10/14/2013

ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 1
LaminarBoundaryLayer:SimilaritySolution
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0 0
Similarity variable, in general : ; ;
, ,
1
;
y u
u u x f
h u x u
y dh dh
q q
v
q q q
' = = =
c c
= = =
2
;
x h dx h dx y h c c
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
Stream function: udy u f hd u hf
u hf d u h d u h dh
v u hf f u hf f
x x x dx h dx dx
d u h dh
f f
q
q q
' = = =
c c c | |
' ' = = = =
|
c c c
\ .
'
} }
( )
0
0
u f f
dx dx
q ' =
2 0
0 0
1 1
Bernoulli : constant
2
du dp
p u u
dx dx

+ = =
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0
u f d u h u f u u dh
u v u f u f f
x y x dx x y
d u h du dh
u f u f f u f f u f
x dx dx dx y
d h
q
q q
q
' ' c c ( c c
' ' + = +
(
c c c c c

( c c | |
' '' ' ' '' = + +
( |
c c
\ .

( ( | |
( )
( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
2
0 0 0
0
d u h du u dh dh
u f u f f u f f f
h dx dx dx dx h
d u du u
u f
dx h
q
q
( ( | |
' '' ' ' '' = + +
( | (
\ .
' =
( ) h
ff
dx
''
( )
2
0
0 0 2
2
0
0 2
u f u f
u u f
y y y y y y y
u
u f f
y h
q
v v v v
v q
v
' c ( ' | | | | c c c c c c
'' = = =
( | |
c c c c c c c
\ . \ .
| | c
''' ''' = =
|
c
\ .
10/14/2013
ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 2
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 2
2 2
2
0 0 0
1
0
d u h du u du u u u dp u
u v u f ff u f
x y dx y dx h dx dx h
d u h du du h h h
f ff f
dx dx dx
v
v

v v v
c c c
' '' ''' + = + = +
c c c
''' '' ' + + =
( ) ( )
2
0 0
1 2
Similarity solution requires: constant ; constant
d u h du h h
c c
dx dx v v
= = = =
( )
( )
2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 2
2
2
d u h du u u h h dh dh
c c c c
dx dx dx dx v v v v
= + = =
2 2 2
h d d dh h | |
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 0 0 0
0
2
0
0
, since 0 0; , 1 arbitrary
u h u du d dh h
c d u h c dx
dx dx dx
x
u h c x h x h c
u
v
v v v
v
v
| |
= + = =
|
\ .
= = = = =
( )
( )
( )
2
2
0 0 0
2 2 2 0 3 0
0
ln
ln ln
ln
c
n
d u du du h x
c c c u c x u ax
dx u dx d x v
= = = = =
2
0
Therefore,
du h
n
dx v
=
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0 0
2
0 0
and
2 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
d u h du u h u u h h dh dh d x
n n
dx dx dx dx dx u
du
u x
u du x
dx
n n n n n
u u dx
v v v v
| |
= + = + = +
|
\ .

| |
= + = + = + = +
|
\ .
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
0 0 0
2
0
0
GDE: 0
1
1 0; ,
2
n
d u h du du h h h
f ff f
dx dx dx
y
f n ff n f n u ax
x
u
v v v
q
v
''' '' ' + + =
''' '' ' + + + = = =
10/14/2013
ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 3
2Dlaminar,incompressibleJet[Schlichting,1933]
Steadystate,zeropressuregradientflow;fluidemanatesfrom
anorificeinamediumofsamefluid;shearlayerformsaty =0
( ) ( )
2 1
GDE: 1 0; ;
y x
f n ff n f h
v
q ''' '' ' + + = = = ( ) ( )
( )
0
0
0
; ;
2
0 ,
n
f ff f
h u
u
u ax u y f
u
q
' = = = =
0
0: , 0, 0 0: 1, 0, 0
u
y u u v f f f
y
q
c
' '' = = = = = = = =
c
: 0, 0
y
u
y u
y
c
c
= = =
c
Botha andn areunknown,sofar;farfieldisunaffected,discards
thepossibilityofpotentialflowsolution
oFindn byintegratingtheNSEquation
| |
2 2
2
2
N-S Eq:
y
y
y
u uv u
x y y
d u

=+
=+
=+
c c c
+ =
c c c
( c
}
| |
( )
2
2 2
0 constant momentum flux
y
y
y y
y y
y y
d u
u dy uv
dx y
d
u dy u dy J
dx


=+
=
= =
=+ =+
= =
( c
+ =
(
c

= = =
}
} }
2 2 2 2 2 2
y
n
x
J u dy u h f d a x f d
q q
v
q q
=+ =+ =+
| |
' ' = = =
|
|
} } }
0
0
3 1 1
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
y
n
n
n
n
J u dy u h f d a x f d
u
x
a x f d a x f d
ax
q q
q q
q q
q q
v
q v q
= = =
=+ =+
+
= =
= = =
|
|
\ .
| | | |
' ' = =
| |
|
\ . \ .
} } }
} }
10/14/2013
ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 4
SinceJ isaconstant
1 1
2 0
2 3
n
n n

+ = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1
GDE: 1 0
2
1 1
0; 0 0, 0 1, 0 0
3 3
f n ff n f
f ff f f f f
''' '' ' + + =
''' '' ' ' '' + + = = = = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1
2
2
Integrating: 3 0
since 0 0, 0 0
1
Integrating again: 3 3 since 0 0, 0 1
2
f ff f d f d C
f f
f f C f f
q q '' ' ' ' + + = =
'' = =
' ' + = = = =
| |
} }
1
3 2 2
6
1 tanh =
6 6 6 6
1
1
6
6
f
d
f d f
C
f
f
q q q

| |
|
' | |
\ .
= = = +
|
\ . | |

|
\ .
( ) ( )
3

0 since 0 0 C f = =
2
2
Finally: 6tanh ; sech
6 6
4 6
Show: 6,
3
f f
f d f d
q q
q q
+ +

| | | |
' = =
| |
\ . \ .
' ' = =
} }
2
3
3 1 1 3 1
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
1
2
4 6
Recall:
3 4 6
3
n
n
J
J a x f d a a
q
q
v q v
v
=+
+
=
| |
|
| |
' | = =
|
|
\ .
|
\ .
}
( )
1
3
Massflux: 36 m udy u h f d J x q
+ +
' = = =
} }

( )
3
0
Mass flux: 36 m udy u h f d J x q

= = =
} }
o Massfluxincreasesinx,knownasentrainment
o Solutionfailsnearx=0
o Jetisalowmass,highmomentumsource
o Findexpressionsforvelocityprofile,jetwidth
10/14/2013
ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 5
2
2
1 u u dp u
u v
x y dx y

c c c
+ = +
c c c
Picturesource:F.M.White,FluidMechanics
Adversepr.grad.leadsto
inflectionpointinthevelocity
profile
2
2
wall
At the wall: 0, 0
0: favorable, 0: adverse
x y dx y
u v
u dp
y dx
dp dp
dx dx

c c c
= =
| | c
=
|
c
\ .
< >
2
0 2
2
0 2
outside BL: : , 0; : 0, 0
inside BL : 0< :0 0, 0
u u u
y u u y
y y y
u u
y u u
o
o
c c c
> ~ ~ ~ ~
c c c
c c
< < < > <
UsualBL(noseparation)
0 2
, y
y y c c
BLseparation
( ) between physical boundary PB and BL:
0 at PB, 0 between PB and BL, 0 where BL starts
closetoPB 0 slightlyawayfromPB 0where reachesminimum
u u u
u u
u
= < =
c c
< =
( )
close to PB 0,slightly away from PB 0 where reaches minimum
and then 0 up to 0 BLstarts ;
u
y y
u
u
y
< =
c c
c
> =
c
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
finally : 0
0 0 0; point of inflection 0
u
y
y
u u u u
y y y y
c
~
c
c c c c
> = < =
c c c c
10/14/2013
ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 6
( )
2
2
at 0 0 0 0
u
y f
y
c
''' = > >
c
Precursorofseparation
BLseparation,therefore,requires
1 n +
0 n <
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
since 0; 0 0 0; 1
2
n
f ff nf n f f f
+
''' '' ' ' ' + + = = = =
show: 0 0
dp
n
dx
< >
BLtheorypredictsthatadversepressuregradientisanecessary
(notsufficient)conditionforflowseparation
BLEquationsarenotapplicableforseparatedflows
; "degree of acceleretion"
2
n
|
|
=
FalknerSkan problem:flowpasta2Dwedge
Nonzeropr.grad.BL
( )
0
; g
2
Potential flow solution:
n
u x ax
|
=
Specialcases:
n=0,Flatplate
n=1,stagnationpointflow
n<1,Plateinclinedaway
frominflowdirection
10/14/2013
ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 7
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
0; 0 0 0; 1
2
n
f ff nf n f f f
+
''' '' ' ' ' + + = = = =
Reference:Batchelor,
FluidMechanics
Notethepointofinflexion inthevelocityprofileforn <0
Wallshearstressbecomeszeroforn =-.0904
Flowseparates,mathematicalapproximationsbasedonBL
assumptionsbecomesquestionableforn <-.0904
( )
( )
( )
1
1
*
2
0 0 0 0
3 1
2 3 0
0 0
displacement thickness: 1 1
wall shear stress: 0
n
n
w
y
u x
dy f d Ax
u u
u u f
Bf x
y x
u
q
v
o q

t
q v


| |

|
\ .
= =
| |
' = = =
|
\ .
' | | | | c c
'' = = =
| |
c c
\ . \ .
} }
0
0
0
acceleration of a fluid particle at free stream:
u
du
u
d
2 2 1
2
0
0 2
0
1
0 for decelerating flow (adverse pr. grad)
n
y
na x
x
du u dp
u
y dx dx

=
=
| | c
= = >
|
c
\ .
BLthicknessbecomesconstantforn =1, stagnationpt.flow
Wallshearstressbecomesconstantforn =1/3, why?
Deceleratingflow(adversepr.Grad.)showspointofinflection;
doesnothappenforacceleratingflow(favorablepr.grad),why?
Adversepr.grad.isanecessaryconditionforflowseparation
10/14/2013
ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 8
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
n = 0.5
'''
f
'
f
f
''
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
f
'''
f
'
f
f
''
n = .25
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
n = 0
f
'''
f
'
f
f
''
1
1.5
2
f
'
f
n = -.05
1
1.5
2
f
'
f
n = -.0904
BL separates for
n < -.0904
q
0 2 4 6 8
-1
-0.5
f
'''
q
0 2 4 6 8
-1
-0.5
q
0 2 4 6 8
-1
-0.5
q
0 2 4 6 8
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
inflection point indicates
adverse pr. grad.
f
'''
f
''
q
0 2 4 6 8
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
inflection point indicates
adverse pr. grad.
f
''' f
''
BLseparates fromthewallwhereitwasgenerated
ConceptofBLstillexists,approximateEqn.fails(fullNSsolutionnecessary)
Pr.grad.playsasignificantrole;geometryismoreimportantthanRe
Pr.drag(formdrag)increases
Necessarycondition:adverse
G d (i fl ti i t) pr.Grad.(inflectionpoint)
Sufficientcondition:negative
shearatthesurface(backflow)
BLthickens
BasicassumptionofBLflow
becomesquestionable
2
cannot beneglectedanymore!!
u c
VanDyke,AlbumofFluidMotion,1982
Kundu andCohen,FluidMechanics
2
cannot be neglected anymore!!
x c
10/14/2013
ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 9
Picturesource:F.M.White,FluidMechanics
Favorable
Pr.Grad.
Adverse
Pr.Grad.
Flowpasta
cylinder
Forflowpastacylinder,flow
acceleratesandthen
deceleratesleadingto
favorableandadversepressure
gradients
Forviscousflow,adversepr.
grad.overcomesmomentum
nearthewall,generates
inflectionpointinthevelocity
profile,mayleadtoseparation
Kundu andCohen,FluidMechanics
10/14/2013
ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 10
Flowpastacylinder
Separationstarts,
wakeforms
Unsteady
phenomena:
vortexshedding;
wakeseparation
interaction
Kundu and
Cohen,
FluidMechanics
VanDyke,
AlbumofFluidMotion
GoldsteinandKarni,
J.HeatTrans.,106(1984),260267
KarmanVortexStreet
forflowpastacircular
cylinder,Re=105
Horseshoevortices
Oncethevortexshedding
starts,Strouhal number
becomesimportant.Forf to
bethesheddingfrequency
St=fL/U
o
10/14/2013
ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 11
Separationdependsongeometry,natureofflow(laminaror
turbulent);turbulencedelaysseparation
Separationhinderspr.recovery,produceslargerpressuredrag
(formdrag);pr.remainsalmostuniformaftertheseparationzone
Bluffbody:geometriesdesignedtoproducelargeformdrag,
opposite is aerofoil oppositeisaerofoil
Experimentallydetermineddragcoefficientforflowpastasphere;
notethedipneartransition(Reference:Kundu andCohen)
Experimentallydetermineddragcoefficientforflowpastacircular
cylinder;relateflowstructurewiththedragcoefficient
10/14/2013
ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 12
Whenflowdoesnotseparate,laminarflowispreferableover
turbulent(dragwise);samemaynotalwaysbetrueforseparating
flow
Forseparatingflow,forarangeofRe,turbulentdragislessthan
laminardrag
Turbulent flow is therefore preferable in some cases Turbulentflowis,therefore,preferableinsomecases
Experimentallydetermineddragcoefficientforflowoveraflatplate;
notethedifferencewiththecylindercase(Reference:Kundu andCohen)
Sportsballaerodynamics:Mehta
Swingofgolfandcricketballs
10/14/2013
ME631/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in 13
BLseparation,inmostcases,
isnotdesirable(leadstohigher
formdrag).Somebirds
(Albatross, for instance) make (Albatross,forinstance)make
useofBLseparationforlong
distancegliding
Albatrosscanflyverylong
distance(~1000km)withnear
zeroenergyexpenditure;a
phenomenonstillunder
investigation(firstreportedby
L d l i h 1883)
Richardson,ProgressinOceanography,88(2011),4856
LordRayleigh,1883)
Nonlineareffects:importanceofexperiments
oSymmetry
to
oInviscid flow
to
asymmetry
andsteady
tounsteady
Transition
oInviscid flow
vs.flowwith
small
viscosity