Code No: RR322105 Set No.

1
III B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) What is the relationship between internal energy and enthalpy? Carbon diox-
ide expands isentropically through a nozzle from a pressure of 3.0 bar to 1.0
bar. If the initial temperature is 483 K , determine
(b) The final temperature,
(c) The enthalpy drop and
(d) The change in the internal energy. [4x4=16]

2. (a) Define strong shock and weak shock wave in a compressible flow .
(b) Illustrate with sketches and plots.
(c) Hence develop the famous Prandtl relation for normal shock waves.
(d) Provide detailed comments on this relation. [3+3+7+3]

3. (a) Sketch supersonic flow field across a thin wedge and explain difference between
a shock wave and a Mach wave.
2 1+[(γ−1)/2]M 2
(b) Hence prove for an oblique shock wave that Mn,2 = γM 2 −(γ−1)/2
n,1
where Mn,1
n,1
and Mn,2 are the normal components of the supersonic Mach numbers across
the oblique shock waves.
(c) Can you determine the down stream Mach number? [6+6+4]

4. Consider a double wedge airfoil, C=2m, of half angle =20 kept at an angle of attack
of 80 in a supersonic stream of Mach number 2.5.Make use of Ackeret,s theory to
evaluate lift and drag of this airfoil. [16]

5. Define the term Impulse function in regard to the thrust exerted by isentropic flow
of a fluid. Show that the non-dimensional impulse function is given in terms of the
Mach number of the fluid stream as FF∗ = q 1+γM γ−1 2
2
[16]
M 2(1+γ)(1+ 2 M )

6. Air flows isentropically through a nozzle of throat area 7cm2 and exit area 24cm2
. If p0 = 650 kPa and T0 = 2000 C, compute the mass flow, exit pressure and exit
mach number for

(a) subsonic flow,

(b) supersonic flow. [16]

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Code No: RR322105 Set No. 1
7. The equations of 2-D fluid motion in isentropic flow are given in indicial notation
as below
Continuity ∂ρ
∂t
∂u
+ ρuj ∂xj
=0
∂p
Momentum ρ ∂u ∂t
i ∂ui
+ ρuj ∂x = − ∂x
 γ i
j

Isentropic relation p0 = ρρ0

p
. If the perturbation velocity components are given
as u1 = U + u and u2 = v , then develop the equations in terms of perturbation
velocity components and suggest how to apply B.C. for a planar wing [16]

8. Explain when a fluid is termed incompressible and what conditions make it com-
pressible. Hence demonstrate the effect of Mach number on the flow past an airfoil
with Mach number increasing from near zero to unity. Make use of sketches and
plots to illustrate your point. [16]

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Code No: RR322105 Set No. 2
III B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Define the terms enthalpy, stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure.
Air at a temperature of 293 K and a pressure of 1 atm (101,325 kPa ) flows
isentropically at a velocity of 320 m/s. Assuming air to behave as a perfect
gas of constant specific heats,
(b) Calculate the enthalpy, stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure .
(c) Explain the significance of stagnation properties. [6+6+4]

2. (a) Derive the famous Prandtl equation of Normal shock flows .

(b) Demonstrate that the shock wave occurs in a flow from supersonic to subsonic
Mach numbers.
(c) Can you convert the proven equation in terms of M1 and M2 , the upstream
and downstream Mach numbers respectively? [8+4+4]

3. Consider a thin wedge placed in a supersonic flow.

(a) Explain difference between a shock wave and a Mach wave.

2 1+[(γ−1)/2]M 2
n,1
(b) Hence prove for an oblique shock wave that Mn,2 = γM 2 −(γ−1)/2 where Mn,1
n,1
and Mn,2 are the normal components of the supersonic Mach numbers across
the oblique shock waves.
(c) Can you determine the down stream Mach number? [6+6+4]

4. The θ - β - M relation for an oblique shock wave is given by

M12 sin2 β−1
tan θ = 2 cot β M 2 (γ+cos 2β)+2
.Consider the θ - β - M diagram and explain the fol-
1
lowing situations;

(a) If in a given physical problem θ is fixed and M1 is increased

(b) if θ > θmax . Make use of sketches and plots along with a drawn θ - β - M
diagram on your answer sheet. [16]

5. Consider the equation of continuity under isentropic flow conditions and define the
non-dimensional mass flow parameter .Obtain the relationship for the same as given
√ q  (γ+1)/2(γ−1)
below mApT0 0 Rγ = γ+1
2
[16]

6. The Mach number and pressure at the entry of a subsonic diffuser are 0.9 and 4.163
bar. Determine the area ratio reqd. and the pressure rise if the mach number at
the exit of the diffuser is 0.20. Assume isentropic diffusion of air. [16]

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Code No: RR322105 Set No. 2
7. Making use of the velocity potential equation for compressible isentropic flows, de-
velop
"  ∧
2 # ∧ "  ∧ 2 # ∧  ∧
 ∧ ∧
∂ φ ∂ 2φ ∂ φ ∂ 2φ ∂2 φ
a2 − V∞ + ∂x ∂x2
+ a2 − ∂y ∂y 2
−2 V∞ + ∂x ∂∂yφ ∂x∂y
∂ φ
= 0 ,where
∧
φ is the perturbation potential due to the placing of a thin airfoil in the flow field.
Application of B.C.may be clearly stated. [16]

8. State the Prandtl-Glauert rule. What are its basis of this correction for compress-
ibility?(Hint: consider the small perturbation potential equation) . Hence show
c
that cl,c = √ l,i 2 where cl,i andcl,c are the coefficients of lift at incompressible and
1−M∞
compressible Mach numbers. [16]

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Code No: RR322105 Set No. 3
III B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Define the terms enthalpy, stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure.
Air at a temperature of 293 K and a pressure of 1 atm (101,325 kPa ) flows
isentropically at a velocity of 320 m/s. Assuming air to behave as a perfect
gas of constant specific heats,
(b) Calculate the enthalpy, stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure .
(c) Explain the significance of stagnation properties. [6+6+4]

2. (a) Prove the relation M1∗ M2∗ = 1

1+ γ−1 M12
(b) Hence show that M22 = 2
γM12 − γ−1
.
2

(c) And show that the downstream Mach number is function of the upstream
Mach number alone. [6+6+4]

3. Show with sketches and plots that a normal shock wave can be transformed in to
an oblique shock wave if a constant tangential velocity component is superimposed
on the velocities pertaining to a normal shock. Make use of a polar diagram in this
respect. [16]

4. A supersonic flow with M1 = 1.8 , p1 = 1 atm ,and T1 = 288 K is expanded around

a sharp corner through a deflection angle of 150 . Calculate M2 , p2 , T2 , p0,2 , T0,2
and the angles that the forward and rearward Mach lines make with respect to the
up stream flow. [16]

5. Derive the quasi-one dimensional form of the area-velocity relationship is

dA
dV
= −(1 − M 2 ) VA Explain the behavior of area v/s curve when

(a) M>1
(b) M = 0
(c) M < 1.Explain with one example each for the Mach number . [16]

6. Air flows isentropically through a nozzle of throat area 6cm2 and exit area 24cm2
. If p0 = 600 kPa and T0 = 2000 C, compute the mass flow, exit pressure and exit
mach number for

(a) subsonic flow,

(b) supersonic flow. [16]

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Code No: RR322105 Set No. 3
7. The equation of 2-D motion of fluid in small perturbation velocity components is
given by
2 ∂u ∂v
(1 − M∞ ) ∂x + ∂y = M∞ 2
(γ + 1) Uu ∂u
∂x
, where u and v are the perturbation velocity
components given by u1 = U + u and u2 = v and M∞ is the free stream Mach
number of the flow. Develop the expression for the pressure coefficient
Cp [Cp = 1p−p ∞
ρ V2
in incompressible flow ] in terms of the flow over an elongated
2 ∞ ∞
body. [16]

8. Define the compressibility of air as a medium in aerodynamics. Establish the lowest

Mach number at which it starts showing its presence. Show that the pressure
coefficient Cp at Mach number is different from that in an incompressible flow.
Can you show it by another method? Make use of sketches and plots. [16]

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Code No: RR322105 Set No. 4
III B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) If U is the
internal energy of a system under equilibrium ,then show that
dU = ∂U ∂U


∂S V
dS + ∂V S
dV .
(b) Describe that entropy is extensive property and
(c) That it is contained in the 2nd law of thermodynamics. [6+5+5]
1
2. (a) Prove the relation M2∗ = M1∗
1+ γ−1 M12
(b) Hence show that M22 = 2
γM12 − γ−1
.
2

(c) And show that the downstream Mach number is function of the upstream
Mach number alone. [6+6+4]

3. (a) Consider a wedge and a cone with the same semi wedge /semi vertex angle θ
= 200 in a stream of Mach number = 2.
i. Sketch the flows over the two configurations and compare the same. What
differences do you notice?
ii. Provide your detailed comments
(b) Consider an oblique shock wave with β = 350 and pressure ratio p2 /p1 =3.
Calculate the upstream Mach number. [6+6+4]

4. Air at M1 = 2.0 and at a pressure of 70 kPa flows along a wall which bends away
at an angle of 120 from the direction of flow. Determine the Mach number and
pressure after the bend. If in another case the flow experiences a compression over
the concave wall which actually bends through the same angle, determine the Mach
number and pressure with the same free stream conditions. Sketch the flow fields
in both the cases. [16]

5. Consider the equation of continuity under isentropic flow conditions and define the
non-dimensional mass
s flow parameter .Obtain the relationship for the same as given
√
 2/γ  (γ+1)/γ 
pγ p
m T0
below Ap0 = R γ−1 2
p0
− pp0 [16]

6. Air flows isentropically through a nozzle of throat area 7cm2 and exit area 24cm2
. If p0 = 650 kPa and T0 = 2000 C, compute the mass flow, exit pressure and exit
mach number for

(a) subsonic flow,

(b) supersonic flow. [16]

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Code No: RR322105 Set No. 4
7. The equations of 2-D fluid motion in isentropic flow are given in indicial notation
as below
Continuity ∂ρ
∂t
∂u
+ ρuj ∂xj
=0
∂p
Momentum ρ ∂u ∂t
i ∂ui
+ ρuj ∂x = − ∂x
 γ i
j

Isentropic relation p0 = ρρ0

p
. If the perturbation velocity components are given
as u1 = U + u and u2 = v , then develop the equations in terms of perturbation
velocity components and suggest how to apply B.C. for a planar wing [16]

8. Define the following terminology in the compressible aerodynamics; critical Mach

number, sub-critical Mach number, super critical Mach number, crest critical Mach
number and transonic Mach number. Hence present all of the above on a single
plot and comment in as much details as possible with reference to the flight of a
satellite launch vehicle from t = 0 , at the launch till it reaches supersonic speed.
[16]

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