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CHAPTER 2

HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS The present day operating systems ha e not !een de e"oped o ernight# $%st "i&e any other system' operating systems a"so ha e e o" ed o er a period o( time' starting (rom the ery primiti e systems to the present day )omp"e* and ersati"e ones# +es)ri!ed !e"o, is a !rie( des)ription o( the e o"%tion o( operating systems# 2#SIMP.E /ATCH SYSTEMS Comp%ters in ear"ier days o( their in)eption ,ere ery !%"&y' "arge ma)hines %s%a""y r%n (rom a )onso"e# I0O de i)es )onsisted o( )ard readers' tape dri es and "ine printers# +ire)t %ser intera)tion ,ith the system did not e*ist# 1sers made a 2o! )onsisting o( programs' data and )ontro" in(ormation# The 2o! ,as s%!mitted to an operator ,ho ,o%"d e*e)%te the 2o! on the )omp%ter system# The o%tp%t appeared a(ter min%tes' ho%rs or sometimes days# The %ser )o""e)ted the o%tp%t (rom the operator' ,hi)h a"so in)"%ded a memory d%mp# The operating system ,as ery simp"e and its ma2or tas& ,as to trans(er )ontro" (rom one 2o! to another# The operating system ,as resident in memory 3Fig%re 2#-4#
Operating system

User area

Fig%re 2#-5 Memory "ayo%t (or simp"e !at)h system To speed %p pro)essing' 2o!s ,ith the same needs ,ere !at)hed together and e*e)%ted as a gro%p# For e*amp"e' a"" FORTRAN 2o!s ,ere !at)hed together (or e*e)%tion6 a"" CO/O. 2o!s

,ere !at)hed together (or e*e)%tion and so on# Th%s )ame into e*isten)e !at)h operating systems# E en tho%gh pro)essing speed in)reased to a "arge e*tent !e)a%se o( !at)h pro)essing' the CP1 ,as o(ten id"e# This is !e)a%se o( the disparity !et,een operating speeds o( e"e)troni) de i)es "i&e the CP1 and the me)hani)a" I0O de i)es# CP1 operates in the mi)rose)ond 0 nanose)ond ranges ,hereas I0O de i)es ,or& in the se)ond 0 min%te range# 7ith impro ements in te)hno"ogy' I0O de i)es !e)ame (aster !%t CP1 speeds !e)ame e en (aster# So the pro!"em o( disparity in operating speeds on"y ,idened# 2#2 SPOO.ING The introd%)tion o( dis&s !ro%ght in the )on)ept o( spoo"ing# Instead o( reading (rom s"o, inp%t de i)es "i&e )ard readers into the )omp%ter memory and then pro)essing the 2o!' the inp%t is (irst read into the dis&# 7hen the 2o! is pro)essed or e*e)%ted' the inp%t is read dire)t"y (rom the dis&# Simi"ar"y ,hen a 2o! is e*e)%ted (or printing' the o%tp%t is ,ritten into a !%((er on the dis& and a)t%a""y printed "ater# This (orm o( pro)essing is &no,n as spoo"ing an a)ronym (or Sim%"taneo%s Periphera" Operation On .ine# Spoo"ing %ses the dis& as a "arge !%((er to read ahead as possi!"e on inp%t de i)es and (or storing o%tp%t %nti" o%tp%t de i)es are a ai"a!"e to a))ept them# Spoo"ing o er"aps I0O o( one 2o! ,ith the )omp%tation o( other 2o!s# For e*amp"e' spoo"er may !e reading the inp%t o( one 2o! ,hi"e printing the o%tp%t o( another and e*e)%ting a third 2o! 3Fig%re 2#24# +is&

I0O

Card reader

CP1 Fig%re2#25 Spoo"ing

Printer

Spoo"ing in)reases the per(orman)e o( the system !y a""o,ing !oth a (aster CP1 and s"o,er I0O de i)es to ,or& at higher operating rates# 2#8 M1.TIPROGRAMME+ /ATCH SYSTEMS The )on)ept o( spoo"ing introd%)ed an important data str%)t%re )a""ed the 2o! poo"# Spoo"ing )reates a n%m!er o( 2o!s on the dis& ,hi)h are ready to !e e*e)%ted 0 pro)essed# The operating system no, has to )hoose (rom the 2o! poo"' a 2o! that is to !e e*e)%ted ne*t# This in)reases CP1 %ti"i9ation# Sin)e the dis& is a dire)t a))ess de i)e' 2o!s in the 2o! poo" may !e s)hed%"ed (or e*e)%tion in any order' not ne)essari"y in se:%entia" order# $o! s)hed%"ing !rings in the a!i"ity o( m%"tiprogramming# A sing"e %ser )annot &eep !oth CP1 and I0O de i)es !%sy# M%"tiprogramming in)reases CP1 %ti"i9ation !y organi9ing 2o!s in a manner s%)h that CP1 a",ays has a 2o! to e*e)%te# The idea o( m%"tiprogramming )an !e des)ri!ed as (o""o,s# A 2o! poo" on the dis& )onsists o( a n%m!er o( 2o!s that are ready to !e e*e)%ted 3Fig%re 2#84# S%!sets o( these 2o!s reside in memory d%ring e*e)%tion# The operating system pi)&s and e*e)%tes one o( the 2o!s in memory# 7hen this 2o! in e*e)%tion needs an I0O operation to )omp"ete' the CP1 is id"e# Instead o( ,aiting (or the 2o! to )omp"ete the I0O' the CP1 s,it)hes to another 2o! in memory# 7hen the pre io%s 2o! has )omp"eted the I0O' it 2oins the s%!set o( 2o!s ,aiting (or the CP1# As "ong as there are 2o!s in memory ,aiting (or the CP1' the CP1 is ne er id"e# Choosing one o%t o( se era" ready 2o!s in memory (or e*e)%tion !y the CP1 is )a""ed CP1 s)hed%"ing#
Operating system Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4

Fig%re 2#85 Memory "ayo%t (or m%"tiprogrammed system

2#;

TIME SHARING SYSTEMS M%"tiprogrammed !at)h systems are s%ited (or e*e)%ting "arge 2o!s that need ery "itt"e or

no %ser intera)tion# On the other hand intera)ti e 2o!s need on<"ine )omm%ni)ation !et,een the %ser and the system# Time<sharing 0 m%"ti tas&ing is a "ogi)a" e*tension o( m%"tiprogramming# It pro ides intera)ti e %se o( the system# CP1 s)hed%"ing and m%"tiprogramming pro ide ea)h %ser one time s"i)e 3s"ot4 in a time< shared system# A program in e*e)%tion is re(erred to as a pro)ess# A pro)ess e*e)%tes (or one time s"i)e at a time# A pro)ess may need more than one time s"i)e to )omp"ete# +%ring a time s"i)e a pro)ess may (inish e*e)%tion or go (or an I0O# The I0O in this )ase is %s%a""y intera)ti e "i&e a %ser response (rom the &ey!oard or a disp"ay on the monitor# The CP1 s,it)hes !et,een pro)esses at the end o( a time s"i)e# The s,it)hing !et,een pro)esses is so (ast that the %ser gets the i""%sion that the CP1 is e*e)%ting on"y one %ser=s pro)ess# M%"tiprogramming and Time<sharing are the main )on)epts in a"" modern operating systems# 2#> S1MMARY This )hapter has tra)ed the e o"%tion o( operating systems# Operating systems ha e e o" ed (rom the simp"e !at)h systems to the "atest m%"tiprogrammed' time<sharing systems# 7e ha e a"so st%died the )on)ept o( spoo"ing ,here the dis& a)ts as a !%((er and :%e%es %p pro)esses (or CP1 to e*e)%te# This in)reases system per(orman)e and a""o,s a (aster de i)e "i&e the CP1 to ,or& ,ith s"o,er I0O de i)es# M%"tiprogramming a""o,s many ready 2o!s to !e present in memory sim%"taneo%s"y (or e*e)%tion# This he"ps in)reases CP1 %ti"i9ation# 2#? E@ERCISE -# 2# +is)%ss the e o"%tion o( the present day )omp%ter systems# E*p"ain the (o""o,ing )on)epts5 Spoo"ing' M%"tiprogramming' Time<sharing#

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2#A

ACTIBITY For the operating systems noted' st%dy their e o"%tion (ind o%t ,hi)h o( the a!o e

)on)epts are imp"emented#

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