The Production of Place 2012

University of East London, Docklands Campus Conference Proceedings

The Production of the Sense of Place in Globalizing Cities

G Vecchio University of Catania, Italy

Abstract Knowledge of the places, as well as of their representations, can be a starting point for architecture and city planning to create future places which could solve some current contradictions. In this age of globalization, characterized by space-time compression and by the place meant as relationship between subject and space, the city is the right landscape typology to epitomize the specificities of global occurrences, thanks to some features like proximity and concrescence. Starting from the city ontology point of view, the aim of this paper is to investigate how, in global cities, the sense of place can be produced, giving priority to the idea of creating a real linking between its inhabitants. To such ends, the paper explores firstly which can be some of the main conflicts of a global city to impede the creation of a sense of place, here identified in homogenization and commodification of landscapes. Secondly, it tries to analyze the most successful peculiarities of global cities in order to speculate a city able to unite people: Linkcity. In this regard, the spatial processes which involve a dialectics of inclusion and exclusion will be taken into consideration focusing on the subjects of orientation and identity. Lastly, some possible solutions will be looked for in the disappearance of the esthetic and qualitative concept of periphery, in the relationship between city and nature, in the arts applied to building development and infrastructure, as well as in the subject of relational spaces. All this given that as a global city produces new symbols and dynamics, the architecture should create a new way of inhabiting space which could challenge the paradox existing in the need for both continuous change and for sense of the place. Indeed, if heritage should be preserved it is change that will shape the landscape of the future.

Introduction

The direct knowledge of places realized through the analysis of landscape considered as a spatialtemporal synthesis of the relationship between man and his environment as well as the indirect one obtained from the representations of the human space, can represent some key points to understand the spirit of places and to plan their future evolution. In these terms, architecture and town planning have the task of temporally transforming this spirit without omitting the creative and esthetic functions that imagination must have in the symbolic and concrete creation of a new image of places. However, in the society of globalization characterized by the tendency for homogenization, one of the most important challenges is to manage that through such a complex construction of places, people who live there can identify themselves with them, in order to develop the sense of place. Indeed, the features of globalization which have most contributed towards transforming modern society into the society of flows and networks have also modified the spatial structures of dwelling, directly affecting the space of nature, meant as rural and agrarian landscapes, as well as the urban 1

The Production of Place 2012

University of East London, Docklands Campus Conference Proceedings

space, tightly related to urban and town planning development. But it is in the city that the peculiarities of globalization have more significantly expressed themselves just for the reason that the city represents a whole of different concrescences and the place with the utmost anthropic density. If as was said by Yi-Fu Tuan Place is security, space is freedom (Tuan, 1977, p. 3) and space allows movement, [] place is pause (Ibidem, p. 6), it is in the city as synthesis of a pause in the temporal current (Ibidem, p. 179) including within elements such as itineraries, intersections, centre and monuments considered as features of the traditional anthropologic places (Aug, 2005, p. 61) which more than elsewhere must be questioned if the opposition space/place turns in favour of the latter. However, the morphology of the global city is rapidly evolving towards a New geography of centres and borders (Sassen, 2008, p. 109) which involve a disaggregation of the concept of the border. What does occur is that the idea of neighbourhood, thought as a series of contexts set in the space and able to create the locality (Appadurai, 2004) is leaving more and more place to that of communities without proximity. Likewise, the meaning of context is changing too as in the age of the virtual world an economy inserted in a network which operates both in the physical space and in the digital one is hard to be contextualized in terms of neighbourhood (Sassen, 2008, p. 225). Therefore the concept of distance results totally transformed and the principle of homogenization imposes itself even in the look of cities where, during the past, a planning activity based on respect for the genius loci had conferred on them a morphological and architectonic specificity. All of this happens to the detriment of the psychological orientation of man who is no longer able to recreate a new symbolic formation of space. But one of the most important consequences of this urban revolution of borders is that the principle of the tendency towards urban aggregation, to which Edward D. Soja refers to with the term of synekism, has led to the development in an ever-increasing scale of the postmetropolis which is characterized by becoming excessively widespread until reaching the non-shape of urban sprawl, the polycentric sprawltown. So the periphery from modernity place of lag is now becoming a ghetto of destitution, a place of resentment where its inhabitants are overcome by a sense of estrangement and isolation. In any case, there is another fundamental point of the globalized places related to this, that is the issue referring to the transnational migrations, which sometimes results in what Zygmunt Baumann calls wasted lives, as a consequence of the imperative of the production of order and economic development of the contemporaneous age. Indeed, the rise of transnational migrations allows the assumption of a different significance to the identification between the individual and the place. It happens that notwithstanding migrants could have the possibility to put in close connection the provenance place with the arrival one, maintaining a double cultural and symbolic identification, as moving identities (Ambrosini, 2008, p. 68) however, they sometimes suffer a total loss of identity and cultural belonging.

The Production of Place 2012

University of East London, Docklands Campus Conference Proceedings

The ability of the global city to be mobile, multicultural and to undertake a new sense of the rhythm more respectful of its own living space, as well as its possibility to be perceived in a multisensory way as it is theorized with the concept of urban sensescapes, should be accompanied by a new rethinking of the concepts of the other, of displacement and diversity. The city of the future should aim at uniting its inhabitants in a certain sense as consequences and at the same time in opposition to the homologating trend of the global world in order to become a Linkcity, a place of real links besides the virtual ones

Towards Linkcity

a) Main conflicts of the global city The phase during which the urban dimension of anthropization tried to exclude the country, forming with it an antinomic couple, has been replaced by that in which the city is taking the form of a multinuclear megalopolis included into a metropolitan region creating a spatial continuum. Now the metropolis is set against a new typology of wilderness meant as space-refuge from the artificialization and homogenization of the urban contexts. Indeed, while the world is evolving in the direction of an ever-increasing urbanization, at the same time the various cities in the world are planned and shaped according to patterns which make them become more similar to each other. However, from the city ontology point of view, all that is currently favoured to understand its evolution are above all the processes more than its form. In this sense, Amin Ash and Nigel Thrift affirm that the city is made up of a whole of entities which form concrescence elements that put together are more effective than separately which represents one of the specificities of the essence of the city (Amin and Thrift, 2005, p. 50). Therefore the space, crossed by fluxes and processes, must be considered as living and fluid, and the architecture must become dynamic in order to consider new ways of structuring the space of dwelling according to the diversification of its new functions. Starting instead from a historic and economic perspective of the contemporaneous city change, among other things, it can be seen that it has been characterized by the effects of deindustrialization and commodification of the urban landscape. The phase of deindustrialization, during which global capital has had a fundamental role and spatial dispersion of economy has regarded the concrete life of cities, has produced different outcomes in the organization of the urban space. Among them can be found the decentralization, the territorial consumption and the disabled spaces which need to be rethought from a functional and formal point of view, as well as the wider spreading of the peripheries and of their deterioration which lead to a sort of post-modern ruins. As far as the commodification of urban landscapes is concerned, it has had a heavy responsibility in the production of the homogenization which Marc Aug assimilated to the non-place and consequently also in the

The Production of Place 2012

University of East London, Docklands Campus Conference Proceedings

production of artificial hyper-places which erase the connotative features of places, denying their own essence and reality. However, the creation of the sense of place in the peripheries is one of the most delicate questions regarding man and his built environment; and above all it affects architecture and its capability to make up for the spreading of a disorienting urban landscape, that is the one which alters the normal phenomenological perceptive sequence of the individual. What is suggested here is that for their spreading in the global city, for their size as well for the large numbers of their inhabitants, peripheries should become a privileged subject of architecture; but they need not only the use of applied arts and esthetic theory but also a planning system which inside them is able to create social cohesion. Therefore, they should be thought out according to the community shared values so to become our future heritage.

b) Dialectics of inclusion and exclusion The postmetropolis represents less and less a reference for memory and collective identity, as it goes in the direction of the sprawltown and has the tendency to attract the elsewhere in its symbolic zone. This uprooting coincides (Soja, 2007, p. 175) with the phenomenon of psychasthenia, as a result of an awkward relationship between man and his environment. This involves the fact that if on one hand the same organization of symbols on a global scale makes it easier to individuate the sense of direction favouring the urban orientation, on the other hand this does not help psychological orientation as the impossibility to find original identity reference points leads to a sort of estrangement from the real places. It seems as if the cities have been built more for travelers than for the inhabitants, becoming a kind of artificial postcard-city where paradoxically the insiders are transformed into perpetual outsiders. Indeed, among the other consequences of globalization, beside deterritorialization and the spreading of over-national politics, there is also the creation of a hyper-reality where the hyper-places take the place of classical spatial orientation, in which the centre had a fundamental role, and people identify mostly with a cybernetic global landscape. The sense of place is therefore neutralized by the outcomes of a global control that makes us live in a world characterized by a geography of strategic places bound to each other largely by the dynamics of economic globalization and cross-border migrations (Sassen, 2004, p. 169) that drives us towards a a new geography of centrality (Ibidem). Moreover, the existing contradiction in the breaking up of the space where polarization takes place between the elite who can afford to cross through the space as they like and the underprivileged masses who are compelled to settle blocked in an overwhelming local space lacking in identity, leads to a non-development of the sense of identification. The same occurs to the antithetical couple of tourism/immigration which sees side by side an increasingly large number of tourists and travelers and the forced mobility of the immigrates or refugees. Indeed, if richness is global, poverty is local (Baumann, 2008, p.83).

The Production of Place 2012

University of East London, Docklands Campus Conference Proceedings

Therefore as orientation and identification are two main features of genius loci according to the theory of Charles Norberg-Schulz, their absence hampers the creation of an urban sense of place which should be maintained in whatever historical background leading to a dialectic of inclusion and exclusion among different typologies of urban inhabitants who are spatially and socially differentiated. Indeed, frequently the other is very often embodied by the dwellers of suburbs and deindustrialized areas as well as by the immigrants or refugees, in spite of the large number of attempts made in the direction of multiculturalism. In any case, the other is whoever, starting from socio-economic difficulties and from disenfranchisement even lose their ability to appropriate the urban places for themselves, identifying in them. In this respect, the question put by Saskia Sassen is as topical as it was before: Whose city is it? One of the answers could be found in the fact that the possibility to create some panoptic spaces which beget controlled places, as well as heterotopias, particular places located inside other places, or gated spaces, as well as gendered spaces, belongs to the dominant power. The organization regulations of space, indeed are visible above all to those who exercise power and become practically invisible to the others, disappearing under the surface of unavoidability. This is the gap which should be bridged recreating in the global world the sense of the place of the local allowing the urban community to live in symbolically recognizable places, planned by their inhabitants with a bottom-up strategy instead of starting from the global outlooks involved in the economic planning of cyberspace. Therefore the community should have a leading role in the decision-making relating to heritage as it should be preserved according to what people consider worth keeping, so as to go in the direction of inclusion. Territory is therefore experiencing a new phase in which the old economic, demographic and institutional patterns have disappeared thus requiring new answers to the issues put by Denis Cosgrove in defining the relationship between social formation and symbolic landscapes of modernity. It is therefore necessary to understand which could be the new semiotics and symbolic patterns which globalization is creating in the cyber-city, produced by the rise of information economies. Across a range of disciplines, the point is to investigate how in a sustainable global city the sense of place can be produced, starting from the idea of real linking between its inhabitants.

c) Linkcity In order to plan a city of the future which can diminish the present contradictions of global cities it could be helpful to take as a starting point their own peculiarities, as being an outcome of the inprogress socio-economic evolution, the current citys meaning should be integrated into a new symbolic vision. However, if the non-place was the negation of certain parameters which could sometimes be found in the transition or leisure places, it would probably be applying the esthetic theories and the creative arts to what is one of the most important symbols of globalization, that is movement and change, from which some suggestions for the production of places could be deduced.

The Production of Place 2012

University of East London, Docklands Campus Conference Proceedings

And as a matter of fact, analyzing the architectonic works of the twentieth century it can be seen that the utmost successful ones are exactly the places of transition and leisure, a subject widely undertaken by architects and town planners who followed the modern idea that art can consist of its own structure and therefore even of its infrastructure. The urban infrastructure and especially the transport infrastructure should become object of a methodical attention in order to be changed from place of transition to place of relational transition, namely which allow the street system to be also totally travelled by foot and by bicycle in safety. What instead should arouse more interest is housing which, during the globalization age, is having difficulties in finding some connotative traits which could replace the old concepts of the common themes typical of the houses of historic European cities and also of their relational spaces. The fact that large economic resources cannot be spent in housing which, moreover does not offer enough prestigious or profitable outcomes for the contemporaneous architecture, is one of the largest causes of the disorienting ugliness of the last decades endless present peripheries, as well as of the global deterioration of urban and landscape heritage, as has happened in the last half century in Italy. The disappearance of the periphery as esthetic and qualitative concept would represent a decisive step towards the mitigation of the dialectic of exclusion and inclusion even if undoubtedly one of the most thought about and debated tasks, as it requires a decisive revision of the whole different parameters regarding the formation of new cities and at the same time of the transformation dynamics of the still existent peripheries. Perhaps the union of creative arts in a systematic manner in the planning of housing and infrastructures as well as relational spaces should lead to the creation of sense. Certainly the present patterns of relational spaces should be built starting from different assumptions from those of historical cities, but the problem often arising is that the new points of aggregation are very likely to reproduce the non-place, as in the case of the shopping centres or of some airports which not only do not join people but also do not produce identitary symbols. What is here suggested is that perhaps the new types of relational spaces should be public, accessible to the whole community, sustainable from an ecological point of view and above all devoid of economic purposes in order to avoid commodification of space. Indeed, what can be thought is that what in the past promised to be economically favourable for post-modern society, during the course of events has turned out to be hindrances which break down the space with heavy consequences on the perceptive and emotional capacities of individuals and communities.

Furthermore, it could be useful to put together two of the functions of global city such as moving without paying and meeting to realize relational spaces in places seemingly marginal, giving a new value to the same idea of street as it happens, for example, with bike sharing and geocatching. Perhaps, the relational spaces should be looked for within real features, such as paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks (Lynch, 2006) trying to remove barriers in order to impede that each one could be bound by social and psychological borders. Indeed, sometimes the temporal fluidity
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The Production of Place 2012

University of East London, Docklands Campus Conference Proceedings

of the city does not coincide with the spatial one which seems to be full of impediments which divide one part of the city from another as well as certain groups from others. Against the rising homologation of the diffuse city however, different theories on urban planning have been developed, among which the pattern of little city or Krierstadt by Leon Krier which proposed going back to a little urban dimension, and the one fundamentally different from the Generic city by Rem Koolhaas which takes note of the impossibility of the global society to restore the old coordinates of space and time. Moreover, as the new development of sprawltown is favouring the horizontal direction, the theories of Landscape Urbanism whose aim includes [] the development of a spacetime ecology that treats all forces and agents working in the urban field and considers them as continuous networks of inter-relationships (Corner, 2006, p. 30) can be very helpful in the planning of the new form of the global city; indeed, as this theory provides for the inclusion of all the width of the diffuse city into the global city, this could become a positive pattern to substitute the past concept of periphery with a new positive one. Landscape Urbanism which intends to be a system of practices including architecture, town planning, landscape architecture and landscape ecology could have the ability to incorporate infrastructures, de-industrialized sites, as well as environmental complex systems, typical of the sprawltown. Indeed, in the text of Charles Waldheim not only the prevalence of horizontal dimension of the future city is highlighted but also the possibility of transforming the leftover void spaces into common spaces, creating interstitial projects in the residual spaces. The human space which must be replanned, favouring the borders and the marginal spaces can be included into what has been named Third Landscape by Gilles Clment that is also landscape placed in the edges , to which the concepts of borders and limits are more important than that of centrality. This landscape in the urban context can coincide with abandoned industrial sites and unattended infrastructures what Clment called residues which, inside the anthropized world, could allow the carving out of some natural spaces where the disorder could lead to the utmost biological evolution. The issue of the limit between city and nature or city and country penetrating each other is a very old one, pointed out among others, by Rosario Assunto, who set the nature space against the city space: the spatial representation of time creates city as spatialization of historical temporality, the landscape as spatialization of the natural temporality (Assunto,1973, p. 97). But at present, the matching of nature and city which during the last decades has produced the so-called green areas is not considered in such an antithetical way and even though it often cannot be translated into a practicable project, it is often proposed as a sustainable alternative; this occurs for example, in the agro-civism proposal of Richard Ingersoll who wants to revaluate the agrarian space around the city. But as a matter of fact, the trends in the creation of new urban spaces are going towards the production of places which from the city allow travel directly into natural areas, as happens in the case of city-park or city-garden such as Stockholm, Trmso, Vancouver, Auckland, Sidney and Portland, thus creating a linking between the visions of landscape and cityscape. In any case, many of these
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The Production of Place 2012

University of East London, Docklands Campus Conference Proceedings

architectonic proposals could be included within the principles of an ecological and sustainable planning which could take into consideration the dictates of landscape ecology as happens in the idea of smart city as well as of green city which besides the key point of energy saving suggest a decisive turning point in the use of sustainable techniques and materials as well as architectonic perspectives, also paying attention to the issues relating to seismic risk, undervalued in some areas of the world. But urban landscape can be considered both from the objective and the subjective points of view so the production of the sense of place requires also interpretation of heritage, which represents what a community considers valuable and meaningful. As Place is where the mind touches the world (Unwin, 2009, p. 30), then architectonic and town planning requires the contribution of different disciplines directly involved in the study of human space, such as geography, but also the indirect ones which analyze the arts. Very important in this regard can be the role of geocriticism, which explores literary works starting from the analysis of the represented places and from the spatial structure of the text, with a method proposing a multifocal and multisensory point of view; indeed, the textual criticism facilitates the way to rethink places and their conflicts as not only a tight connection between reality and its representation exists but also that reality can be revived and recreated through its own representations as has happened with landscape painting. Likewise, psychogeography, which focuses on the importance of environmental patterns on the emotional perceptions of individuals and on the necessity to unite art and architecture to overshadow the commodification of spaces, offers the possibility of comparing the effects of the subjective vision of places to the objective analysis carried out by the disciplines involved in the project of the human world.

Conclusions

It is change which confers a certain visual conformation to places, not immobility. As fluidity of processes expresses itself in the creation of urban landscapes, at the same time this mobility puts the issue about built spaces durability during time, which is a requirement of good architecture; this requisite is however challenged by the concepts of duration and consumption which characterize the global world.

Considering that It can be fully expected that the behavior of the inhabitants of this new urban reality would be taking a different form, manifestly developing in new types of space (Castello, 2010, p. XV) then architecture should create a new way of inhabiting space which could challenge the paradox existing in the need for both continuous change and for sense of the place creating a joining diversity instead of homogenization which divides and disorientates.

The Production of Place 2012

University of East London, Docklands Campus Conference Proceedings

This requires not only an accurate choice of heritage as shared social memories but above all the ability to preserve the ruins of time allowing them to live in the temporal flux of the contemporaneous age and at the same time to totally transform the debris of the present in urban landscapes of the future. Indeed, heritage can also be totally new because it regards not only our past but also how we imagine our future. It is the fact that this selection is directly or indirectly made according to what are the communitys values which allow the sense of place to be produced. To such end, first of all a deep reading of the global urban landscapes is necessary as through the understanding of the places it can be inferred which can be the most suitable way to obtain better architectonic practices. In this regard the help of disciplines such as geocriticism, psychogeography, literature and arts is of fundamental importance as they analyze places from a subjective point of view showing their implications on the emotional side of peoples lives. Secondly, it is through a multidisciplinary approach that such a complex issue can be debated. From a geographical point of view one of the approach apt to capture the direction of future cities can be that of exploring what are the most widespread peculiarities of global cities as well as the most successful ones. What has been suggested here is that it is exactly some of the most problematic characteristics of global cities which should be enhanced and modified with the help of architecture; we refer to peripheries, sprawl, infrastructure and relational spaces which could become and sometimes they still are, pleasant urban landscapes which favour social cohesion if only they would be planned and restored starting from their community shared values. Therefore some possible solutions are identified in the theories of Landscape Urbanism and in the wider use of horizontality aiming at making up for the negative results of the sprawltown and of peripheries which can be transformed into places highly representative of the sense of the global age. Another answer can be that of rethinking the new geography of borders and centres paying more attention to the borders and to what in the past were considered marginal places. So in the residual spaces which include the industrial sites some left space could be found where it is possible to imagine new types of places, among which could be new relational spaces. Another key purpose is that of creating a new relationship between nature and city which should go in the direction of the park-city as well as of the ecological principles of the green cities.

All of these suggestions for the production of the sense of place in global cities need the intervention of the applied arts and should aim at linking people in order also to reduce the inequalities which inside the urban spaces reproduce those occurring in the world-system. So joining people in the space should be the key for the production of a link over time, that should transform, into heritage, a place, however old it is, starting from its physical elements.
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University of East London, Docklands Campus Conference Proceedings

To conclude, Linkcity should set itself against the unwanted effects of the hyper-real city or Simcity creating a new urban imaginary.

Author Biography Grazia Vecchio graduated in Foreign Languages and Literatures, specializing in English, at the University of Catania. After a PhD in Geography with a thesis entitled Landscape in the Age of Globalization, she attended the interdisciplinary course The Human Space and the Cultures of the Mediterranean. Her main research field, cultural geography, is focused on the subjects of landscape, urban geography and globalization which have led to some publications on urban contexts of Sicily and their environmental and development issues. She has presented papers to some international conferences for cultural heritage and sustainable development. For more than a decade she has also been responsible for the tourism board of a local P.A. with a specialization in Integrated Territorial Planning.

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Norberg-Schulz, C.1998, Genius loci. Paesaggio, ambiente, architettura, Electa, Milano Nugent, D. and Vincent J. (edited by) 2007, A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford Reynolds, N. 2004, Geographies of Writing. Inhabiting Places and Encountering Difference, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale Sandercock, L. 2004, Towards a Planning Imagination for the 21st Century, Journal of the American Planning Association Volume 70, Issue 2 Sassen, S. 1996, Whose City Is It? Globalization and the Formation of New Claims, Public Culture Winter 1996 8(2):205-223 Sassen, S. 2003, Le citt nelleconomia globale, Il Mulino, Bologna Sassen, S. 2008, Una sociologia della globalizzazione, Einaudi, Torino Schwarzer, M. 2004, Zoomscape. Architecture in Motion and Media, Princeton Architectural Press, New York Smith, N. 2008, Uneven Development. Nature, Capital and the Production of Space, University of Georgia Press, Athens Georgia Soja, E.W. 2007, Dopo la metropoli. Per una critica della geografia urbana, Patron, Bologna Tally, R.T. (ed.) 2011, Geocritical Explorations. Space, Place and Mapping in Literary and Cultural Studies, Palgrave Macmillan, New York Tuan, Yi-Fu 1977, Space and place: the Prospective of experience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Unwin, S. 2009, Analysing Architecture, Routledlege, New York Venturi Ferriolo, M. 2003, Etiche del paesaggio. Il progetto del mondo umano, Editori Riuniti, Roma Vitta, M. 2005, Il paesaggio. Una storia fra natura e architettura, Einaudi, Torino Waldheim, C. 2006, The Landscape Urbanism Reader, Princeton Architectural Press, New York Westphal, B. 2011, Geocriticism: Real and Fictional Spaces, Palgrave Macmillan, New York

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