Adverbs An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. An adverb "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb (The man ranquickly).

But adverbs can also modify adjectives (Tara is really beautiful), or even other adverbs ( t works very well). !any different kinds of word are called adverbs. "e can usually reco#nise an adverb by its$ %unction (&ob) %orm 'osition 1. Function The (rinci(al job of an adverb is to modify (#ive more information about) verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. n the followin# e)am(les, the adverb is in bold and the word that it modifies is in italics. !odify a verb$ * &ohn s(eaks loudly. (+ow does &ohn s(eak,) * !ary lives locally. ("here does !ary live,) * -he never smokes. ("hen does she smoke,) !odify an adjective$ * +e is reallyhandsome. !odify another adverb$ * -he drives incrediblyslowly. But adverbs have other functions, too. They can$ !odify a whole sentence$ * .bviously, can/t know everythin#. !odify a (re(ositional (hrase$ * t/s immediatelyinside the door. 2. Form !any adverbs end in *ly. "e form such adverbs by addin# *ly to the adjective. +ere are some e)am(les$ quickly, softly, stron#ly, honestly, interestin#ly But not all words that end in *ly are adverbs. "%riendly", for e)am(le, is an adjective. -ome adverbs have no (articular form, for e)am(le$ well, fast, very, never, always, often, still 3. Position Adverbs have three main (ositions in the sentence$ %ront (before the subject)$ * 0ow we will study adverbs. !iddle (between the subject and the main verb)$ * "e often study adverbs. 1nd (after the verb or object)$ * "e study adverbs carefully. Adverbs of %requency always, sometimes, never... A2314B- .% 514TA 0T6 These adverbs e)(ress how certain or sure we feel about an action or event. 5ommon adverbs of certainty$

certainly, definitely, (robably, undoubtedly, surely Adverbs of certainty #o before the main verb but after the verb /to be/$ +e definitely left the house this mornin#. +e is (robably in the (ark. "ith other au)iliary verb, these adverbs #o between the au)iliary and the main verb$ +e has certainly for#otten the meetin#. +e will (robably remember tomorrow. -ometimes these adverbs can be (laced at the be#innin# of the sentence$ 7ndoubtedly, "inston 5hurchill was a #reat (olitician. B1 5A41%789 with surely. "hen it is (laced at the be#innin# of the sentence, it means the s(eaker thinks somethin# is true, but is lookin# for confirmation$ 1)am(le$ -urely you/ve #ot a bicycle, COMPARATIVE %.4!- .% A2314Bn #eneral, com(arative and su(erlative forms of adverbs are the same as for adjectives$ add *er or *est to short adverbs$ 1)am(le$ hard* harder* the hardest &im works harder than his brother. 1veryone in the race ran fast, but &ohn ran the fastest of all. with adverbs endin# in *ly, use more for the com(arative and most for the su(erlative$ 1)am(le$ quietly*more quietly : most quietly The teacher s(oke more slowly to hel( us to understand. 5ould you sin# more quietly (lease, -ome adverbs have irre#ular com(arative forms$ 1)am(le$ badly* worse * worst The little boy ran further than his friends. 6ou/re drivin# worse today than yesterday 9 B1 5A41%789 -ometimes /most/ can mean /very/$ "e were most #rateful for your hel( am most im(ressed by this a((lication. ADVERB OF DE!REE Adverbs of de#ree tell us about the intensity or de#ree of an action, an adjective or another adverb. 5ommon adverbs of de#ree$ Almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enou#h, hardly, scarcely, com(letely, very, e)tremely. Adverbs of de#ree are usually (laced$ before the adjective or adverb they are modifyin#$ e.#. The water was e)tremely cold. before the main verb$ e.#. +e was just leavin#. -he has almost finished. 1)am(les$ -he doesn/t quite know what she/ll do after university. They are com(letely e)hausted from the tri(. am too tired to #o out toni#ht. +e hardly noticed what she was sayin#. 1nou#h, very, too

1nou#h as an adverb meanin# /to the necessary de#ree/ #oes after adjectives and adverbs. 1)am(le$ s your coffee hot enou#h, (adjective) +e didn/t work hard enou#h. (adverb) t also #oes before nouns, and means /as much as is necessary/. n this case it is not an adverb, but a /determiner/. 1)am(le$ "e have enou#h bread. They don/t have enou#h food. Too as an adverb meanin# /more than is necessary or useful/ #oes before adjectives and adverbs, e.#. This coffee is too hot. (adjective) +e works too hard. (adverb) 1nou#h and too with adjectives can be followed by /for someone;somethin#/. 1)am(le$ The dress was bi# enou#h for me. -he/s not e)(erienced enou#h for this job. The coffee was too hot for me. The dress was too small for her. "e can also use /to < infinitive/ after enou#h and too with adjectives;adverb. 1)am(le$ The coffee was too hot to drink. +e didn/t work hard enou#h to (ass the e)am. -he/s not old enou#h to #et married. 6ou/re too youn# to have #randchildren9 3ery #oes before an adverb or adjective to make it stron#er. 1)am(le$ The #irl was very beautiful. (adjective) +e worked very quickly. (adverb) f we want to make a ne#ative form of an adjective or adverb, we can use a word of o((osite meanin#, or not very. 1)am(le$ The #irl was u#ly .4 The #irl was not very beautiful +e worked slowly .4 +e didn/t work very quickly. B1 5A41%789 There is a bi# difference between too and very. 3ery e)(resses a fact$ +e s(eaks very quickly. Too su##ests there is a (roblem$ +e s(eaks too quickly (for me to understand). .ther adverbs like very These common adverbs are used like very and not very, and are listed in order of stren#th, from (ositive to ne#ative$ e)tremely, es(ecially, (articularly, (retty, rather, quite, fairly, rather, not es(ecially, not (articularly. 0ote$ rather can be (ositive or ne#ative, de(endin# on the adjective or adverb that follows$

'ositive$ The teacher was rather nice. 0e#ative$ The film was rather disa((ointin#.0ote on inversion with ne#ative adverbs$ . = . "#e$$" %nd "&ood" /"ell/ is the adverb that corres(onds to the adjective /#ood/. 1)am(les$ +e is a #ood student. +e studies well. -he is a #ood (ianist. -he (lays the (iano well. They are #ood swimmers. They swim well. ADVERB ' F()CTIO) Adverbs modify, or tell us more about other words, usually verbs$ The bus moved slowly. The bears ate #reedily. -ometimes they tell us more about adjectives$ 6ou look absolutely fabulous9 They can also modify other adverbs$ -he (layed the violin e)tremely well. 6ou/re s(eakin# too quietly. I)TERRO!ATIVE ADVERB These are$ why, where, how, when They are usually (laced at the be#innin# of a question. 1)am(les$ "hy are you so late, "here is my (ass(ort, +ow are you, +ow much is that coat, "hen does the train arrive, 0otice that how can be used in four different ways$ >. meanin# /in what way,/$ +ow did you make this sauce, +ow do you start the car, ?. with adjectives$ +ow tall are you, +ow old is your house, =. with much and many$ +ow much are these tomatoes, +ow many (eo(le are comin# to the (arty, @. with other adverbs$ +ow quickly can you read this, +ow often do you #o to 8ondon, ADVERB OF MA))ER Adverbs of manner tell us how somethin# ha((ens. They are usually (laced after the main verb or after the object.

1)am(les$ +e swims well, (after the main verb) +e ran... ra(idly, slowly, quickly.. -he s(oke... softly, loudly, a##ressively.. &ames cou#hed loudly to attract her attention. +e (lays the flute beautifully. (after the object) +e ate the chocolate cake #reedily. B1 5A41%789 The adverb should not be (ut between the verb and the object$ +e ate #reedily the chocolate cake AincorrectB +e ate the chocolate cake #reedily AcorrectB f there is a (re(osition before the object, e.#. at, towards, we can (lace the adverb either before the (re(osition or after the object. 1)am(le$ The child ran ha((ily towards his mother. The child ran towards his mother ha((ily. -ometimes an adverb of manner is (laced before a verb < object to add em(hasis$ +e #ently woke the slee(in# woman. -ome writers (ut an adverb of manner at the be#innin# of the sentence to catch our attention and make us curious$ -lowly she (icked u( the knife. ("e want to know what ha((ened slowly, who did it slowly, why they did it slowly) +owever, adverbs should always come A%T14 intransitive verbs (Cverbs which have no object). 1)am(le$ The town #rew quickly +e waited (atiently Also, these common adverbs are almost always (laced A%T14 the verb$ well badly hard fast The (osition of the adverb is im(ortant when there is more than one verb in a sentence. f the adverb is (laced after a clause, then it modifies the whole action described by the clause. 0otice the difference in meanin# between the followin# (airs of sentences$ -he quickly a#reed to re*ty(e the letter (C her a#reement was quick) -he a#reed to re*ty(e the letter quickly (C the re*ty(in# was quick) +e quietly asked me to leave the house (C his request was quiet) +e asked me to leave the house quietly (C the leavin# was quiet) ADVERB OF P*ACE Adverbs of (lace tell us where somethin# ha((ens. They are usually (laced after the main verb or after the object$ 1)am(le$ after the main verb$ looked everywhere &ohn looked away, u(, down, around...

/m #oin# home, out, back 5ome in after the object$ They built a house nearby -he took the child outside /+ere/ and /there/ "ith verbs of movement, here means towards or with the s(eaker$ 5ome here (C towards me) t/s in here (C come with me to see it) There means away from, or not with the s(eaker$ 'ut it there (C away from me) t/s in there (C #o by yourself to see it) +ere and there are combined with (re(ositions to make many common adverbial (hrases$ down here, down thereD over here, over thereD under here, under thereD u( here, u( there +ere and there are (laced at the be#innin# of the sentence in e)clamations or when em(hasis is needed. They are followed by the verb if the subject is a noun$ +ere comes the bus. (followed by the verb) .r by a (ronoun if this is the subject (it, she, he etc.)$ +ere it is9 (followed by the (ronoun) There she #oes9 (followed by the (ronoun) 0.T1$ most common adverbs of (lace also function as (re(ositions. 1)am(les$ about, across, alon#, around, behind, by, down, in, off, on, over, round, throu#h, under, u(. Eo to 're(ositions or 'hrasal 3erbs .ther adverbs of (lace$ endin# in /*wards/, e)(ressin# movement in a (articular direction Backwards,forwards,downwards,u(wards,inwards,outwards 1)am(le$ 5ats don/t usually walk backwards. The shi( sailed westwards. B1 5A41%789 /Towards/ is a (re(osition, not an adverb, so it is always followed by a noun or a (ronoun$ +e walked towards the car. -he ran towards me. e)(ressin# both movement and location$ ahead, abroad, overseas, u(hill, downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors 1)am(le$ The child went indoors. +e lived and worked abroad. RE*ATIVE ADVERB The followin# adverbs can be used to join sentences or clauses. They re(lace the more formal structure of (re(osition < which in a relative clause$

where, when, why 1)am(les$ That/s the restaurant where we met for the first time. (where C at;in which) remember the day when we first met. (when C on which) There was a very hot summer the year when he was born. (when C in which) Tell me (the reason) why you were late home. (why C for which, but could re(lace the whole (hrase /the reason for which/) ADVERB OF TIME Adverbs of time tell us when an action ha((ened, but also for how lon#, and how often. 1)am(les$ "hen$ today, yesterday, later, now, last year %or how lon#$ all day, not lon#, for a while, since last year +ow often$ sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly ""hen" adverbs are usually (laced at the end of the sentence$ Eoldilocks went to the Bears/ house yesterday. /m #oin# to tidy my room tomorrow. This is a "neutral" (osition, but some "when" adverbs can be (ut in other (ositions to #ive a different em(hasis 5om(are$ 8ater Eoldilocks ate some (orrid#e. (the time is more im(ortant) Eoldilocks later ate some (orrid#e. (this is more formal, like a (oliceman/s re(ort) Eoldilocks ate some (orrid#e later. (this is neutral, no (articular em(hasis) "%or how lon#" adverbs are usually (laced at the end of the sentence$ -he stayed in the Bears/ house all day. !y mother lived in %rance for a year. 0otice$ /for/ is always followed by an e)(ression of duration$ for three days, for a week, for several years, for two centuries. /since/ is always followed by an e)(ression of a (oint in time$ since !onday, since >FFG, since the last war. "+ow often" adverbs e)(ressin# the frequency of an action are usually (laced before the main verb but after au)iliary verbs (such as be, have, may, must)$ often eat ve#etarian food. (before the main verb) +e never drinks milk. (before the main verb) 6ou must always fasten your seat belt. (after the au)iliary must) -he is never sea*sick.(after the au)iliary is) have never for#otten my first kiss. (after the au)iliary have and before the main verb for#otten)

-ome other "how often" adverbs e)(ress the e)act number of times an action ha((ens and are usually (laced at the end of the sentence$ This ma#aHine is (ublished monthly. +e visits his mother once a week. "hen a frequency adverb is (laced at the end of a sentence it is much stron#er. 5om(are$ -he re#ularly visits %rance. -he visits %rance re#ularly. Adverbs that can be used in these two (ositions$ frequently, #enerally, normally, occasionally, often, re#ularly, sometimes, usually /6et/ and /still/ 6et is used in questions and in ne#ative sentences, and is (laced at the end of the sentence or after not. +ave you finished your work yet, (C a sim(le request for information) 0o, not yet. (C sim(le ne#ative answer) They haven/t met him yet. (C sim(le ne#ative statement) +aven/t you finished yet, (C e)(ressin# sli#ht sur(rise) -till e)(resses continuityD it is used in (ositive sentences and questions, and is (laced before the main verb and after au)iliary verbs (such as be, have, mi#ht, will) am still hun#ry. -he is still waitin# for you Are you still here, 2o you still work for the BB5,