the model for kinetic ftiction: K2 + u.2 + Il"z + aE6 = Krlurr*us*w",t From the ftee-body diagram,

AEr = /.Ar's= p*zAs

(F*), = o m = n - tgcos30o + n = rzgcos3O" Now, having fouud AEi, = lr(mgcos30')As, the energy equation can be n'ritten

o t +.ngy2 + OJ + tt*(tzgcos30")As = 0 J + ngy' + f t{'tf + 0 f

=*g1y"-yJ-lr*f
Using Ay = (As)sin30o, the above equation simplifies to mgArsin30"+ lkrtgqqs3g"Ar = 1/<s; e Ar=

=0 + P,rrgcos3o"As

ks?

+ p* cos30o) 2rzg(sin3Oo

= O.379 m=37.9cm

11.53. Modell Assume an ideal spring, so Hooke's law is obeyed, Treat the box as a particle and apply the energy conservation law. Box, spring, and the ground make our system, and we also use the model of kinetic ftiction. Vlsualize: We place the origin of the coordinate systeuron the ground direcdy below the box's starting position.

t 0 =0 r D / s , i =0 m ,2-422.On Pn=0,25 / o =5 '0 m v 3 =0 m / s , l =) 2 =}3 =0 m t=500N/m ''l=5.0kg r ir,yl 1't Solve: (a) The energy conservation equation is ,2,y2 4,y3 V3 '2 Fitrd vt 12 ,t- 12

= (, +uro+u,, + w"* rr + ug1 +u"r +aEd, L^rl+-gy,+0J+0J=1rzv3+ + ngyo+oI+oJ +o! = 0l + mgyo imvl =.,12(9.8m/s'X5 m/s m) = 9.90 + ,, = .,lzgy,
lnv'r+ot+ot+(f'\(xr-xr)-f,ml +oJ+oJ+or

for thispartof theproblemis equation (b) Thewo* of friction creates energy. Theenergy conservation thermal K2+ IJ + IJ"2 + M6 = K, *I) e1 L-rl + pun1r,- r,l = )^'i |w"n "1 "1i-u = |^t1

+ p,(ms')(x,- x) = L6vl

m/s'?)(2.0 m) = 9.39m/s + v, = llvl -2p*g(x, - x,1 =./19.90 m/sf - 2(0.25X9.8

Vrork

tl-23

(c) To find how much the spring is compressed, we apply tlre energy consewation once again: K3 + U!, + U,r + AE6 = K, * lJrz + lJ,z+ w-t 0 J +0 J + 1&1x, - x zr2 + o r = Lnv: + OJ + OJ +o J

Using r, = 9.39 n/s, &= 500 N/rn and m = 5.0 kg, the above rrurd, 1t - rr; =-4. = 93.9 6-. = 245 J. The energy transformed to tlennal energy (d) The initial eterqy = mgyo = (5.0 kg)(9.8 mi s')(5.0 m) "q,rutiln du{ing each passage is fk?z - x) = p*mg(.t, - 4) = (0.25)(5.0kg)(9.8 m/s'X2.0 m) = 24.5J The number of passages is equal to 245 J /U5 J or lO.

11.54. Morle} Assume an ideal spring, so Hooke's law is obeyed. Treat the physics student as a particle and apply Orelaw of conservation of energy. Our system is comprised of the spring, the student, and the ground. We also use the model ofkinetic ftiction. Visualize: We place the origin of the coordinate system on the ground direcdy below the end of the compressed spdng that is in contact with the student.

rb=0m v0=0tr/s tr-tu=0.50m t= 80,000 N/m y0=yr= l0m ,.= 100 kg trrt=0,15 Yz=0m/s Flnd

rr

tu =y2lsin306

Solve (a) The energy consewation equatioris K, +U4 *Ua + AE, = Ko+ Uro+ U"q + W*r

!^ri *

-x")'z +0 J = !-ui * + !k(.r,-xo)':+0J ^gy,*+k(.:r, ^syo !^r? =l-k(xt


2 - xo)' +v, =.,/:(.t, -ro)=l4.l4rn/s

Sincey, =yo= l0 m, r, =.r", vo=$I/s, /<= 80,000N/m, m = !00 kg, and (.rr-q) =0.5 m,

tT

(b) The wodc of friction createsthemal energy.Applying the conservationof energy equation once again; K2 + u 22+ U"2+ Mt = Ko + uso + 40 + Iv*,

Lt. :nvl + mgy, +OI + /*As= 0 J+ nr8?o + x)2 +0 J ;k(xt With v, = 0 m/s and yz = (l'r)sin3f, the above equation is sirnplified to rn8(Ar)sin 30" + An As = mgyo+ - xo\' ik(x, From the free-body diagram for the physics student, we see that n = lrcos3o". Thus, the conservation of energy equationgives Ar(mgsin30"+ Atrgcos30) = pgyo .r-lt(r, - ro)'

Usingm = l0O kg, /t = 80,m0 N/m, (4 - rb) = 0.50m, yo= 10 m, and4-= 9.15,*" U",

t-. mgyo+-R(4-xolAr= --32.1m ,rg(sin3o'+& cos30')

Wotk

rt-23

we apply the energy conservatrononce agaln: (c) To find how much the spring is compressed, ,2+ u ,2 + w ^ t 0 J + 0J+ l t(,rr - xr\' + oJ= !nv!+ oJ+ 0J+ oJ

yields (x!-x)=Nt=93'9cm' Usingr,, = 9.39 m/s, /c= 500 N/m and n = 5'0 kg' the aboveequation = M5 J' "fhe energy transformedto thermal energy = mgyo= (5'0kgx9'8 m/s'?)(5'0m) td) itre initiat etergy is during each passage = (0.25)(5.0 kgxg'8 m/s'zX2'0m) = 24'5 J f*(x, - xr)= p*mg(x, -.r, ) is equalto 24511245 J ot lO The numberof passages 1 1 '5 4 ' M oilehA s s um e a n i d e a | s p ri n g ,s o H o o k e .s law i sobeyed..Treatthephysi csstudent-asapal ti cl eand and the ground we or.n".'gf 6ut systemis comprisedof the spring' the student' applv the law of conservation iso usethe modelof kinetic friction. Visualize:Weplacetheoriginofthecoordinatesystemonthegrounddirectlybelowtheendofthecompressed spdng that is in contact with the student'

to=O*

tO=OttV ,

tO'Yo .Il,It vt to

rr -ro =0.50m t=80,000N/m y o =y t = 1 0 m z =1 0 0 k g lrr=0.15 vz=0m/s Find v1 As = y2lsin30"

Solver (a) The energy conservadonequation is Kt +ust +(Jn + AE,l'= ro + Uso+ U,o+ W..r I !|rr! . + n g y ,+ l k (x r -x " )' + o J I ' mgJ,* 1111,-;^yr = = mv;+ " o' + 0J -2" ' " r

Si n cey , = y o= l0m , . t l = r" ,v o = 6 p 7 5 ,ft= 8 0 ' 0 0 0 N /m' zr= 100kg' ancl (r' -ro)= 0' 5m'

! *r?=

=,0.,o + vt= - ro) - xo)z l!1", -^ i*<r,

equaiononceagam: of energy themal energy'Apptyingtheconservation (b) Thework of friction creates = 1ro + 40 + U,0+ ly.-r K2+ IJs2+ u"2+ AE,n I t, + -'ro)' + 0 J mv; + m;yz + OJ +/*A's= 0 J + ztSyo iktr, ; is simplifiedto equation the above y, = 1As]sin30', With v, = 0 m/s anct + Lt = + P*lr m8(As)sin30' ^gYo ik(t, ')' of energy z = wcos3oo'Thus' the conservation From the free-bodydiagramfor the physicsstudent'we seethat
equation gives = 4gro 11&(r, - 'to)'? + pkmgcos30".) Ar(mgsin3O" = = m' andpr = 0 15' we get using m = 100kg' ft = 80,000N/rn, (-t,- tJ 0'50 m' )o l0 1_ +:k(-tr - xo)mgyo z = -12-l m r.= + l| cos30") mg(sin30"

ll-24

Chapter11

Assessr y, = (As)sin3Oo= 16.05 m, which is greater than yo = l0 m' The higher value is due to tlrc tramfomation of the spring energy into gavitalional potential energy. 11.55. Modell Treat the block as a particle, use the model of kinetic ftiction, and apply the energy conservation law. The block and the incline comprise our system. We place the origin o'f the coordinate system directly below the block's starting position at the same Vi*"|i"", level as the hodzontal surface,On the horizontal surface the model of kinetic ftiction applies'

r O = 0m r z - r t = L y o= r , ] l = ] 2= 0m

Find
Yl y3

gives equatif,n of energy Solve: (a) For thefirst incline,theconservation Kr +%r +aEd = Ko*IJ"s*wur ].ui *o l*o I = 0 ! +mLto+oJ= v1="[r*" =Ath we have equation, of energy (b) Thework of fricrioncreates energy. Applyingonceagaintheconservation thermal + w-l + mgyt + f,(*, - *rl = ! ^vl ^gy, v. = 0 pts, y, =0 m, tyd = 0 J,/k=A^g, n, =,[zgh, ard (xz-.rr) = t, we get Using K, + %3 + aE,' = K| + Il st+ w*, ! rr! + = !m(2gh)+ Yr=h-IL*L mgYr+ Pnmgl of energy' by the law of theconservation Assess: For p* = 0, y3= ft whichis predicted
11.56. Model: Assume an ideal spdng, so Hooke's law is obeyed.

Solve: For a conservative force the work done on a particle as it moves from an initial to a final position is independent of the palh. We will show that WA-C-B= WA-B for the spring force, Work done by a spring force F= -'/c is given by

.,[ w=JFdx=-Jkxdx
This means T k,. T k, ., k, 'P ^, dx= w^.c= - I kx b. = -;('i -'i). nd w, = - I kx w^.. = - I kx dx= -;Gi ^ -,i). r\xi' -t I -'
r ^t

Adding the last two:

= wo-" wo-.-" +wc -,=-f,{{-*'^*ri-xi)=w^-,

Work

tt-25

11,57.

Morlel:

= -q(xA "sprong" that obeys the force lavt F

t" x''3' whete q is the sprong constant and

i3

$li#,*t$"Tilflhe

thatis,r" = r; = 0 m' of thesprong, end or thefteE system originortnecoordinate

;=2bs

N/m' q =,l0,ooo

*xr

ilin,,fil

ffiJl3Jl[5r}i"*;
0

a iactorof 2.

"*

bv x increases time or8every bvafactor increases rherorce aparabola.

sprorgsystem: to theball andequation (d) Applyingthefiergy conservation K" +U, = 7r19, |


; m \ + v I = e t +j

"

^,

^,,qxi = 10m/s

Fomusthaveunitsof forcein newtons' sin (cr) is dimensionless' units' If 'x has 11.58, Solvq (a) Because thJ sine of-it' An argle hasno rcal phFical (b) The Droduct cx is an argle o*""'] il'#'"iltJ m-" ci is unitless'thenc hasto haveunits-of H'tr; ; ; ililpt"d"ct ^ (c)Atxo=0m.theforc"i"R'i"tul=ii'f"r'ii"iftti"it"Uf"tof*"e&:0monlvbecauseithasaninitialvelocity' = lor x* = tt]2c' or r!2' *n"n (d) The forceis a maxim* *n"n onfii = i' fus oc"utt "* of a sinecurve' iej ffre gaptt is rnennt quarter

r.o-

"'*

(f) We can frnd the velocity vt at -xr=t-

ftom tlre wort-kinetic energ;l theorem:

=$t+v'= =l^"i . -L^u1 t1a=L^,i f,^4

"2 W +v; -rn

ll-26

ChapterI I

Thisisavariableforce'Astheparticlemovesftom{=0mtotr=T'-=ty'2c'thewor*doneonitis
.L .t l2c = -&cosorl;'" = -&(cos w= J,'F(')&=4Jo sin(cr)dr Z-'*"o)=*

Thus, lhe particte's speedat 't1=:c,* = n/2c is v, = 1159, Visualize; We place the origin of the coordinate system at the base of the stairs on the first floor.

v
Third floor

floor Sond

0 = 4.0 m=12ft- yt-yz' thus,yr -yr = 8'0m' y2 (a) estimate We might -yr Solv; 20 s' O) We might estimatethe time to run up these two flights of stairs io-be running up the stairs is i"j stti"tui" yo* lrru"t as m = 7ol<g =-150 Ib' Your power output while m?(y,- yt') work done by you changein poiential enerEry time time time

Flrst floor

m) ksxe.sgJ)(8.0 nn _(?0 = now=(nowt'ffi) =o.rr

Assess: Your estimatemay vary, dependingon your massand how fast you run'

11.60. Model: Model the lawnmower as a particle and use the model ofkinetic ftiction' Visusliz: \

of forcs' We placed the origin of our coordinate system on the lawnmower and drcw the ft-body diagram i8 due to the presence This to li. equal is not force, Solve: The normal force i, which is related to the ftictional so 4.. = 9' 11t" of F. The rolling ftiction is /. = p,n, ot n = f,l p,. The lawnmower moves at constant velocity' two componentsof Newton's secondlax' are

()4) (I4)

= - w - r'skt37"= mo, = ON f, I IL, - nc- Fsin37' = 0 N =+f, = p, ns + p,F s'i 37" " = r"ot:Z' -.4 = ON + Fcos37'- p.ns - p'Fsin37"= 0 N -' F-

(0'l5xl2 kgx9 8 n/s') lt,mg - 29.4N - trsin3T' (0.7986) - (0.15X0'6o18) cos37" = in pushingthe lawnmowerat a constantspeedof l'2 m/s is P Thus, the power suppliedby the gardener Fv = (2,9 NX1.2m/s; = 29.91".

ll-26

Chapter II

This is a variable forpe' As the particle moves ftom4

= 0 m to4=:r

* = fi/2c' the work dorc on it is

= -&costcx;t[/'"= -4(cos w = ),. F(x)dx = Folo sin(cr)dr iat 4= t(w = ltlzc is vr = Thus, the particle's spe.ed 11,59. Visuatizc:

*"o)=

We place the origin of the coordinate system at the baseof tlle stairs on the first floor.

I mrd floot

Secondfloor

0 = yt y2 4.Om-12ft= y3 -yz, thus,yi -j2r = 8.0m' Solve: (a) We might estimate up thesetwo flights of stai$ to bo 20 s. (b) We might estimatethe time !o run = = lb. Your polver output while running up the stairs is your 70 kg t50 as n tl-ui" E i"i -^s done by you _ changein potential energy - ng(h - yl) work time time time

First floor

m)=270 kg)(e.s_g{s'?)(8.0 _ (70 w{ffi) w =(270


A$sss: Your estimatemay vary, dependingon your massand how fast you run

=o.rrnn

asa particleandusethemodelof kinetic ftiction' 11.60. Model: Modelthe lawnmower Visualize: Y \

we placed the origin of our coordinate system oDthe lawrunower and drew the ftee-body diagram of forces. Solvq The normal force i, which is related to the ftictional force, is not equal to fi. This is due to fe nr3sence = of F. The rolling frictior is /, = p,n, ot n = f,lp,. The lawnmower moves at constant velocity' so 4Et 0' The two comoonentsof Newton's secondlaw are

(14,) = - w - rs;ttr3'l"= ma' = o N + f, / pt - ns - Fsin3?' = 0 N + f, = p, mg+ p,F sn37" " (!4) = rcos:z' - /, = 0 N = Ircos3T' - l.ms - l.Fsin37" = 0 N (0.15X12 m/s'z) kgx9.8 - 29.4 N ) F = -!43-- (0'15 cos37" - Il sin37" (0.7986) X0.6018) io pushingthe lawnmowerat a constantspeedof 1'2 m/s is P = Thus, the power suppliedby the gardener = = W. (24.9 n ls) 29.9 NXl.2 Fv

Wo*

by the time 11.61. Solve: Power output during the push-off period is equal to the work done by the cat divided the cat by tlle force-on to the magnitude is_equal in the cat floo; by tlte ,fr" f-"e. Since the foice on ,f," th.e nush-orr dullg theorem energy "ppli"a work-kinetic "u, the using be found can the cat by Jort done noor, "AK. We do not needto explicitly calculate W*,, since we know that the cat's kiretic energy is ;;;1, t"" = t"* = hansformed into its potential energy duriug the leap. That is' J m) = z16'55 AU, = mg1r, - r,1 = (5.0 kg)(9.8 m/s'?)(0.95 Thus, the averagepower output during the push-off period is

o=

w"" =46.55J=z::w r 0.20s

w = Pr = 11.52. solve: Using the convefsion746 W = | hp, we have a power of 1492J/s. This means in one hour. Furthermore, motor electric by the x 105 J is thetotalwork done (1492JAX1lti = 53.112 = = y) m) mq(l0 W."* = -W, = us -U a mg(yrl,lt"t = J = 4'd' - 5.1712\rc6 li s4,800 x l0o kg loa ks = 5..18I 5.481x -" l kc "o "'- e(toIn) (9.8 m) -m/s'zXlo of l 0 kg of waterin falling25 m is AUr=-mgh= energy in the potential 11.63, Solve: (a) The change m\ = -2A5l. -(1.0 kgx9.8m/3'?)(25 of thedamis (b) Thepowerrequired
t ls per second for the dam. Out of the 245 J of lost potential energy' is required energy x 106 J of That is, 50 per second is (245 D(0.S0) = 1g6 J is converted to electrical energy. Thus, the amount of water needed 50 x 106J0 kg/196 J) = 255,000kg. = Av' Since power 11.64. Solve: The force required to tow a water skier at a speed v is 4. p = Fv, the power requird to tow the water skier is P,o*= Fr*v = Av2- We can find lhe constantA by noting that a speedof v = 2.5 mph requires a power of 2 hp. Thus'

J P=W =Y=SOx106 Watts+W=50x106

(2hp)= A(2.s mph)'J A = 0.32Gh


Now, the power required to tow a water skier at 7.5 nph is P,* = Av'|= 0'32;:3;'(7 "" (mph)s mPh)' = 18 hP

power. Assessi Since p * v2, a three-fold increasein velocity leads to a nine-fold increasein 1 1 .6 5 . S olv e: B y def in i ti o n ,th e m a ri mu mp o w e ro u tputofahorsei sP = l hp= 746W ' A tmaxi mumspeed' = 6' The propulsion force F**' provided by the horse pushing wheo the horse is running at constant speed, i = D' We learned in 5 that a asainst the qround, is balanced by the drag force of ail resistance: FL* -Cllapter F to for force power needed the area. since section a-s it o = 1ev,, wh-ereA is the cross ;;;ili;;;;;ii;; push an object at velocity v is P= Fv, we have

P - t hp= 746w = F;,.v = (+Av')v= +Av3

wl '1' = 15 !!\''' - ( +tz+o m/s " =( \ A / \(o.s m)(1.8m) /

Assess: 15 m/s = 30 mph is a reasonabletop spedfor a well-trained horse' is opposedboth by rolling 11.56, Solve: The net forc on a car moving at a steady spetd is zero. The motion t he F", = p,ng + f Avz' friction and by air resistance.Thus the n,oputrioit forc" prouia"a by the drive wheels mus velocity. The power where 14 is the rolling friction, m is the mass, A is the cross-sectionarea, and v is the car's required to move the car at spedv is I . P = F s y = h m gv+ -A y'

ll:28

11 Ch&pter

the drivewheels,P = (200hpx0.75)= sincethe maximumpoweroutputis 2oow lllrd75% of the powerreaches t 50hp. Thus,
( 1 a 6 w\ I * m;u' + ]{ i.6m;11.4 (0.02X1500 m/s')v kgx9.8 'l! trsohpi l= ' l \l h p ' ,| +

= 0 + v = 55.5m/s + O.56 vt + 294v' 111900 The easiestway to solve Otisequation is through iterations by trial and error. Assss3 A speedof 55.5 m/s - I l0 mph is very reasonable. 11.67. Model: Use the model of static ftiction, kinematic equations,and the definition of power. = Solve: (a) The ratedpower of the Porscheis 217 hp = 161,882W and the rl'eight of thecr is (1480 kgX9 8 rnls') tires of the = ftiction 9670 N' Becausethe static 14504N. The weight of the car on the drive wheehls (l45MX?3) on road pushesthe car forward,

p 16rr8?I (b) P = Fv.* =u* =F=-9670N = 16.? m/s

= *j';']::"'' ;#::: ;it -'";


1480 kg
m/s== u.* = 16.7 , . _ 2.56 " 6.53 m/s' atu

=vo +4md(t!u" vmd (c)usingthekinematic equation, -lo) withvo=0m/sand'o=0s'weobtain

Assess: An accelemtiontime of 2.56 s for the Porscheto reach a speedof =35 mph ftom rcst is reasouable' lab 11.68. (a) A student uses a string to pull her 2.0 kg physics book, startiry from lest, acrossa-2.o-m-long is final speed book's beuch- The coefhcient of kinetic ftiction berween the book and the lab bench is 0.15. If the 4.0 m/s, what is the tension in the stdng?

(b)
m = 2. O k g

Yl=4rds vo=0rtVs (c) The tension does extemal work w"n. This work increasesthe book's kinetic energy and also caussan incfease of the book and the lab bench' Solving the equationgives I = 10.9N' AE. itr th" tt *tt"l "nogy 11,69. (a) A 20 kg chicken crate slides down a 2.5-m-high, 40o ramp from the back of a nuck to the gound' The coefficient of kintic ftiction betwen the crate and the ramp bnch is 0.15. How fast are the chickens going at the bottom of the ramp? (b) y
! o =2 5 m vo=0m/s Y r =0 m n=2OkA tlt=0.15 trnd

0 (c) vr = 6.34 m/s.

tt, Yt, v\

friction push a 30 kg sled on-a surface where the coefdcient of Hnetic 11.70. (a) If you expend 75 W of power to maintain? to =b26' iurt"t tp""a *il you be able betweenthe sled and the surta"e is p* (b)

n =3 Okg

*k= o.20 = 1'28 m/s

(c)

w = (s8'9 N)v + v = J1a F",n = (0 20)(30kgxg'8 m/s'?)= 58'8 N + 75

the motor upwad at 1'0 tr/s2 by a rope' How much power must 11.71. (a) A 1500 kg object is being accelerated m/s? ,ufp[ u, m" in"*nt *tt"n the velocity is 2'0 Motor (b)

At a later time 0)

a m/sz a = 1.0 I

eadier tilne (t=0)

= 16'200 N m/s'?) kg(1'0 + 1500 m/s'?) (c) T = (1500 kg)(9.8 = kW = 32'4 P =T,izmls\= (162NN)(2'0m/s) 32'400W enelgy,anduse of mechanical particle,applythelaw of conservation 11.72. Moilel: Model the waterskierasa equations' kinematic theconstant-acceleration
Visualize:
I<nown ,r=2 .0m .i2-rt = 5.0m Find

'"ro*s atthebaseof the svstem of the.cooFdinate theoriginWe placed her to clearthe sharktank. ffif of therarnp top at the vr ""ttot"tt speed smalJest the linding uy ilit'*' w":il tiit promtheverticalmotionforjumping the sharktank' - t,\+ lar(t, - trl'1 |z = lt * v1"lt, s + (" -'r)= 0'639 + 0 m = (2.0m)+0 m+;(-9 8 m/s'?x"-tr)'

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