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ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October December (2012), IAEME

110











MODELING OF THERMAL PHOTOVOLTAIC PUMPING
SYSTEM OPTIMIZED


Bouden Abdelmalek
1
, M. Marir Benabbas
2

Laboratory (MoDERNa), Faculty of the science and the technology
Department of electronics, University of Constantine 1, Algeria





ABSTRACT

During the photovoltaic conversion of the solar collector, a heat is generated, what will
increase the temperature of the photovoltaic cell and will cause a fall of its efficiency. This
phenomenon is due to the part of the solar radiance non absorbed by the cells and that will be to the
origin of its warming-up. This warming-up has been considered like ominous for the photovoltaic
solar thermal collector, and several efforts have been agreed to evacuate this heat. There was also
help to exploit this phenomenon by the photovoltaic system combination with a thermal system to
form the collector hybridize PVT, that is going to generate electricity and the heat at the same time.
The objective of this work concerns the photovoltaic pumping system improvement by the
insertion of a thermal photovoltaic collector (PVT) to increase the efficiency of this system.
Follows a general presentation on the photovoltaic systems. The comparison between the
direct coupling and the technique of pursuit of the point of maximal power (MPPT) with and without
PVT collector proves to be necessary.
Finally, the use of this technique to supply a converter, while showing the influence of the
climatic parameters around this point. The results gotten extended were promising and remain to
validate practically.

Keywords: Photovoltaic Systems, Pumping, Optimization, Point of Maximum Power MPPT, PVT.

1. INTRODUCTION

The solar energy remains a significant source of energy savings, especially for conditions
where sunlight is abundant and conventional energy is more expensive. This energy becomes more
competitive if it improves the performance of thermal conversion systems [1]. For solar collectors,
thermal efficiency can be improved by promoting the exchange of heat between the plate and the
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coolant; the PVT collector can simultaneously produce heat and electricity. It is composed of a flat
plate water heating collector inserted into a photovoltaic module. [2]

2. ELEMENTS OF CONSTRUCTION OF PVT COLLECTOR

The studied system consists of three main components, namely, (Fig. 1):

The photovoltaic module, which has the role of converting sunlight into electrical energy and is
composed of three layers: the first layer is a glass, whose front face is exposed to radiation, the
second layer containing the photovoltaic cells and the third layer is the rear face of the module, made
of tedlar.
A galvanized steel plate whose role is to absorb heat,
A pipe assembly as radiator or coil, the absorption plate welded to ensure a good thermal contact
between the two elements, and in which circulates a coolant that has the function to remove the heat
stored by the absorption plate.
Finally, to minimize heat loss from the system, insulate walls with one or more layers of
insulation. [3]


Fig.1: Elements of construction of PVT collector

3. MODEL OF THERMAL SYSTEM

The power recovered by the heat transfer fluid is defined as the difference between the
incident solar energy and the heat losses. It is given by: [3]

Ta)] - (Te U - E ) AcFr[( = Qu
L eff

(1)

The average temperature of the plate is given by

Ta) - (Te
Fr) (AcU
Qu
+ Te = T
L
(2)

With
] Fc) )
MC
Ac.U -
exp( - [1
U
MC
= Fr
P
L
L
P
(3)

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013), IAEME
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f
PVA
L
dih
1
W.h
1
+ d] + d)F - [(W U
1
/ 1

+
=
L
WU
Fc

(4)

) (
2
) (
2
tanh
di W
m
di W
m
F

=
(5)

pv pv abc abc
L
L K L K
U
m
+
= (6)


Ac: Collector Area (m
2
)
Fr: Collector heat removal factor
()
eff
: Effective transmissivity-absorptivity product.
E: Global radiation received by an inclined surface.
UL: Coefficient of heat loss, W/m
2
C.
Te: Fluid temperature at the collector input.
Ta: Ambient temperature.
Qu: Useful energy recovered by the fluid
M:Mass of absorber.
Cp: Specific heat of absorber.
Fc: Collector efficiency factor.
W: Distance between the tubes.
d: Diameter pipe hydraulics.
F: Effectiveness coefficient.
h
PVA
: Coefficient of heat transfer from cell to absorb.
hf: Thermal coefficient of the fluid.
m: Surface flow, kg / s m
2

Kabs: Conductivity Absorber.
Labs: Thickness Absorber.
K
PV
: PV Conductivity.
L
PV
: PV thickness.

4. MODEL OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

Figure (2) shows the diagram of a photovoltaic cell


Fig. 2: Circuit diagram of a photovoltaic cell

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The term of current I generated by the cell and supplied to the load is given by:

( )
|
|

\
| +

|
|

\
| +
=
Sh
s
T
s
S ph
R
I R V
1
U A
I R V
exp I I I

(7)

[ ] T K I
Er
E
I
ph ph
+ =
0 0
(8)

With Tr T T =

(9)

(

\
|

=
n CCr
CCr
n
T I
Er
E
I
T
K 1
0

(10)


k: Boltzman's constant; q: electron charge.
T: Temperature (Kelvin).
V: Terminal voltage of the cell.
U
T
: Thermal stress.
E: Illuminance.
Iph: Current photo.
Is: Saturation current of the diode.
A: Quality factor of the diode.
Rs, Rsh: Series resistance and shunt

a) Short-circuit I
SCr
:

0 ) ( =
SCr
I V

SCr
Sh
S
T
SCr 0 S
0 S 0 ph SCr
I
R
R
1
AU
I R
I I I
(

= ) exp(

(11)


(

+ + = 1 ) exp( ) 1 (
0
0 0
T
SCr S
S SCr ph
AU
I R
I I
Rsh
Rs
I

(12)


b) Open circuit voltage, V
OC

0 ) ( =
COr
V I

Sh
S
T
OCr
0 S 0 ph
R
R
1
AU
V
I I 0
(

= ) exp(

(13)


Sh
OCr
T
OCr
S ph
R
V
AU
V
I I +
(

= 1 ) exp(
0 0
(14)

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013), IAEME
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Donc
(

+
=
) exp( ) (
) (
0
0
0 0
0
T
OCr
T
SCr S
Sh
SCr Sh S OCr
S
AU
V
AU
I R
R
I R R V
I
(15)


0 S S
R R =
(16)


) exp(
0
T
OCr
S
T
Sh
AU
V
I
AU
R =

(17)

n SCr
r
SC
T I
E
E
I + =

(18)

n OCr OC
T V V + =

(19)

5. CHARACTERISTIC I(V) AND P(V) OF PV GENERATOR AND PVT COLLECTOR

The power delivered by a photovoltaic generator depends on the irradiation what receives.

One notices that the maximum power for a system with a thermal photovoltaic collector
(PVT) superior to the maximum power for a photovoltaic generator (GPV) system.


Fig. 3. Characteristic I (V) of GPV and PVT
Collector

Fig.4. Characteristic P(V) of GPV and PVT
Collector

6. OPTIMIZATION OF PV PUMPING SYSTEM

6.1. The tracking techniques maximum power
The point of working of the photovoltaic system, situated to the intersection of the
characteristic I(V) of generator and the motor - pump group, move according to the value of the
sunshine.
For high values of the sunshine, the characteristics intersect in the zone where the power
produced by the generator is optimal. By contrary, for small values of sunshine, the point of working
remote of this zone. Says otherwise, during the morning and evening the performances of the system
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013), IAEME
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are mediocre and the generator is under used. A question gets, it is possible to force the system to
function in the zone where the power produced by the generator is optimal, more precisely, one can
force the generator to produce its maximal power some are the climatic conditions?

6.2. Basis of the impedance adaptation by a converter DC DC
We will concede a motor DC to constant flux, while disregarding the reaction of induced and
the phenomenon of commutation, the tension of the motor will be equal to: [4, 5]

e
ch
a ch a ch
k
dt
dI
L I R V + + = . (20)
and the couple of the motor

C
e
=k
t
I
ch
(21)

The centrifugal pump opposes a resistant couple:

Cr=k
r

2
+C
S
(22)

K
e
(V/rad.s
-1
), k
t
(Nm/Ampre) et kr(Nm/rad.s
-1
) are coefficients of proportionality. [6]

On the other hand we have the mechanical equation:

r e m
C C
dt
d
J =

(23)
With Jm: the moment of inertia of the group. [7]

6.3. Techniques of research of point of power maximal (MPPT)
In general the point of functioning is not in the MPPT of the photovoltaic panel. Then in the
direct coupling loads, the photovoltaic panels are often oversized to assure a sufficient power to
provide to the load, this leads to an overly expensive system. To surmount this problem, the maximal
power tracking can be used to maintain the functioning of the photovoltaic panel at its maximum
power for this one to use methods of research of the MPPT among methods is:

6.3.1. Method of Conductance incremental
This method is more efficient and complex compared to other methods such as perturbation
and observation.
It is based on the fact that the derivative of the exit power PPV in relation to the tension of
panel VPV is equal to zero to the maximum point of power.
The characteristic P(V) of PV panel shows that this derivative is positive to the left of the
maximum power point and negative to the right of the maximum power point. Figure (5)


Fig.5. Characteristic of power
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This leads to the following set of equations: [8, 9, 10]

In-MPP:

( )
0 = + = =
pv
pv
pv PV
pv
pv pv
pv
pv
dV
dI
V I
dV
V I d
dV
dp
(24)

-A Left MPPT:

( )
0 > + = =
pv
pv
pv PV
pv
pv pv
pv
pv
dV
dI
V I
dV
V I d
dV
dp
(25)

- A right MPPT:
( )
0 < + = =
pv
pv
pv PV
pv
pv pv
pv
pv
dV
dI
V I
dV
V I d
dV
dp
(26)

These equations can be written as:

pv
pv
pv
pv
V
I
dV
dI
= Au MPP
pv
pv
pv
pv
V
I
dV
dI
> gauche du MPP
pv
pv
pv
pv
V
I
dV
dI
< droite du MPP
The equations can be used above as algorithm of control to order the point of function of the
converter while measuring the growth of conductance and the converter's instantaneous conductance
dIPV / dVPV and IPV / VPV respectively. [9]
The organization chart of the control algorithm is shown on the figure (6).



















Fig.6: Organization chart of the method of conductance incremental.

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ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013), IAEME
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7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1. Comparison between optimized and non-optimized system
Whatever the nature of the couple of motor-pump group to the PV generator, with or without
ptimization criterion, the load characteristic, power, efficiency and the quantity of water provided by
the pumping system are the main parameters permit the assessment and the validation of the
exploitation of the photovoltaic pumping system.

7.1.1. Characteristic of load and power
The function of the system is improven by the use of the technical MPPT, where the motor to
continuous current is supplied by nearer tensions to the face values , the effect of the technique
compared to the direct coupling is very clear.

- GPV system
For small values of the illuminance at 200W/m2, the supply voltage is increased to a value as low
as 75V for the direct coupling to a result value of 130V.

- PVT collector system
For small values of the illuminance at 200W/m2, the supply voltage is increased to a value as low
as 80V for the direct coupling to a result value of 150V.
The powers obtained by the MPPT technique are the highest possible values, where the operating
system is ideal. Thus, the overall power of PVT sensor is used.
Figures (7) and (8) watch the big gap between the maximized powers and those of direct coupling.



Fig.7: Characteristic I(V) of pumping system
GPV and PVT, optimized and unoptimized.



Fig.8: Characteristic P (V) of pumping system
by GPV and PVT, optimized and unoptimized.

7.1.2. Characteristic of efficiency and the debit of pumping system
The efficiency of the system is defined by:

S N N E
H Q g
P
P
P S
m
e
h
PPV
. . .
. . .
= = (27)

With Ph: hydraulic power,
Q: Quantity of given by: [12]
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013), IAEME
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(
(

=
t
2
t
E E si

E 4
2
1
E E si 0
Q
) (
(28)

Et = 180W/m
2
; , and are constant.

Figures (9) and (10) illustrious gaits efficiency, which is 100% for the idealized MPPT
technique, against the direct coupling is characterized by a low yield, especially for low luminance
values. But from E = 900W/m
2
and the values of the efficiency will be close, reconciliation proves
the good matching between the motor-pump group and the generator for the direct coupling of strong
illumination.




Fig.9. Efficiency of pumping system PV


Fig.10. Efficiency of pumping system PVT

The figures (11) and (12) represent the paces of the debits, to the direct coupling and with the
technique of MPPT according to the illuminance.

-For the PVT collector system: In the case of the direct coupling system begins to supply water
at an luminance of 280W/m
2
, thus maximizing power strength of the pump supplying water to from
175W/m
2
. [12].

-For the PVT collector system: In the case of the direct coupling system begins to supply water
at an luminance of 190W/m
2
, thus maximizing power strength of the pump supplying water to from
100W/m
2
.

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013), IAEME
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Fig.11. Quantities of water of Pumping system
by GPV

Fig.12. Quantities of water of Pumping
system by PVT

8. CONCLUSION

In the photovoltaic conversion in the solar collector, a heat is generated, thereby increasing
the temperature at the photovoltaic cell and causing a drop in performance. This phenomenon is due
to the part of not absorbed by the cells and solar radiation will cause its warming-up. On the other
hand, this part of the absorbed radiation is lost as heat. The objective of this work is twofold,
increase the electrical efficiency of the collector, that is to say the electrical efficiency by reducing
the operating temperature and using the same heat for heating water or the surrounding space.
For the photovoltaic pumping system of solar energy, we have optimization technique; This
technique based on the simplest system consists of a direct coupling of the motor-pump to the
photovoltaic generator.
For an ideal optimization of the energy delivered by the generator. The tracking technique
maximum power point MPPT is used. But this technique has several disadvantages such as the
complexity of implementation and the high price.
The direct coupling of the generator and moto-pump group has been studied as a basic
reference. It represents the type of connection the easiest and least expensive course. However, this
coupling is acceptable only in very specific conditions where the load is properly adapted to the
generator and provides acceptable performance. This is noticed in this study for high irradiance. By
cons outside of this condition, the yield decreases and solar energy is converted poorly exploited.
Thus it is necessary to recover this loss of energy.

REFERENCES

[1] H. Abdi et N. At Messaoudne" Etude Exprimentale et Thorique des Performances de
deux Capteurs Plans Contact Direct Eau-Plaque dAbsorption" Rev. Energ. Ren. : Chemss
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[2] K. Touafek1*, M. Haddadi2, A. Malek3 et W. Bendaikha-Touafek1"A dynamic model of
hybrid photovoltaic/thermal panel"International Renewable Energy Congress, November 5-7,
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[3] A. Khelifa et K. Touafek "Etude de linfluence des paramtres externes et internes sur le
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[4] C. Alonso "Contribution loptimisation, la gestion et le traitement de lenergie" universit
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120

[5] Anto Joseph, Nagarajan and Antony Mary, A Multi Converter Based Pure Solar Energy
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AUTHORS DETAIL

Bouden Abdelmalek: got his degree engineer in electronics in the university of
Jijel, Algeria, June 2006, and his degree magister in electronics option composing
electronics and photovoltaic system to the university of Constantine - Algeria,
November 2008. The domain of his research is the renewable energy.



M.MARIR BENABBAS: He received the DES degree in physic energetic,
from the university of Constantine in 1981, and the magister photovoltaic from the
university of Constantine with associated of university of Belgium, Leuven 1984, her
dissertation research is concerned with the breakdown phenomena in solar cells,
from 1984 she joined the electronically institute of Constantine university, where she
served successively as instructor, assistant master. In 1993, where she was obtained
her doctorate as sciences of microelectronic from the university of Constantine with collaboration
from Institute national Polytechnic (INP, ENSEEIHT) of Toulouse his dissertation is concerned with
the physics and modeling quantum compound semiconductor devices such as high electron mobility
transistors (HEMTS).Since 1993, she served as associate professor in the electronically department.
She is now an associate research scientist in the material and electronically compound laboratory of
engineering science faculty where she has been engaged in research on heterostructure quantum well
devices and physics, and photovoltaic system, working on OPVC cells until a few years. She works
in several scientific projects with the different institution of ministry.