Part 6-Chap 6

Part6
StructuralDesign 61
Chaptei 6
Stiength Besign of Reinfoiceu Conciete
Stiuctuies
6.1 AnalysisandDesignGeneralConsiderations
6.1.1 ConventionandNotation
Unlessotherwiseexplicitlystated,thefollowingunitsshallbeimplicitforthecorrespondingquantitiesin
thedesignandotherexpressionsprovidedinthischapter:
Lengths mm
Areas mm
2
Secondmomentsofarea mm
4
Force(axial,shear) N
Moment,torsion N mm
Stress,strength MPa,N/mm
2
6.1.1.1 Notation
o = Depth of equivalent rectangular stress blockasdefinedin6.3.2.7.1,mm,
o
= Shear span, equal to distance from center ofconcentratedload to either:(a)faceofsupport

for continuous or cantilevered members, or (b) center of support for simply supported
members,mm,Sec6.4,AppendixA
A
b
=
Areaofanindividualbarorwire,mm
2
,Sec6.3,Sec8.2
A
bg
=
Net bearing area of the head of stud, anchorbolt, or headed deformed bar, mm
2
, Sec8.2,
AppendixD
A
c
= Crosssectionalarea of concrete section resisting sheartransfer,mm
2
,Sec6.4,Sec8.3
A
ch
= Crosssectional area of a structural member measured to the outside edges of transverse
reinforcement,mm
2
,
Sec6.3,Sec8.3
A
cp
=
Area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross section, mm
2
, see 6.4.4.1, Sec 6.4,
8.3.8.3
A
cs
= Crosssectional area at one end of a strut inastrutandtiemodel,takenperpendiculartothe
axisofthestrut,mm
2
,AppendixA
A
c
= Gross area of concrete section bounded by web thickness and length of section in the
directionofshearforceconsidered,mm
2
,Sec8.3
A
cw
= Area of concrete section of an individual pier, horizontal wall segment, or coupling beam
resistingshear,mm
2
,Sec8.3
A
]
=
Area of reinforcement in bracket or corbelresistingfactoredmoment,mm
2
,see 6.4.7,Sec
6.4
A
g
= Gross area of concrete section, mm
2
For ahollowsection,A
g
istheareaoftheconcreteonly
anddoesnotincludetheareaofthevoid(s), see 6.4.4.1, Secs6.2to6.4,6.6,6.7,6.10,8.3,
A
h
= Total area of shear reinforcement parallel to primary tension reinforcement in a corbel or
bracket,mm
2
,see6.4.7,Sec6.4
A
]
= Effective crosssectional area within a joint in a plane parallel to plane of reinforcement
generating shear in the joint, mm
2
, seeSec8.3
A
I
= Totalareaoflongitudinalreinforcementtoresisttorsion,mm
2
,Sec6.4,8.3
A
I,mn
= Minimumareaoflongitudinalreinforcementtoresisttorsion,mm
2
,see6.4.4.5.3,Sec6.4
Part6
StructuralDesign
62 Vol.2
A
n
= Area of reinforcement in bracket or corbelresisting tensile force N
uc
, mm
2
, see 6.4.7,Sec
6.4
A
nz =
Area of a face of a nodal zone or a sectionthroughanodalzone,mm
2
,AppendixA
A
Nc
= Projected concrete failure area of a single anchor or group of anchors, for calculation of
strengthintension,mm
2
,seeD.5.2.1,AppendixD
A
Nco
= Projected concrete failure area of a single anchor, for calculation of strength in tension if
not limited by edge distance orspacing,mm
2
A
o
=
Grossareaenclosedbyshearflowpath,mm
2
,Sec6.4
A
oh
=
Areaenclosedbycenterlineoftheoutermostclosedtransversetorsionalreinforcement,mm
2
,
Sec6.4
A
s
=
Area of nonprestressed longitudinal tensionreinforcement,mm
2
,Sec6.3,6.4,6.6,6.8,
A
s1
= AreaoftensionreinforcementcorrespondingtomomentofresistanceH
n1
,see6.3.15.1(b)
A
s2
= Areaofadditionaltensionsteel,see6.3.15.1(b)
A
s
i
=
Areaofcompressionreinforcement,mm
2
,AppendixA
A
sc
=
Area of primary tension reinforcement in acorbelorbracket,mm
2
,see6.4.7.3.5,Sec6.4
A
sc,N
=
Effective crosssectional area of anchorintension,mm
2
,AppendixD
A
sc,v
=
Effective crosssectional area of anchorinshear,mm
2
,AppendixD
A
s]
= Area of reinforcement required to balance the longitudinal compressive force in the
overhangingportionoftheflangeofaTbeam,see6.3.15.2(b)
A
sh
= Total crosssectional area of transverse reinforcement (including crossties) within spacing s
andperpendicular to dimensionb
c
,mm
2
,Sec8.3
A
s
= Total area of surface reinforcement atspacing s
i
in the ith layer crossing a strut,with

reinforcementatanangleo
totheaxisofthestrut,mm
2
,AppendixA
A
s,mn
=
Minimumareaofflexuralreinforcement,mm
2
,see6.3.5,Sec6.3
A
st
=
Total area of nonprestressed longitudinalreinforcement (bars or steel shapes), mm
2
,Sec
6.3,8.3
A
sx
=
Areaofstructuralsteelshape,pipe,ortubinginacompositesection,mm
2
,Sec6.3
A
t
= Area of one leg of a closed stirrup resistingtorsionwithinspacings,mm
2
,Sec6.4
A
tp
=
Areaofprestressingsteelina tie,mm
2
,
AppendixA
A
t
= Total crosssectional area of all transversereinforcement within spacingsthatcrossesthe
potential plane of splitting through thereinforcement being developed,mm
2
,Sec8.2
A
ts
=
Area of nonprestressed reinforcement in atie,mm
2
,AppendixA
A
= Areaofshearreinforcementspacings,mm
2
,Sec6.4,6.12
A
vc
= Projected concrete failure area of a single anchor or group of anchors, for calculation of
strengthinshear,mm
2
A
vco
= Projected concrete failure area of a singleanchor, for calculation of strengthinshear,ifnot
limited by corner influences, spacing, ormemberthickness,mm
2
, see D.6.2.1,AppendixD
A
d
= Total area of reinforcement in each group ofdiagonalbarsinadiagonallyreinforcedcoupling
beam,mm
2
,Sec8.3
A
]
= Areaofshearfrictionreinforcement,mm
2
,Sec6.4,8.3
A
h
= Area of shear reinforcement parallel to flexural tension reinforcement within spacing s
2
,
mm
2
,Sec6.4
A
,mn =
Minimum area of shear reinforcement within spacing s, mm
2
, see 6.4.3.5.1 and 6.4.3.5.3,
Sec6.4
A
1
=
Loadedarea,mm
2
,Sec6.3
A
2
= Area of the lower base of the largest frustum
of a pyramid, cone, or tapered wedge
containedwhollywithinthesupportandhavingforitsupperbasetheloadedarea,andhaving
sideslopesof1verticalto2horizontal,mm
2
,Sec6.3
b = Width of compression face of member, mm,Sec6.3
b
o
= Perimeter of critical sectionfor shear in slabsand footings, mm, see 6.4.10.1.2,Sec6.4
b
s
= Widthofstrut,mm,AppendixA
b
t
= Width of that part of cross section containing the closed stirrups resisting torsion, mm, Sec
Chapter1
UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
BangladeshNationalBuildingCode2011 63
6.4
b
= Width of cross section at contact surfacebeinginvestigatedforhorizontalshear,mm,Sec

6.12
b
w
= Web width, or diameter of circular section,mm,Sec6.3,6.4,8.2,8.3
b
1
= Dimension of the critical section b
o
measuredinthedirectionofthespanforwhichmoments
aredetermined,mm,Sec6.5
b
2
= Dimensionofthecritical section b
o
measuredin the direction perpendiculartob
1
,mm,Sec6.5
c = Distance from extreme compression fiber toneutralaxis,mm,Sec6.2,6.3,6.6,8.3
c
uc
= Critical edge distance required to develop the basic concrete breakout strength of a post
installed anchor in uncracked concrete without supplementary reinforcement to control
splitting,mm,seeD.8.6,AppendixD
c
u,mux
= Maximumdistancefrom center of an anchorshaft to the edge of concrete,mm,Appendix D
c
u,mn
= Minimum distance from center of an anchorshaft to the edge of concrete,mm,Appendix D
c
u1
= Distance from the center of an anchor shafttotheedgeofconcreteinonedirection,mm.If
shear is applied to anchor, c
u1
is taken in the direction of the applied shear. If tension is
appliedtotheanchor,c
u1
istheminimumedgedistance,appendixd
c
u2
= Distance from center of an anchor shaft to the edge of concrete in the direction perpen
diculartoc
u1
,mm,AppendixD
c
b
= Smaller of: (a) the distance from center of abarorwiretonearestconcretesurface,and(b)
onehalfthecentertocenterspacingofbarsorwiresbeingdeveloped,mm,Sec8.2
c
c
= Clearcoverofreinforcement, mm, see
6.3.6.4,Sec6.3
c
t
= Distancefromtheinterior face of the columnto the slab edge measuredparalleltoc
1
,butnot
exceedingc
1
,mm,Sec8.3
c
1
= Dimension of rectangular or equivalent rectangular column, capital, or bracket
measuredinthe direction ofthespanforwhichmomentsarebeingdetermined,mm,Sec
6.4,6.5,8.3
c
2
= Dimension of rectangular or equivalent rectangular column, capital, or bracket
measured in the direction perpendicular toc
1
,mm,Sec6.5
C = Crosssectional constant to define torsional properties of slab and beam, see 6.5.6.4.2, Sec
6.5
C
m
= Factor relating actual moment diagram to anequivalentuniformmomentdiagram,Sec6.3
J = Distance from extreme compression fiber tocentroidoflongitudinaltensionreinforce ment,
mm,Sec6.26.4,6.6,6.12,8.18.3,
J
i
= Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal compression
reinforcement,mm,Sec6.2
J
u
= Outside diameter of anchor or shaft diameter of headed stud, headed bolt, or hooked bolt,
mm,seeD.8.4,AppendixD
J
u
i
= ValuesubstitutedforJ
u
whenanoversizedanchorisused,mm,seeD.8.4,AppendixD
J
b
= Nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm, Sec 8.1-8.3
J
p
= Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressing steel, mm, Sec
6.4
J
pIc
= Diameter of pile at footing base, mm, Sec 6.8
J
t
= Distance from extreme compression fiber tocentroidofextremelayeroflongitudinaltension
steel,mm,Sec6.2,6.3
= Deadloads,orrelated internal moments andforces,Sec6.1,6.2,6.11,8.3
c
h
= Distancefromtheinner surface of the shaft of aJ orLbolttotheoutertipoftheJorLbolt,mm,
AppendixD
c
N
i
= Distance between resultant tension load on a group of anchors loaded in tension and
the
Centroid of the group of anchors loaded in tension, mm; c
n
is always positive,
appendix d
c
v
i
= Distance between resultant shear load on a group of anchors loaded in shear in the
same
Direction, and the centroid of the group of anchors loaded in shear in the same
direction, mm; c
v
i
is always positive, appendix d
E = Loadeffectsofearthquake,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2,8.3
E
c
= Modulusofelasticityofconcrete,mpa,see6.1.7.1,Sec6.16.3,6.6,6.9
Part6
StructuralDesign
64 Vol.2
E
cb
= Modulusofelasticityofbeamconcrete,mpa,Sec6.5
E
cs
= Modulusofelasticityofslabconcrete,mpa,Sec6.5
EI = Flexuralstiffnessofcompressionmember,Nmm2,see6.3.10.6,Sec6.3
E
p
= Modulusofelasticityofprestressingsteel,mpa,see6.1.7.3,Sec6.1
E
s
= Modulusofelasticityofreinforcementandstructuralsteel,mpa,see6.1.7.2,Sec6.1,6.3,6.6
c
i
= Specifiedcompressivestrengthofconcrete,mpa,Sec6.16.4,6.6,6.9,8.2,8.3,AppendixesA,
D
c
i
= Squarerootofspecifiedcompressivestrengthofconcrete,mpa,Sec6.1,6.2,6.4,6.9,8.2,8.3,
AppendixD
cc
= Effective compressive strength of the concrete in a strut or a nodal zone, mpa, Sec 6.8,
AppendixA
ct
= Averagesplittingtensilestrengthoflightweightconcrete,mpa,See6.1.8.1Sec6.1,6.4,8.2.3.4
(d),Sec8.2
d
= Stressduetounfactoreddeadload,atextremefiberofsectionwheretensilestressiscaused
byexternallyappliedloads,mpa,Sec6.4
pc
= Compressive stress in concrete (after allowance for all prestress losses) at centroid of cross
section resisting externally applied loads or at junction of web and flange when the centroid
lieswithintheflange,mpa.(Inacompositemember,
pc
istheresultantcompressivestressat
centroidofcompositesection,oratjunctionofwebandflangewhenthecentroidlieswithin
theflange,duetobothprestressandmomentsresistedbyprecastmemberactingalone),Sec
6.4
pc
= Compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after allowance for all
prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally
appliedloads,mpa,Sec6.4
ps
= Stressinprestressingsteelatnominalflexuralstrength,mpa,Sec8.2
pu
= Specifiedtensilestrengthofprestressingsteel,mpa,Sec6.4
= Modulusofruptureofconcrete,mpa,see6.2.5.2.3,Sec6.2,6.6
s
= Calculatedtensilestressinreinforcementatserviceloads,mpa,Sec6.3
s
i
= Stressincompressionreinforcementunderfactoredloads,mpa,AppendixA
sc
= Effective stress in prestressing steel (after allowance for all prestress losses), mpa, Sec 8.2,
AppendixA
utu
= Specifiedtensilestrengthofanchorsteel,mpa,AppendixD
= Specifiedyieldstrengthofreinforcement,mpa,Sec6.26.4,6.6,6.9,6.12,8.18.3,AppendixA
u
= Specifiedyieldstrengthofanchorsteel,mpa,AppendixD
t
= Specifiedyieldstrength
oftransversereinforcement,mpa,Sec6.3,6.4,8.28.3
F = Loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with welldefined densities and controllable
maximumheights,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2
F
n
= Nominalstrengthofastrut,tie,ornodalzone,N,AppendixA
F
nn
= Nominalstrengthatfaceofanodalzone,N,AppendixA
F
ns
= Nominalstrengthofastrut,N,AppendixA
F
nt
= Nominalstrengthofatie,N,AppendixA
F
u
= Factored force acting in a strut, tie, bearing area, or nodal zone in a strutandtie model, N,
AppendixA
b = Overallthicknessorheightofmember,mm,Sec6.26.4,6.6,6.11,6.12,8.2,8.3,AppendixA
b
u
= Thickness of member in which an anchor is located, measured parallel to anchor axis, mm,
AppendixD
b
c
= Crosssectional dimension of member core measured to the outside edges of the trans
versereinforcementcomposingareaA
sh
,mm,Sec8.3
b
c]
= Effectiveembedmentdepthofanchor,mm,seeD.8.5,AppendixD
b
]
= ThicknessofoverhangingportionoftheflangeofaTbeam,see6.3.15.2(b)
b
= Depthofshearheadcrosssection,mm,Sec6.4
b
w
= Height of entire wall from base to top or height of the segment of wall considered, mm, Sec
6.4,8.3
b
x
= Maximum centertocenter horizontal spacing of crossties or hoop legs on all faces of the
column,mm,Sec8.3
Chapter1
E = Loads due toweight andpressure of soil, water in soil, or other materials, orrelated internal
momentsandforces,Sec6.2
I =
Momentofinertiaofsectionaboutcentroidalaxis,mm
4
,Sec6.3,6.4
I
b
=
Momentofinertiaofgrosssectionofbeamaboutcentroidalaxis,mm
4
,see6.5.6.1.6,Sec6.5
I
c
=
Momentofinertiaofcrackedsectiontransformedtoconcrete,mm
4
,Sec6.2
I
c
=
Effectivemomentofinertiaforcomputationofdeflection,mm
4
,see6.2.5.2.3,Sec6.2
I
g
= Moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement,
mm
4
,Sec6.2,6.3,6.6
I
s
= Momentofinertiaofgrosssectionofslababoutcentroidalaxisdefinedforcalculatingo
]
and
[
t
,mm
4
,Sec6.5
I
sc
=
Momentofinertiaofreinforcementaboutcentroidalaxisofmembercrosssection,mm
4
,Sec
6.3
I
sx
=
Momentofinertiaofstructuralsteelshape,pipe,ortubingaboutcentroidalaxisofcomposite
membercrosssection,mm
4
,Sec6.3
k = Effectivelengthfactorforcompressionmembers,Sec6.3,6.6
k
c
= Coefficientforbasicconcretebreakoutstrengthintension,AppendixD
k
cp
= Coefficientforpryoutstrength,AppendixD
K
t
= Transversereinforcementindex,see8.2.3.3,Sec8.2
l = Spanlengthofbeamoronewayslab;clearprojectionofcantilever,mm,Sec6.2
l
u
= Additionalembedmentlengthbeyondcenterlineofsupportorpointofinflection,mm,Sec8.2
l
c
= Length of compression member in a frame, measured centertocenter of the joints in the
frame,mm,Sec6.3,6.6
l
d
= Development length in tension of deformed bar, deformed wire, plain and deformed welded
wirereinforcement,orpretensionedstrand,mm,Sec6.9,8.18.3
l
dc
= Developmentlengthincompressionofdeformedbarsanddeformedwire,mm,Sec8.2
l
dh
= Development length in tension of deformed bar or deformed wire with a standard hook,
measured from critical section to outside end of hook (straight embedment length between
critical section and start of hook [point of tangency] plus inside radius of bend and one bar
diameter),mm,seeSec.8.2and8.3,Sec8.2,8.3
l
dt
= Developmentlengthintensionofheadeddeformedbar,measuredfromthecriticalsectionto
thebearingfaceofthehead,mm,Sec8.2
l
c
= Loadbearinglengthofanchorforshear,mm,seeD.6.2.2,AppendixD
l
n
= Lengthofclearspanmeasuredfacetofaceofsupports,mm,Sec6.16.5,6.10,8.2.9.3, Sec8.2,
8.3
l
o
= Length, measured from joint face along axis of structural member, over which special
transversereinforcementmustbeprovided,mm,Sec8.3
l
t
= Span of member under load test, taken as the shorter span for twoway slab systems, mm.
Span is the smaller of: (a) distance between centers of supports, and (b) clear distance
between supports plus thickness b of member. Span for a cantilever shall be taken as twice
thedistancefromfaceofsupporttocantileverend,Sec6.11
l
u
= Unsupportedlengthofcompressionmember,mm,see6.3.10.1.1,Sec6.3
l
= Lengthofshearheadarmfromcentroidofconcentratedloadorreaction,mm,Sec6.4
l
w
= Lengthofentirewallorlengthofsegmentofwallconsideredindirectionofshearforce,mm,
Sec6.4,6.6,8.3
l
1
= Lengthofspanindirectionthatmomentsarebeingdetermined,measuredcentertocenterof
supports,mm,Sec6.5
l
2
= Length of span in direction perpendicular to l
1
, measured centertocenter of supports, mm,
see6.5.6.2.3and6.5.6.2.4,Sec6.5
I = Liveloads,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.1,6.2,6.11,8.3
I
= Roofliveload,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2
H
u
= Maximum moment in member due to service loads at stage deflection is computed, Nmm,
Sec6.2,6.6
H
c
= Factored moment amplified for the effects of member curvature used for design of
compressionmember,Nmm,see6.3.10.6,Sec6.3
H
c
= Crackingmoment,Nmm,see6.2.5.2.3,Sec6.2,6.6
Part6
StructuralDesign
66 Vol.2
H
cc
= Momentcausingflexuralcrackingatsectiondue toexternallyappliedloads,Nmm,Sec6.4
H
m
= Factored moment modified to account for effect of axial compression, Nmm, see 6.4.2.2.2,
Sec6.4
H
mux
= Maximumfactoredmomentatsectionduetoexternallyappliedloads,Nmm,Sec6.4
H
n
= Nominalflexuralstrengthatsection,Nmm,Sec6.4,6.6,8.2,8.3
H
n1
= Nominal flexural strength at section without compression steel, see 6.3.15.1(b), and moment
ofresistancedevelopedbycompressionintheoverhangingportionoftheTflange,see
6.3.15.2(b)
H
n2
= Additional nominal flexural strength at section due to added compression steel A
s
i
and
additionaltensionsteelA
s2
,see6.3.15.1(b),andmomentofresistancedevelopedbytheweb
ofaTbeam,see6.3.15.2(b)
H
nc
= Nominal flexural strength of column framing into joint, calculated for factored axial force,
consistentwiththedirectionoflateralforcesconsidered,resultinginlowestflexuralstrength,
Nmm,Sec8.3
H
o
= Totalfactoredstaticmoment,Nmm,Sec6.5
H
p
= Requiredplasticmomentstrengthofshearheadcrosssection,Nmm,Sec6.4
H
p
= Probable flexural strength of members, with or without axial load, determined using the
propertiesofthememberatthejointfacesassumingatensilestressinthelongitudinalbarsof
atleast1.2S
andastrengthreductionfactor,,of1.0,Nmm,Sec8.3
H
s
= Factoredmomentduetoloadscausingappreciablesway,Nmm,Sec6.3
H
sIub
= Portionofslabfactoredmomentbalancedbysupportmoment,Nmm,Sec8.3
H
u
= Factoredmomentatsection,Nmm,Sec6.36.6,8.3
H
uu
= Momentatmidheightofwallduetofactoredlateralandeccentricverticalloads,notincluding
P
A
effects,Nmm,Sec6.6
H
= Momentresistancecontributedbyshearheadreinforcement,Nmm,Sec6.4
H
1
= Smallerfactoredendmomentonacompressionmember,tobetakenaspositiveifmemberis
bentinsinglecurvature,andnegativeifbentindoublecurvature,Nmm,Sec6.3
H
1ns
= Factored end moment on a compression member at the end at which M
1
acts, due to loads
thatcausenoappreciablesidesway,calculatedusingafirstorderelasticframeanalysis,Nmm,
Sec6.3
H
2,mn
= MinimumvalueofH
2
,Nmm,Sec6.3
H
2ns
= FactoredendmomentoncompressionmemberattheendatwhichM
2
acts,duetoloadsthat
causenoappreciablesidesway,calculatedusingafirstorderelasticframeanalysis,Nmm,Sec
6.3
H
2s
= FactoredendmomentoncompressionmemberattheendatwhichH
2
acts,duetoloadsthat
causeappreciablesidesway,calculatedusingafirstorderelasticframeanalysis,Nmm,Sec6.3
n = Numberofitems,suchasstrengthtests,bars,wires,monostrandanchoragedevices,anchors,
orshearheadarms,Sec6.4,8.2,AppendixD
N
b
= Basic concrete breakout strength in tension of a single anchor in cracked concrete, N, see
D.5.2.2,AppendixD
N
cb
= Nominalconcretebreakoutstrengthintensionofasingleanchor,N,seeD.5.2.1,AppendixD
N
cbg
= Nominalconcretebreakoutstrengthintensionofagroupofanchors,N,seeD.5.2.1,Appendix
D
N
n
= Nominalstrengthintension,N,AppendixD
N
p
= Pullout strength in tension of a single anchor in cracked concrete,N, see D.5.3.4and D.5.3.5,
AppendixD
N
pn
= Nominalpulloutstrengthintensionofasingleanchor,N,seeD.5.3.1,AppendixD
N
su
= Nominal strength of a single anchor or group of anchors in tension as governed by the steel
strength,N,seeD.5.1.1andD.5.1.2,AppendixD
N
sb
= Sidefaceblowoutstrengthofasingleanchor,N,AppendixD
N
sbg
= Sidefaceblowoutstrengthofagroupofanchors,N,AppendixD
N
u
= FactoredaxialforcenormaltocrosssectionoccurringsimultaneouslywithI
u
or I
u
;tobetaken
aspositiveforcompressionandnegativefortension,N,Sec6.4
N
uu
= Factoredtensileforceappliedtoanchororgroupofanchors,N,AppendixD
N
uc
= Factoredhorizontaltensileforceappliedattopofbracketorcorbelactingsimultaneouslywith
Chapter1
V
u
,tobetakenaspositivefortension,N,Sec6.4
p
cp
= Outsideperimeterofconcretecrosssection,mm,see6.4.4.1,Sec6.4
p
h
= Perimeterofcenterlineofoutermostclosedtransversetorsionalreinforcement,mm,Sec6.4
P
b
= Nominalaxialstrengthatbalancedstrainconditions,N,see6.3.3.2,Sec6.2,6.3
P
c
= Criticalbucklingload,N,see6.3.10.6,Sec6.3
P
n
= Nominalaxialstrengthofcrosssection,N,Sec6.2,6.3,6.6
P
n,mux
= MaximumallowablevalueofP
n
,N,see6.3.3.6,Sec6.3
P
o
= Nominalaxialstrengthatzeroeccentricity,N,Sec6.3
P
s
= Unfactored axial load at the design (midheight) section including effects of selfweight, N, Sec
6.6
P
u
= Factored axial force; to be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension, N, Sec
6.3,6.6,8.3
q
u
= Factoreddeadloadperunitarea,Sec6.5
q
Lu
= Factoredliveloadperunitarea,Sec6.5
q
u
= Factoredloadperunitarea,Sec6.5
= Stabilityindexforastory,see6.3.10.5.2,Sec6.3
r = Radiusofgyrationofcrosssectionofacompressionmember,mm,Sec6.3
R = Rainload,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2
s = Centertocenter spacing of items, such as longitudinal reinforcement, transverse
reinforcement, prestressing tendons, wires, oranchors, mm,Sec 6.3, 6.4, 6.9, 6.11, 6.12, 8.2,
8.3,AppendixD
s
= Centertocenter spacing of reinforcement in the ith layer adjacent to the surface of the
member,mm,AppendixA
s
o
= Centertocenterspacingoftransversereinforcementwithinthelengthl
o
,mm,Sec8.3
s
s
= Samplestandarddeviation,mpa,AppendixD
s
2
= Centertocenterspacingoflongitudinalshearortorsionreinforcement,mm,Sec6.4
S = Snowload,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2,8.3
S
c
= Moment, shear, or axial force at connection corresponding to development of probable
strength at intended yield locations, based on the governing mechanism of inelastic lateral
deformation,consideringbothgravityandearthquakeloadeffects,Sec8.3
S
n
= Nominalflexural,shear,oraxialstrengthofconnection,Sec8.3
S
= Yieldstrengthofconnection,basedon
,formoment,shear,oraxialforce,Sec8.3
t = Wallthicknessofhollowsection,mm,Sec6.4
I = Cumulative effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, and shrinkage
compensatingconcrete,Sec6.2
I
n
= Nominaltorsionalmomentstrength,Nmm,Sec6.4
I
u
= Factoredtorsionalmomentatsection,Nmm,Sec6.4
u = Requiredstrengthtoresistfactoredloadsorrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2
:
n
= Nominalshearstress,mpa,see6.4.10.6.2,Sec6.4,8.3
I
b
= Basicconcretebreakoutstrengthinshearofasingleanchorincrackedconcrete,N,seeD.6.2.2
andD.6.2.3,AppendixD
I
c
= Nominalshearstrengthprovidedbyconcrete,N,Sec6.1,6.4,6.5,8.3
I
cb
= Nominalconcretebreakoutstrengthinshearofasingleanchor,N,seeD.6.2.1,AppendixD
I
cbg
= Nominalconcretebreakoutstrengthinshearofagroupofanchors,N,seeD.6.2.1,AppendixD
I
c
= Nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results from combined
shearandmoment,N,Sec6.4
I
cp
= Nominalconcretepryoutstrengthofasingleanchor,N,seeD.6.3.1,AppendixD
I
cpg
= Nominalconcretepryoutstrengthofagroupofanchors,N,seeD.6.3.1,AppendixD
I
cw
= Nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results from high
principaltensilestressinweb,N,Sec6.4
I
d
= Shearforceatsectionduetounfactoreddeadload,N,Sec6.4
I
c
= Designshearforcecorrespondingtothedevelopmentoftheprobablemomentstrengthofthe
member,N,Sec8.3
I
= Factoredshearforceatsectiondue toexternallyappliedloadsoccurringsimultaneouslywith
H
mux
,N,Sec8.3
I
n
= Nominalshearstrength,N,Sec6.1,6.3,6.4,8.3,AppendixD
I
nh
= Nominalhorizontalshearstrength,N,Sec6.12
Part6
StructuralDesign
68 Vol.2
I
p
= Verticalcomponentofeffectiveprestressforceatsection,N,Sec6.4
I
s
= Nominalshearstrengthprovidedbyshearreinforcement,N,Sec6.4
I
su
= Nominal strength in shear of a single anchor or group of anchors as governed by the steel
strength,N,seeD.6.1.1andD.6.1.2,AppendixD
I
u
= Factoredshearforceatsection, N,Sec6.4,6.5,6.12,8.2,8.3
I
uu
= Factoredshearforceappliedtoasingleanchororgroupofanchors,N,AppendixD
I
ug
= Factoredshearforceontheslabcriticalsectionfortwowayactionduetogravityloads,N,see
Sec.8.3
I
us
= Factoredhorizontalshearinastory,N,Sec6.3
wl
c
= Density(unitweight)ofnormalweightconcreteorequilibriumdensityoflightweightconcrete,
kg/m3,Sec6.1,6.2
w
u
= Factoredloadperunitlengthofbeamoronewayslab,Sec6.1
w = Windload,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2
x = Shorteroveralldimensionofrectangularpartofcrosssection,mm,Sec6.5
y = Longeroveralldimensionofrectangularpartofcrosssection,mm,Sec6.5
y
t
= Distancefromcentroidalaxisofgrosssection,neglectingreinforcement,totensionface,mm,
Sec6.2,6.4
o
= Angledefiningtheorientationofreinforcement,Sec6.4,8.3,AppendixA
o
c
= Coefficient defining the relative contribution of concrete strength to nominal wall shear
strength,Sec8.3
o
]
= Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a width of slab bounded
laterallybycenterlinesofadjacentpanels(ifany)oneachsideofthebeam,see6.5.6.1.6,Sec
6.2,6.5
o
]m
= Averagevalueofo
]
forallbeamsonedgesofapanel,Sec6.2
o
]1
= A
]
indirectionofl
1
,Sec6.5
o
]2
= A
] indirectionofl
2
,Sec6.5
o
= Anglebetweentheaxisofastrutandthebarsintheithlayerofreinforcementcrossingthat
strut,AppendixA
o
s
= ConstantusedtocomputeI
c
inslabsandfootings,Sec6.4
o
= Ratioofflexuralstiffnessofshearheadarmtothatofthesurroundingcompositeslabsection,
see6.4.10.4.5,Sec6.4
[
= Ratiooflongtoshortdimensions:clearspansfortwowayslabs,see6.2.5.3.3;sidesofcolumn,
concentratedloadorreactionarea,see6.4.10.2.1;orsidesofafooting,see6.8.4.4.2,Sec6.2,
6.4,6.8
[
b
= Ratioofareaofreinforcementcutofftototalareaoftensionreinforcementatsection,Sec8.2
[
dns
= Ratio used to account for reduction of stiffness of columns due to sustained axial loads, see
6.3.10.6.2,Sec6.3
[
ds
= Ratiousedtoaccountforreductionofstiffnessofcolumnsduetosustainedlateralloads,see
6.3.10.4.2,Sec6.3
[
n
= Factortoaccountfortheeffectoftheanchorageoftiesontheeffectivecompressivestrength
ofanodalzone,AppendixA
[
p
= FactorusedtocomputeI
c
inprestressedslabs,Sec6.4
[
s
= Factor to account for the effect of cracking and confining reinforcement on the effective
compressivestrengthoftheconcreteinastrut,AppendixA
[
t
= Ratiooftorsionalstiffnessofedgebeamsectiontoflexuralstiffnessofawidthofslabequalto
spanlengthofbeam,centertocenterofsupports,see6.5.6.4.2,Sec6.5
[
1
= Factorrelatingdepthofequivalentrectangularcompressivestressblocktoneutralaxisdepth,
see6.3.2.7.3,Sec6.3
y
]
= Factor used to determine the unbalanced moment transferred by flexure at slabcolumn
connections,see6.5.5.3.2,Sec6.4,6.5,8.3
y
s
= Factorusedtodeterminetheportionof reinforcementlocated incenterbandoffooting,see
6.8.4.4.2,Sec6.8
y
= Factorusedtodeterminetheunbalancedmomenttransferredbyeccentricityofshearatslab
columnconnections,see6.4.10.7.1,Sec6.4
Chapter1
o
= Moment magnification factor to reflect effects of member curvature between ends of
compressionmember,Sec6.3
o
s
= Moment magnification factor for frames not braced against sidesway, to reflect lateral drift
resultingfromlateralandgravityloads,Sec6.3
o
u
= Designdisplacement,mm,Sec8.3
A
c
= Computed, outofplane deflection at midheight of wall corresponding to crackingmoment,
H
c
,mm,Sec6.6
A
]p
= Increaseinstressinprestressingsteelduetofactoredloads,mpa,AppendixA
A
n
= Computed, outofplane deflection at midheight of wall corresponding to nominal flexural
strength,H
n
,mm,Sec6.6
A
o
= Relative lateral deflection between the top and bottom of a story due to lateral forces
computed using a firstorder elastic frame analysis and stiffness values satisfying 6.3.10.5.2,
mm,Sec6.3
A
= Differencebetweeninitialandfinal(afterloadremoval)deflectionsforloadtestorrepeatload
test,mm,Sec6.11
A
s
= Computed,outofplanedeflectionatmidheightofwallduetoserviceloads,mm,Sec6.6
A
u
= Computeddeflectionatmidheightofwallduetofactoredloads,mm,Sec6.6
A
1
= Measuredmaximumdeflectionduringfirstloadtest,mm,see6.11.5.2,Sec6.11
A
2
= Maximumdeflectionmeasuredduringsecondloadtestrelativetothepositionofthestructure
atthebeginningofsecondloadtest,mm,see6.11.5.2,Sec6.11
e
t
= Nettensilestraininextremelayeroflongitudinaltensionsteelatnominalstrength,excluding
strainsduetoeffectiveprestress,creep,shrinkage,andtemperature,Sec6.16.3
0
= Anglebetweenaxisofstrut,compressiondiagonal,orcompressionfieldandthetensionchord
ofthemember,Sec6.4,AppendixA
z
= Modification factor reflecting the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete, all
relative to normalweight concrete of the same compressive strength, see 6.1.8.1, 6.4.5.4.3,
8.2.3.4(d),8.2.6.2,8.2.10.2(b),Sec6.2,6.4,6.9,8.2,8.3andAppendixesA,D
z
A
= Multiplierforadditionaldeflectionduetolongtermeffects,see6.2.5.2.5,Sec6.2
p
= Coefficientoffriction,see6.4.5.4.3,Sec6.4,8.3
= Timedependentfactorforsustainedload,see6.2.5.2.5,Sec6.2
p
= RatioofA
s
tobJ,Sec6.4,6.5,8.3
p
i
= RatioofA
s
i
tobJ,see6.3.15.1(b), Sec6.2
p
b
= RatioofA
s
tobJ producingbalancedstrainconditions,see6.3.3.2,Sec6.3,6.5,6.6
p
]
= RatioofA
s]
tob
w
J,see6.3.15.2(b)
p
I
= Ratioofareaofdistributedlongitudinalreinforcementtogrossconcreteareaperpendicularto
thatreinforcement,Sec6.4,6.6,8.3
p
mux
= Maximum reinforcement ratio allowed for beams corresponding to e
t
= u.uu4 , see
6.3.15.1(a)
p
s
= Ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement to total volume of core confined by the spiral
(measuredouttooutofspirals),Sec6.3,8.3
p
t
= Ratio of area distributed transverse reinforcement to gross concrete area perpendicular to
thatreinforcement,Sec6.4,6.6,8.3
p
= Ratiooftiereinforcementareatoareaofcontactsurface,see6.12.5.3.3,Sec6.12
p
w
= RatioofA
s
tob
w
J,see6.3.15.2(b),Sec6.4
= Strengthreductionfactor,see6.2.3,Sec6.16.6,6.9,6.11,6.12,8.3,AppendixesA&D
c,N
= Factor used to modify tensile strength of anchors based on presence or absence of cracks in
concrete,seeD.5.2.6,AppendixD
c,P
= Factor used to modify pullout strength of anchors based on presence or absence of cracks in
concrete,seeD.5.3.6,AppendixD
c,v
= Factor used to modify shear strength of anchors based on presence or absence of cracks in
concreteandpresenceorabsenceofsupplementaryreinforcement,seeD.6.2.7foranchorsin
shear,AppendixD
cp,N
= Factorusedtomodifytensilestrengthofpostinstalledanchorsintendedforuseinuncracked
concretewithoutsupplementaryreinforcement,seeD.5.2.7,AppendixD
c
= Factorusedtomodifydevelopmentlengthbasedonreinforcementcoating,Sec8.2
cc,N
= Factor used to modify tensile strength of anchors based on eccentricity of applied loads, see
Part6
StructuralDesign
610 Vol.2
D.5.2.4,AppendixD
cc,v
= Factor used to modify shear strength of anchors based on eccentricity of applied loads, see
D.6.2.5,AppendixD
cd,N
= Factor used to modify tensile strength of anchors based on proximity to edges of concrete
member,seeD.5.2.5,AppendixD
cd,v
= Factor used to modify shear strength of anchors based on proximity to edges of concrete
member,seeD.6.2.6,AppendixD
h,v
= Factor used to modify shear strength of anchors located in concrete members with b
u
<
1.Sc
u1
s
= Factorusedtomodifydevelopmentlengthbasedonreinforcementsize,Sec8.2
t
= Factorusedtomodifydevelopmentlengthbasedonreinforcementlocation,Sec8.2
w
= Factor used to modify development length for welded deformed wire reinforcement in
tension,Sec8.2
A = Effective tension area of concrete surrounding the flexural tension reinforcement and having
the same centroid as that of the reinforcement, divided by the number of bars. When the
flexural reinforcement consists of different bar sizes the number of bars or wires shall be
computedasthetotalareaofreinforcementdividedbytheareaofthelargestbarused
A
sk
= Areaofskinreinforcementperunitheightinasideface
C
t
=
Factorrelatingshearandtorsionalstressproperties=
b
w
d
x
2

J
c
= Thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fibre to centre of bar or wire
locatedclosestthereto
H
1
= Momentofresistanceofasectionwithoutcompressionsteel
H
2
= Additional moment of resistance due to added compression steel A
s
i
and additional tension
steela
s2

s = Spacingofshearortorsionreinforcementindirectionparalleltolongitudinalreinforcement
I
c
= Torsionalmomentstrengthprovidedbyconcrete
I
s
= Torsionalmomentstrengthprovidedbytorsionreinforcement
x
1
= Shortercentretocentredimensionofclosedrectangularstirrup
y
1
= Longercentretocentredimensionofclosedrectangularstirrup
z = Quantitylimitingdistributionofflexuralreinforcement,seeEq(6.2.35)
o
t
= Coefficientequalto(2 + y
1
x
1
) S butnotmorethan1.5
[
1
= Factordefinedin6.2.3.7
e = Timedependentfactorforsustainedload
p
mn
= Minimumratiooftensionreinforcement

6.1.2 General
6.1.2.1 Members shallbe designed for adequate strength in accordancewith the provisions
ofthischapter,usingloadfactorsspecifiedin2.6.5.1andstrengthreductionfactors
in6.2.3.1.
6.1.2.2 Design of reinforced concrete members using Working Stress Design method
(AppendixB)isalsopermitted.
Chapter1
6.1.2.3 Structures and structural members shall be designed to have design strength at all
sectionsatleastequaltotherequiredstrength(U)calculatedforthefactoredloads
and forces in such combinations as are stipulated in Chapter 2, Loads. The nominal
strength provided for the section multiplied by the strength reduction factor shall
beequaltoorgreaterthanthecalculatedrequiredstrengthU.
6.1.2.4 MembersshallalsomeetalltheotherrequirementsofthisCodetoensureadequate
performanceatserviceloads.
6.1.2.5 Design strength of reinforcement represented by the values of
and
t
used in
design calculations shall not exceed 550 MPa, except for prestressing steel and for
transversereinforcementin6.3.9.3andSec.8.3.
or
t
mayexceed420MPa,only
iftheratiooftheactualtensilestrengthtotheactualyieldstrengthisnotlessthan
1.20,andtheelongationpercentageisnotlessthan16.
6.1.2.6 For structural concrete,
c
i
shall not be less than 17 MPa. No maximum value of
c
i
shallapplyunlessrestrictedbyaspecificCodeprovision.
6.1.S Loading
6.1.3.1 Loadsandtheircombinationsshallbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsspecified
inChapter2,Loads.
6.1.3.2 Structuresshallbedesignedtoresistallapplicableloads.
6.1.3.3 Effects of forces due to prestressing, crane loads, vibration, impact, shrinkage,
temperature changes, creep, expansion of shrinkagecompensating concrete, and
unequalsettlementofsupportsshallbedulyconsidered.
6.1.4 Methodsofanalysis
6.1.4.1 Members of frames or continuous construction (beams or oneway slabs) shall be
designed for the maximum effects of factored loads as determined by the theory of
elastic analysis, except as modified for redistribution of moments in continuous
flexuralmembersaccordingto6.1.5.Designispermittedtobesimplifiedbyusingthe
assumptionsspecifiedin6.1.6&6.1.9through6.1.12.
6.1.4.2 Frame analysis by approximate methods shall be permitted for buildings of usual
typesofconstruction,spans,andstoryheights.
6.1.4.3 Provided (a) through (e) below are satisfied, the approximate moments and shears
given here shall be permitted for design of continuous beams and oneway slabs
(slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one direction), as an alternate to
frameanalysis:
a) Therearetwoormorespans;
b) Spansareapproximatelyequal,withthelargeroftwoadjacentspansnotgreaterthan
theshorterbymorethan20percent;
c) Loadsareuniformlydistributed;
d) Unfactoredliveload,I,doesnotexceedthreetimesunfactoreddeadload,;and
e) Membersareprismatic.
Forcalculatingnegativemoments,l
n
istakenastheaverageoftheadjacentclearspanlengths.
Positivemoment
Endspans
Part6
StructuralDesign
612 Vol.2
Discontinuousendunrestrained w
u
l
n
2
11
Discontinuousendintegralwithsupport
w
u
l
n
2
14
Interiorspans
w
u
l
n
2
16
Negativemomentsatexteriorfaceoffirstinteriorsupport

Twospans
w
u
l
n
2
9
Morethantwospans
w
u
l
n
2
1u
Negativemomentatotherfacesofinterior
Supports
w
u
l
n
2
11
Negativemomentatfaceofallsupportsfor
Slabswithspansnotexceeding3.048m;
andbeamswhereratioofsumofcolumnstiffnessestobeamstiffnessexceeds8
ateachendofthespan
w
u
l
n
2
12
Negativemomentatinteriorfaceofexteriorsupportformembersbuiltintegrallywith
supports
Wheresupportisspandrelbeam
w
u
l
n
2
24
Wheresupportisacolumn
w
u
l
n
2
16
Shearinendmembersatfaceoffirst
interiorsupport
1.1Sw
u
l
n
2
Shearatfaceofallothersupports
w
u
l
n
2
6.1.4.4 Strutandtiemodels,providedinAppendixA,shallbepermittedtobeusedinthedesignof
structuralconcrete.
6.1.S Redistributionofmomentsincontinuousflexuralmembers
6.1.5.1 Itshallbepermittedtodecreasefactoredmomentscalculatedbyelastictheoryatsectionsof
maximumnegativeormaximumpositivemomentinanyspanofcontinuousflexuralmembers
foranyassumedloadingarrangementbynotmorethan1uuue
t
percent,withamaximumof
20percent,exceptwhereapproximatevaluesformomentsareused.
6.1.5.2 Redistributionofmomentsshallbemadeonlywhene
t
isequaltoorgreaterthan0.0075at
thesectionatwhichmomentisreduced.
Chapter1
6.1.5.3 Atallothersectionswithinthespans,thereducedmomentshallbeusedforcalculating
redistributedmoments.Staticequilibriumshallhavetobemaintainedafterredistributionof
momentsforeachloadingarrangement.
6.1.6 Spanlength
6.1.6.1 Thespanlengthofasimplysupportedbeamshallbetakenasthesmallerofthedistance
betweenthecentresofbearings,orthecleardistancebetweensupportsplustheeffective
depth.
6.1.6.2 Fordeterminationofmomentsinanalysisofframesorcontinuousconstruction,spanlength
shallbetakenasthedistancecentertocenterofsupports.
6.1.6.3 Designonthebasisofmomentsatfacesofsupportshallbepermittedforbeamsbuilt
integrallywithsupports.
6.1.6.4 Itshallbepermittedtoanalyzesolidorribbedslabsbuiltintegrallywithsupports,withclear
spansnotmorethan3m,ascontinuousslabsonknifeedgesupportswithspansequaltothe
clearspansoftheslabandwidthofbeamsotherwiseneglected.
6.1.7 Modulusofelasticity
6.1.7.1 Modulusofelasticity,E
c
,forconcreteshallbepermittedtobetakenasw
c
1.5
u.u4S'
c
(in
MPa)forvaluesofw
c
between1440and2560kg/m
3
.Fornormalweightconcrete,E
c
shallbe
permittedtobetakenas47uu'
c
.
6.1.7.2 Modulusofelasticity,E
s
,forreinforcementshallbepermittedtobetakenas200,000MPa.
Part6
StructuralDesign
614 Vol.2
6.1.8 Lightweightconcrete
6.1.8.1 Toaccountfortheuseoflightweightconcrete,unlessspecificallynotedotherwise,a
modificationfactor appearsasamultiplierof'
c
inallapplicableequationsandsectionsof
thisCode,wherez = u.8S forsandlightweightconcreteand0.75foralllightweight
concrete.Linearinterpolationbetween0.75and0.85shallbepermitted,onthebasisof
volumetricfractions,whenaportionofthelightweightfineaggregateisreplacedwith
normalweightfineaggregate.Linearinterpolationbetween0.85and1.0shallbepermitted,
onthebasisofvolumetricfractions,forconcretecontainingnormalweightfineaggregateand
ablendoflightweightandnormalweightcoarseaggregates.Fornormalweightconcrete,
z = 1.u.Ifaveragesplittingtensilestrengthoflightweightconcrete,
ct
,isspecified,
z =
ct
(u.S6'
c
) 1.u.
6.1.9 Stiffness
6.1.9.1 Forcomputingrelativeflexuralandtorsionalstiffnessesofcolumns,walls,floors,androof
systems,useofanysetofreasonableassumptionsshallbepermitted.Theassumptions
adoptedshallbeconsistentthroughoutanalysis.
6.1.9.2 Bothindeterminingmomentsandindesignofmembers,effectofhaunchesshallbe
considered.
6.1.1u Effectivestiffnessfordetermininglateraldeflections
6.1.10.1 Lateraldeflectionsresultingfromservicelateralloadsforreinforcedconcretebuildingsystems
shallbecomputedbyeitheralinearanalysiswithmemberstiffnessdeterminedusing1.4
timestheflexuralstiffnessdefinedin6.1.10.2and6.1.10.3orbyamoredetailedanalysis.
Memberpropertiesshallnotbetakengreaterthanthegrosssectionproperties.
6.1.10.2 Lateraldeflectionsresultingfromfactoredlateralloadsforreinforcedconcretebuilding
systemsshallbecomputedeitherbylinearanalysiswithmemberstiffnessdefinedby(a)or
(b),orbyamoredetailedanalysisconsideringthereducedstiffnessofallmembersunderthe
loadingconditions:
a) Bysectionpropertiesdefinedin6.3.10.4.1(a)through(c);or
b) 50percentofstiffnessvaluesbasedongrosssectionproperties.
6.1.10.3 Lateraldeflectionsresultingfromfactoredlateralloadsshallbepermittedtobecomputedby
usinglinearanalysis,wheretwowayslabswithoutbeamsaredesignatedaspartofthe
seismicforceresistingsystem.Thestiffnessofslabmembersshallbedefinedbyamodelthat
isinsubstantialagreementwithresultsofcomprehensivetestsandanalysisandthestiffness
ofotherframemembersshallbeasdefinedin6.1.10.2.
6.1.11 ConsiderationsforColumns
6.1.11.1 Columnsshallbedesignedtoresisttheaxialforcesfromfactoredloadsonallfloorsorroof
andthemaximummomentfromfactoredloadsonasingleadjacentspanofthefloororroof
underconsideration.Loadingconditionresultingthemaximumratioofmomenttoaxialload
shallalsobeconsidered.
6.1.11.2 Inframesorcontinuousconstruction,considerationshallbegiventotheeffectofunbalanced
floororroofloadsonbothexteriorandinteriorcolumnsandofeccentricloadingduetoother
causes.
Chapter1
6.1.11.3 Itshallbepermittedtoassumefarendsofcolumnsbuiltintegrallywiththestructuretobe
fixed,whilecomputinggravityloadmomentsincolumns.
6.1.11.4 Resistancetomomentsatanyfloororrooflevelshallbeprovidedbydistributingthemoment
betweencolumnsimmediatelyaboveandbelowthegivenfloorinproportiontotherelative
columnstiffnessesandconditionsofrestraint.
6.1.12 Liveloadarrangement
6.1.12.1 Thefollowingshallbepermittedtoassume:
a) Theliveloadisappliedonlytothefloororroofunderconsideration;and
b) Thefarendsofcolumnsbuiltintegrallywiththestructureareconsideredtobefixed.
6.1.12.2 Arrangementofliveloadshallbepermittedtobeassumedtobelimitedtocombinationsof:
a) Factoreddeadloadonallspanswithfullfactoredliveloadontwoadjacentspans;and
b) Factoreddeadloadonallspanswithfullfactoredliveloadonalternatespans.
6.1.1S ConstructionofTbeam
6.1.13.1 IntheconstructionofTbeam,theflangeandwebshallbebuiltintegrallyorotherwise
effectivelybondedtogether.
6.1.13.2 WidthofslabeffectiveasaTbeamflangeshallnotexceedonequarterofthespanlengthof
thebeam,andtheeffectiveoverhangingflangewidthoneachsideofthewebshallnot
exceed:
a) Eighttimestheslabthickness;and
b) Onehalfthecleardistancetothenextweb.
6.1.13.3 Theeffectiveoverhangingflangewidthforbeamswithaslabononesideonlyshallnot
exceed:
a) Onetwelfththespanlengthofthebeam;
b) Sixtimestheslabthickness;and
c) Onehalfthecleardistancetothenextweb.
6.1.13.4 Isolatedbeams,inwhichtheTshapeisusedtoprovideaflangeforadditionalcompression
area,shallhaveaflangethicknessnotlessthanonehalfthewidthofwebandaneffective
flangewidthnotmorethanfourtimesthewidthofweb.
6.1.13.5 WhenprimaryflexuralreinforcementinaslabthatisconsideredasaTbeamflange
(excludingjoistconstruction)isparalleltothebeam,reinforcementshallbeprovidedinthe
topoftheslabinthedirectionperpendiculartothebeamandinaccordancewiththe
following:
6.1.13.5.1 Transversereinforcementshallbedesignedtocarrythefactoredloadontheoverhanging
slabwidthassumedtoactasacantilever.Forisolatedbeams,thefullwidthofoverhanging
flangeshallbeconsidered.ForotherTbeams,onlytheeffectiveoverhangingslabwidthneed
beconsidered.
6.1.13.5.2 Spacing of transverse reinforcement shall be not farther apart than five times the slab
thickness,norfartherapartthan450mm.
6.1.14 Constructionofjoist
6.1.14.1 Constructionofjoistconsistsofamonolithiccombinationofregularlyspacedribsandatop
slabarrangedtospaninonedirectionortwoorthogonaldirections.
Part6
StructuralDesign
616 Vol.2
6.1.14.2 Widthofribsshallnotbelessthan100mm,andtheribsshallhaveadepthofnotmorethan
31/2timestheminimumwidthofrib.
6.1.14.3 Clearspacingbetweenribsshallnotexceed750mm.
6.1.14.4 Joistconstructionnotmeetingthelimitationsof6.1.14.1through6.1.14.3shallbedesignedas
slabsandbeams.
6.1.14.5 Whenpermanentburnedclayorconcretetilefillersofmaterialhavingaunitcompressive
strengthatleastequalto
c
i
inthejoistsareused:
6.1.14.5.1 Forshearandnegativemomentstrengthcomputations,theverticalshellsoffillersincontact
withtheribsshallbepermittedtoinclude.Otherportionsoffillersshallnotbeincludedin
strengthcomputations.
6.1.14.5.2 Slabthicknessoverpermanentfillersshallbenotlessthanonetwelfththecleardistance
betweenribs,norlessthan40mm.
6.1.14.5.3 Reinforcementnormaltotheribsshallbeprovidedintheslabinonewayjoists,asrequired
by8.1.11
6.1.14.6 Whenremovableformsorfillersareused,whichdonotcomplywith6.1.14.5,then:
6.1.14.6.1 Slabthicknessshallbenotlessthanonetwelfththecleardistancebetweenribs,norlessthan
50mm.
6.1.14.6.2 Reinforcementnormaltotheribsshallbeprovidedintheslabasrequiredforflexure,
consideringloadconcentrations,ifany,butnotlessthanrequiredby8.1.11
6.1.14.7 Whereconduitsorpipesaspermittedbyrelevantprovisionsofembedmentsinconcreteare
embeddedwithintheslab,slabthicknessshallbeatleast25mmgreaterthanthetotaloverall
depthoftheconduitsorpipesatanypoint.Conduitsorpipesshallnotimpairsignificantlythe
strengthoftheconstruction.
6.1.14.8 Forjoistconstruction,I
c
shallbepermittedtobe10percentmorethanthatspecifiedinSec
6.4.
6.1.1S Separatefloorfinish
6.1.15.1 Unlessplacedmonolithicallywiththefloorslabordesignedinaccordancewithrequirements
ofSec.6.12,floorfinishshallnotbeincludedaspartofastructuralmember.
6.1.15.2 Allconcretefloorfinishesshallbepermittedtobeconsideredaspartofrequiredcoveror
totalthicknessfornonstructuralconsiderations.
6.2 STRENGTHANDSERVICEABILITYREQUIREMENTS
6.2.1 General
6.2.1.1 Structuresandstructuralmembersshallbedesignedtohavedesignstrengthsatallsections
atleastequaltotherequiredstrengthscalculatedforthefactoredloadsandforcesinsuch
combinationsasarestipulatedinthisCode.
Chapter1
6.2.1.2 MembersalsoshallmeetallotherrequirementsofthisCodetoensureadequateperformance
atserviceloadlevels.
6.2.2 Requiredstrength
6.2.2.1 Requiredstrengthu shallbeatleastequaltotheeffectsoffactoredloadsinsuch
combinationsasarestipulatedinChapter2,Loads.
6.2.2.2 Ifresistancetoimpacteffectsistakenintoaccountindesign,sucheffectsshallbeincluded
withI.
6.2.2.3 Estimationsofdifferentialsettlement,creep,shrinkage,expansionofshrinkagecompensating
concrete,ortemperaturechangeshallbebasedonarealisticassessmentofsucheffects
occurringinservice.
6.2.S DesignStrength
6.2.3.1 Designstrengthprovidedbyamember,anditsconnectionstoothermembers,intermsof
flexure,axialload,shear,andtorsion,shallbetakenasthenominalstrengthcalculatedin
accordancewiththerequirementsandassumptionsofthischapter,multipliedbyastrength
reductionfactors
asstipulatedin6.2.3.2,6.2.3.3,and6.2.3.4.
6.2.3.2 Strengthreductionfactor shallbeasgivenin6.2.3.2.1through6.2.3.2.6:
6.2.3.2.1 Tensioncontrolledsectionsasdefinedin6.3.3.4...............................................0.90
6.2.3.2.2 Compressioncontrolledsections,asdefinedin6.3.3.3:
Memberswithspiralreinforcementconformingto6.3.9.3........................ 0.75
Otherreinforcedmembers.......................................................................... 0.65
Forsectionsinwhichthenettensilestrainintheextremetensionsteelatnominalstrength,e
t
,isbetween
thelimitsforcompressioncontrolledandtensioncontrolledsections, shallbepermittedtobelinearly
increased from that for compressioncontrolled sections to 0.90 as e
t
increases from the compression
controlledstrainlimitto0.005(AlsoseeFig. 6.2.3.1). While interpolating, it shallbepermittedtoround
toseconddigitafterdecimal.
Fig. 6.2.3.1Variation of with net tensile strain in extreme tension steel,

t
and
c d
t
forGrade420reinforcementandforprestressingsteel(seesec.6.2.3.2.2)
Part6
StructuralDesign
618 Vol.2
6.2.3.2.3 Itshallbepermittedforcompressioncontrolledsections,asdefinedin6.3.3.3,thefollowing
optional, more conservative alternative values of strength reduction factor , where less
controlled construction environment justifies such selection according to engineering
judgmentofthedesigner:
Memberswithspiralreinforcementconformingto6.3.9.3 0.70
Otherreinforcedmembers 0.60
Forsectionsinwhichthenettensilestrainintheextremetensionsteelatnominalstrength,e
t
,isbetween
thelimitsforcompressioncontrolledandtensioncontrolledsections, shallbepermittedtobelinearly
increased from that for compressioncontrolled sections to 0.90 as e
t
increases from the compression
controlledstrainlimitto0.005(AlsoseeFig. 6.2.3.2). While interpolating, it shallbepermittedtoround
toseconddigitafterdecimal.

Fig. 6.2.3.2Variation of with net tensile strain in extreme tension steel, s
t
and c d
t
for Grade 420
reinforcementandforprestressingsteelwithreducedvaluesof(0.6and0.7)forcompression
controlled sections (see sec.6.2.3.2.3, Optional application in case of less controlled
environmentasperengineeringjudgment)
6.2.3.2.4 Shearandtorsion 0.75
6.2.3.2.5 Bearingonconcrete(exceptforposttensionedanchoragezonesandstrutandtiemodels:
0.65
6.2.3.2.6 Strutandtiemodels(AppendixA),andstruts,ties,nodalzones,andbearingareasinsuch
models:0.75
6.2.3.2.7 CalculationofdevelopmentlengthspecifiedinSec8.2doesnotrequirea strengthreduction
factor.
6.2.3.3 ForstructuresrelyingonintermediateprecaststructuralwallsinSeismicDesignCategoryD,
specialmomentframes,orspecialstructuralwallstoresistearthquakeeffects,E, shallbe
modifiedasgivenin(a)through(c):
a) ForanystructuralmemberthatisdesignedtoresistE,ifthenominalshearstrengthof
thememberislessthantheshearcorrespondingtothedevelopmentofthenominal
flexuralstrengthofthemember, forshearshallbe0.60.Thenominalflexuralstrength
shallbedeterminedconsideringthemostcriticalfactoredaxialloadsandincludingE;
Chapter1
b) Fordiaphragms, forshearshallnotexceedtheminimum forshearusedforthe

verticalcomponentsoftheprimaryseismicforceresistingsystem;
c) Forjointsanddiagonallyreinforcedcouplingbeams, forshearshallbe0.85.
6.2.3.4 Strengthreductionfactor shallbe0.60forflexure,compression,shear,andbearingof
structuralplainconcrete.
6.2.4 Designstrengthforreinforcement
The values of
and
t
used in design calculations shall not exceed 550 MPa, except for transverse
reinforcementin6.3.9.3andSec.8.3.
6.2.S Controlofdeflections
6.2.5.1 Reinforcedconcretememberssubjectedtoflexureshallbedesignedtohaveadequate
stiffnesstolimitdeflectionsoranydeformationsthatmayadverselyaffectstrengthor
serviceabilityofastructure.
6.2.5.2 Onewayconstruction(nonprestressed)
6.2.5.2.1 MinimumthicknessstipulatedinTable6.2.5.1shallapplyforonewayconstructionnot
supportingorattachedtopartitionsorotherconstructionlikelytobedamagedbylarge
deflections,unlesscomputationofdeflectionindicatesalesserthicknesscanbeusedwithout
adverseeffects.
6.2.5.2.2 Where deflections are to be computed, deflections that occur immediately on application of
load shall be computed by usual methods or formulas for elastic deflections, considering
effectsofcrackingandreinforcementonmemberstiffness.
TABLE 6.2.5.1 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NONPRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONEWAY SLABS UNLESS
DEFLECTIONSARECALCULATED
Minimumthickness,b
Simplysupported Oneend
continuous
Bothends
continuous
Cantilever

Member
Membersnotsupportingorattachedtopartitionsorother constructionlikelytobe
damagedbylargedeflections
Solidoneway
slabs
l2u l24 l28 l1u
Beamsorribbed
onewayslabs

l16 l18.S l21 l8
Notes:
Values given shall be used directly for members with normalweight concrete and Grade 420
reinforcement.Forotherconditions,thevaluesshallbemodifiedas follows:
a) For lightweight concrete having equilibriumdensity,w
c
, in the range of1440 to1840kg/m

3
, the
valuesshallbemultipliedby(1.6S u.uuuSw
c
) butnot lessthan1.09.
b)For
otherthan420MPa,thevaluesshallbemultipliedby(u.4 +
7uu).
6.2.5.2.3 Ifnotstiffnessvaluesareobtainedbyamorecomprehensiveanalysis,immediatedeflection
shallbecomputedwiththemodulusofelasticityforconcrete,E
c
,asspecifiedin6.1.7.1
(normalweightorlightweightconcrete)andwiththeeffectivemomentofinertia,I
c
,as
follows,butnotgreaterthanI
g

I
c
= [
M
cr
M
c
3
I
g
+ _1 - [
M
cr
M
c
3
_ I
c
(6.2.1)
Part6
StructuralDesign
620 Vol.2
where
H
c
=
]
r
I
g
t
(6.2.2)
anu
= u.62
c
i
(6.2.S)
6.2.5.2.4 I
c
shallbepermittedtobetakenforcontinuousmembersastheaverageofvaluesobtained
fromEq.(6.2.1)forthecriticalpositiveandnegativemomentsections.Forprismatic
members,I
c
shallbepermittedtobetakenasthevalueobtainedfromEq.(6.2.1)atmidspan
forsimpleandcontinuousspans,andatsupportforcantilevers.
6.2.5.2.5 Ifthevaluesarenotobtainedbyamorecomprehensiveanalysis,additionallongterm
deflectionresultingfromcreepandshrinkageofflexuralmembers(normalweightor
lightweightconcrete)shallbedeterminedbymultiplyingtheimmediatedeflectioncausedby
thesustainedloadconsidered,bythefactorz
z

z
z
=
{
1+50p
|
(6.2.4)
wherep
i
shallbethevalueatmidspanforsimpleandcontinuousspans,andatsupportfor
cantilevers.Itshallbepermittedtoassume,thetimedependentfactorforsustainedloads,
tobeequalto:
5yearsormore 2.0
12months 1.4
6months 1.2
3months 1.0
6.2.5.2.6 Thevalueofdeflectioncomputedinaccordancewith6.2.5.2.2through6.2.5.2.5shallnot
exceedlimitsstipulatedinTable6.2.5.2.
6.2.5.3 Twowayconstruction(nonprestressed)
6.2.5.3.1 Theminimumthicknessofslabsorothertwowayconstructiondesignedinaccordancewith
theprovisionsofSec.6.5andconformingwiththerequirementsof6.5.6.1.2shallbegoverned
bySection6.2.5.3.Thethicknessofslabswithoutinteriorbeamsspanningbetweenthe
supportsonallsidesshallsatisfytherequirementsof6.2.5.3.2or6.2.5.3.4.Thethicknessof
slabswithbeamsspanningbetweenthesupportsonallsidesshallsatisfyrequirementsof
6.2.5.3.3or6.2.5.3.4.
6.2.5.3.2 Ifslabsarewithoutinteriorbeamsspanningbetweenthesupportsandhavearatiooflongto
shortspannotgreaterthan2,theminimumthicknessshallbeinaccordancewiththe
provisionsofTable6.2.5.3andshallnotbelessthanthefollowingvalues:
Slabswithoutdroppanelsasdefinedin6.5.2.5 125mm;
Slabswithdroppanelsasdefinedin6.5.2.5 100mm.
TABLE6.2.5.2MAXIMUMALLOWABLECOMPUTEDDEFLECTIONS
Typeofmember Deflectiontobeconsidered Deflection
Flatroofsnotsupportingorattachedto
nonstructuralelementslikelytobedamaged
bylargedeflections
Immediatedeflectionduetoliveload
I
l 18u
-

Chapter1
Floorsnotsupportingorattachedto
nonstructuralelementslikelytobedamaged
bylargedeflections
Immediatedeflectionduetoliveload
I
l S6u
Rooforfloorconstructionsupportingor
attachedtononstructuralelementslikelyto
bedamagedbylargedeflections
Thatpartofthetotaldeflection
occurringafterattachmentof
nonstructuralelements(sumofthe
longtermdeflectionduetoall
sustainedloadsandtheimmediate
deflectionduetoanyadditionallive
load)

l 48u

Rooforfloorconstructionsupportingor
attachedtononstructuralelementsnotlikely
tobedamagedbylargedeflections
l /240

*Limit notintendedto safeguardagainstponding.Pondingshouldbecheckedbysuitablecalculations
of deflection, includingaddeddeflectionsduetopondedwater,andconsideringlongtermeffectsofall
sustainedloads,camber,constructiontolerances,andreliabilityofprovisionsfordrainage.
Longtermdeflectionshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith6.2.5.2.5,butmaybereducedbyamount
ofdeflectioncalculatedtooccurbeforeattachmentofnonstructuralelements.Thisamountshallbe
determinedonbasisofacceptedengineeringdatarelatingtotimedeflectioncharacteristicsof
memberssimilartothosebeingconsidered.
Limit maybeexceededifadequatemeasuresaretakentopreventdamagetosupportedorattached
elements.
Limit shallnotbegreaterthantoleranceprovidedfornonstructuralelements.Limitmaybeexceeded
TABLE6.2.5.3MINIMUMTHICKNESSOFSLABSWITHOUTINTERIORBEAMS*

, MPa
Without drop panels
With drop panels
Exteriorpanels Interior
l
Exteriorpanels Interior
l
Without
edgebeams
Withedge
beams
Without
edgebeams
Withedge
beams
280 l
n

SS l
n
S6 l
n
S6 l
n
S6 l
n
4u l
n

4u
420 l
n

Su l
n
SS l
n
SS l
n
SS l
n
S6 l
n

S6
520 l
n

28 l
n
S1 l
n
S1 l
n
S1 l
n
S4 l
n

S4
*
For twoway construction, l
n

is the length of clear span in the long direction,
measured facetofaceofsupportsinslabswithoutbeamsandfacetofaceof beams or
othersupportsinothercases.
For

between the values given in the table, minimum thickness shall be
determinedbylinearinterpolation.
Droppanelsasdefinedin6.5.2.5.
Slabs withbeamsbetweencolumnsalongexterioredges.Thevalueofo
]
fortheedge
beamshallnotbelessthan0.8.
6.2.5.3.3 The minimum thickness,bfor slabs with beams spanning between the supports on all sides,
shallbeasfollows:
a) Foro
]m
equaltoorlessthan0.2,theprovisionsof6.2.5.3.2shallapply;
b) Foro
]m
greaterthan0.2butnotgreaterthan2.0,b shallnotbelessthan
b =

n
_0.8+
]
j
1400
]
36+5[(u
]m
-0.2)
(6.2.5)
Part6
StructuralDesign
622 Vol.2
andnotlessthan125mm;
c) Foro
]m
greaterthan2.0,b shallnotbelessthan
b =

n
_0.8+
]
j
1400
]
36+9[
(6.2.6)
andnotlessthan90mm;
d) An edge beam with a stiffness ratio o
]
not less than 0.80 shall be provided at
discontinuousedges,ortheminimumthicknessrequiredbyEq.(6.2.5)or(6.2.6)shallbe
increasedbyatleast10percentinthepanelwithadiscontinuousedge.
Terml
n
in(b)and(c)islengthofclearspaninlongdirectionmeasuredfacetofaceofbeams.
Term[ in(b)and(c)isratioofclearspansinlongtoshortdirectionofslab.
6.2.5.3.4 WhencomputeddeflectionsdonotexceedthelimitsofTable6.2.5.2,slabthicknesslessthan
the minimum required by 6.2.5.3.1, 6.2.5.3.2, and 6.2.5.3.3 shall be permitted. Deflections
shallbecomputedtakingintoaccountsizeandshapeofthepanel,conditionsofsupport,and
natureofrestraintsatthepaneledges.Themodulusofelasticityofconcrete,E
c
,shallbeas
specified in 6.1.7.1. The effective moment of inertia, I
c
, shall be that given by Eq. (6.2.1);
othervaluesshallbepermittedtobeusediftheyresultincomputeddeflectionsinreasonable
agreement with results of comprehensive tests. Additional longterm deflection shall be
computedinaccordancewith6.2.5.2.5.
6.2.5.4 Compositeconstruction
6.2.5.4.1 Shoredconstruction
Where composite flexural members are supported during construction so that, after removal of
temporarysupports,deadloadisresistedbythefullcompositesection,itshallbepermittedto consider
the composite member equivalent to a monolithically cast member for computation of deflection. For
nonprestressed members, the portion of the member in compression shall determine whether values in
Table6.2.5.1fornormalweightorlightweightconcreteshallapply.Ifdeflectioniscomputed,accountshall
betakenofcurvaturesresultingfromdifferentialshrinkageofprecastandcastinplacecomponents,and
ofaxialcreepeffectsinaprestressedconcretemember.
6.2.5.4.2 Unshoredconstruction
When the thickness of a nonprestressed precast flexural member meets the requirements of Table
6.2.5.1,deflectionneednotbecomputed.Ifthethicknessofanonprestressedcompositemembermeets
the requirements of Table 6.2.5.1, it is not required to compute deflection occurring after the member
becomes composite, but the longterm deflection of the precast member shall be investigated for
magnitudeanddurationofloadpriortobeginningofeffectivecompositeaction.
6.2.5.4.3 The computed deflection in accordance with 6.2.5.4.1 or 6.2.5.4.2 shall not exceed limits
stipulatedinTable6.2.5.2.
6.3 AXIALLOADSANDFLEXURE
6.S.1 Scope
TheprovisionsofSec.6.3shallbeapplicabletothedesignofmemberssubjecttoflexureoraxialloadsor
acombinationthereof.
Chapter1
6.S.2 Designassumptions
6.3.2.1 The assumptions given in 6.3.2.2through 6.3.2.7, and satisfaction of applicable conditions of
equilibriumandcompatibilityofstrainsshallformthebasisofstrengthdesignofmembersfor
flexureandaxialloads.
6.3.2.2 It shall be assumed that strain in reinforcement and concrete is directly proportional to the
distance from the neutral axis, except that,for deep beams as defined in 6.3.7.1,an analysis
that considers a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be used. Alternatively, it shall be
permittedtouseastrutandtiemodel.See6.3.7,6.4.6,andAppendixA.
6.3.2.3 Itshallbeassumedthatthemaximumusablestrainatextremeconcretecompressionfiberis
equalto0.003.
6.3.2.4 For stress in reinforcement below
, it shall be taken as E
s
times steel strain. For strains
greater than that corresponding to
, stress in reinforcement shall be considered

independentofstrainandequalto
.
6.3.2.5 Inaxialandflexuralcalculationsofreinforcedconcrete,thetensilestrengthofconcreteshall
beneglected.
6.3.2.6 The relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and concrete strain shall
be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other shape that results in
predictionofstrengthinsubstantialagreementwithresultsofcomprehensivetests.
6.3.2.7 An equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution defined by 6.3.2.7.1 through 6.3.2.7.3
belowshallsatisfytherequirementsof6.3.2.6.
6.3.2.7.1 Concrete stress of u.8S
c
i
shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent
compressionzoneboundedbyedgesofthecrosssectionandastraightlinelocatedparallelto
theneutralaxisatadistanceo = [
1c
fromthefiberofmaximumcompressivestrain.
6.3.2.7.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, c, shall be measured in a
directionperpendiculartotheneutralaxis.
6.3.2.7.3 For
c
i
between 17 and 28 MPa, [
1
shall be taken as 0.85. For
c
i
above 28 MPa, [
1
shall be
reducedlinearlyatarateof0.05foreach7MPaofstrengthinexcessof28MPa,but[
1
shall
not be taken less than 0.65. For
c
i
between 28 and 56 MPa, [
1
may be calculated from Eq.
(6.3.1).
[
1
= u.8S -u.uu714S(
c
i
-28) onJ u.6S [
1
u.8S (6.S.1)
Part6
StructuralDesign
624 Vol.2
6.S.S Generalprinciplesandrequirements
6.3.3.1 Stressandstraincompatibilityusingassumptionsin6.3.2shallbethebasisfordesignofcross
sectionssubjecttoflexureoraxialloads,oracombinationthereof.
6.3.3.2 A cross section shall be considered to be in balanced strain conditions when the tension
reinforcementreachesthestraincorrespondingto
justasconcreteincompressionreaches
itsassumedultimatestrainof0.003.
6.3.3.3 Sectionsarecompressioncontrolledifthenettensilestrainintheextremetensionsteel,e
t
,is
equal to or less than the compressioncontrolled strain limit when the concrete in
compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003 (Fig.6.3.3.1). The compression
controlled strain limit is the net tensile strain in the reinforcement at balanced strain
conditions. For Grade 420 reinforcement, it shall be permitted to set the compression
controlled strain limit equal to 0.002. For other grades compressioncontrolled strain limit
maybedeterminedbydividingtheyieldstrengthbymodulusofelasticityEandthenrounding
the value obtained to four significant digits after the decimal. For example, for Grade 500
reinforcement,thecompressioncontrolledstrainlimitshallequalto0.0025.
Fig.6.3.3.1Straindistributionandnettensilestrain
Chapter1
6.3.3.4 Sections are tensioncontrolled if the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, e
t
, is
equaltoorgreaterthan0.005whentheconcreteincompressionreachesitsassumedstrain
limit of 0.003. Sections with e
t
between the compressioncontrolled strain limit and 0.005
constitute a transition region between compressioncontrolled and tensioncontrolled
sections.
6.3.3.5 Net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength, e
t
shall not be less than
0.004fornonprestressedflexuralmembersandnonprestressedmemberswithfactoredaxial
compressiveloadlessthanu.1u
c
i
A
g
6.3.3.5.1 Use of compression reinforcement shall be permitted in conjunction with additional tension
reinforcementtoincreasethestrengthofflexuralmembers.
6.3.3.6 Forcompressionmembers,designaxialstrengthP
n
shallnotbetakengreaterthanP
n,mux
,
computedbyEq.(6.3.2)or(6.3.3).
6.3.3.6.1 For nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming to Sec. 8.1 or composite
membersconformingto6.3.13:
P
n,mux
= u.8S|u.8S
c
i
(A
g
A
st
) +
A
st
] (6.3.2)
6.3.3.6.2 FornonprestressedmemberswithtiereinforcementconformingtoSec.8.1:
P
n,mux
= u.8u|u.8S
c
i
(A
g
A
st
) +
A
st
] (6.3.3)
6.3.3.7 Memberssubjecttocompressiveaxialloadshallbedesignedforthemaximummomentthat
canaccompanytheaxialload.ThefactoredaxialforceP
u
atgiveneccentricityshallnotexceed
that given in 6.3.3.6. The maximum factored moment H
u
shall be magnified for slenderness
effectsinaccordancewith6.3.10.
6.S.4 Spacingoflateralsupportsforflexuralmembers
6.3.4.1 Distancebetweenlateralsupportsforabeamshallnotexceed50timesb,theleastwidthof
compressionflangeorface.
6.3.4.2 Effects of lateral eccentricity of load shall be taken into account in determining spacing of
lateralsupports.
6.S.S Minimumreinforcementformembersinflexure
6.3.5.1 At every section of a flexural member where tensile reinforcement is required by analysis,
except as provided in 6.3.5.2, 6.3.5.3, and 6.3.5.4, A
s
provided shall not be less than that
givenby
A
s,mn
=
0.25_]
c
|
]
j
b
w
J (6.S.4)
andnotlessthan1.4b
w
J
.
Part6
StructuralDesign
626 Vol.2
6.3.5.2 Forstaticallydeterminatememberswithaflangeintension,A
s,mn
shallnotbelessthanthe
valuegivenbyEq.(6.3.4),exceptthatb
w
isreplacedbyeither2b
w
orthewidthoftheflange,
whicheverissmaller.
6.3.5.3 If,ateverysection,A
s
providedisatleastonethirdgreaterthanthatrequiredbyanalysis,the
requirementsof6.3.5.1and6.3.5.2neednotbeapplied.
6.3.5.4 Forstructuralslabsandfootingsofuniformthickness,A
s,mn
inthedirectionofthespanshall
be the same as that required by 8.1.11. Maximum spacing of this reinforcement shall not
exceedthreetimesthethickness,nor450mm.
6.S.6 Distributionofflexuralreinforcementinonewayslabsandbeams
6.3.6.1 Rules for distribution of flexural reinforcement to control flexural cracking in beams and in
onewayslabs(slabsreinforcedtoresistflexuralstressesinonlyonedirection)areprescribed
inthissection.
6.3.6.2 Distributionofflexuralreinforcementintwowayslabsshallbeasrequiredby6.5.3.
6.3.6.3 As prescribed in 6.3.6.4, flexural tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within
maximumflexuraltensionzonesofamembercrosssection.
6.3.6.4 Thespacingofreinforcementclosesttothetensionface,s,shallbelessthanthatgivenby
s = S8u [
280
]
s
-2.Sc
c
(6.3.5)
but shall not exceed Suu(28u
s
), where c
c
is the least distance from surface of
reinforcement to the tension face. If there is only one bar or wire nearest to the extreme
tensionface,s usedinEq.(6.3.5)isthewidthoftheextremetensionface.
Calculated stress
s
in reinforcement closest to the tension face at service load shall be
computedbasedontheunfactoredmoment.Itshallbepermittedtotake
s
as2S
.
6.3.6.5 Forstructuressubjecttoveryaggressiveexposureordesignedtobewatertight,provisionsof
6.3.6.4 are not sufficient. For such structures, special investigations and precautions are
required.
6.3.6.6 When flanges of Tbeam construction are in tension, part of the flexural tension
reinforcement shall be distributed over an effective flange width as defined in 6.1.13, or a
widthequaltoonetenththespan,whicheverissmaller.Iftheeffectiveflangewidthexceeds
onetenth the span,some longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided in the outer portions
oftheflange.
6.3.6.7 Longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed along both side faces of a
member(Fig.6.3.6.1),where b ofabeam orjoistexceeds900mm.Skinreinforcementshall
extendforadistanceb 2 fromthetensionface.Thespacings shallbeasprovidedin6.3.6.4,
where c
c
is the least distance from the surface of the skin reinforcement to the side face. It
shall be permitted to include such reinforcement in strength computations if a strain
compatibilityanalysisismadetodeterminestressintheindividualbarsorwires.
Chapter1
Fig.6.3.6.1Skinreinforcementforbeamsandjoistswithh >900mm.
6.S.7 Deepbeams
6.3.7.1 Deep beams are members loaded on one face and supported on the opposite face so that
compressionstrutscandevelopbetweentheloadsandthesupports,andhaveeither:
a) clearspans,l
n
,equaltoorlessthanfourtimestheoverallmemberdepth;or
b) regions with concentrated loads within twice the member depth from the face of the
support.
Deepbeamsshallbedesignedeithertakingintoaccountnonlineardistributionofstrain,orby
AppendixA.(Seealso6.4.6.1and8.2.7.6)Lateralbucklingshallbeconsidered.
6.3.7.2 I
n
ofdeepbeamsshallbeinaccordancewith6.4.6.
6.3.7.3 Minimumareaofflexuraltensionreinforcement,A
s,mn
,shallconformto6.3.5.
6.3.7.4 Minimumhorizontalandverticalreinforcementinthesidefacesofdeepbeamsshallsatisfy
eitherA.3.3or6.4.6.4and6.4.6.5.
6.S.8 Designdimensionsforcompressionmembers
6.3.8.1 Isolatedcompressionmemberwithmultiplespirals
Outerlimitsoftheeffectivecrosssectionofacompressionmemberwithtwoormoreinterlockingspirals
shallbetakenatadistanceoutsidetheextremelimitsofthespiralsequaltotheminimumconcretecover
requiredby8.1.7.
6.3.8.2 Monolithicallybuiltcompressionmemberwithwall
Outerlimitsoftheeffectivecrosssectionofaspirallyreinforcedortiedreinforcedcompressionmember
builtmonolithicallywithaconcretewallorpiershallbetakennotgreaterthan40mmoutsidethespiral
ortiereinforcement.
6.3.8.3 Equivalentcircularcompressionmemberreplacingothershapes
Inlieuofusingthefullgrossareafordesignofacompressionmemberwithasquare,octagonal,orother
shaped cross section, it shall be permitted to use a circular section with a diameter equal to the least
lateraldimensionoftheactualshape.Grossareaconsidered,requiredpercentageofreinforcement,and
designstrengthshallbebasedonthatcircularsection.
6.3.8.4 Limitsofsection
Foracompressionmemberwithacrosssectionlargerthanrequiredbyconsiderationsofloading,itshall
be permitted to base the minimum reinforcement and strength on a reduced effective area A
g
not less
Part6
StructuralDesign
628 Vol.2
thanonehalfthetotalarea.Thisprovisionshallnotapplytospecialmomentframesorspecialstructural
wallsdesignedinaccordancewithSec.8.3.
6.S.9 Limitsofreinforcementforcompressionmembers
6.3.9.1 Fornoncompositecompressionmembers,theareaoflongitudinalreinforcement,A
st
,shallbe
not less than u.u1A
g
or more than u.u6A
g
. To avoid practical difficulties in placing and
compactingofconcreteaswellastodeliverductilitytononcompositecompressionmembers,
areaoflongitudinalreinforcement,A
st
,ispreferrednottoexceedu.u4A
g
unlessabsolutely
essential.
6.3.9.2 Minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 4 for bars within
rectangularorcircularties,3forbarswithintriangularties,and6forbarsenclosedbyspirals
conformingto6.3.9.3.
6.3.9.3 Volumetricspiralreinforcementratio,p
s
,shallbenotlessthanthevaluegivenby
p
s
= u.4S [
A
g
A
ch
- 1
]
c
|
]
jt
(6.S.6)
wherethevalueof
t
usedinEq.(6.3.6)shallnotexceed700MPa.For
t
greaterthan420
MPa,lapsplicesaccordingto8.1.9.3(e)shallnotbeused.
6.3.10 Slendernesseffectsincompressionmembers
6.3.10.1 Slendernesseffectsshallbepermittedtobeneglectedinthefollowingcases:
a) forcompressionmembersnotbracedagainstsideswaywhen:
k
u
22 (6.S.7)
b) forcompressionmembersbracedagainstsideswaywhen:
k
u
S4 -12(H
1
H
2
) 4u (6.S.8)
whereH
1
H
2
ispositiveif thecolumnisbentinsinglecurvature,andnegativeifthememberisbentin
doublecurvature.
Compression members may be considered to be braced against sidesway when bracing elements have a
total stiffness, resisting lateral movement of that story, of at least 12 times the gross stiffness of the
columnswithinthestory.
TheJacksonandMorelandAlignmentCharts(Fig.6.3.10.1),whichallowagraphicaldeterminationofk for
acolumnofconstantcrosssectioninamultibayframemaybeusedastheprimarydesignaidtoestimate
theeffectivelengthfactork.
Chapter1
6.3.10.1.1 The unsupported length of a compression member, l

u
, shall be taken as the clear distance
between floor slabs, beams, or other members capable of providing lateral support in the
direction being considered. Where column capitals or haunches are present, l
u
shall be
measuredtothelowerextremityofthecapitalorhaunchintheplaneconsidered.
6.3.10.1.2 It shall be permitted to take the radius of gyration, r, equal to 0.30 times the overall
dimensioninthedirectionstabilityisbeingconsideredforrectangularcompressionmembers
and 0.25 times the diameter for circular compression members. For other shapes, it shall be
permittedtocomputer forthegrossconcretesection.
Fig.6.3.10.1Effectivelengthfactorsk.
Part6
StructuralDesign
630 Vol.2
6.3.10.2 When slenderness effects are not neglected as permitted by 6.3.10.1, the design of
compression members, restraining beams, and other supporting members shall be based on
thefactoredforcesandmomentsfromasecondorderanalysissatisfying6.3.10.3,6.3.10.4,or
6.3.10.5. These members shall also satisfy 6.3.10.2.1 and 6.3.10.2.2. The dimensions of each
membercrosssectionusedintheanalysisshallbewithin10percentofthedimensionsofthe
membersshownonthedesigndrawingsortheanalysisshallberepeated.
6.3.10.2.1 Totalmomentincludingsecondordereffectsincompressionmembers,restrainingbeams,or
otherstructuralmembersshallnotexceed1.4timesthemomentduetofirstordereffects.
6.3.10.2.2 Secondorder effects shall be considered along the length of compression members. It shall
bepermittedtoaccountfortheseeffectsusingthemomentmagnificationprocedureoutlined
in6.3.10.6.
6.3.10.3 Nonlinearsecondorderanalysis
Secondorderanalysisshallconsidermaterialnonlinearity,membercurvatureandlateraldrift,durationof
loads, shrinkage and creep, andinteraction with thesupporting foundation. The analysis procedure shall
have been shown to result in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of
comprehensivetestsofcolumnsinstaticallyindeterminatereinforcedconcretestructures.
6.3.10.4 Elasticsecondorderanalysis
Elastic secondorder analysis shall consider section properties determined taking into account the
influenceofaxialloads,thepresenceofcrackedregionsalongthelengthofthemember,andtheeffects
ofloadduration.
6.3.10.4.1 Itshallbepermittedtousethefollowingpropertiesforthemembersinthestructure:
a) Modulusofelasticity......................E
c
from6.1.7.1
b) Momentsofinertia,I
Compressionmembers:
Columns u.7uI
g
WallsUncracked u.7uI
g

Cracked u.SSI
g

Flexuralmembers:
Beams u.SSI
g

Flatplatesandflatslabs u.2SI
g

c) Area 1.uA
g

Alternatively, the moments of inertia of compression and flexural members, I, shall be
permittedtobecomputedasfollows:
Compressionmembers:
I = _u.8u +2S
A
st
A
g
] [1 -
M
u
P
u
h
-u.S
P
u
P
c
I
g
u.87SI
g
(6.3.9)
where P
u
and H
u
shall be determined from the particular load combination under
consideration,orthecombinationofP
u
andH
u
determinedinthesmallestvalueofI.I need
notbetakenlessthanu.SSI
g
.
Flexuralmembers:
I = (u.1u +2Sp) [1.2 -u.2
b
w
d
I
g
u.SI
g
(6.3.10)
Chapter1
For continuous flexural members, I shall be permitted to be taken as the average of values
obtained fromEq.(6.3.10)forthecriticalpositiveandnegativemomentsections.I neednot
betakenlessthanu.2SI
g
.Thecrosssectionaldimensionsandreinforcementratiousedinthe
above formulas shall be within 10 percent of the dimensions and reinforcement ratio shown
onthedesigndrawingsorthestiffnessevaluationshallberepeated.
6.3.10.4.2 When sustained lateral loads are present, I for compression members shall be divided by
(1 + [
ds
). The term [
ds
shall be taken as the ratio of maximum factored sustained shear
within a story to the maximum factored shear in that story associated with the same load
combination,butshallnotbetakengreaterthan1.0.
6.3.10.5 Procedureformomentmagnification
Columnsandstoriesinstructuresshallbedesignatedasnonswayorswaycolumnsorstories.Thedesign
ofcolumnsinnonswayframesorstoriesshallbebasedon6.3.10.6.Thedesignofcolumnsinswayframes
orstoriesshallbebasedon6.3.10.7.
6.3.10.5.1 A column in a structure shall be permitted to be assumed as nonsway if the increase in
column end moments due to secondorder effects does not exceed 5 percent of the first
orderendmoments.
6.3.10.5.2 Astorywithinastructureispermittedtobeassumedasnonswayif:
=
P
u
c
v
us
c
u.uS (6.3.11)
whereP
u
andI
us
arethetotalfactoredverticalloadandthehorizontalstoryshear,respectively,inthe
storybeingevaluated,andA
o
isthefirstorderrelativelateraldeflectionbetweenthetopandthebottom
ofthatstoryduetoI
us
.
6.3.10.6 ProcedureformomentmagnificationNonsway
Compression members shall be designed for factored axial force P
u
and the factored moment amplified
fortheeffectsofmembercurvatureH
c
where
H
c
= o
ns
H
2
(6.3.12)
where
o
ns
=
C
m
1-
P
u
0.SP
c
1.u (6.3.13)
and
P
c
=
n
2
LI
(k
u
)
2
(6.S.14)
6.3.10.6.1 EI shallbetakenas
EI =
(0.2L
c
I
g
+L
s
I
sc
)
1+[
dns
(6.3.15)
or
EI =
0.4L
c
I
g
1+[
dns
(6.3.16)
As an alternative, EI shall be permitted to be computed using the value of I from Eq. (6.3.9) divided by
(1 + [
dns
).
Part6
StructuralDesign
632 Vol.2
6.3.10.6.2 Theterm[
dns
shallbetakenastheratioofmaximumfactoredaxialsustainedloadto
maximumfactoredaxialloadassociatedwiththesameloadcombination,butshallnotbe
takengreaterthan1.0.
6.3.10.6.3 Theeffectivelengthfactor,k,shallbepermittedtobetakenas1.0.
6.3.10.6.4 Formemberswithnotransverseloadbetweensupports,C
m
shallbetakenas
C
m
= u.6 + u.4
M
1
M
2
(6.3.17)
whereH
1
H
2
ispositiveifthecolumnisbentinsinglecurvature,andnegativeifthememberisbentin
doublecurvature.Formemberswithtransverseloadsbetweensupports,C
m
shallbetakenas1.0.
6.3.10.6.5 Factoredmoment,H
2
,inEq.(6.3.12)shallnotbetakenlessthan
H
2,mn
= P
u
(1S +u.uSb) (6.3.18)
about each axis separately, where 0.6 and b are in mm. For members in which H
2,mn
exceeds H
2
, the
value of C
m
in Eq. (6.3.17) shall either be taken equal to 1.0, or shall be based on the ratio of the
computedendmoments,H
1
H
2
.
6.3.10.7 ProcedureformomentmagnificationSway
MomentsH
1
andH
2
attheendsofanindividualcompressionmembershallbetakenas
H
1
= H
1ns
+ o
s
H
1s
(6.3.19)
H
2
= H
2ns
+o
s
H
2s
(6.3.20)
whereo
s
iscomputedaccordingto6.3.10.7.3or6.3.10.7.4.
6.3.10.7.1 Flexuralmembersshallbedesignedforthetotalmagnifiedendmomentsofthecompression
membersatthejoint.
6.3.10.7.2 The values of E
c
and I given in 6.3.10.4 shall be used for determining the effective length
factork anditshallnotbelessthan1.0.
6.3.10.7.3 Themomentmagnifiero
s
shallbecalculatedas
o
s
=
1
1-
1 (6.3.21)
If o
s
calculated by Eq. (6.3.21) exceeds 1.5, o
s
shall be calculated using secondorder elastic analysis or
6.3.10.7.4.
6.3.10.7.4 Alternatively,itshallbepermittedtocalculateo
s
as
o
s
=
1
1-
P
u
0.SP
c
1 (6.3.22)
whereP
u
isthesummationforallthefactoredverticalloadsinastoryandP
c
isthesummationforall
swayresistingcolumnsinastory.P
c
iscalculatedusingEq.(6.3.14)withk determinedfrom6.3.10.7.2and
EI from6.3.10.6.1.
6.S.11 Axiallyloadedmemberssupportingslabsystem
Axiallyloadedmemberssupportingaslabsystemincludedwithinthescopeof6.5.1shallbedesignedas
providedinSec.6.3andinaccordancewiththeadditionalrequirementsofSec.6.5.
6.S.12 Columnloadtransmissionthroughfloorsystem
If
c
i
ofacolumnisgreaterthan1.4timesthatofthefloorsystem,transmissionofloadthroughthefloor
systemshallbeprovidedby6.3.12.1,6.3.12.2,or6.3.12.3.
Chapter1
6.3.12.1 Concrete of strength specified for the column shall be placed in the floor at the column
location. Top surface of the column concrete shall extend 2 ft into the slab from face of
column.Column concrete shallbe well integrated with floor concrete, and shall be placed in
accordancewithrelevantprovisionsforconstructionjointsofcolumns,wallsetc.withbeams,
slabsetc.Toavoidaccidentalplacingoflowerstrengthconcreteinthecolumns,thestructural
designer shall indicate on the drawing where the high and low strength concretes are to be
placed.
6.3.12.2 Strength of a column through a floor system shall be based on the lower value of concrete
strengthwithverticaldowelsandspiralsasrequired.
6.3.12.3 For columns laterally supported on four sides by beams of approximately equal depth or by
slabs,itshallbepermittedtobasestrengthofthecolumnonanassumedconcretestrengthin
the column joint equal to 75 percent of column concrete strength plus 35 percent of floor
concretestrength.Intheapplicationof6.3.12.3,theratioofcolumnconcretestrengthtoslab
concretestrengthshallnotbetakengreaterthan2.5fordesign.
6.S.1S Compositecompressionmembers
6.3.13.1 All members reinforced longitudinally with structural steel shapes, pipe, or tubing with or
withoutlongitudinalbarsshallbeincludedincompositecompressionmembers.
6.3.13.2 Acomposite memberstrengthshallbecomputedforthesamelimitingconditionsapplicable
toordinaryreinforcedconcretemembers.
6.3.13.3 Any axial load strength assigned to concrete of a composite member shall be transferred to
theconcretebymembersorbracketsindirectbearingonthecompositememberconcrete.
6.3.13.4 Allaxialloadstrengthnotassignedtoconcreteofacompositemembershallbedevelopedby
directconnectiontothestructuralsteelshape,pipe,ortube.
6.3.13.5 Forevaluationofslendernesseffects,radiusofgyration,r,ofacompositesectionshallbenot
greaterthanthevaluegivenby
r = _
(L
c
I
g
5 )+L
s
I
sx
(L
c
A
g
5)+L
s
A
sx
(6.3.23)
and,asanalternativetoamoreaccuratecalculation,EI inEq.(6.3.14)shallbetakeneitherasEq.(6.3.15)
or
EI =
(L
c
I
g
5)
1+[
d
+E
s
I
sx
(6.3.24)
6.3.13.6 Concretecoreencasedbystructuralsteel
6.3.13.6.1 When a composite member is a structural steel encased concrete core, the thickness of the
steelencasementshallbenotlessthanb_
]
j
3L
s
foreachfaceofwidthb norb_
]
j
8L
s
forcircular
sectionsofdiameterb
6.3.13.6.2 WhencomputingA
sx
andI
sx
,longitudinalbarslocatedwithintheencasedconcretecoreshall
bepermittedtobeused.
6.3.13.7 Spiralreinforcementaroundstructuralsteelcore
A composite member with spirally reinforced concrete around a structural steel core shall conform to
6.3.13.7.1through6.3.13.7.4.
Part6
StructuralDesign
634 Vol.2
6.3.13.7.1 Designyieldstrengthofstructuralsteelcoreshallbethespecifiedminimumyieldstrengthfor
thegradeofstructuralsteelusedbutnottoexceed350MPa.
6.3.13.7.2 Spiralreinforcementshallconformto6.3.9.3.
6.3.13.7.3 Longitudinalbarslocatedwithinthespiralshallbenotlessthan0.01normorethan0.06times
netareaofconcretesection.
6.3.13.7.4 LongitudinalbarslocatedwithinthespiralshallbepermittedtobeusedincomputingA
sx
and
I
sx
.
6.3.13.8 Tiereinforcementaroundstructuralsteelcore
Laterally tied concrete around a structural steel core forming a composite member shall conform to
6.3.13.8.1through6.3.13.8.7.
6.3.13.8.1 Designyieldstrengthofstructuralsteelcoreshallbethespecifiedminimumyieldstrengthfor
thegradeofstructuralsteelusedbutnottoexceed350MPa.
6.3.13.8.2 Lateraltiesshallextendcompletelyaroundthestructuralsteelcore.
6.3.13.8.3 Lateral ties shall have a diameter not less than 0.02 times the greatest side dimension of
compositemember,exceptthattiesshallnotbesmallerthan10mmandarenotrequired
tobelargerthan16mm.Weldedwirereinforcementofequivalentareashallbepermitted.
6.3.13.8.4 Vertical spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar
diameters,or0.5timestheleastsidedimensionofthecompositemember.
6.3.13.8.5 Longitudinalbarslocatedwithinthetiesshallbenotlessthan0.01normorethan0.06times
netareaofconcretesection.
6.3.13.8.6 A longitudinal bar shall be located at every corner of a rectangular cross section, with other
longitudinal bars spaced not farther apart than onehalf the least side dimension of the
compositemember.
6.3.13.8.7 LongitudinalbarslocatedwithinthetiesshallbepermittedtobeusedincomputingA
sx
and
I
sx
.
6.S.14 Bearingstrength
6.3.14.1 Design bearing strength of concrete shall not exceed (u.8S
c
i
A
1
), except when the
supportingsurfaceiswideronallsidesthantheloadedarea,thenthedesignbearingstrength
of the loaded area shall be permitted to be multiplied by A
2
/ A
1
but by not more than 2
(Fig.6.3.14.1).
Chapter1
Fig.6.3.14.1DeterminationorareaA
2
insteppedorslopedsupportsusingfrustum(6.3.14.1).
6.S.1S DesignforFlexure
6.3.15.1 DesignofRectangularBeams
a) Formula for singly reinforced beams : The following equations which are based on the
simplifiedstressblockof6.3.2.7,areapplicabletosinglyreinforcedrectangularbeams
alongwithTbeamswheretheneutralaxislieswithintheflange.
A
s
=
M
n
]
j
(d-u2)
(6.3.25)
where
o =
A
s
]
j
0.85]
c
|
b
(6.3.26)
Loaded area
Loaded area
A
1
A
1
A
2
45 deg
45 deg
Plan
Load
is measured on this plane
Elevation
2
1
Part6
StructuralDesign
636 Vol.2
Byestimatinganinitialvalueofa,Eq(6.3.25)canbeusedtodetermineanapproximate
valueof
A
s
.ThatvaluecanbesubstitutedinEq(6.3.26)togetabetterestimateofoand
henceanew(J -o2)canbedeterminedforsubstitutioninEq(6.3.25).
InEq(6.3.25),nominalflexuralstrengthofsection,H
n
maybetakenasfactoredmoment
at section, H
u
divided by strength reduction factor, = u.9 as a preliminary value. A
s
determined from Eq (6.3.25) shall have to give a reinforcement ratio, p = A

s
bJ not
exceedingp
mox
,where
p
mox
= u.8S[
1

c
'
y

e
u
e
u
+ u.uu4
(6.3.27)
Above,e
u
= u.uuS
Additionally, A
s
determined from Eq (6.3.25) shall have to satisfy the requirements of
minimumreinforcementformembersinflexureasper6.3.5.
Revisedshallbedeterminedfrom6.2.3.2basedoneitherc J
t
= o [
1
J
t
ore
t
,where
e
t
isthenettensilestraininthereinforcementfurthestfromthecompressionfaceofthe
concrete at the depth J
t
. Strain, e
t
may be calculated from Eq. (6.3.27) by replacing
0.004bye
t
andp
mox
byp.

b) Design formulae for doubly reinforced beams: A doubly reinforced beam shall be designed
only when there is a restriction on depth of beam and maximum tensile reinforcement allowed
cannotproducetherequiredmomentH
u
.
Toestablishifdoublyreinforcedbeamisrequiredthefollowingapproachcanbefollowed:
Determine,
p
u.uuS
= u.8S[
1

c
'
y

e
u
e
u
+ u.uuS
(6.3.28)
A
s
= p
u.uuS
bJ
o =
A
s
]
j
0.85]
c
|
b
H
n
= A
s
[J -
u
2
(6.3.29)
If H
n
is less than required moment H
u
with = u.9
, a doubly reinforced beam is needed and

thentakingvaluesofA
s
andH
n
fromabove,put
A
s1
= A
s
and
H
n1
= H
n
Then,thefollowingvaluesaretobeevaluated,
H
n2
= H
u
-H
n1
(6.3.30)
A
s2
=
qM
n2
q]
j
(d-d
|
)
Assumingcompressionsteelyields(needstobecheckedlater),
A
s
i
= A
s2
A
s
= A
s1
+A
s2
Checkp p
c
forcompressionsteelyielding,where
p
c
= u.8S[
1

]
c
|
]
j
d
|
d

s
u
s
u
- s
j
+ p
i
(6.3.31)
Ifp p
c
(i.e.compressionsteelyields),
Chapter1
find o =
(A
s
- A
s
|
)]
j
0.85]
c
|
b
and find c,e
t
and confirm = u.9 in the aboveequations.Value of shall
be determined from 6.2.3.2 based on either c J
t
= o [
1
J
t
or e
t
, as stated above for
rectangularbeams.
If compression steel does not yield, c is to be found from concrete section force equilibrium
condition,C=Twhichwillresultinaquadraticequationofc.
s
i
needstobecalculatedfromstrain
diagramandA
s
i
revised.
A
s
i
= A
s2

]
j
]
s
|
A
s
= A
s1
+A
s2
e
t
shallbecalculatedfromcforfinding.
6.3.15.2 DesignofTBeams
a) General:
For effective widths and other parameters for T, L or isolated beams, 6.1.13.2 to
6.1.13.4shallapply.

b) FormulaeforTbeams:ATbeamshallbetreatedasarectangularbeamif o b
where
oisobtainedfromEq(6.3.26).InusingEq(6.3.26),ifA
s
isnotknown,itmaybeinitially
assumedas:
A
s
=
M
n
]
j
(d-h
]
2)
(6.3.32)

If o, thus obtained, is greater than b
the beam shall be considered as a Tbeam, in

whichcasethefollowingformulaeshallbeapplicable:
A
s
=
u.8S
c
'
(b-b
w
)b
y
(6.3.33)
H
n1
= A
s
y
(J -b
2 ) (6.3.34)
H
n2
= H
n
-H
n1
(6.3.35)
A
s
- A
s]
=
M
n2
]
j
(d-u2)
(6.3.36)
ando =
(A
s
-A
s]
)]
j
0.85]
c
|
b
w
(6.3.37)
By estimating an initial value of oa, Eq (6.3.36) can be used to obtain an approximate value of
(A
s
-A
s]
).Thatvalueof(A
s
-A
s]
)canbesubstitutedinEq(6.3.37)togetabetterestimateofo.
Net tensile strain requirements will be satisfied as long as depth to neutral axis, c u.429 J
t
.
Thiswilloccurif
p
w
< p
w,mox
Where, p
w
=
A
s
b
w
J
(6.3.38)
And, p
w,mox
= p
mox
+ p
(6.3.39)
Again, p
=
A
s
b
w
J
(6.3.40)
Part6
StructuralDesign
638 Vol.2
And p
mox
is as defined by Eq. (6.3.27). For c J
t
ratios between 0.429 and 0.375, equivalent to p
w
betweenthe p
w,mox
fromEq.(6.3.39)and p
w,mox
calculatedby substitutingpfromEq.(6.3.27)with
0.005 in place of 0.004 and p for p
mox
, the strength reduction factor, must be adjusted for e
t
in
accordancewith6.2.3.2.
6.4 SHEARANDTORSION
6.4.1 Shearstrength
6.4.1.1 ExceptformembersdesignedinaccordancewithAppendixA,designofcrosssectionssubject
toshearshallbebasedon
I
n
I
u
(6.4.1)
where I
u
is the factored shear force at the section considered and I
n
is nominal shear
strengthcomputedby
I
n
= I
c
+I
s
(6.4.2)
whereI
c
isnominalshearstrengthprovidedbyconcretecalculatedinaccordancewith6.4.2,
or 6.4.10, and I
s
is nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement calculated in
accordancewith6.4.3,6.4.8.9,or6.4.10.
6.4.1.1.1 TheeffectofanyopeningsinmembersshallbeconsideredindeterminingI
n
.
6.4.1.1.2 In evaluating I
c
, whenever applicable, effects of axial tension due to creep and shrinkage in
restrained members shall be considered and effects of inclined flexural compression in
variabledepthmembersshallbepermittedtobeincluded.
6.4.1.2 Except as allowed in 6.4.1.2.1, the values of '
c
used in this chapter shall not exceed 8.3
MPa.
6.4.1.2.1 Values of '
c
greater than 8.3 MPa shall be permitted in computing I
c
, I
c
, and I
cw
for
reinforced concrete beams and concrete joist construction having minimum web
reinforcementinaccordancewith6.4.3.5.3,or6.4.4.5.2.
6.4.1.3 ComputationofmaximumI
u
atsupportsinaccordancewith6.4.1.3.1shallbepermittedifall
conditions(a),(b),and(c)aresatisfied:
a) Support reaction, in direction of applied shear, introduces compression into the end
regionsofmember;
b) Loadsareappliedatornearthetopofthemember;
c) No concentrated load occurs between face of support and location of critical section
definedin6.4.1.3.1.
Chapter1
6.4.1.3.1 SectionslocatedlessthanadistanceJ fromfaceofsupportshallbepermittedtobedesigned

forI
u
computedatadistanceJ.
6.4.1.4 Fordeepbeams,bracketsandcorbels,walls,andslabsandfootings,thespecialprovisionsof
6.4.6through6.4.10shallapply.
6.4.2 Contributionofconcretetoshearstrength
6.4.2.1 I
c
shall be computed by provisions of 6.4.2.1.1 through 6.4.2.1.3, unless a more detailed
calculation is made in accordance with 6.4.2.2. Throughout this chapter, except in 6.4.5,
z shallbeasdefinedin6.1.8.1.
6.4.2.1.1 Formemberssubjecttoshearandflexureonly,
I
c
= u.17 '
c
b
w
J (6.4.S)
6.4.2.1.2 Formemberssubjecttoaxialcompression,
I
c
= u.17(1 +
N
u
14A
g
) '
c
b
w
J (6.4.4)
QuantityN
u
A
g
shallbeexpressedinMPa.
6.4.2.1.3 For members subject to significant axial tension, I
c
shall be taken as zero unless a more
detailedanalysisismadeusing6.4.2.2.3.
6.4.2.2 I
c
shall be permitted to be computed by the more detailed calculation of 6.4.2.2.1 through
6.4.2.2.3.
6.4.2.2.1 Formemberssubjecttoshearandflexureonly,
I
c
= (u.16 '
c
+17p
w
v
u
d
M
u
)b
w
J (6.4.S)
but not greater than u.29z
c
i
b
w
J. When computing I
c
by Eq. (6.4.5), I
u
JH
u
shall not be
takengreaterthan1.0,whereH
u
occurssimultaneouslywithI
u
atsectionconsidered.
6.4.2.2.2 For members subject to axial compression, it shall be permitted to compute I
c
using Eq.
(6.4.5)withH
m
substitutedforH
u
andI
u
JH
u
notthenlimitedto1.0,where
H
m
= H
u
- N
u
(4h-d)
8
(6.4.6)
However,I
c
shallnotbetakengreaterthan
I
c
= u.29 '
c
b
w
J
_
1 +
0.29N
u
A
g
(6.4.7)
N
u
A
g
shallbeexpressedinMPa.WhenH
m
ascomputedbyEq.(6.4.6)isnegative,I
c
shallbe
computedbyEq.(6.4.7).
6.4.2.2.3 Formemberssubjecttosignificantaxialtension,
I
c
= u.17(1 +
0.29N
u
A
g
) '
c
b
w
J (6.4.8)
butnotlessthanzero,whereN
u
isnegativefortension.N
u
A
g
shallbeexpressedinMPa.
Part6
StructuralDesign
640 Vol.2
6.4.2.3 For circular members, the area used to compute I
c
shall be taken as the product of the
diameter andeffectivedepthof the concretesection. It shall be permitted to takeJ as 0.80
timesthediameteroftheconcretesection.
6.4.S Shearstrengthcontributionofreinforcement
6.4.3.1 Typesofshearreinforcement
6.4.3.1.1
Thefollowingtypesofshearreinforcementshallbepermitted:
a) Stirrupsperpendiculartoaxisofmember;
b) Weldedwirereinforcementwithwireslocatedperpendiculartoaxisofmember;
c) Spirals,circularties,orhoops.
d) Stirrupsmakinganangleof45degreesormorewithlongitudinaltensionreinforcement;
e) Longitudinalreinforcementwithbentportionmakinganangleof30degreesormore
withthelongitudinaltensionreinforcement;
f) Combinationsofstirrupsandbentlongitudinalreinforcement.
6.4.3.2
Thevaluesof
and
t
usedindesignofshearreinforcementshallnotexceed420MPa,exceptthevalue
shallnotexceed550MPaforweldeddeformedwirereinforcement.
6.4.3.3
Stirrups and other bars or wires used as shear reinforcement shall extend to a distance J from extreme
compressionfiberandshallbedevelopedatbothendsaccordingto8.2.10.
6.4.3.4 Limitsinspacingforshearreinforcement
6.4.3.4.1
Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of member shall not exceed J 2 , nor 600
mm.
6.4.3.4.2
The spacing of inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement shall be such that every 45degree
line, extending toward the reaction from middepth of member J 2 to longitudinal tension
reinforcement,shallbecrossedbyatleastonelineofshearreinforcement.
6.4.3.4.3
Where I
s
exceeds u.SS
c
i
b
w
J, maximum spacings given in 6.4.3.4.1 and 6.4.3.4.2 shall be reduced by
onehalf.
6.4.3.5 Minimumshearreinforcement
6.4.3.5.1
A minimum area of shear reinforcement, A
,mn
, shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural
members,whereI
u
exceedsu.SI
c
,exceptinmemberssatisfyingoneormoreof(a)through(f):
a) Footingsandsolidslabs;
b) Hollowcore units with total untopped depth not greater than 315 mm and hollowcore
unitswhereI
u
isnotgreaterthanu.SI
cw
;
c) Concretejoistconstructiondefinedby6.1.14;
d) Beamswithb notgreaterthan250mm;
e) Beamintegralwithslabswithb notgreaterthan600mmandnotgreaterthanthelarger
of2.5timesthicknessofflange,and0.5timeswidthofweb;
Chapter1
f) Beams constructed of steel fiberreinforced, normalweight concrete with

c
i
not
exceeding40MPa,b notgreaterthan600mm,andI
u
notgreaterthanu.17
c
i
b
w
J.
6.4.3.5.2
Minimumshearreinforcementrequirementsof6.4.3.5.1shallbepermittedtobewaivedifshownbytest
that required H
n
and I
n
can be developed when shear reinforcement is omitted. Such tests shall
simulateeffectsofdifferentialsettlement,creep,shrinkage,andtemperaturechange,basedonarealistic
assessmentofsucheffectsoccurringinservice.
6.4.3.5.3
Whereshearreinforcementisrequiredby6.4.3.5.1orforstrengthandwhere6.4.4.1allowstorsiontobe
neglected,A
,mn
shallbecomputedby
A
,mn
= u.u62 '
c
b
w
s
]
jt
(6.4.9)
butshallnotbelessthan(u.SSb
w
s)
t
.
6.4.3.6 Designofshearreinforcement
6.4.3.6.1 Where I
u
exceeds I
c
, shear reinforcement shall be provided to satisfy Eq. (6.4.1) and
(6.4.2),whereI
s
shallbecomputedinaccordancewith6.4.3.6.2through6.4.3.6.9.
6.4.3.6.2 Whereshearreinforcementperpendiculartoaxisofmemberisused,
I
s
=
A
]
jt
d
s
(6.4.1u)
whereA
istheareaofshearreinforcementwithinspacings.
6.4.3.6.3 Where circular ties, hoops, or spirals are used as shear reinforcement, I
s
shall be computed
usingEq.(6.4.10)whereJ isdefinedin6.4.2.3forcircularmembers,A
shallbetakenastwo
times the area of the bar in a circular tie, hoop, or spiral at a spacing s, s is measured in a
direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement, and
t
is the specified yield strength of
circulartie,hoop,orspiralreinforcement.
6.4.3.6.4 Whereinclinedstirrupsareusedasshearreinforcement,
I
s
=
A
]
jt
(sIn+cos )d
s
(6.4.11)
where o is angle between inclined stirrups and longitudinal axis of the member, and s is measured in
directionparalleltolongitudinalreinforcement.
6.4.3.6.5 Whereshearreinforcementconsistsofasinglebarorasinglegroupofparallelbars,allbent
upatthesamedistancefromthesupport,
I
s
= A
sin (6.4.12)
but not greater than u.2S '
c
b
w
J, where is angle between bentup reinforcement and longitudinal
axisofthemember.
Part6
StructuralDesign
642 Vol.2
6.4.3.6.6 Where shear reinforcement consists of a series of parallel bentup bars or groups of parallel
bentupbarsatdifferentdistancesfromthesupport,I
s
shallbecomputedbyEq.(6.4.11).
6.4.3.6.7 Only the center threefourths of the inclined portion of any longitudinal bent bar shall be
consideredeffectiveforshearreinforcement.
6.4.3.6.8 Wheremorethanonetypeofshearreinforcementisusedtoreinforcethesameportionofa
member, I
s
shall be computed as the sum of the values computed for the various types of
shearreinforcement.
6.4.3.6.9 I
s
shallnotbetakengreaterthanu.66 '
c
b
w
J.
6.4.4 Designfortorsion
Design for torsion shall be in accordance with 6.4.4.1 through 6.4.4.6. A beam subjected to torsion is
idealizedasathinwalledtubewiththecoreconcretecrosssectioninasolidbeamneglectedasshownin
Fig.6.4.4.1.
Fig.6.4.4.1(a)Torsionalresistancebythinwalledtube(6.4.4);(b)Ineffectiveinnerareaenclosedbyshear
flowpath(6.4.4)
6.4.4.1 Thresholdtorsion
ItshallbepermittedtoneglecttorsioneffectsifthefactoredtorsionalmomentI
u
islessthan:
a) Formembersnotsubjectedtoaxialtensionorcompression
u.u8S_
i
c
(
A
cp
2
p
cp
)
b) Formemberssubjectedtoanaxialcompressiveortensileforce
Shear flow (q)
T
T
(a) Thin-walled tube
(b) Area enclosed by shear flow path
Chapter1
u.u8S_
i
c
(
A
cp
2
p
cp
)
_
1 +
N
u
u.SSA
g
i
c

TheoverhangingflangewidthusedincomputingA
cp
andp
cp
formemberscastmonolithicallywithaslab
shall conform to 6.5.2.4. For a hollow section, A
g
shall be used in place of A
cp
in 6.4.4.1, and the outer
boundariesofthesectionshallconformto6.5.2.4.
6.4.4.1.1 For members cast monolithically with a slab and for isolated members with flanges, the
overhangingflangewidthusedtocomputeA
cp
andp
cp
shallconformto6.5.2.4,exceptthat
theoverhangingflangesshallbeneglectedincaseswheretheparameterA
cp
2
p
cp
, calculated
forabeamwithflangesislessthanthatcomputedforthesamebeamignoringtheflanges.
6.4.4.2 Evaluationoffactoredtorsionalmoment
6.4.4.2.1 If the factored torsional moment, I
u
, in a member is required to maintain equilibrium (Fig.
6.4.4.2) and exceeds the minimum value given in 6.4.4.1, the member shall be designed to
carryI
u
inaccordancewith6.4.4.3through6.4.4.6.
6.4.4.2.2 Inastaticallyindeterminatestructurewherereductionofthetorsionalmomentinamember
canoccurduetoredistributionofinternalforcesuponcracking(Fig.6.4.4.3),themaximumI
u

shallbepermittedtobereducedtothevaluesgivenin(a),or(b)asapplicable:
a) Formembers,atthesectionsdescribedin6.4.4.2.4andnotsubjectedtoaxialtensionor
compression
u.SS_
i
c
(
A
cp
2
p
cp
)
b) Formemberssubjectedtoanaxialcompressiveortensileforce
u.SS_
i
c
(
A
cp
2
p
cp
)
_
1 +
N
u
u.SSA
g
i
c

In (a), or (b), the correspondingly redistributed bending moments and shears in the adjoining members
shall be used in the design of these members. For hollow sections, A
cp
shall not be replaced with A
g
in
6.4.4.2.2.
Part6
StructuralDesign
644 Vol.2
6.4.4.2.3 Itshallbepermittedtotakethetorsionalloadingfromaslabasuniformlydistributedalong
themember,ifnotdeterminedbyamoreexactanalysis.
6.4.4.2.4 SectionslocatedcloserthanadistanceJ fromthefaceofasupportshallbedesignedfornot
lessthanI
u
computedatadistanceJ.Ifaconcentratedtorqueoccurswithinthisdistance,
thecriticalsectionfordesignshallbeatthefaceofthesupport.
Fig.6.4.4.2Designtorquemaynotbereduced(6.4.4.2.1)
Fig.6.4.4.3Designtorquemaybereduced(6.4.4.2.2)
6.4.4.3 Torsionalmomentstrength
6.4.4.3.1 Thecrosssectionaldimensionsshallbesuchthat:
a) Forsolidsections
_
[
v
u
b
w
d
2
+_
1
u
P
h
1.7A
ch
2
]
2
[
v
c
b
w
d
+u.66
i
c
(6.4.1S)
b) Forhollowsections
[
v
u
b
w
d
+_
1
u
P
h
1.7A
ch
2
] [
v
c
b
w
d
+ u.66
i
c
(6.4.14)
Designtorque may not be
reducedbecause moment
redistribution is not possible
Designtorquefor this spandrel
beam may bereduced because
moment redistribution ispossible
Chapter1
Superposition of shear stresses due to shear and torsion in hollow sections given by the left side of the
inequality 6.4.14 is illustrated by Fig. 6.4.4.4(a) and that in solid sections given by the left side of the
inequality6.4.13isillustratedbyFig.6.4.4.4(b).
6.4.4.3.2 If the wall thickness varies around the perimeter of a hollow section, Eq. (6.4.14) shall be
evaluatedatthelocationwherethelefthandsideofEq.(6.4.14)isamaximum.
6.4.4.3.3 If the wall thickness is less than A
oh
p
h
, the second term in Eq. (6.4.14) shall be taken as
_
1
u
1.7A
ch
t
]
where t is the thickness of the wall of the hollow section at the location where the stresses are being
checked.
6.4.4.3.4 Thevaluesof
and
t
usedfordesignoftorsionalreinforcementshallnotexceed420MPa.
6.4.4.3.5 WhereI
u
exceedsthethresholdtorsion,designofthecrosssectionshallbebasedon
I
n
I
u
(6.4.1S)
6.4.4.3.6 I
n
shallbecomputedby
I
n
=
2A
c
A
t
]
jt
s
cot0 (6.4.16)
whereA
o
shallbedeterminedbyanalysisexceptthatit shallbepermittedtotake A
o
equalto u.8SA
oh
;
0 shall not be taken smaller than 30 degrees nor larger than 60 degrees. It shall be permitted to take
equalto45degrees.
6.4.4.3.7 Theadditionalareaoflongitudinalreinforcementtoresisttorsion,A
I
,shallnotbelessthan
A
I
=
A
t
s
p
h
_
]
jt
]
j
] cot
2
0 (6.4.17)
where 0 shall be the same value used in Eq. (6.4.16) and A
t
s shall be taken as the amount computed
from Eq. (6.4.16) not modified in accordance with 6.4.4.5.2 or 6.4.4.5.3;
t
refers to closed transverse
torsionalreinforcement,and
referstolongitudinaltorsionalreinforcement.
Part6
StructuralDesign
646 Vol.2
6.4.4.3.8 Reinforcement required for torsion shall be added to that required for the shear, moment,
andaxialforcethatactincombinationwiththetorsion.Themostrestrictiverequirementsfor
reinforcementspacingandplacementshallbemet.
6.4.4.3.9 It shall be permitted to reduce the area of longitudinal torsion reinforcement in the flexural
compression zone by an amount equal to H
u
(u.9J
) , where H
u
occurs at the section
simultaneously with I
u
, except that the reinforcement provided shall not be less than that
requiredby6.4.4.5.3or6.4.4.6.2.
Fig.6.4.4.4Superpositionoftorsionalandshearstresses(6.4.4.3.1)
6.4.4.4 Detailsoftorsionalreinforcement
6.4.4.4.1 Torsion reinforcement shall consist of longitudinal bars or tendons and one or more of the
following:
a) Closedstirrupsorclosedties,perpendiculartotheaxisofthemember;
b) A closed cage of welded wire reinforcement with transverse wires perpendicular to the
axisofthemember;
c) Spiralreinforcement.
6.4.4.4.2 Transversetorsionalreinforcementshallbeanchoredbyoneofthefollowing:
a) A135degreestandardhook,orseismichookasdefinedin8.1.1(d),aroundalongitudinal
bar;
b) Accordingto8.2.10.2a,8.2.10.2b,or8.2.10.2cinregionswheretheconcretesurrounding
theanchorageisrestrainedagainstspallingbyaflangeorslaborsimilarmember.
A
B
C
A
B
C
Torsional stresses
Torsional stresses
Shear stresses
Shear stresses
(a) Hollow section
(b) Solid section
Chapter1
6.4.4.4.3 Longitudinaltorsionreinforcementshallbedevelopedatbothends.
6.4.4.4.4 For hollow sections in torsion, the distance from the centerline of the transverse torsional
reinforcement to the inside face of the wall of the hollow section shall not be less than
u.SA
oh
p
h
.
6.4.4.5 Minimumtorsionreinforcement
6.4.4.5.1 AminimumareaoftorsionalreinforcementshallbeprovidedinallregionswhereI
u
exceeds
thethresholdtorsiongivenin6.4.4.1.
6.4.4.5.2 Where torsional reinforcement is required by 6.4.4.5.1, the minimum area of transverse
closedstirrupsshallbecomputedby
A
+ 2A
t
= u.u62 '
c
b
w
s
]
jt
(6.4.18)
butshallnotbelessthan(u.SSb
w
s)
t
.
6.4.4.5.3 Where torsional reinforcement is required by 6.4.4.5.1, the minimum total area of
longitudinaltorsionalreinforcement,A
I,mn
,shallbecomputedby
A
I,mn
=
0.42]i
c
A
cp
]
j
-(
A
t
s
)p
h
_
]
jt
]
j
] (6.4.19)
where A
t
s shall not be taken less than u.17Sb
w

t
;
t
refers to closed transverse torsional
reinforcement,and
referstolongitudinalreinforcement.
Part6
StructuralDesign
648 Vol.2
6.4.4.6 Spacingoftorsionreinforcement
6.4.4.6.1 Thespacingoftransversetorsionreinforcementshallnotexceedthesmallerofp
h
8 or300
mm.
6.4.4.6.2 Thelongitudinalreinforcementrequiredfortorsionshallbedistributedaroundtheperimeter
of the closed stirrups with a maximum spacing of 300 mm. The longitudinal bars shall be
insidethestirrups.Thereshallbeatleastonelongitudinalbarineachcornerofthestirrups.
Longitudinal bars shall have a diameter at least 0.042 times the stirrup spacing, but not less
than10mm.
6.4.4.6.3 Torsionalreinforcementshallbeprovidedforadistanceofatleast(b
t
+J) beyondthepoint
requiredbyanalysis.
6.4.S Shearfriction
6.4.5.1 Application of provisions of 6.4.5 shall be for cases where it is appropriate to consider shear
transfer across a given plane, such as: an existing or potential crack, an interface between
dissimilarmaterials,oraninterfacebetweentwoconcretescastatdifferenttimes.
6.4.5.2 Designofcrosssectionssubjecttosheartransferasdescribedin6.4.5.1shallbebasedonEq.
(6.4.1),whereI
n
iscalculatedinaccordancewithprovisionsof6.4.5.3or6.4.5.4.
6.4.5.3 A crack shall be assumed to occur along the shear plane considered. The required area of
shearfrictionreinforcementA
]
acrosstheshearplaneshallbedesignedusingeither6.4.5.4
oranyothersheartransferdesignmethodsthatresultinpredictionofstrengthinsubstantial
agreementwithresultsofcomprehensivetests.
6.4.5.3.1 Provisionsof6.4.5.5through6.4.5.10shallapplyforallcalculationsofsheartransferstrength.
6.4.5.4 Designmethodforshearfriction
6.4.5.4.1 Whereshearfrictionreinforcementisperpendiculartotheshearplane,I
n
shallbecomputed
by
I
n
= A
]
p
(6.4.2u)
wherep iscoefficientoffrictioninaccordancewith6.4.5.4.3.
6.4.5.4.2 Where shearfriction reinforcement is inclined to the shear plane, such that the shear force
producestensioninshearfrictionreinforcement(Fig.6.4.5.1),I
n
shallbecomputedby
I
n
= A
]
(p sino + coso) (6.4.21)

whereo isanglebetweenshearfrictionreinforcementandshearplane.
6.4.5.4.3 Thecoefficientoffriction inEq.(6.4.20)andEq.(6.4.21)shallbetakenas:
Concreteplacedmonolithically 1.4z
Concrete placed against hardened concrete with surface
intentionallyroughenedasspecifiedin6.4.5.9
1.uz
Concrete placed against hardened concrete not intentionally
roughened
u.6z
Concreteanchoredtoasrolledstructuralsteelbyheadedstuds
orbyreinforcingbars(see6.4.5.10)
u.7z
Chapter1
where z = 1.u for normalweight concrete and 0.75 for all lightweight concrete. Otherwise, shall be
determined based onvolumetric proportions of lightweight and normalweight aggregates as specified in
6.1.8.1,butshallnotexceed0.85.
6.4.5.5 Fornormalweightconcreteeitherplacedmonolithicallyorplacedagainsthardenedconcrete
withsurfaceintentionallyroughenedasspecifiedin6.4.5.9,I
n
shallnotexceedthesmallest
ofu.2
c
i
A
c
,(S.S + u.u8
c
i
)A
c
and11A
c
,whereA
c
isareaofconcretesectionresistingshear
transfer.Forallothercases,I
n
shallnotexceedthesmallerofu.2
c
i
A
c
orS.SA
c
. Where
concretesofdifferentstrengthsarecastagainsteachother,thevalueof
c
i
usedtoevaluate
I
n
shallbethatofthelowerstrengthconcrete.
6.4.5.6 Thevalueof
usedfordesignofshearfrictionreinforcementshallnotexceed420MPa.
6.4.5.7 Nettensionacrossshearplaneshallberesistedbyadditionalreinforcement.Permanentnet
compressionacrossshearplaneshallbepermittedtobetakenasadditivetoA
]
,theforce
intheshearfrictionreinforcement,whencalculatingrequiredA
]
.
6.4.5.8 Shearfrictionreinforcementshallbeappropriatelyplacedalongtheshearplaneandshallbe
anchoredtodevelop
onbothsidesbyembedment,hooks,orweldingtospecialdevices.
6.4.5.9 Forthepurposeof6.4.5,whenconcreteisplacedagainstpreviouslyhardenedconcrete,the
interfaceforsheartransfershallbecleanandfreeoflaitance.Ifp isassumedequalto1.uz,
interfaceshallberoughenedtoafullamplitudeofapproximately6mm.
6.4.5.10 Whenshearistransferredbetweenasrolledsteelandconcreteusingheadedstudsorwelded
reinforcingbars,steelshallbecleanandfreeofpaint.
Fig.6.4.5.1Shearfrictionreinforcementatanangletoassumedcrack(6.4.5.4.2).
V
u
Assumed crack
and shear plane
Applied shear
vf
Shear friction
reinforcement, A
Part6
StructuralDesign
650 Vol.2
6.4.6 Deepbeams
6.4.6.1 Theprovisionsof6.4.6shallapplytomemberswithl
n
notexceedingfourtimestheoverall
memberdepthorregionsofbeamswithconcentratedloadswithintwicethememberdepth
fromthesupportthatareloadedononefaceandsupportedontheoppositefacesothat
compressionstrutscandevelopbetweentheloadsandsupports.Seealso8.2.7.6.
6.4.6.2 Deepbeamsshallbedesignedusingeithernonlinearanalysisaspermittedin6.3.7.1,or
AppendixA.
6.4.6.3 I
n
fordeepbeamsshallnotexceedu.8S
c
i
b
w
J.
6.4.6.4 Theareaofshearreinforcementperpendiculartotheflexuraltensionreinforcement,A
,shall
notbelessthanu.uu2Sb
w
s,ands shallnotexceedthesmallerofJS and300mm.
6.4.6.5 Theareaofshearreinforcementparalleltotheflexuraltensionreinforcement,A
h
,shallnot
belessthanu.uu1Sb
w
s
2
,ands
2
shallnotexceedthesmallerofJS and300mm.
6.4.6.6 ItshallbepermittedtoprovidereinforcementsatisfyingA.3.3insteadoftheminimum
horizontalandverticalreinforcementspecifiedin6.4.6.4and6.4.6.5.
6.4.7 Provisionsforbracketsandcorbels
6.4.7.1 Bracketsandcorbels(Fig.6.4.7.1&Fig.6.4.7.2)withashearspantodepthratioo
J less
than2shallbepermittedtobedesignedusingAppendixA.Designshallbepermittedusing
6.4.7.3and6.4.7.4forbracketsandcorbelswith:
a) o
J notgreaterthan1,and
b) subjecttofactoredhorizontaltensileforce,N
uc
,notlargerthanI
u
.
The requirements of 6.4.7.2, 6.4.7.3.2.1, 6.4.7.3.2.2, 6.4.7.5, 6.4.7.6, and 6.4.7.7 shall apply to design of
bracketsandcorbels.EffectivedepthJ shallbedeterminedatthefaceofthesupport.
Fig.6.4.7.1Structuralactionofacorbel
Chapter1
Fig.6.4.7.2NotationusedinSection6.4.7
6.4.7.2 Depthatoutsideedgeofbearingareashallnotbelessthanu.SJ.
6.4.7.3 Section at face of support shall be designed to resist simultaneously I
u
, a factored moment
|I
u
o
+N
uc
(b J)],andafactoredhorizontaltensileforce,N
uc
.
6.4.7.3.1 Inalldesigncalculationsinaccordancewith6.4.7, shallbetakenequalto0.75.
6.4.7.3.2 Designofshearfrictionreinforcement,A
]
,toresistI
u
shallbeinaccordancewith6.4.5.
6.4.7.3.2.1Fornormalweightconcrete,I
n
shallnotexceedthesmallestofu.2
c
i
b
w
J,(S.S +u.u8
c
i
)b
w
J,
and11b
w
J.
6.4.7.3.2.2Foralllightweightorsandlightweightconcrete,I
n
shallnotbetakengreaterthanthesmaller
of(u.2 u.u7o
J)
c
i
b
w
J and(S.S 1.9o
J)b
w
J.
6.4.7.3.3 Reinforcement A
]
to resist factored moment|I
u
o
+ N
uc
(b J)] shall be computed in
accordancewith6.3.2and6.3.3.
6.4.7.3.4 ReinforcementA
n
toresistfactoredtensileforceN
uc
shallbedeterminedfromA
n
N
uc
.
Factored tensile force, N
uc
, shall not be taken less than u.2I
u
unless provisions are made to
avoidtensileforces.N
uc
shallberegardedasaliveloadeveniftensionresultsfromrestraint
ofcreep,shrinkage,ortemperaturechange.
6.4.7.3.5 AreaofprimarytensionreinforcementA
sc
shallnotbelessthanthelargerof(A
]
+A
n
) and
(2A
]
S + A
n
).
6.4.7.4 Totalarea,A
h
,ofclosedstirrupsortiesparalleltoprimarytensionreinforcementshallnotbe
less than u.S(A
sc
A
n
). Distribute A
h
uniformly within (2S)J adjacent to primary tension
reinforcement.
6.4.7.5 A
sc
bJshallnotbelessthanu.u4(
c
i
).
6.4.7.6 Atfrontfaceofbracketorcorbel,primarytensionreinforcementshallbeanchoredbyoneof
thefollowing:
a) Byastructuralweldtoatransversebarofatleastequalsize;weldtobedesignedto
develop
ofprimarytensionreinforcement;
b) Bybendingprimarytensionreinforcementbacktoformahorizontalloop;or
c) Bysomeothermeansofpositiveanchorage.
6.4.7.7
Bearing area on bracket or corbel shall not project beyond straight portion of primary tension
reinforcement,norprojectbeyondinteriorfaceoftransverseanchorbar(ifoneisprovided).
Part6
StructuralDesign
652 Vol.2
6.4.8 Provisionsforwalls
6.4.8.1 Designofwallsforshearforcesperpendiculartofaceofwallshallbeinaccordancewith
provisionsforslabsin6.4.10.Designforhorizontalinplaneshearforcesinawallshallbein
accordancewith6.4.8.2through6.4.8.9.Alternatively,itshallbepermittedtodesignwalls
withaheightnotexceedingtwotimesthelengthofthewallforhorizontalshearforcesin
accordancewithAppendixAand6.4.8.9.2through6.4.8.9.5.
6.4.8.2 DesignofhorizontalsectionforshearinplaneofwallshallbebasedonEq.(6.4.1)and(6.4.2),
whereI
c
shallbeinaccordancewith6.4.8.5or6.4.8.6andI
s
shallbeinaccordancewith
6.4.8.9.
6.4.8.3 I
n
atanyhorizontalsectionforshearinplaneofwallshallnotbetakengreaterthan
u.8S
c
,
bJ,whereb isthicknessofwall,andJ isdefinedin6.4.8.4.
6.4.8.4 Fordesignforhorizontalshearforcesinplaneofwall,J shallbetakenequaltou.8l
w
.Alarger
valueofJ,equaltothedistancefromextremecompressionfibertocenterofforceofall
reinforcementintension,shallbepermittedtobeusedwhendeterminedbyastrain
compatibilityanalysis.
6.4.8.5 Ifamoredetailedcalculationisnotmadeinaccordancewith6.4.8.6,I
c
shallnotbetaken
greaterthanu.17z '
c
bJ forwallssubjecttoaxialcompression,orI
c
shallnotbetaken
greaterthanthevaluegivenin6.4.2.2.3forwallssubjecttoaxialtension.
6.4.8.6 I
c
shallbepermittedtobethelesserofthevaluescomputedfromEq.(6.4.22)and(6.4.23)
I
c
= u.27'
c
bJ +
N
u
d
4I
w
(6.4.22)
or
I
c
= _u.uS'
c
+
I
w
(0.1_]
|
c
+0.2
N
u
l
w
h
)
M
u
v
u
-
l
w
2
_ bJ (6.4.2S)
wherel
w
istheoveralllengthofthewall,andN
u
ispositiveforcompressionandnegativefor
tension.If(H
u
I
u
l
w
2) isnegative,Eq.(6.4.23)shallnotapply.
6.4.8.7 Sectionslocatedclosertowallbasethanadistancel
w
2 oronehalfthewallheight,
whicheverisless,shallbepermittedtobedesignedforthesameI
c
asthatcomputedata
distancel
w
2 oronehalftheheight.
6.4.8.8 WhereI
u
islessthanu.SI
c
,reinforcementshallbeprovidedinaccordancewith6.4.8.9orin
accordancewithSec.6.6.WhereI
u
exceedsu.SI
c
,wallreinforcementforresistingshear
shallbeprovidedinaccordancewith6.4.8.9.
6.4.8.9 Designofshearreinforcementforwalls
6.4.8.9.1 WhereI
u
exceedsI
c
,horizontalshearreinforcementshallbeprovidedtosatisfyEq.(6.4.1)
and(6.4.2),whereI
s
shallbecomputedby
I
s
=
A
]
j
d
s
(6.4.24)
whereA
is area of horizontal shearreinforcement within spacings, and J is determined in accordance

with6.4.8.4.Verticalshearreinforcementshallbeprovidedinaccordancewith6.4.8.9.4.
Chapter1
6.4.8.9.2 Ratioofhorizontalshearreinforcementareatogrossconcreteareaofverticalsection,p
t
shall
notbelessthan0.0025.
6.4.8.9.3 Spacingofhorizontalshearreinforcementshallnotexceedthesmallestofl
w
S,Sb,and450
mm,wherel
w
istheoveralllengthofthewall.
6.4.8.9.4 Ratioofverticalshearreinforcementareatogrossconcreteareaofhorizontalsection,p
I
shallnotbelessthanthelargerof
p
I
= u.uu2S +u.S [2.S -
h
w
I
w
(p
t
-u.uu2S) (6.4.2S)
and0.0025,Thevalueofp
I
calculatedbyEq.(6.4.25)neednotbegreaterthanp
t
requiredby6.4.8.9.1.
InEq.(6.4.25),l
w
istheoveralllengthofthewall,andb
w
istheoverallheightofthewall.
6.4.8.9.5 Spacingofverticalshearreinforcementshallnotexceedthesmallestofl
w
S,Sb,and450
mm,wherel
w
istheoveralllengthofthewall.
6.4.9 Transferofmomentstocolumns
6.4.9.1 Whengravityload,wind,earthquake,orotherlateralforcescausetransferofmomentat
connectionsofframingelementstocolumns,theshearresultingfrommomenttransfershall
beconsideredinthedesignoflateralreinforcementinthecolumns.
6.4.9.2 Exceptforconnectionsnotpartofaprimaryseismicloadresistingsystemthatarerestrained
onfoursidesbybeamsorslabsofapproximatelyequaldepth,connectionsshallhavelateral
reinforcementnotlessthanthatrequiredbyEq.(6.4.9)withinthecolumnforadepthnotless
thanthatofthedeepestconnectionofframingelementstothecolumns.SeealsoSec.8.1.13.
6.4.1u Provisionsforfootingsandslabs
6.4.10.1 Theshearstrengthoffootingsandslabsinthevicinityofcolumns,concentratedloads,or
reactionsisgovernedbythemoresevereofthefollowingtwoconditions:
6.4.10.1.1 Beamactionwhereeachcriticalsectiontobeinvestigatedextendsinaplaneacrosstheentire
width.Theslaborfootingshallbedesignedinaccordancewith6.4.1through6.4.3forbeam
action.
6.4.10.1.2 Fortwowayaction,eachofthecriticalsectionstobeinvestigatedshallbelocatedsothatits
perimeterb
o
isaminimumbutneednotapproachcloserthanJ2 to:
a) Edgesorcornersofcolumns,concentratedloads,orreactionareas;and
b) Changesinslabthicknesssuchasedgesofcapitals,droppanels,orshearcaps.
Fortwowayaction,theslaborfootingshallbedesignedinaccordancewith6.4.10.2through6.4.10.6.
6.4.10.1.3 Forsquareorrectangularcolumns,concentratedloads,orreactionareas,thecriticalsections
withfourstraightsidesshallbepermitted.
6.4.10.2 Fortwowayaction,thedesignofaslaborfootingisbasedonEq.(6.4.1)and(6.4.2).I
c
shall
becomputedinaccordancewith6.4.10.2.1,or6.4.10.3.1.I
s
shallbecomputedinaccordance
with6.4.10.3.Forslabswithshearheads,I
n
shallbeinaccordancewith6.4.10.4.Where
momentistransferredbetweenaslabandacolumn,6.4.10.6shallapply.
6.4.10.2.1 Forslabsandfootings,I
c
shallbethesmallestof(a),(b),and(c):
a) I
c
= u.17(1 +
2
[
)'
c
b
o
J (6.4.26)
where istheratiooflongsidetoshortsideofthecolumn,concentratedloadorreactionarea;
Part6
StructuralDesign
654 Vol.2
b) I
c
= u.u8S(
u
s
d
b
c
+ 2)'
c
b
o
J (6.4.27)
whereo
s
is40forinteriorcolumns,30foredgecolumns,20forcornercolumns;and
c) I
c
= u.SS'
c
b
o
J (6.4.28)
6.4.10.3 Barsorwiresandsingleormultiplelegstirrupsasshearreinforcementshallbepermittedin
slabs and footings with J greater than or equal to 150 mm, but not less than 16 times the
shearreinforcementbardiameter.Shearreinforcementshallbeinaccordancewith6.4.10.3.1
through6.4.10.3.4.
6.4.10.3.1 For computing I
n
, Eq. (6.4.2) shall be used and I
c
shall not be taken greater than
u.17z'
c
b
o
J,andI
s
shallbecalculatedinaccordancewith6.4.3.InEq.(6.4.10),A
shallbe
taken as the crosssectional area of all legs of reinforcement on one peripheral line that is
geometricallysimilartotheperimeterofthecolumnsection.
6.4.10.3.2 I
n
shallnotbetakengreaterthanu.S'
c
b
o
J.
6.4.10.3.3 The distance from the column face to the first line of stirrup legs that surround the column
shall not exceed J2. The spacing between adjacent stirrup legs in the first line of shear
reinforcement shall not exceed 2J measured in a direction parallel to the column face. The
spacing between successive lines of shear reinforcement that surround the column shall not
exceed J2 measured in a direction perpendicular to the column face. In a slabcolumn
connection for which the moment transfer is negligible, the shear reinforcement should be
symmetrical about the centroid of the critical section (Fig. 6.4.10.1). Spacing limits defined
abovearealsoshowninFig.6.4.10.1forinteriorcolumnandinFig.6.4.10.2foredgecolumn.
At edge columns or for interior connections where moment transfer is significant, closed
stirrupsarerecommendedinapatternassymmetricalaspossible.
6.4.10.3.4 Slabshearreinforcementshallsatisfytheanchoragerequirementsof8.2.10andshallengage
thelongitudinalflexuralreinforcementinthedirectionbeingconsidered.
Chapter1
Fig.6.4.10.1Arrangementofstirrupshearreinforcementaroundinteriorcolumn(6.4.10.3.3).
Fig.6.4.10.1Arrangementofstirrupshearreinforcementaroundedgecolumn(6.4.10.3.3).
6.4.10.4 Shearreinforcement consisting of structural steel I orchannelshaped sections (shearheads)
shall be permitted in slabs. The provisions of 6.4.10.4.1 through 6.4.10.4.9 shall apply where
d/2
d/2
d/2
Plan
d/2
Critical section
through slab shear
reinforcement
(first line of
stirrup legs)
Critical section
outside slab shear
reinforcement
2d <
d/2 < d/2 < s
Slab
d
Elevation
Column
d/2
d/2
Critical section through
slab shear reinforcement
(first line of stirrup legs)
Critical section outside
slab shear reinforcement
2d < d/2 < d/2 < s
d
Elevation
D
C
A
B
Slab
edge
Plan
Part6
StructuralDesign
656 Vol.2
shear due to gravity load is transferred at interior column supports. Where moment is
transferredtocolumns,6.4.10.7.3shallapply.
6.4.10.4.1 Eachshearheadshallconsistofsteelshapesfabricatedbyweldingwithafullpenetrationweld
intoidenticalarmsatrightangles.Shearheadarmsshallnotbeinterruptedwithinthecolumn
section.
6.4.10.4.2 Ashearheadshallnotbedeeperthan70timesthewebthicknessofthesteelshape.
6.4.10.4.3 Theendsofeachshearheadarmshallbepermittedtobecutatanglesnotlessthan30
degreeswiththehorizontal,providedtheplasticmomentstrengthoftheremainingtapered
sectionisadequatetoresisttheshearforceattributedtothatarmoftheshearhead.
6.4.10.4.4 Allcompressionflangesofsteelshapesshallbelocatedwithinu.SJ ofcompressionsurfaceof
slab.
6.4.10.4.5 Theratioo
betweentheflexuralstiffnessofeachshearheadarmandthatofthesurrounding
compositecrackedslabsectionofwidth(c
2
+ J) shallnotbelessthan0.15.
6.4.10.4.6 Plasticmomentstrength,H
p
,requiredforeacharmoftheshearheadshallbecomputedby
H
p
=
v
u
2qn
jb
+ o
[l
-
c
1
2
[ (6.4.29)
where isfortensioncontrolledmembers,n isnumberofshearheadarms,andl
isminimumlengthof
eachshearheadarmrequiredtocomplywithrequirementsof6.4.10.4.7and6.4.10.4.8.
6.4.10.4.7 Thecriticalslabsectionforshearshallbeperpendiculartotheplaneoftheslabandshallcross
eachshearheadarmatthreequartersthedistance|l
u
(c
1
2)] fromthecolumnfacetothe
endoftheshearheadarm.Thecriticalsectionshallbelocatedsothatitsperimeterb
o
isa
minimum,butneednotbecloserthantheperimeterdefinedin6.4.10.1.2(a).
6.4.10.4.8 I
n
shallnotbetakenlargerthanu.SS'
c
b
o
J onthecriticalsectiondefinedin6.4.10.4.7.
Whenshearheadreinforcementisprovided,I
n
shallnotbetakengreaterthanu.S8'
c
b
o
J
onthecriticalsectiondefinedin6.4.10.1.2(a).
6.4.10.4.9 MomentresistanceH
contributedtoeachslabcolumnstripbyashearheadshallnotbe
takengreaterthan
H
=
qu
v
u
2n
[l
-
c
1
2
(6.4.Su)
where is for tensioncontrolled members, n is number of shearhead arms, and l
u
is length of each
shearheadarmactuallyprovided.However,H
shallnotbetakenlargerthanthesmallestof:
a) 30percentofthetotalfactoredmomentrequiredforeachslabcolumnstrip;
b) Thechangeincolumnstripmomentoverthelengthl
u
;
c) H
p
computedbyEq.(6.4.29).
6.4.10.4.10 Whenunbalancedmomentsareconsidered,theshearheadmusthaveadequateanchorageto
transmitH
p
tothecolumn.
6.4.10.5 Headedshearstudreinforcement,placedperpendiculartotheplaneofaslaborfooting,shall
bepermittedinslabsandfootingsinaccordancewith6.4.10.5.1through6.4.10.5.4.The
overallheightoftheshearstudassemblyshallnotbelessthanthethicknessofthemember
lessthesumof:(1)theconcretecoveronthetopflexuralreinforcement;(2)theconcrete
coveronthebaserail;and(3)onehalfthebardiameterofthetensionflexuralreinforcement.
Chapter1
Whereflexuraltensionreinforcementisatthebottomofthesection,asinafooting,the
overallheightoftheshearstudassemblyshallnotbelessthanthethicknessofthemember
lessthesumof:(1)theconcretecoveronthebottomflexuralreinforcement;(2)theconcrete
coverontheheadofthestud;and(3)onehalfthebardiameterofthebottomflexural
reinforcement.
6.4.10.5.1 Forthecriticalsectiondefinedin6.4.10.1.2,I
n
shallbecomputedusingEq.(6.4.2),withI
c

andI
n
notexceedingu.2Sz '
c
b
o
J andu.66 '
c
b
o
J,respectively.I
s
shallbecalculated
usingEq.(6.4.10)withA
u
equaltothecrosssectionalareaofalltheshearreinforcementon
oneperipherallinethatisapproximatelyparalleltotheperimeterofthecolumnsection,
wheres isthespacingoftheperipherallinesofheadedshearstudreinforcement.A
t

(b
o
s) shallnotbelessthanu.17 '
c
.
6.4.10.5.2 Thespacingbetweenthecolumnfaceandthefirstperipherallineofshearreinforcementshall
notexceedJ2.Thespacingbetweenperipherallinesofshearreinforcement,measuredina
directionperpendiculartoanyfaceofthecolumn,shallbeconstant.Forallslabsandfootings,
thespacingshallbebasedonthevalueoftheshearstressduetofactoredshearforceand
unbalancedmomentatthecriticalsectiondefinedin6.4.10.1.2,andshallnotexceed:
a) u.7SJ wheremaximumshearstressesduetofactoredloadsarelessthanorequalto
u.S'
c
;and
b) u.SJ wheremaximumshearstressesduetofactoredloadsaregreaterthanu.S'
c
.
6.4.10.5.3 Thespacingbetweenadjacentshearreinforcementelements,measuredontheperimeterof
thefirstperipherallineofshearreinforcement,shallnotexceed2J.
6.4.10.5.4 Shearstressduetofactoredshearforceandmomentshallnotexceedu.17z'
c
atthe
criticalsectionlocatedJ2 outsidetheoutermostperipherallineofshearreinforcement.
6.4.10.6 Openingsinslabs
If openings in slabs are located at a distance less than 10 times the slab thickness from a concentrated
loadorreactionarea,orwhenopeningsinflatslabsarelocatedwithincolumnstripsasdefinedinSec.6.5,
thecriticalslabsectionsforsheardefinedin6.4.10.1.2and6.4.10.4.7shallbemodifiedasfollows:
Part6
StructuralDesign
658 Vol.2
6.4.10.6.1 Forslabswithoutshearheads,thatpartoftheperimeterofthecriticalsectionthatisenclosed
by straight lines projecting from the centroid of the column, concentrated load, or reaction
area and tangent to the boundaries of the openings shall be considered ineffective (Fig.
6.4.10.3).
6.4.10.6.2 Forslabswithshearheads,theineffectiveportionoftheperimetershallbeonehalfofthat
definedin6.4.10.6.1.
Fig. 6.4.10.3 Effective perimeter (in dashed lines) to consider effect of openings and free edges
(6.4.10.6.1).
6.4.10.7 Transferofmomentinslabcolumnconnections
6.4.10.7.1 Wheregravityload,wind,earthquake,orotherlateralforcescausetransferofunbalanced
momentH
u
betweenaslabandcolumn,y
]
H
u
shallbetransferredbyflexureinaccordance
with6.5.5.3.Theremainderoftheunbalancedmoment,y
H
u
,shallbeconsideredtobe
transferredbyeccentricityofshearaboutthecentroidofthecriticalsectiondefinedin
6.4.10.1.2where
y
= (1 -y
]
) (6.4.S1)
6.4.10.7.2 Theshearstressresultingfrommomenttransferbyeccentricityofshearshallbeassumedto
varylinearlyaboutthecentroidofthecriticalsectionsdefinedin6.4.10.1.2.Themaximum
shearstressduetoI
u
andH
u
shallnotexceed:
n
:
(a)Formemberswithoutshearreinforcement,
I
n
= I
c
(b
o
J) (6.4.S2)
whereI
c
isasdefinedin6.4.10.2.1.
Ineffective
d
2
(Typ.)
Critical
Section
(a) (b)
Opening
Regard
as free
edge
Free corner
(C) (d)
Chapter1
(b)Formemberswithshearreinforcementotherthanshearheads,
I
n
= (I
c
+I
s
)(b
o
J) (6.4.SS)
whereI
c
andI
x
aredefinedin6.4.10.3.1.Thedesignshalltakeintoaccountthevariationofshearstress
around the column. The shear stress due to factored shear force and moment shall not exceed
(u.17z'
c
) atthecriticalsectionlocatedJ2 outsidetheoutermostlineofstirruplegsthatsurround
thecolumn.
The maximum factored shear stress may be obtained from the combined shear stresses on the left and right
facesofthecolumn(Fig.6.4.10.4),
:
I
=
I
u
A
c
-
y
H
u
c
I
[
c

:
=
I
u
A
c
+
y
H
u
c
[
c

Where, A
c
=areaofconcreteofassumedcriticalsection=2J(c
1
+ c
2
+ 2J)
c
I
,c
= distancesfromcentroidofcriticalsectiontoleftandrightfaceofsectionrespectively
c
1
,c
2
=widthanddepthofthecolumn
[
c
=propertyofassumedcriticalsectionanalogoustopolarmomentofinertia
Foraninteriorcolumn,thequantity[
c
is
[
c
=
2d(c
1
+d)
3
12
+
2(c
1
+d)d
3
12
+ 2J(c
2
+J) [
c
1
+d
2

2
))
Part6
StructuralDesign
660 Vol.2
Fig. 6.4.10.4 Transfer of moment from slab to column: (a) forces resulting from vertical load and
unbalanced moment; (b) critical section for an interior column; (c) shear stress distribution for
an interior column; (d) critical section for an edge column; (e) shear stress distribution for an
edgecolumn(6.4.10.7.2).
T
c
M
V
u
u
(a)
b = c + d
1 1
b = c +
1 1
c
1
c
1
c
l
c
r
c
l
c
r
c
l
c
r
b = c + d c
2 2 2
b = c + d c
2 2 2
c
l
c
r
V
l
V
l
V
r
V
r
(b) (C)
(d) (e)
d
2
d
Chapter1
6.4.10.7.3 WhenshearreinforcementconsistingofstructuralsteelIorchannelshapedsections
(shearheads)isprovided,thesumoftheshearstressesduetoverticalloadactingonthe
criticalsectiondefinedby6.4.10.4.7andtheshearstressesresultingfrommoment
transferredbyeccentricityofshearaboutthecentroidofthecriticalsectiondefinedin
6.4.10.1.2(a)and6.4.10.1.3shallnotexceedu.SSz '
c
.
6.5 TWOWAY SLAB SYSTEMS: FLAT PLATES, FLAT SLABS AND EDGE
SUPPORTEDSLABS
6.S.1 Scope
The provisions of this section shall apply to all slabs, solid, ribbed or hollow, spanning in more than one
direction, with or without beams between the supports. Flat plate is a term normally attributed to slabs
without beams and without drop panels, column capitals, or brackets. On the other hand, slabs without
beams, but with drop panels, column capital or brackets are commonly known as flat slabs. While this
section coversthe requirements for all types of slabs, the provisions of 6.5.8, Alternative Design of Two
way EdgeSupported slabs, may be used as an alternative for slabs supported on all four edges by walls,
steelbeamsormonolithicconcretebeamshavingatotaldepthnotlessthan3timestheslabthickness.
6.5.1.1 Foraslabsystemsupportedbycolumnsorwalls,dimensionsc
1
,c
2
,andl
n
shallbebasedon
aneffectivesupportareadefinedbytheintersectionofthebottomsurfaceoftheslab,orof
thedroppanelorshearcapifpresent,withthelargestrightcircularcone,rightpyramid,or
taperedwedgewhosesurfacesarelocatedwithinthecolumnandthecapitalorbracketand
areorientednogreaterthan45degreestotheaxisofthecolumn.
6.5.1.2 MinimumthicknessofslabsdesignedinaccordancewithSec.6.5shallbeasrequiredby
6.2.5.3.
6.S.2 General
6.5.2.1 Columnstripisadesignstripwithawidthoneachsideofacolumncenterlineequaltou.2Sl
2

oru.2Sl
1
,whicheverisless.Columnstripincludesbeams,ifany.
6.5.2.2 Middlestripisadesignstripboundedbytwocolumnstrips.
6.5.2.3 Apanelisboundedbycolumn,beam,orwallcenterlinesonallsides.
6.5.2.4 Formonolithicorfullycompositeconstruction,abeamincludesthatportionofslaboneach
sideofthebeamextendingadistanceequaltotheprojectionofthebeamaboveorbelowthe
slab,whicheverisgreater,butnotgreaterthanfourtimestheslabthickness(Fig.6.5.2.1).
6.5.2.5 Whenusedtoreducetheamountofnegativemomentreinforcementoveracolumnor
minimum
requiredslabthickness,adroppanelshall:
a) projectbelowtheslabatleastonequarteroftheadjacentslabthickness;and
b) extendineachdirectionfromthecenterlineofsupportadistancenotlessthanonesixth
thespanlengthmeasuredfromcentertocenterofsupportsinthatdirection.
6.5.2.6 Whenusedtoincreasethecriticalconditionsectionforshearataslabcolumnjoint,ashear
capshallprojectbelowtheslabandextendaminimumhorizontaldistancefromthefaceof
thecolumnthatisequaltothethicknessoftheprojectionbelowtheslabsoffit.
Part6
StructuralDesign
662 Vol.2
Fig.6.5.2.1Portionofslabtobeincludedwiththebeamaccordingto6.5.2.4.
6.S.S Slabreinforcement
6.5.3.1 Areaofreinforcementineachdirectionfortwowayslabsystemsshallbedeterminedfrom
momentsatcriticalsections,butshallnotbelessthanrequiredbySec.8.1.11.2.
6.5.3.2 Spacingofreinforcementatcriticalsectionsshallnotexceedtwotimestheslabthickness,
exceptforportionsofslabareaofcellularorribbedconstruction.Intheslabovercellular
spaces,reinforcementshallbeprovidedasrequiredbySec.8.1.11.
6.5.3.3 Positivemomentreinforcementperpendiculartoadiscontinuousedgeshallextendtothe
edgeofslabandhaveembedment,straightorhooked,atleast150mminspandrelbeams,
columns,orwalls.
6.5.3.4 Negativemomentreinforcementperpendiculartoadiscontinuousedgeshallbebent,
hooked,orotherwiseanchoredinspandrelbeams,columns,orwalls,andshallbedeveloped
atfaceofsupportaccordingtoprovisionsofSec.8.2.
6.5.3.5 Whereaslabisnotsupportedbyaspandrelbeamorwallatadiscontinuousedge,orwherea
slabcantileversbeyondthesupport,anchorageofreinforcementshallbepermittedwithin
theslab.
6.5.3.6 Atexteriorcornersofslabssupportedbyedgewallsorwhereoneormoreedgebeamshavea
valueofo
]
greaterthan1.0,topandbottomslabreinforcementshallbeprovidedatexterior
cornersinaccordancewith6.5.3.6.1through6.5.3.6.4andasshowninFig.6.5.3.1.
b
w
b
w
h
b
h
b
h
b
h
f
4h
f
<
b
w
b
w
2h
b
8h
f
<
+ +
Chapter1
Fig.6.5.3.1Cornerreinforcementinslabs(6.5.3.6)
6.5.3.6.1 Cornerreinforcementinbothtopandbottomofslabshallbesufficienttoresistamomentper
unitofwidthequaltothemaximumpositivemomentperunitwidthintheslabpanel.
(

)
/
5
( )/5
(

)
/
5
( )/5
LLong
L
S
h
o
r
t
LLong
L
L
o
n
g
B-1
A top per 6.5.3.6
A bottom per 6.5.3.6
B
-
2
Choice-1
Choice-2
LLong
L
S
h
o
r
t
LLong
L
L
o
n
g
B-1
B
-
2
Notes:
1. Applies if B-1or B-2 has >1.0
2. Max. bar spacing 2h, where h = slab thickness
3. Reinforcement same as maximum +ve reinforcement of the panel
s
s
A per 6.5.3.6
top and bottom
s
f
Part6
StructuralDesign
664 Vol.2
6.5.3.6.2 Themomentshallbeassumedtobeaboutanaxisperpendiculartothediagonalfromthe
cornerinthetopoftheslabandaboutanaxisparalleltothediagonalfromthecornerinthe
bottomoftheslab.
6.5.3.6.3 Cornerreinforcementshallbeprovidedforadistanceineachdirectionfromthecornerequal
toonefifththelongerspan.
6.5.3.6.4 Cornerreinforcementshallbeplacedparalleltothediagonalinthetopoftheslaband
perpendiculartothediagonalinthebottomoftheslab.Alternatively,reinforcementshallbe
placedintwolayersparalleltothesidesoftheslabinboththetopandbottomoftheslab.
6.5.3.7 Whenadroppanelisusedtoreducetheamountofnegativemomentreinforcementoverthe
columnofaflatslab,thedimensionsofthedroppanelshallbeinaccordancewith6.5.2.5.In
computingrequiredslabreinforcement,thethicknessofthedroppanelbelowtheslabshall
notbeassumedtobegreaterthanonequarterthedistancefromtheedgeofdroppanelto
thefaceofcolumnorcolumncapital.
6.5.3.8 Detailsofreinforcementinslabswithoutbeams
6.5.3.8.1 Inadditiontotheotherrequirementsof6.5.3,reinforcementinslabswithoutbeamsshall
haveminimumextensionsasprescribedinFig.6.5.3.2.
6.5.3.8.2 Whereadjacentspansareunequal,extensionsofnegativemomentreinforcementbeyondthe
faceofsupportasprescribedinFig.6.5.3.2shallbebasedonrequirementsofthelongerspan.
Fig. 6.5.3.2Minimum extensions for reinforcement in slabs without beams. (See 8.2.8.1 for reinforcement
extensionintosupports
Chapter1
6.5.3.8.3 Bentbarsshallbepermittedonlywhendepthspanratiopermitsuseofbendsof45degrees
orless.
6.5.3.8.4 Inframeswheretwowayslabsactasprimarymembersresistinglateralloads,lengthsof
reinforcementshallbedeterminedbyanalysisbutshallnotbelessthanthoseprescribedin
Fig.6.5.3.2.
6.5.3.8.5 Allbottombarsorwireswithinthecolumnstrip,ineachdirection,shallbecontinuousor
splicedwithClassBtensionsplicesorwithmechanicalorweldedsplicessatisfyingSec.
8.2.12.3.SplicesshallbelocatedasshowninFig.6.5.3.2.Atleasttwoofthecolumnstrip
bottombarsorwiresineachdirectionshallpasswithintheregionboundedbythe
longitudinalreinforcementofthecolumnandshallbeanchoredatexteriorsupports.
6.5.3.8.6 Inslabswithshearheadsandinliftslabconstructionwhereitisnotpracticaltopassthe
bottombarsrequiredby6.5.3.8.5throughthecolumn,atleasttwobondedbottombarsor
wiresineachdirectionshallpassthroughtheshearheadorliftingcollarasclosetothecolumn
aspracticableandbecontinuousorsplicedwithaClassAsplice.Atexteriorcolumns,the
reinforcementshallbeanchoredattheshearheadorliftingcollar.
6.S.4 Openingsinslabsystems
6.5.4.1 Openings of any size shall be permitted in slab systems if shown by analysis that the design
strength is at least equal to the required strength set forth in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3, and that all
serviceabilityconditions,includingthelimitsondeflections,aremet.
6.5.4.2 Asanalternatetoanalysisasrequiredby6.5.4.1,openingsshallbepermittedinslabsystems
withoutbeamsonly,inaccordancewith6.5.4.2.1through6.5.4.2.4.
6.5.4.2.1 Openings of any size shall be permitted in the area common to intersecting middle strips,
provided total amount of reinforcement required for the panel without the opening is
maintained.
6.5.4.2.2 In the area common to intersecting column strips, not more than oneeighth the width of
column strip in either span shall be interrupted by openings. An amount of reinforcement
equivalenttothatinterruptedbyanopeningshallbeaddedonthesidesoftheopening.
6.5.4.2.3 Intheareacommontoonecolumnstripandonemiddlestrip,notmorethanonequarterof
the reinforcement in either strip shall be interrupted by openings. An amount of
reinforcementequivalenttothatinterruptedbyanopeningshallbeaddedonthesidesofthe
opening.
6.5.4.2.4 Shearrequirementsof6.4.10.6shallbesatisfied.
6.S.S Designprocedures
6.5.5.1 A slab system shall be designed by any procedure satisfying conditions of equilibrium and
geometriccompatibility,ifshownthatthedesignstrengthateverysectionisatleastequalto
the required strength set forth in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3, and that all serviceability conditions,
includinglimitsondeflections,aremet.
6.5.5.1.1 Design of a slab system for gravity loads, including the slab and beams (if any) between
supports and supporting columns or walls forming orthogonal frames, by either the Direct
DesignMethodof6.5.6ortheEquivalentFrameMethodof6.5.7,shallbepermitted.
Part6
StructuralDesign
666 Vol.2
6.5.5.1.2 For lateral loads, analysis of frames shall take into account effects of cracking and
reinforcementonstiffnessofframemembers.
6.5.5.1.3 Combining the results of the gravityload analysis withthe results of the lateral load analysis
shallbepermitted.
6.5.5.2 The slab and beams (if any) between supports shall be proportioned for factored moments
prevailingateverysection.
6.5.5.3 When gravity load, wind, earthquake, or other lateral forces cause transfer of moment
between slab and column, a fraction of the unbalanced moment shall be transferred by
flexureinaccordancewith6.5.5.3.2through6.5.5.3.4.
6.5.5.3.1 The fraction of unbalanced moment not transferred by flexure shall be transferred by
eccentricityofshearinaccordancewith6.4.10.7.
6.5.5.3.2 Afractionoftheunbalancedmomentgivenbyy
]
H
u
shallbeconsideredtobetransferredby
flexure within an effective slab width between lines that are one and onehalf slab or drop
panel thickness (1.Sb) outside opposite faces of the column or capital, where H
u
is the
factoredmomenttobetransferredand
y
=
1
1+(2 3 )b
1
b
2
(6.S.1)
6.5.5.3.3 Forslabswithunbalancedmomentstransferredbetweentheslabandcolumns,itshallbe
permittedtoincreasethevalueofy
]
givenbyEq.(6.5.1)inaccordancewiththefollowing:
a) For edge columns with unbalanced moments about an axis parallel to the edge,
y
]
= 1.uprovidedthatI
u
atanedgesupportdoesnotexceedu.7SI
c
,oratacorner
supportdoesnotexceedu.SI
c
.
b) For unbalanced moments at interior supports, and for edge columns with unbalanced
momentsaboutanaxisperpendiculartotheedge,increasey
]
toasmuchas1.25times
thevaluefromEq.(6.5.1),butnotmorethany
]
= 1.u,providedthatI
u
atthesupport
does not exceed u.4I
c
. The net tensile strain e
t
calculated for the effective slab width
definedin6.5.5.3.2shallnotbelessthan0.010.
ThevalueofI
c
initems(a)and(b)shallbecalculatedinaccordancewith6.4.10.2.1.
6.5.5.3.4 Concentration of reinforcement over the column by closer spacing or additional
reinforcementshallbeusedtoresistmomentontheeffectiveslabwidthdefinedin6.5.5.3.2.
6.5.5.4 Design for transfer of load from slabs to supporting columns or walls through shear and
torsionshallbeinaccordancewithSec.6.4.
6.S.6 Directdesignmethod
6.5.6.1 Limitations
Design of slab systems within the limitations of 6.5.6.1.1 through 6.5.6.1.8 by the direct design method
shallbepermitted.
Chapter1
6.5.6.1.1 Thereshallbeaminimumofthreecontinuousspansineachdirection.
6.5.6.1.2 Panelsshallberectangular,witharatiooflongertoshorterspancentertocenterofsupports
withinapanelnotgreaterthan2.
6.5.6.1.3 Successivespanlengthscentertocenterofsupportsineachdirectionshallnotdifferbymore
thanonethirdthelongerspan.
6.5.6.1.4 Offsetofcolumnsbyamaximumof10percentofthespan(indirectionofoffset)fromeither
axisbetweencenterlinesofsuccessivecolumnsshallbepermitted.
6.5.6.1.5 All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel. The
unfactoredliveloadshallnotexceedtwotimestheunfactoreddeadload.
6.5.6.1.6 Forapanelwithbeamsbetweensupportsonallsides,Eq.(6.5.2)shallbesatisfiedforbeams
inthetwoperpendiculardirections
u.2
u
]1
2
2
u
]2
1
2
S.u (6.S.2)
where
o
]1
ando
]2
arecalculatedinaccordancewithEq.(6.5.3).
o
]
=
L
cb
I
b
L
cs
I
s

(6.S.S)
6.5.6.1.7 Momentredistributionaspermittedby8.4shallnotbeappliedforslabsystemsdesignedby
thedirectdesignmethod.See6.5.6.7.
6.5.6.1.8 Variationsfromthelimitationsof6.5.6.1shallbepermittedifdemonstratedbyanalysisthat
requirementsof6.5.5.1aresatisfied.
6.5.6.2 Totalfactoredstaticmomentforaspan
6.5.6.2.1 Totalfactoredstaticmoment,H
o
,foraspanshallbedeterminedinastripboundedlaterally
bycenterlineofpaneloneachsideofcenterlineofsupports.
6.5.6.2.2 Absolutesumofpositiveandaveragenegativefactoredmomentsineachdirectionshallnot
belessthan
H
o
=
q
u
n
2
8
(6.S.4)
wherel
n
islengthofclearspanindirectionthatmomentsarebeingdetermined.
Part6
StructuralDesign
668 Vol.2
6.5.6.2.3 Wherethetransversespanofpanelsoneithersideofthecenterlineofsupportsvaries,l
2
in
Eq.(6.5.4)shallbetakenastheaverageofadjacenttransversespans.
6.5.6.2.4 Whenthespanadjacentandparalleltoanedgeisbeingconsidered,thedistancefromedge
topanelcenterlineshallbesubstitutedforl
2
inEq.(6.5.4).
6.5.6.2.5 Clearspanl
n
shallextendfromfacetofaceofcolumns,capitals,brackets,orwalls.Valueofl
n

usedinEq.(6.5.4)shallnotbelessthanu.6Sl
1
.Circularorregularpolygonshapedsupports
shallbetreatedassquaresupportswiththesamearea.
6.5.6.3 Negativeandpositivefactoredmoments
6.5.6.3.1 Negative factored moments shall be located at face of rectangular supports. Circular or
regularpolygonshapedsupportsshallbetreatedassquaresupportswiththesamearea.
6.5.6.3.2 Inaninteriorspan,totalstaticmoment,H
o
,shallbedistributedasfollows:
Negativefactoredmoment 0.65
Positivefactoredmoment 0.35
6.5.6.3.3 Inanendspan,totalfactoredstaticmoment,H
o
,shallbedistributedasinTable6.5.6.1
below:
Table6.5.6.1DistributionofTotalFactoredStaticMoment,M
u
inanEndSpan
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Exterior
edge
unrestrained
Slabwith
beams
betweenall
supports
Slabwithoutbeamsbetween
interiorsupports
Exterioredge
fullyrestrained
Withoutedge
beam
Withedge
beam
Interiornegative
factoredmoment
0.75 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.65
Positivefactored
moment
0.63 0.57 0.52 0.50 0.35
Exteriornegative
factoredmoment
0 0.16 0.26 0.30 0.65
6.5.6.3.4 Negative moment sections shall be designed to resist the larger of the two interior negative
factoredmomentsdeterminedforspansframingintoacommonsupportunlessananalysisis
made to distribute the unbalanced moment in accordance with stiffnesses of adjoining
elements.
6.5.6.3.5 Edge beams or edges of slab shall be proportioned to resistin torsion theirshareof exterior
negativefactoredmoments.
6.5.6.3.6 Thegravityloadmomenttobetransferredbetweenslabandedgecolumninaccordancewith
6.5.5.3.1shallbeu.SH
o
.
6.5.6.4 Factoredmomentsincolumnstrips
6.5.6.4.1 Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the portions in percent of interior negative
factoredmomentsasshowninTable6.5.6.2below:
Table6.5.6.2PortionsofInteriorNegativeMomentstobeResistedbyColumnStrip
Chapter1
1
0.5 1.0 2.0
(o
]1
1
) = u 75 75 75
(o
]1
1
) 1 90 75 45
Note:Linearinterpolationsshallbemadebetweenvaluesshown.
Interpolationfunctionfor%ofMoment=7S +Su [
u
]1
1
(1 -
1
)
6.5.6.4.2 Columnstripsshallbeproportionedtoresisttheportionsinpercentofexteriornegative
factoredmomentsasshowninTable6.5.6.3:
Table6.5.6.3PortionsofExteriorNegativeMomentstobeResistedbyColumnStrip
1
0.5 1.0 2.0
(o
]1
1
)
= u
[
t
=0 100 100 100

[
t
2.5 075 075 075

(o
]1
1
)
1
[
t
=0 100 100 100
[
t
2.5 090 075 045
Linearinterpolationsshallbemadebetweenvaluesshown,where [
t
iscalculatedinEq.(6.5.5)and C is
calculatedinEq.(6.5.6).
[
t
=
L
cb
C
2L
cs
I
s
(6.S.S)
C = [1 - u.6S
x
x
3
3
(6.S.6)
TheconstantC forTorLsectionsshallbepermittedtobeevaluatedbydividingthesectionintoseparate
rectangularparts,asdefinedin6.5.2.4,andsummingthevaluesofC foreachpart.
Interpolationfunctionfor%ofMoment=1uu -1u[
t
+ 12[
t
[
u
]1
1
(1 -
1
)
6.5.6.4.3 Wheresupportsconsistofcolumnsorwallsextendingforadistanceequaltoorgreaterthan
(u.7S)l
2
used to compute H
o
, negative moments shall be considered to be uniformly
distributedacrossl
2
.
6.5.6.4.4 Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the portions in percent of positive factored
momentsshowninTable6.5.6.4:
Table6.5.6.4PortionsofPositiveMomenttobeResistedbyColumnStrip
l
2
l
1
0.5 1.0 2.0
(o
]1
l
2
l
1
) = u 60 60 60
(o
]1
l
2
l
1
) 1 90 75 45
Note:Linearinterpolationsshallbemadebetweenvaluesshown.
Interpolationfunctionfor%ofMoment=6u +Su [
u
]1
1
(1.S -

2
1
)
Part6
StructuralDesign
670 Vol.2
6.5.6.4.5 For slabs with beams between supports, the slab portion of column strips shall be
proportionedtoresistthatportionofcolumnstripmomentsnotresistedbybeams.
6.5.6.5 Factoredmomentsinbeams
6.5.6.5.1 Beamsbetweensupportsshallbeproportionedtoresist85percentofcolumnstripmoments
ifo
]1
l
2
l
1
isequaltoorgreaterthan1.0.
6.5.6.5.2 Forvaluesofo
]1
l
2
l
1
between1.0andzero,proportionofcolumnstripmomentsresistedby
beamsshallbeobtainedbylinearinterpolationbetween85andzeropercent.
6.5.6.5.3 In addition to moments calculated for uniform loads according to 6.5.6.2.2, 6.5.6.5.1, and
6.5.6.5.2,beamsshallbeproportionedtoresistallmomentscausedbyconcentratedorlinear
loadsapplieddirectlytobeams,includingweightofprojectingbeamstemaboveorbelowthe
slab.
6.5.6.6 Factoredmomentsinmiddlestrips
6.5.6.6.1 Thatportionofnegativeandpositivefactoredmomentsnotresistedbycolumnstripsshallbe
proportionatelyassignedtocorrespondinghalfmiddlestrips.
6.5.6.6.2 Eachmiddlestripshallbeproportionedtoresistthesumofthemomentsassignedtoitstwo
halfmiddlestrips.
6.5.6.6.3 A middle strip adjacent to and parallel with a wallsupported edge shall be proportioned to
resist twice the moment assigned to the half middle strip corresponding to the first row of
interiorsupports.
6.5.6.7 Modificationoffactoredmoments
Modificationofnegativeandpositivefactoredmomentsby10percentshallbepermittedprovidedthe
totalstaticmomentforapanel,H
o
,inthedirectionconsideredisnotlessthanthatrequiredbyEq.
(6.5.4).
6.5.6.8 Factoredshearinslabsystemswithbeams
6.5.6.8.1 Beamswitho
]1
l
2
l
1
equaltoorgreaterthan1.0shallbeproportionedtoresistshearcaused
by factored loads on tributary areas which are bounded by 45degree lines drawn from the
cornersofthepanelsandthecenterlinesoftheadjacentpanelsparalleltothelongsides(Fig.
6.5.6.1).
6.5.6.8.2 In proportioning beams with o
]1
l
2
l
1
less than 1.0 to resist shear, linear interpolation,
assumingbeamscarrynoloadato
]1
= u,shallbepermitted.
6.5.6.8.3 In addition to shears calculated according to 6.5.6.8.1 and 6.5.6.8.2, beams shall be
proportionedtoresistshearscausedbyfactoredloadsapplieddirectlyonbeams.
6.5.6.8.4 Computation of slab shear strength on the assumption that load is distributed to supporting
beams in accordance with 6.5.6.8.1 or 6.5.6.8.2 shall be permitted. Resistance to total shear
occurringonapanelshallbeprovided.
6.5.6.8.5 ShearstrengthshallsatisfytherequirementsofSec.6.4.
Chapter1
Fig.6.5.6.1Tributaryareaforshearonaninteriorbeam.
6.5.6.9 Factoredmomentsincolumnsandwalls
6.5.6.9.1 Columnsandwallsbuiltintegrallywithaslabsystemshallresistmomentscausedbyfactored
loadsontheslabsystem.
6.5.6.9.2 Ataninteriorsupport,supportingelementsaboveandbelowtheslabshallresistthefactored
moment specified by Eq. (6.5.7) in direct proportion to their stiffnesses unless a general
analysisismade.
H
u
= u.u7|(q
u
+ u.Sq
Lu
)
2
n
2
-q
u
i

2
i
(
n
i
)
2
]
(6.S.7)
Where
u
i
,l
2
i
,andl
n
i
refertoshorterspan.
6.S.7 Equivalentframemethod
6.5.7.1 Designofslabsystemsbytheequivalentframemethodshallbebasedonassumptionsgiven
in 6.5.7.2 through 6.5.7.6, and all sections of slabs and supporting members shall be
proportionedformomentsandshearsthusobtained.
6.5.7.1.1 Where metal column capitals are used, it shall be permitted to take account of their
contributionstostiffnessandresistancetomomentandtoshear.
6.5.7.1.2 Itshallbepermittedtoneglectthechangeinlengthofcolumnsandslabsduetodirectstress,
anddeflectionsduetoshear.
6.5.7.2 Equivalentframe
6.5.7.2.1 Thestructureshallbeconsideredtobemadeupofequivalentframesoncolumnlinestaken
longitudinallyandtransverselythroughthebuilding(Fig.6.5.7.1).
Part6
StructuralDesign
672 Vol.2
Fig.6.5.7.1Definitionsofequivalentframe.
6.5.7.2.2 Each frame shall consist of a row of columns or supports and slabbeam strips, bounded
laterallybythecenterlineofpaneloneachsideofthecenterlineofcolumnsorsupports.
6.5.7.2.3 Columns or supports shall be assumed to be attached to slabbeam strips by torsional
members (see 6.5.7.5) transverse to the direction of the span for which moments are being
determinedandextendingtoboundinglateralpanelcenterlinesoneachsideofacolumn.
6.5.7.2.4 Framesadjacentandparalleltoanedgeshallbeboundedbythatedgeandthecenterlineof
adjacentpanel.
6.5.7.2.5 Analysis of each equivalent frame in its entirety shall be permitted. Alternatively, for gravity
loading, a separate analysis of each floor or roof with far ends of columns considered fixed
shallbepermitted.
6.5.7.2.6 Where slabbeams are analyzed separately, determination of moment at a given support
assuming that the slabbeam is fixed at any support two panels distant therefrom, shall be
permitted,providedtheslabcontinuesbeyondthatpoint.
6.5.7.3 Slabbeams
6.5.7.3.1 Determinationofthemomentofinertiaofslabbeamsatanycrosssectionoutsideofjointsor
columncapitalsusingthegrossareaofconcreteshallbepermitted.
6.5.7.3.2 Variationinmomentofinertiaalongaxisofslabbeamsshallbetakenintoaccount.
6.5.7.3.3 Momentofinertiaofslabbeamsfromcenterofcolumntofaceofcolumn,bracket,orcapital
shallbeassumedequaltothemomentofinertiaoftheslabbeamatfaceofcolumn,bracket,
or capital divided by the quantity (1 - c
2
l
2
)
2
, where c
2
and l
2
are measured transverse to
thedirectionofthespanforwhichmomentsarebeingdetermined.
Chapter1
6.5.7.4 Columns
6.5.7.4.1 Determination of the moment of inertia of columns at any cross section outside of joints or
columncapitalsusingthegrossareaofconcreteshallbepermitted.
6.5.7.4.2 Variationinmomentofinertiaalongaxisofcolumnsshallbetakenintoaccount(Fig.6.5.7.2).
6.5.7.4.3 Moment of inertia of columns from top to bottom of the slabbeam at a joint shall be
assumedtobeinfinite.
6.5.7.5 Torsionalmembers
6.5.7.5.1 Torsional members (see 6.5.7.2.3) shall be assumed to have a constant cross section
throughouttheirlengthconsistingofthelargestof(a),(b),and(c):
a) A portion of slab having a width equal to that of the column, bracket, or capital in the
directionofthespanforwhichmomentsarebeingdetermined;
b) For monolithic or fully composite construction, the portion of slab specified in (a) plus
thatpartofthetransversebeamaboveandbelowtheslab;
c) Thetransversebeamasdefinedin6.5.2.4.
6.5.7.5.2 Where beams frame into columns in the direction of the span for which moments are being
determined,thetorsionalstiffnessshallbemultipliedbytheratioofthemomentofinertiaof
theslabwithsuchabeamtothemomentofinertiaoftheslabwithoutsuchabeam.
Fig.6.5.7.2Equivalent column (column plus torsionalmembers).

6.5.7.5.3 StiffnessK
t
ofthetorsionalmembersshallbecalculatedbythefollowingexpression:
K
t
=
9L
cs
C
2
(1-C
2
2
)
3
(6.S.8)
wherec
2
andl
2
relatetothetransversespanoneachsideofcolumn.
6.5.7.6 Arrangementofliveload
6.5.7.6.1 Whentheloadingpatternisknown,theequivalentframeshallbeanalyzedforthatload.
6.5.7.6.2 When the unfactored live load is variable but does not exceed threequarters of the
unfactored dead load, or the nature of live load is such that all panels will be loaded
Part6
StructuralDesign
674 Vol.2
simultaneously,itshallbepermittedtoassumethatmaximumfactoredmomentsoccuratall
sectionswithfullfactoredliveloadonentireslabsystem.
6.5.7.6.3 For loading conditions other than those defined in 6.5.7.6.2, it shall be permitted to assume
thatmaximumpositivefactoredmomentnearmidspanofapaneloccurswiththreequarters
ofthefullfactoredliveloadonthepanelandonalternatepanels;anditshallbepermittedto
assumethatmaximumnegativefactoredmomentintheslabatasupportoccurswiththree
quartersofthefullfactoredliveloadonadjacentpanelsonly.
6.5.7.6.4 Factoredmomentsshallbetakennotlessthanthoseoccurringwithfullfactoredliveloadon
allpanels.
6.5.7.7 Factoredmoments
6.5.7.7.1 At interior supports, the critical section for negative factored moment (in both column and
middlestrips)shallbetakenatfaceofrectilinearsupports,butnotfartherawaythanu.17Sl
1
fromthecenterofacolumn.
6.5.7.7.2 At exterior supports with brackets or capitals, the critical section for negative factored
moment in the span perpendicular to an edge shall be taken at a distance from face of
supportingelementnotgreaterthanonehalftheprojectionofbracketorcapitalbeyondface
ofsupportingelement.
6.5.7.7.3 Circularorregularpolygonshapedsupportsshallbetreatedassquaresupportswiththesame
areaforlocationofcriticalsectionfornegativedesignmoment.
6.5.7.7.4 Where slab systems within limitations of 6.5.6.1 are analyzed by the equivalent frame
method,itshallbepermittedtoreducetheresultingcomputedmomentsinsuchproportion
thattheabsolutesumofthepositiveandaveragenegativemomentsusedindesignneednot
exceedthevalueobtainedfromEq.(6.5.4).
6.5.7.7.5 Distribution of moments at critical sections across the slabbeam strip of each frame to
column strips, beams, and middle strips as provided in 6.5.6.4, 6.5.6.5, and 6.5.6.6 shall be
permittediftherequirementof6.5.6.1.6issatisfied.
6.S.8 ALTERNATIVEDESIGNOFTWOWAYEDGESUPPORTEDSLABS
6.5.8.1 Notation
The notations provided below are applicable for Section 6.5.8 only. Also see Section 6.1.1.1 for other
notations.
C
u
, C
b
= Momentcoefficients
l
u
= Lengthofclearspaninshortdirection
l
b
= Lengthofclearspaninlongdirection
H
u
= Momentintheshortdirection
H
b
= Momentinthelongdirection
w = Uniformload
l
1
= Lengthofclearspanindirectionthatmomentarebeingdetermined
l
2
= Lengthofclearspantransversetol
1

o
I
= Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a width of slab bounded
laterallybycentrelineofadjacentpanels(ifany)oneachsideofthebeam.See6.4.2.1
o
I1
=
o
I
inthedirectionof l
1
.
Chapter1
6.5.8.2 ScopeandLimitations
6.5.8.2.1 The provisions of this section may be used as alternative to those of 6.5.1 through 6.5.7 for
twoway slabs supported on all four edges by walls, steel beams or monolithic concrete
beamshavingatotaldepthnotlessthan3timestheslabthickness.
6.5.8.2.2 Panelsshallberectangularwitharatiooflongertoshorterspancentretocentreofsupports
notgreaterthan2.
6.5.8.2.3 Thevalueof(o
]1
1
) shallbegreaterthanorequalto1.
6.5.8.3 AnalysisbytheCoefficientMethod
6.5.8.3.1 The negative moments and dead load and live load positive moments in the two directions
shallbecomputedfromTables6.5.8.1,6.5.8.2and6.5.8.3respectively.Shearintheslaband
loadsonthesupportingbeamsshallbecomputedfromTable6.5.8.4.
6.5.8.4 ShearonSupportingBeam
Theshearrequirementsprovidedin6.5.6.8shallbesatisfied.
6.5.8.5 Deflection
Thicknessofslabssupportedonwallsorstiffbeamsonallsidesshallsatisfytherequirementsof6.2.5.3.
Table6.5.8.1CoefficientsforNegativeMomentsinSlabs
H
u,ncg
= C
u,ncg
wl
u
2
H
b,ncg
= C
b,ncg
wl
b
2
wherew=totaluniformdeadplusliveloadperunitarea
Ratio
m =
|
a
|
h
Case1
Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7
Case8
Case9
C
u,ncg
1.00
C
b,ncg
0.045
0.045
0.076
0.050
0.050
0.075 0.071
0.071
0.033
0.061
0.061
0.033
C
u,ncg
0.95
C
b,ncg
0.050
0.041
0.072
0.055
0.045
0.079 0.075
0.067
0.038
0.056
0.065
0.029
C
u,ncg
0.90
C
b,ncg
0.055
0.037
0.070
0.060
0.040
0.080 0.079
0.062
0.043
0.052
0.068
0.025
C
u,ncg
0.85
C
b,ncg
0.060
0.031
0.065
0.066
0.034
0.082 0.083
0.057
0.049
0.046
0.072
0.021
C
u,ncg
0.80
C
b,ncg
0.065
0.027
0.061
0.071
0.029
0.083 0.086
0.051
0.055
0.041
0.075
0.017
C
u,ncg
0.75
C
b,ncg
0.069
0.022
0.056
0.076
0.024
0.085 0.088
0.044
0.061
0.036
0.078
0.014
Part6
StructuralDesign
676 Vol.2
C
u,ncg
0.70
C
b,ncg
0.074
0.017
0.050
0.081
0.019
0.086 0.091
0.038
0.068
0.029
0.081
0.011
C
u,ncg
0.65
C
b,ncg
0.077
0.014
0.043
0.085
0.015
0.087 0.093
0.031
0.074
0.024
0.083
0.008
C
u,ncg
0.60
C
b,ncg
0.081
0.010
0.035
0.089
0.011
0.088 0.095
0.024
0.080
0.018
0.085
0.006
C
u,ncg
0.55
C
b,ncg
0.084
0.007
0.028
0.092
0.008
0.089 0.096
0.019
0.085
0.014
0.086
0.005
C
u,ncg
0.50
C
b,ncg
0.086
0.006
0.022
0.094
0.006
0.090 0.097
0.014
0.089
0.010
0.088
0.003
Acrosshatchededgeindicatesthattheslabcontinuesacross,orisfixedatthesupport;
anunmarkededgeindicatesasupportatwhichtorsionalresistanceisnegligible.
Table6.5.8.2CoefficientsforDeadLoadPositiveMomentsinSlabs
H
u,pos,dI
= C
u,dI
wl
u
2
H
b,pos,dI
= C
b,dI
wl
b
2

wherew=uniformdeadloadperunitarea
Ratio
m =
|
a
|
h
Case1
Case2
Case9
C
u,dI
1.00
C
b,dI
0.036
0.036
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.018
0.033
0.027
0.027
0.033
0.020
0.023
0.023
0.020
C
u,dI
0.95
C
b,dI
0.040
0.033
0.020
0.016
0.021
0.025
0.030
0.024
0.028
0.015
0.036
0.024
0.031
0.031
0.022
0.021
0.024
0.017
C
u,dI
0.90
C
b,dI
0.045
0.029
0.022
0.014
0.025
0.024
0.033
0.022
0.029
0.013
0.039
0.021
0.035
0.028
0.025
0.019
0.026
0.015
C
u,dI
0.85
C
b,dI
0.050
0.026
0.024
0.012
0.029
0.022
0.036
0.019
0.031
0.011
0.042
0.017
0.040
0.025
0.029
0.017
0.028
0.013
C
u,dI
0.80
C
b,dI
0.056
0.023
0.026
0.011
0.034
0.020
0.039
0.016
0.032
0.009
0.045
0.015
0.045
0.022
0.032
0.015
0.029
0.010
C
u,dI
0.75
C
b,dI
0.061
0.019
0.028
0.009
0.040
0.018
0.043
0.013
0.033
0.007
0.048
0.012
0.051
0.020
0.036
0.013
0.031
0.007
C
u,dI
0.70
C
b,dI
0.068
0.016
0.030
0.007
0.046
0.016
0.046
0.011
0.035
0.005
0.051
0.009
0.058
0.017
0.040
0.011
0.033
0.006
Chapter1
C
u,dI
0.65
C
b,dI
0.074
0.013
0.032
0.006
0.054
0.014
0.050
0.009
0.036
0.004
0.054
0.007
0.065
0.014
0.044
0.009
0.034
0.005
C
u,dI
0.60
C
b,dI
0.081
0.010
0.034
0.004
0.062
0.011
0.053
0.007
0.037
0.003
0.056
0.006
0.073
0.012
0.048
0.007
0.036
0.004
C
u,dI
0.55
C
b,dI
0.088
0.008
0.035
0.003
0.071
0.009
0.056
0.005
0.038
0.002
0.058
0.004
0.081
0.009
0.052
0.005
0.037
0.003
C
u,dI
0.50
C
b,dI
0.095
0.006
0.037
0.002
0.080
0.007
0.059
0.004
0.039
0.001
0.061
0.003
0.089
0.007
0.056
0.004
0.038
0.002
Table6.5.8.3CoefficientsforLiveLoadPositiveMomentsinSlabs

H
u,pos,II
= C
u,II
wl
u
2
H
b,pos,II
= C
b,II
wl
b
2
wherew=uniformliveloadperunitarea
Ratio
m =
|
a
|
h
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7
Case8 Case9
C
u,II

1.00
C
b,II
0.036
0.036
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.027
0.035
0.032
0.032
0.035
0.028
0.030
0.030
0.028
C
u,II

0.95
C
b,II
0.040
0.033
0.030
0.025
0.031
0.029
0.035
0.029
0.034
0.024
0.038
0.029
0.036
0.032
0.031
0.027
0.032
0.025
C
u,II

0.90
C
b,II
0.045
0.029
0.034
0.022
0.035
0.027
0.039
0.026
0.037
0.021
0.042
0.025
0.040
0.029
0.035
0.024
0.036
0.022
C
u,II

0.85
C
b,II
0.050
0.026
0.037
0.019
0.040
0.024
0.043
0.023
0.041
0.019
0.046
0.022
0.045
0.026
0.040
0.022
0.039
0.020
C
u,II

0.80
C
b,II
0.056
0.023
0.041
0.017
0.045
0.022
0.048
0.020
0.044
0.016
0.051
0.019
0.051
0.023
0.044
0.019
0.042
0.017
C
u,II

0.75
C
b,II
0.061
0.019
0.045
0.014
0.051
0.019
0.052
0.016
0.047
0.013
0.055
0.016
0.056
0.020
0.049
0.016
0.046
0.013
C
u,II

0.70
C
b,II
0.068
0.016
0.049
0.012
0.057
0.016
0.057
0.014
0.051
0.011
0.060
0.013
0.063
0.017
0.054
0.014
0.050
0.011
C
u,II

0.65
C
b,II
0.074
0.013
0.053
0.010
0.064
0.014
0.062
0.011
0.055
0.009
0.064
0.010
0.070
0.014
0.059
0.011
0.054
0.009
Part6
StructuralDesign
678 Vol.2
C
u,II

0.60
C
b,II
0.081
0.010
0.058
0.007
0.071
0.011
0.067
0.009
0.059
0.007
0.068
0.008
0.077
0.011
0.065
0.009
0.059
0.007
C
u,II

0.55
C
b,II
0.088
0.008
0.062
0.006
0.080
0.009
0.072
0.007
0.063
0.005
0.073
0.006
0.085
0.009
0.070
0.007
00.063
0.006
C
u,II

0.50
C
b,II
0.095
0.006
0.066
0.004
0.088
0.007
0.077
0.005
0.067
0.004
0.078
0.005
0.092
0.007
0.076
0.005
0.067
0.004
6.5.8.6 Reinforcement
6.5.8.6.1 Areaofreinforcementineachdirectionshallbedeterminedfrommomentsatcriticalsections
butshallnotbelessthanthatrequiredby8.1.11.
6.5.8.6.2 Spacing of reinforcement at critical sections shall not exceed two times the slab thickness,
exceptforportionsofslabareathatmaybeofcellularorribbedconstruction.Intheslabover
cellularspaces,reinforcementshallbeprovidedasrequiredby8.1.11.
6.5.8.6.3 Positive moment reinforcement perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall extend to the
edge of slab and have embedment, straight or hooked, at least 150 mm in spandrel beams,
columns,orwalls.
Table6.5.8.4RatioofTotalLoadwin|
a
and|
h
Directions(w
a
andw
h
)forShearinSlabandLoadon
Supports

Ratio
m =
|
a
|
h
Case1
Case2
Case9
w
u

1.00
w
b

0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.17
0.83
0.50
0.50
0.83
0.17
0.71
0.29
0.29
0.71
0.33
0.67
0.67
0.33
w
u

0.95
w
b

0.55
0.45
0.55
0.45
0.20
0.80
0.55
0.45
0.86
0.14
0.75
0.25
0.33
0.67
0.38
0.62
0.71
0.29
w
u

0.90
w
b

0.60
0.40
0.60
0.40
0.23
0.77
0.60
0.40
0.88
0.12
0.79
0.21
0.38
0.62
0.43
0.57
0.75
0.25
w
u

0.85
w
b

0.66
0.34
0.66
0.34
0.28
0.72
0.66
0.34
0.90
0.10
0.83
0.17
0.43
0.57
0.49
0.51
0.79
0.21
Chapter1
w
u

0.80
w
b

0.71
0.29
0.71
0.29
0.33
0.67
0.71
0.29
0.92
0.08
0.86
0.14
0.49
0.51
0.55
0.45
0.83
0.17
w
u

0.75
w
b

0.76
0.24
0.76
0.24
0.39
0.61
0.76
0.24
0.94
0.06
0.88
0.12
0.56
0.44
0.61
0.39
0.86
0.14
w
u

0.70
w
b

0.81
0.19
0.81
0.19
0.45
0.55
0.81
0.19
0.95
0.05
0.91
0.09
0.62
0.38
0.68
0.32
0.89
0.11
w
u

0.65
w
b

0.85
0.15
0.85
0.15
0.53
0.47
0.85
0.15
0.96
0.04
0.93
0.07
0.69
0.31
0.74
0.26
0.92
0.08
w
u

0.60
w
b

0.89
0.11
0.89
0.11
0.61
0.39
0.89
0.11
0.97
0.03
0.95
0.05
0.76
0.24
0.80
0.20
0.94
0.06
w
u

0.55
w
b

0.92
0.08
0.92
0.08
0.69
0.31
0.92
0.08
0.98
0.02
0.96
0.04
0.81
0.19
0.85
0.15
0.95
0.05
w
u

0.50
w
b

0.94
0.06
0.94
0.06
0.76
0.24
0.94
0.06
0.99
0.01
0.97
0.03
0.86
0.14
0.89
0.11
0.97
0.03
6.5.8.6.4 Negative moment reinforcement perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall be bent,
hooked,orotherwiseanchored,inspandrelbeams,columns,orwalls,andshallbedeveloped
atfaceofsupportaccordingtoprovisionsofSec8.2.
6.5.8.6.5 CornerReinforcement
a) Cornerreinforcementshallbeprovidedatexteriorcornersinbothbottomandtopofthe
slab,foradistanceineachdirectionfromthecornerequaltoonefifththelongerspanof
thecornerpanelasperprovisionsof6.5.3.6.
6.S.9 RIBBEDANDHOLLOWSLABS
6.5.9.1 General
Theprovisionsofthissectionshallapplytoslabsconstructedinoneofthewaysdescribedbelow:
a) Asaseriesofconcreteribswithtoppingcastonformswhichmayberemovedafterthe
concretehasset;
b) Asaseriesofconcreteribsbetweenprecastblockswhichremainpartofthecompleted
structure; the top of the ribs may be connected by a topping of concrete of the same
strengthasthatusedintheribs;and
c) Slabswithacontinuoustopandbottomfacebutcontainingvoidsofrectangular,ovalor
othershape.
Part6
StructuralDesign
680 Vol.2
6.5.9.2 AnalysisandDesign
Anymethodofanalysiswhichsatisfiesequilibriumandcompatibilityrequirementsmaybeusedforribbed
andhollowslabs.Approximatemomentsandshearsincontinuousonewayribbedorhollowslabsmaybe
obtainedfrom6.1.4.3.Fortwowayslabs,theunifieddesignapproachspecifiedinSec6.5FlatPlates,Flat
SlabsandEdgesupportedSlabs,shallbeused.
6.5.9.3 Shear
6.5.9.3.1 When burnt tile or concrete tile fillers of material having the same strength as the specified
strength of concrete in the ribbed and hollow slabs are used permanently, it is permitted to
include the vertical shells of fillers in contact with the ribs for shear and negativemoment
strengthcomputations,providedadequatebondbetweenthetwocanbeensured.
6.5.9.3.2 Adequate shear strength of slabs shall be provided in accordance with the requirements
of6.4.10.Foronewayribbedandhollowslabconstruction,contributionofconcretetoshear
strengthI
c
ispermittedtobe10percentmorethanthatspecifiedin6.4.2.Itispermittedto
increaseshearstrengthusingshearreinforcementorbywideningtheendsofribs.
6.5.9.4 Deflection
Therecommendationsfordeflectionwithrespecttosolidslabsmaybeappliedtoribbedandhollowslab.
Total depth of oneway ribbed and hollow slabs shall not be less than those required by Table6.2.5.1
in6.2.5.2.Forotherslabstheprovisionsof6.2.5.3shallapply.
6.5.9.5 SizeandPositionofRibs
Insituribsshallbenotlessthan100mmwide.Theyshallbespacedatcentresnotgreaterthan750mm
apartandtheirdepth,excludinganytopping,shallbenotmorethanthreeandhalftimestheirwidth.Ribs
shallbeformedalongeachedgeparalleltothespanofonewayslabs.
6.5.9.6 Reinforcement
The recommendations given in 8.1.6 regarding maximum distance between bars apply to areas of solid
concreteinthisformofconstruction.Thecurtailment,anchorageandcovertoreinforcementshallbeas
specifiedbelow:
a) Atleast50percentofthetotalmainreinforcementshallbecarriedthroughthebottom
ontothebearingandanchoredinaccordancewith8.2.8.
b) Whereaslab,whichiscontinuousoversupports,hasbeendesignedassimplysupported,
reinforcementshallbeprovidedoverthesupporttocontrolcracking.Thisreinforcement
shall have a crosssectional area of not less than one quarter of that required in the
middle of the adjoining spans and shall extend at least onetenth of the clear span into
adjoiningspans.
c) Inslabswithpermanentblocks,thesidecovertothereinforcementshallnotbelessthan
10mm.Inallothercases,covershallbeprovidedaccordingto8.1.7.
6.6 WALLS
6.6.1 Scope
6.6.1.1 Provisions of Sec. 6.6 shall apply for design of walls subjected to axial load, with or without
flexure.
6.6.1.2 CantileverretainingwallsaredesignedaccordingtoflexuraldesignprovisionsofSec.6.3with
minimumhorizontalreinforcementaccordingto6.6.3.3.
6.6.2 General
Chapter1
6.6.2.1 Walls shall be designed for eccentric loads and any lateral or other loads to which they are
subjected.
6.6.2.2 Wallssubjecttoaxialloadsshallbedesignedinaccordancewith6.6.2,6.6.3,andeither6.6.4,
6.6.5,or6.6.8.
6.6.2.3 Designforshearshallbeinaccordancewith6.4.8.
6.6.2.4 Unless otherwise demonstrated by an analysis, the horizontal length of wall considered as
effective for each concentrated load shall not exceed the smaller of the centertocenter
distancebetweenloads,andthebearingwidthplusfourtimesthewallthickness.
6.6.2.5 Compressionmembersbuiltintegrallywithwallsshallconformto6.3.8.2.
6.6.2.6 Walls shall be anchored to intersecting elements, such as floors and roofs; or to columns
pilasters,buttresses,ofintersectingwalls;andtofootings.
6.6.2.7 Quantity of reinforcement and limits of thickness required by 6.6.3 and 6.6.5 shall be
permittedtobewaivedwherestructuralanalysisshowsadequatestrengthandstability.
6.6.2.8 Transferofforcetofootingatbaseofwallshallbeinaccordancewith6.8.8.
6.6.S Minimumreinforcement
6.6.3.1 Minimumverticalandhorizontalreinforcementshallbeinaccordancewith6.6.3.2and6.6.3.3
unlessagreateramountisrequiredforshearby6.4.8.8and6.4.8.9.
6.6.3.2 Minimumratioofverticalreinforcementareatogrossconcretearea,p
I
,shallbe:
a) 0.0012fordeformedbarsnotlargerthan16mmwith
notlessthan420MPa;or
b) 0.0015forotherdeformedbars;or
c) 0.0012forweldedwirereinforcementnotlargerthanMW200orMD200.
6.6.3.3 Minimumratioofhorizontalreinforcementareatogrossconcretearea,p
t
,shallbe:
a) 0.0020fordeformedbarsnotlargerthan16mmwith
notlessthan420MPa;or
b) 0.0025forotherdeformedbars;or
c) 0.0020forweldedwirereinforcementnotlargerthanMW200orMD200.
6.6.3.4 Walls more than 250 mm thick, except basement walls, shall have reinforcement for each
directionplacedintwolayersparallelwithfacesofwallinaccordancewiththefollowing:
a) One layer consisting of not less than onehalf and not more than twothirds of total
reinforcementrequiredforeachdirectionshallbeplacednotlessthan50mmnormore
thanonethirdthethicknessofwallfromtheexteriorsurface;
b) The other layer, consisting of the balance of required reinforcement in that direction,
shallbeplacednotlessthan20mmnormorethanonethirdthethicknessofwallfrom
theinteriorsurface.
6.6.3.5 Vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than three times the
wallthickness,norfartherapartthan450mm.
6.6.3.6 Vertical reinforcement need not be enclosed by lateral ties if vertical reinforcement area is
not greater than 0.01 times gross concrete area, or where vertical reinforcement is not
requiredascompressionreinforcement.
6.6.3.7 In addition to the minimum reinforcement required by 6.6.3.1, not less than two 16 mm
barsinwallshavingtwolayersofreinforcementinbothdirectionsandone16mmbarin
Part6
StructuralDesign
682 Vol.2
walls having a single layer of reinforcement in both directions shall be provided around
window, door, and similar sized openings. Such bars shall be anchored to develop
in
tensionatthecornersoftheopenings.
6.6.4 Designofwallsascompressionmembers
Exceptasprovidedin6.6.5,wallssubjecttoaxialloadorcombinedflexureandaxialloadshallbedesigned
as compression members in accordance with provisions of 6.3.2, 6.3.3, 6.3.10, 6.3.11, 6.3.14, 6.6.2, and
6.6.3.
6.6.S Empiricalmethodofdesign
6.6.5.1 Walls of solid rectangular cross section shall be permitted to be designed by the empirical
provisionsof6.6.5iftheresultantofallfactoredloadsislocatedwithinthemiddlethirdofthe
overallthicknessofthewallandalllimitsof6.6.2,6.6.3,and6.6.5aresatisfied.
6.6.5.2 DesignaxialstrengthP
n
ofawallsatisfyinglimitationsof6.6.5.1shallbecomputedbyEq.
(6.6.1)unlessdesignedinaccordancewith6.6.4.
P
n
= u.SS '
c
A
g
_1 - [
KI
c
32h
2
_ (6.6.1)
where shallcorrespondtocompressioncontrolledsectionsinaccordancewith6.2.3.2.2andeffective
lengthfactork shallbe:
Forwallsbracedtopandbottomagainstlateraltranslationand
a) Restrainedagainstrotationatoneorbothends(top,bottom,or 0.8
b) Unrestrainedagainstrotationatbothends 1.0
Forwallsnotbracedagainstlateraltranslation 2.0
6.6.5.3 Minimumthicknessofwallsdesignedbyempiricaldesignmethod
6.6.5.3.1 Thickness of bearing walls shall not be less than 1/25 the supported height or length,
whicheverisshorter,norlessthan100mm.
6.6.5.3.2 Thicknessofexteriorbasementwallsandfoundationwallsshallnotbelessthan190mm.
6.6.6 Nonbearingwalls
6.6.6.1 Thickness of nonbearing walls shall not be less than 100 mm, nor less than 1/30 the least
distancebetweenmembersthatprovidelateralsupport.
6.6.7 Wallsasgradebeams
6.6.7.1 Walls designed as grade beams shall have top and bottom reinforcement as required for
moment in accordance with provisions of 6.3.2 through 6.3.7. Design for shear shall be in
accordancewithprovisionsofSec.6.4.
6.6.7.2 Portionsofgradebeamwallsexposedabovegradeshallalsomeetrequirementsof6.6.3.
6.6.8 Alternativedesignofslenderwalls
6.6.8.1 Whenflexuraltensioncontrolstheoutofplanedesignofawall,therequirementsof6.6.8are
consideredtosatisfy6.3.10.
6.6.8.2 Wallsdesignedbytheprovisionsof6.6.8shallsatisfy6.6.8.2.1through6.6.8.2.6.
Chapter1
6.6.8.2.1 Thewallpanelshallbedesignedasasimplysupported,axiallyloadedmembersubjectedtoan
outofplane uniform lateral load, with maximum moments and deflections occurring at
midspan.
6.6.8.2.2 Thecrosssectionshallbeconstantovertheheightofthepanel.
6.6.8.2.3 Thewallshallbetensioncontrolled.
6.6.8.2.4 ReinforcementshallprovideadesignStrength
H
n
H
c
(6.6.2)
whereH
c
shallbeobtainedusingthemodulusofrupture,
,givenbyEq.(6.2.3).
6.6.8.2.5 Concentrated gravity loads applied to the wall above the design flexural section shall be
assumedtobedistributedoverawidth:
a) Equal to the bearing width, plus a width on each side that increases at a slope of 2
verticalto1horizontaldowntothedesignsection;but
b) Notgreaterthanthespacingoftheconcentratedloads;and
c) Notextendingbeyondtheedgesofthewallpanel.
6.6.8.2.6 VerticalstressP
u
A
g
atthemidheightsectionshallnotexceedu.u6
c
i
.
6.6.8.3 DesignmomentstrengthH
n
forcombinedflexureandaxialloadsatmidheightshallbe
H
n
H
u
(6.6.S)
where
H
u
= H
uu
+ P
u
u
(6.6.4)
H
uu
isthemaximumfactoredmomentatmidheightofwallduetolateralandeccentricverticalloads,not
includingP effects,andA
u
is
u
=
5M
u
I
c
2
(0.75)48L
c
I
cr
(6.6.S)
H
u
shallbeobtainedbyiterationofdeflections,orbyEq.(6.6.6).
H
u
=
M
uc
1-
SP
u
l
c
2
(0.S)48E
c
I
cr
(6.6.6)
where
I
c
=
L
s
L
c
_A
s
+
P
u
]
j
h
2d
] (J -c)
2
+
I
w
c
3
3
(6.6.7)
andthevalueofE
s
E
c
shallnotbetakenlessthan6.
6.6.8.4 Maximumoutofplanedeflection,A
s
,duetoserviceloads,includingP effects,shallnot
exceedl
c
1Su.
IfH
u
,maximummomentatmidheightofwallduetoservicelateralandeccentricverticalloads,including
P effects,exceeds(2S)H
c
,A
s
shallbecalculatedbyEq.(6.6.8)
s
= (2S)
c
+
(M
c
-(23)M
cr
)
(M
n
-(23)M
cr
)
(
n
-(2S)
c
) (6.6.8)
IfH
u
doesnotexceed(2S)H
c
,A
s
shallbecalculatedbyEq.(6.6.9)
s
= [
M
c
M
cr

c
(6.6.9)
where
c
=
5M
cr
I
c
2
48L
c
I
g
(6.6.1u)
n
=
5M
n
I
c
2
48L
c
I
cr
(6.6.11)
I
c
shallbecalculatedbyEq.(6.6.7),andH
u
shallbeobtainedbyiterationofdeflections.
Part6
StructuralDesign
684 Vol.2
6.7 Stairs:
Stairs are the structural elements designed to connect different floors. The stairs shall be designed to
meet the minimum load requirements. The flight arrangements, configuration and support conditions
(Figure6.7.1.1)shallgovernthedesignproceduretofollow.
Figure6.7.1.1:Differentformsofstairsandlandingarrangements
6.7.1 Stairssupportedatlandinglevel
6.7.1.1 Effectivespan
Theeffectivespanofstairswithoutstringerbeamsshallbetakenasthefollowinghorizontaldistances:
a) Centretocentredistanceofbeams,wheresupportedattopandbottomrisersbybeams
spanningparallelwiththerisers,
b) Where supported at the edge of a landing slab, which spans parallel with the risers,
(Figure 6.7.1.2a) a distance equal to the going of the stairs plus at each end either half
the width of the landing or 1.0m whichever is smaller. The going shall be measured
horizontally.
c) Where the landing spans in the same direction of the stairs (Figure 6.7.1.2b), the span
shallbethedistancecentretocentreofthesupportingbeamsorwalls.
d) Wherethelandingslabs,runningatrightangletothedirectionoftheflight,supportedby
walls or beams on three sides (Figure 6.7.1.2c), the effective span shall be going of the
stair measured horizontally. Both positive and negative moments along the direction of
theflightshallbecalculatedaswl
2
8 ,wherewistheintensityofthetotaldeadandlive
loadperunitareaonahorizontalplane.
Chapter1
Figure6.7.1.2:EffectiveSpanforStairsSupportedatEachEndbyLandings
6.7.1.2 Loading
Staircases shall be designed to support the design ultimate load according to the load combinations
specifiedinChapter2,loads.
6.7.1.3 Distributionofloading
6.7.1.3.1 Whereflightsorlandingareembeddedatleast110mmintowallsandaredesignedtospan
inthedirectionof theflight,a150mmstripmaybedeductedfromtheloadedareaandthe
effective breadth of the section may be increased by 75 mm for the purpose of design
(Figure6.7.1.3)
6.7.1.3.2 In the case of stairs with open wells, where spans cross at right angles, the load on areas
commontoanytwosuchspansmaybetakenasonehalfineachdirectionasshowninFigure
6.7.1.4.
Part6
StructuralDesign
686 Vol.2
Figure6.7.1.3:LoadingonstairsBuiltinawall
Figure6.7.1.4:LoadingofStairswithopenwells
6.7.1.4 Depthofsection
The depth of the section shall be taken as the minimum thickness perpendicular to the soffit of the
staircase.
6.7.1.5 Design
6.7.1.5.1 Strength,DeflectionandCrackControl
The recommendations given in Sec 6.1 & 6.2 for beams and oneway slabs shall apply, except for the
span/depthratioofstaircaseswithoutstringerbeamwheretheprovisionof6.7.1.5.2belowshallapply.
6.7.1.5.2 Permissiblespan/effectivedepthratioforstaircasewithoutstringerbeams.Providedthestair
flightoccupiesatleast60%ofthespan,theratiocalculatedinaccordancewith6.2.5.2shallbe
increasedby15%.
6.7.2 Freestandingstair(landingunsupported)
6.7.2.1 EffectiveSpan
TheeffectivespanforflightsandlandingsoffreestandingstairsaregiveninFigure6.7.2.1.Intakingthese
distances, the spans shall be measured as the centre to centre distance between the stinger beams. In
stairswithoutstingerbeams,spanshallbemeasuredinbetweentheedges.
Chapter1
Figure6.7.2.1:FreeStandingStairSlabGeometry,(a)Elevation,(b)Plan
6.7.2.2 Loading
Staircases shall be designed to support the design ultimate load according to the load combinations
specifiedinChapter2,loads.
6.7.2.3 DistributionofLoading
Thestairshallbedesignedforuniformlydistributedloading.
6.7.2.4 DepthofSection
The depth of the section shall be taken as the minimum thickness perpendicular to the soffit of the
staircase.
6.7.S DESIGN
6.7.3.1.1 Empirical expressions for deflections, and forces and moments at critical locations of free
standing stairs are given in terms of the various dimensions of the stairway in Table 6.7.3.1.
These expressions, which are explicit and of empirical nature, are valid within the applicable
range of the geometric parameters (see Figure 6.7.2.1) and concrete strength. In these
equations, the unit of force is Kilo Newton (kN) and the unit of length is millimeter (mm).
Thicknessoftheflightandlandingslabsareassumedtobeequal.
6.7.3.1.2 The equations in Table 6.7.3.1 give working values of moments and forces corresponding to
0.48x10
2
MPaliveloadandappropriatedeadloadof slabandstepsbasedonunitweightof
2.356x10
5
N/mm
3
. Forces and moments for other values of live load shall be calculated by
simpleproportioning.
6.7.3.1.3 To convert from working to ultimate design values, the working values of moments and
forces in Table 6.7.1 shall be multiplied by a conversion factor equal to the ratio of factored
ultimateloadandunfactoredserviceload.
6.7.3.1.4 Apart from maintaining the standard code provisions in detailing the reinforcement as
stipulated elsewhere in this code, additional detailing as described below (6.7.3.1.5 through
6.7.3.1.9) shall be done to take care of the important features which are special to the free
standingstairway.
6.7.3.1.5 To account for the nonuniform distribution of the total bending moment at support across
the width of the section, threefourths of the total negative steel shall be distributed across
the outer half of the width of support section and the rest of the negative steel shall be
distributedwithintheinnerhalfofthewidthofsupportsection.
Part6
StructuralDesign
688 Vol.2
6.7.3.1.6 Similarproportioningofreinforcementlayoutasto6.7.3.1.5,butinreverseordershallalsobe
doneatflightlandingjunction(kink).
6.7.3.1.7 Atmidspanofflights,thepositivesteelshallbedistributeduniformlyacrossthesection.
6.7.3.1.8 Of the total steel required to resist the negative bending at midlanding section, 50 percent
shallbeplacedwithintheinneronethirdofthewidthofsection.Therestshallbedistributed
acrossoftheoutertwothirdsofthewidth.
6.7.3.1.9 The suggested bar curtailment scheme for the free standing stairway is shown in Figure
6.7.3.1.HalfofthenegativesteelatsupportmaybeterminatedatadistanceofI4fromthe
support. Another 25 percent may be bent downward at a distance of I4 to provide part of
the flight midspan positive steel. The rest 25 percent is recommended to continue straight
towardstheflightlandingjunction.This25percentmaybemergedwiththenegativesteelat
kink.Fiftypercentoftheflightmidspanpositivesteelshouldspanfromkinkandterminateat
apointISfromthesupportunlesstheyarebentupfornegativesteel.Therestshouldstart
fromapointatadistanceofISfromkinkandwouldterminateatI4fromsupport.Ofthe
totalnegativesteelatmidlandingsection,halfofitwillterminateatadistanceC2fromfree
edgeandtherestwillcoverthewholelengthoflanding.Halfofthenegativesteelatkinkwill
projectintolandinguptothefreeedgeandtherestmaybeterminatedatadistanceofB2.
Figure6.7.3.1:RecommendedBarCurtailmentDetailsforFreeStandingStairs
Part6
StructuralDesign 689
Table6.7.3.1EXPRESSIONSFORDEFLECTION,FORCES&MOMENTSINFREESTANDINGSTAIRS
A=_____mm.
150<A<1000
B=______mm
900<B<1875
C=_______mm.
915<C<1900
I=_______mm.
2030<I<3550
E=_______mm.
2440<E<4320
I=_______mm.
100<I<280
f
c
=________MPa.
14< f
c
<40
Value
Vertical
deflectionat
landing
corner,mm
Consta
nt
1+0.00545(A
125)
0.94
1+0.00114(B
914)
1.1
1+0.00165(C
914)
0.93
17.87x10
6
(L
2030)
119.68x10
6
(H
2440)
10.161(T
100)
0.334
11.074x10
6
( f
c
14)
.93
2.03
Support
negative
moment,kN
m
Consta
nt
1.555+0.000787(
A50)
1.060.00022(B
860)
1.2+0.00276(C
864)
1+0.000748(L
2030)
1+5.9x10
6
(H
2440)
0.39+0.00173(T
90)
1.0
4.712
Flight
midspan
positive
moment,
kNm
Consta
nt
1.131.48x10
6
(A
150)
1.52
170.11x10
6
(B
915)
1.365
1.0 1+0.128x10
6
(L
2030)
2.66
1+0.899x10
9
(H
2440)
2.77
1.00165(T
100)
1.17
1
1.526
Negative
momentat
kink,kNm
Consta
nt
1.23+0.000512(A
125)
1.01+0.00323(B
915)
.85+0.000709(C
915)
1.0 1.0 0.95+0.00447(T
100)
1.03
1
3.447
Negative
momentat
midsectionof
landing,kNm
Consta
nt
1+0.000303(A
150)
1+0.00118(B915) 1+0.00106(C
915)
1+0.000409(L
2030)
1+26.37x10
6
(H
2040)
1+0.00185(T100) 1
6.14
Axialforcein
flights,kN
Consta
nt
1+0.000236(A
125)
1+0.000787(B
915)
1+0.000827(C
915)
1+0.000354(L
2030)
10.000157(H
2440)
1+0.00276(T100) 1
34.69
Part6
StructuralDesign
690 Vol.2
Torsionin
flights,kNm.
Consta
nt
1+0.00177(A125) 1+0.00063(B915) 1+0.00268(C
915)
18.0x10
6
(L
2030)
.75
1.0 1+0.00358(T100) 1
2.312
Inplane
momentin
flights,kNm
Consta
nt
1.1+0.000866(A
150)
1+0.000984(B
915)
1+0.00157(C
915)
1+0.00059(L
2030)
10.000197(H
2440)
1+0.0026(T100) 1
14.35
Lateralshear
inmidsection
oflanding,kN
Consta
nt
10.000276(A
150)
1+0.00138(B915) 1+0.000709(C
915)
1+0.000669(L
2030)
10.00024(H
2440)
1+0.000746(T
100)
1.3
1
30.17
Part6
StructuralDesign 691
6.7.4 Sawtooth(slabless)stair
6.7.4.1 Loading
The stair shall be designed to support the design ultimate load according to the load combinations specified in
Chapter2,Loads.
6.7.4.2 Distributionofloading
Whereflightsorlandingareembeddedatleast110mmintothewallsandaredesignedtospaninthedirectionof
theflight,a150mmstripmaybedeductedfromtheloadedareaandtheeffectivebreadthofthesectionmaybe
increasedby75mmforthepurposeofdesign(Figure6.7.1.3).
Sawtooth stairs shall be supported with stringer beams at landing levels (Figure 6.7.4.1). The effective span for
thestairshallbethegoingofthestairmeasuredhorizontally(Figure6.7.4.1)fromthefaceofthestringerbeams.
Figure6.7.4.1:Elementsofsawtoothstairandtypicalreinforcementarrangements
6.7.4.4 Design
Themidspanmomentsforsawtoothstairsaregivenby:
H
s
=
nI
2
(k
11
+k
0
k
12
)
]
2
(k
13
+k
0
k
14
)

(6.7.1)
Part6
StructuralDesign
692 Vol.2
Where,k
0
=stiffnessoftread/stiffnessofriserandjisthenumberoftreads(Figure6.7.4.1).
If ] is ouu: k
11
=
1
16
]
2
+
1
48
](] -1)(] -2), k
12
=
1
16
(] -1)
2
+
1
48
](] - 1)(] - 2)(] - S),
k
13
=
1
2
], k
14
=
1
2
(] -1).
If ] is even: k
11
=
1
48
](] -1)(] -2), k
12
=
1
48
(] -1)(] -2)(] -S), k
13
=
1
2
(] - 1),
k
14
=
1
2
(] -2)

ThechartonFigure6.7.4.2givesthesupportmomentcoefficientsforvariousratiosofstiffnessoftread/stiffness
ofriserandnumbersoftreads.Havingfoundthesupportmoment,themaximummidspanbendingmomentshall
bedeterminedbyusingtheappropriateexpressionontheFigure6.7.4.2andsubtractingthesupportmoment.
Figure6.7.4.2:Supportmomentcoefficientsforsawtoothstair
6.7.4.5 Detailing
Typical bendingmoment and shearingforce diagrams for a stair are shown on Figure 6.7.4.1 together with
suggestedarrangementsofreinforcement.Thereentrantcornersofthestairprofileshallbedesignedforstress
concentrations.ThishastobefacilitatedbyprovidingtwiceofthereinforcementscalculatedfromEqn.6.7.1and
Figure 6.7.4.2. Fillets or haunchescan also be incorporated in lieu at these junctions. The method of reinforcing
the stair shown in diagram (a) of Figure 6.7.4.1 is very suitable but is generally only practicable if haunches are
provided.Otherwisethearrangementshownindiagram(b)shouldbeadopted.
6.7.S Helicoidalstair
6.7.5.1 Loading
The stair shall be designed to support the design ultimate load according to the load combinations specified in
Chapter2,Loads.
Chapter1
6.7.5.2 Geometry
ThepertinentgeometryoftheHelicoidalstairisgivenatFigure6.7.5.1where:
I
1
,I
2
:secondmomentofareaofstairsectionabouthorizontalaxisandaxisnormaltoslope,respectively
n : totalloadingperunitlengthprojectedalongcentrelineofload
R
1
:
radiusofcentrelineofloading=(2S)(R
o
3
-R
3
)(R
o
2
-R
2
)
R
2
: radius of centreline of steps = (12)(R
+R
o
), where R
and R
o
are the internal and external radii of
thestair,respectively
0
: anglesubtendedinplanbetweenpointconsideredandmidpointofstair
[
: totalanglesubtendedbyhelixinplan
: slopeoftangenttohelixcentrelinemeasuredfromhorizontal
Figure6.7.5.1:Elementsofhelicoidalstair(a)Plan;(b)Elevation
Helicoidal stairs shall be supported with stringer beams at landing levels (Figure 6.7.1.1). The effective span for
thestairshallbethetotalangle, [
subtendedbyhelixinplanmeasuredhorizontally(Figure6.7.5.1)fromtheface
ofthestringerbeams.
6.7.5.4 Depthofsection
The depth of the section shall be taken as the minimum thickness perpendicular to the soffit of the stair unless
otherwise the large geometric dimensions warrant calculating the deflections through a suitable numerical
analysis.
6.7.5.5 Design
The design forces and moments for helicoidal stairs are given in Figure 6.7.5.2. Typical shear force, thrust,
momentandtorsiondiagramsareprovidedinFigure6.7.5.2.Themoments,thrust,torsionandshearforcesshall
beobtainedfromthefollowingequations:
Lateralmoment:
H
n
= H
o
sin 0 sin -ER
2
0ton cos0sin -ER
2
sin0 cos +nR
1
sin (R
1
sin0 -R
2
0) (6.7.2)
Torsionalmoment
I = (H
o
sin 0 -ER
2
0cos0tan +nR
1
2
sin0 - nR
1
R
2
0) cos + ER
2
sin 0 sin (6.7.S)
Verticalmoment:
H
= H
o
cos0 +ER
2
0tan sin 0 -nR
1
2
(1 - cos0) (6.7.4)
Thrust:
N = -Esin0 cos +nR
1
0 sin (6.7.S)
Lateralshearingforceacrossstair:
I
n
= nR
1
0 cos -Esin0sin (6.7.6)
Part6
StructuralDesign
694 Vol.2
Radialhorizontalshearingforce:
I
h
= Ecos0 (6.7.7)
Where,
Reuunuant moment acting tangentially at miuspan: H
o
= k
1
nR
2
2
(6.7.8)
Boiizontal ieuunuant foice at miuspan: E = k
2
nR
2
(6.7.9)
veitical moment at suppoits: H
s
= k
3
nR
2
2
(6.7.1u)
Valuesofcoefficientsk
1
, k
2,
k
3
fordifferent
b
b
, ,
R
1
R
2
, and[,shallbeobtainedfromFigures6.7.5.3ad.
Figure6.7.5.2:Typicalforce,momentandtorsiondiagramsforhelicoidalstair.

Chapter1
Figure6.7.5.3a:Designchartsforhelicoidalstairslabs(R
1
/R
2
=1.05;b/h=5)
Figure6.7.5.3b:Designchartsforhelicoidalstairslabs(R
1
/R
2
=1.05;b/h=13)
90 180 270 360
-1.6
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
=
=
=
Values of
R
1
/R
2
= 1.05
b/h = 5
Curves for k
3
Curves for k
1
Curves for k
2
30
0
20
0
20
0
30
0
25
0
20
0
V
a
l
u
e
s

o
f

k
90 180 270 360
-1.6
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
R
1
/R
2
= 1.05
b/h = 13
=
=
=
Curves for k
3
Curves for k
1
Curves for k
2
20
0
30
0
20
0
30
0
25
0
20
0
V
a
l
u
e
s

o
f

k
Values of
Part6
StructuralDesign
696 Vol.2
Figure6.7.5.3c:Designchartsforhelicoidalstairslabs(R
1
/R
2
=1.1;b/h=5)
Figure6.7.5.3d:Designchartsforhelicoidalstairslabs(R
1
/R
2
=1.1;b/h=13)

90 180 270 360
-1.6
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
=
=
=
R
1
/R
2
= 1.1
b/h = 5
Curves for k
3
Curves for k
1
Curves for k
2
20
0 30
0
20
0
30
0
25
0
20
0
V
a
l
u
e
s

o
f

k
Values of
90 180 270 360
-1.6
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
=
=
=
R
1
/R
2
= 1.1
b/h = 13
Curves for k
3
Curves for k
1
Curves for k
2
30
0
20
0
30
0
20
0
25
0
30
0
20
0
V
a
l
u
e
s

o
f

k
Values of
Chapter1
6.8 FOOTINGS
6.8.1 Scope
6.8.1.1 Provisions of Sec. 6.8 shall apply for design of isolated footings and, where applicable, to combined
footingsandmats.
6.8.1.2 Additionalrequirementsfordesignofcombinedfootingsandmatsaregivenin6.8.10.
6.8.2 Loadsandreactions
6.8.2.1 Footingsshallbeproportionedtoresistthefactoredloadsandinducedreactions,inaccordancewith
theappropriatedesignrequirementsofthisCodeandasprovidedinSec.6.8.
6.8.2.2 Baseareaoffootingornumberandarrangementofpilesshallbedeterminedfromunfactoredforces
andmomentstransmittedbyfootingtosoilorpilesandpermissiblesoilpressureorpermissiblepile
capacitydeterminedthroughprinciplesofsoilmechanics.
6.8.2.3 For footings on piles, computations for moments and shears shall be permitted to be based on the
assumptionthatthereactionfromanypileisconcentratedatpilecenter.
6.8.S Equivalentsquareshapesforcircularorregularpolygonshapedcolumnsorpedestalssupported
byfootings
For location of critical sections for moment, shear, and development of reinforcement in footings, it shall be
permittedtotreatcircularorregularpolygonshapedconcretecolumnsorpedestalsassquarememberswiththe
samearea.
6.8.4 Momentinfootings
6.8.4.1 Externalmomentonanysectionofafootingshallbedeterminedbypassingaverticalplanethrough
thefooting,andcomputingthemomentoftheforcesactingoverentireareaoffootingononesideof
thatverticalplane.
6.8.4.2 Maximumfactoredmoment,H
u
,foranisolatedfootingshallbecomputedasprescribedin6.8.4.1at
criticalsectionslocatedasfollows:
a) Atfaceofcolumn,pedestal,orwall,forfootingssupportingaconcretecolumn,pedestal,orwall;
b) Halfwaybetweenmiddleandedgeofwall,forfootingssupportingamasonrywall;
c) Halfwaybetweenfaceofcolumnandedgeofsteelbaseplate,forfootingssupportingacolumn
withsteelbaseplate.
6.8.4.3 Inonewayfootingsandtwowaysquarefootings,reinforcementshallbedistributeduniformlyacross
entirewidthoffooting.
6.8.4.4 Intwowayrectangularfootings,reinforcementshallbedistributedinaccordancewith6.8.4.4.1and
6.8.4.4.2.
6.8.4.4.1 Reinforcementinlongdirectionshallbedistributeduniformlyacrossentirewidthoffooting.
6.8.4.4.2 For reinforcement in short direction, a portion of the total reinforcement, y
s
A
s
, shall be distributed
uniformly over a band width (centered on centerline of column or pedestal) equal to the length of
short side of footing. Remainder of reinforcement required in short direction(1 y
s
)A
s
, shall be
distributeduniformlyoutsidecenterbandwidthoffooting.
y
s
=
2
([+1)

(6.8.1)
Part6
StructuralDesign
698 Vol.2
where isratiooflongtoshortsidesoffooting.
6.8.S Shearinfootings
6.8.5.1 Shearstrengthoffootingssupportedonsoilorrockshallbeinaccordancewith6.4.10.
6.8.5.2 Location of critical section for shear in accordance with Sec. 6.4 shall be measured from face of
column,pedestal,orwall,forfootingssupportingacolumn,pedestal,orwall.Forfootingssupporting
a column or pedestal with steel base plates, the critical section shall be measured from location
definedin6.8.4.2(c).
6.8.5.3 Wherethedistancebetweentheaxisofanypiletotheaxisofthecolumnismorethantwotimesthe
distancebetweenthetopofthepilecapandthetopofthepile,thepilecapshallsatisfy6.4.10and
6.8.5.4. Other pile caps shall satisfy either Appendix A, or both 6.4.10 and 6.8.5.4. If Appendix A is
used, the effective concrete compression strength of the struts,
cc
, shall be determined using
A.3.2.2(b).
6.8.5.4 Computation of shear on any section through a footing supported on piles (Fig. 6.8.5.1) shall be in
accordancewith6.8.5.4.1,6.8.5.4.2,and6.8.5.4.3.
6.8.5.4.1 Entire reaction from any pile with its center located J
pIc
2 or more outside the section shall be
consideredasproducingshearonthatsection.
6.8.5.4.2 ReactionfromanypilewithitscenterlocatedJ
pIc
2ormoreinsidethesectionshallbeconsidered
asproducingnoshearonthatsection.
6.8.5.4.3 For intermediate positions of pile center, the portion of the pile reaction to be considered as
producing shear on the section shall be based on straightline interpolation between full value at
J
pIc
2outsidethesectionandzerovalueatJ
pIc
2insidethesection.
Fig.6.8.5.1Modifiedcriticalperimeterforshearwithoverlappingcriticalperimeters.
6.8.6 Developmentofreinforcementinfootings
6.8.6.1 DevelopmentofreinforcementinfootingsshallbeinaccordancewithSec.8.2.
6.8.6.2 Calculatedtensionorcompressioninreinforcementateachsectionshallbedevelopedoneachside
of that section by embedment length, hook (tension only) or mechanical device, or a combination
thereof.
Chapter1
6.8.6.3 Criticalsectionsfordevelopmentofreinforcementshallbeassumedatthesamelocationsasdefined
in6.8.4.2formaximumfactoredmoment,andatallotherverticalplaneswherechangesofsectionor
reinforcementoccur.Seealso8.2.7.6.
6.8.7 Minimumfootingdepth
Depthoffootingabovebottomreinforcementshallnotbelessthan150mmforfootingsonsoil,norlessthan300
mmforfootingsonpiles.
6.8.8 Forcetransferatbaseofcolumn,wall,orreinforcedpedestal
6.8.8.1 Forcesandmomentsatbaseofcolumn,wall,orpedestalshallbetransferredtosupportingpedestal
orfootingbybearingonconcreteandbyreinforcement,dowels,andmechanicalconnectors.
6.8.8.1.1 Bearing stress on concrete at contact surface between supported and supporting member shall not
exceedconcretebearingstrengthforeithersurfaceasgivenby6.3.14.
6.8.8.1.2 Reinforcement,dowels,ormechanicalconnectorsbetweensupportedandsupportingmembersshall
beadequatetotransfer:
a) Allcompressiveforcethatexceedsconcretebearingstrengthofeithermember;
b) Anycomputedtensileforceacrossinterface.
Inaddition,reinforcement,dowels,ormechanicalconnectorsshallsatisfy6.8.8.2or6.8.8.3.
6.8.8.1.3 Ifcalculatedmomentsaretransferredtosupportingpedestalorfooting,thenreinforcement,dowels,
ormechanicalconnectorsshallbeadequatetosatisfy8.2.15.
6.8.8.1.4 Lateralforcesshallbetransferredtosupportingpedestalorfootinginaccordancewithshearfriction
provisionsof6.4.5,orbyotherappropriatemeans.
6.8.8.2 In castinplace construction, reinforcement required to satisfy 6.8.8.1 shall be provided either by
extendinglongitudinalbarsintosupportingpedestalorfooting,orbydowels.
6.8.8.2.1 Forcastinplacecolumnsandpedestals,areaofreinforcementacrossinterfaceshallbenotlessthan
u.uuSA
g
,whereA
g
isthegrossareaofthesupportedmember.
6.8.8.2.2 Forcastinplacewalls,areaofreinforcementacrossinterfaceshallbenotlessthanminimumvertical
reinforcementgivenin6.6.3.2.
6.8.8.2.3 Atfootings,itshallbepermittedtolapsplice43mmand57mmlongitudinalbars,incompression
only,withdowelstoprovidereinforcementrequiredtosatisfy6.8.8.1.Dowelsshallnotbelargerthan
36 mm bar and shall extend into supported member a distance not less than the larger of l
dc
, of
43mmor57mmbarsandcompressionlapsplicelengthofthedowels,whicheverisgreater,and
intothefootingadistancenotlessthanl
dc
ofthedowels.
6.8.8.2.4 Ifapinnedorrockerconnectionisprovidedincastinplaceconstruction,connectionshallconformto
6.8.8.1and6.8.8.3.
6.8.8.3 In precast construction, anchor bolts or suitable mechanical connectors shall be permitted for
satisfying6.8.8.1.AnchorboltsshallbedesignedinaccordancewithAppendixD.
6.8.8.3.1 Connection between precast columns or pedestals and supporting members shall meet the
requirementsof6.10.5.1.3(a).
6.8.8.3.2 Connection between precast walls and supporting members shall meet the requirements of
6.10.5.1.3(b)and(c).
Part6
StructuralDesign
6100 Vol.2
6.8.8.3.3 Anchor bolts and mechanical connections shall be designed to reach their design strength before
anchorage failure or failure of surrounding concrete. Anchor bolts shall be designed in accordance
withAppendixD.
6.8.9 Steppedorslopedfootings
6.8.9.1 Inslopedorsteppedfootings,angleofslopeordepthandlocationofstepsshallbesuchthatdesign
requirementsaresatisfiedateverysection.(Seealso8.2.7.6.)
6.8.9.2 Slopedorsteppedfootingsdesignedasaunitshallbeconstructedtoensureactionasaunit.
6.8.1u Combinedfootingsandmats
6.8.10.1 Footings supporting more than one column, pedestal, or wall (combined footings or mats) shall be
proportioned to resist the factored loads and induced reactions, in accordance with appropriate
designrequirementsofthecode.
6.8.10.2 ThedirectdesignmethodofSec.6.5shallnotbeusedfordesignofcombinedfootingsandmats.
6.8.10.3 Distributionofsoilpressureundercombinedfootingsandmatsshallbeconsistentwithpropertiesof
thesoilandthestructureandwithestablishedprinciplesofsoilmechanics.
6.8.10.4 Minimum reinforcing steel in mat foundations shall meet the requirements of Sec. 8.1.11.2 in each
principaldirection.Maximumspacingshallnotexceed450mm.
6.9 FOLDED PLATESANDSHELLS
6.9.1 Scopeanddefinitions
6.9.1.1 ProvisionsofSec.6.9shallapplytothinshellandfoldedplateconcretestructures,includingribsand
edgemembers.
6.9.1.2 All provisions of this Code not specifically excluded, and not in conflict with provisions of Sec. 6.9,
shallapplytothinshellstructures.
6.9.1.3 Thinshells
Threedimensionalspatialstructuresmadeupofoneormorecurvedslabsorfoldedplateswhosethicknessesare
smallcomparedtotheirotherdimensions.Thinshellsarecharacterizedbytheirthreedimensionalloadcarrying
behavior,whichisdeterminedbythegeometryoftheirforms,bythemannerinwhichtheyaresupported,andby
thenatureoftheappliedload.
6.9.1.4 Foldedplates
Aclassofshellstructureformedbyjoiningflat,thinslabsalongtheiredgestocreateathreedimensionalspatial
structure.
6.9.1.5 Ribbedshells
Spatialstructureswithmaterialplacedprimarilyalongcertainpreferredriblines,withtheareabetweentheribs
filledwiththinslabsorleftopen.
6.9.1.6 Auxiliarymembers
Ribs or edge beams that serve to strengthen, stiffen, or support the shell; usually, auxiliary members act jointly
withtheshell.
6.9.1.7 Elasticanalysis
Chapter1
Ananalysisofdeformationsandinternalforcesbasedonequilibrium,compatibilityofstrains,andassumedelastic
behavior,andrepresentingtoasuitableapproximationthethreedimensionalactionoftheshelltogetherwithits
auxiliarymembers.
6.9.1.8 Inelasticanalysis
An analysis of deformations and internal forces based on equilibrium, nonlinear stressstrain relations for
concrete and reinforcement, consideration of cracking and timedependent effects, and compatibility of strains.
The analysis shall represent to a suitable approximation threedimensional action of the shell together with its
auxiliarymembers.
6.9.1.9 Experimentalanalysis
An analysis procedure based on the measurement of deformations or strains, or both, of the structure or its
model;experimentalanalysisisbasedoneitherelasticorinelastic
behavior.
6.9.2 Analysisanddesign
6.9.2.1 Elasticbehaviorshallbeanacceptedbasisfordetermininginternalforcesanddisplacementsofthin
shells.Thisbehaviorshallbepermittedtobeestablishedbycomputationsbasedonananalysisofthe
uncracked concrete structure in which the material is assumed linearly elastic, homogeneous, and
isotropic.Poissonsratioofconcreteshallbepermittedtobetakenequaltozero.
6.9.2.2 Inelasticanalysesshallbepermittedtobeusedwhereitcanbeshownthatsuchmethodsprovidea
safebasisfordesign.
6.9.2.3 Equilibrium checks of internal resistances andexternal loads shall bemade to ensureconsistencyof
results.
6.9.2.4 Experimental or numerical analysis procedures shall be permitted where it can be shown that such
proceduresprovideasafebasisfordesign.
6.9.2.5 Approximate methods of analysis shall be permitted where it can be shown that such methods
provideasafebasisfordesign.
6.9.2.6 The thickness of a shell and its reinforcement shall be proportioned for the required strength and
serviceability,usingeitherthestrengthdesignmethodof6.1.2.1orthedesignmethodof6.1.2.2.
6.9.2.7 Shellinstabilityshallbeinvestigatedandshownbydesigntobeprecluded.
6.9.2.8 Auxiliary members shall be designed according to the applicable provisions of the Code. It shall be
permittedtoassumethataportionoftheshellequaltotheflangewidth,asspecifiedin6.1.13,acts
with the auxiliary member. In such portions of the shell, the reinforcement perpendicular to the
auxiliarymembershallbeatleastequaltothatrequiredfortheflangeofaTbeamby6.1.13.5.
6.9.2.9 Strengthdesignofshellslabsformembraneandbendingforcesshallbebasedonthedistributionof
stressesandstrainsasdeterminedfromeitheranelasticoraninelasticanalysis.
6.9.2.10 Inaregionwheremembranecrackingispredicted,thenominalcompressivestrengthparalleltothe
cracksshallbetakenasu.4
c
i
.
6.9.S Designstrengthofmaterials
6.9.3.1 Specifiedcompressivestrengthofconcrete
c
i
at28daysshallnotbelessthan21MPa.
6.9.3.2 Specifiedyieldstrengthofreinforcement
shallnotexceed420MPa.
Part6
StructuralDesign
6102 Vol.2
6.9.4 Shellreinforcement
6.9.4.1 Shell reinforcement shall be provided to resist tensile stresses from internal membrane forces, to
resist tension from bending and twisting moments, to limit shrinkage and temperature crack width
andspacing,andasreinforcementatshellboundaries,loadattachments,andshellopenings.
6.9.4.2 Tensilereinforcementshallbeprovidedintwoormoredirectionsandshallbeproportionedsuchthat
its resistance in any direction equals or exceeds the component of internal forces in that direction.
Alternatively, reinforcement for the membrane forces in the slab shall be calculated as the
reinforcement required to resist axial tensile forces plus the tensile force due to shearfriction
required to transfer shear across any cross section of the membrane. The assumed coefficient of
friction,p,shallnotexceedthatspecifiedin6.4.5.4.3.
6.9.4.3 Theareaofshellreinforcementatanysectionasmeasuredintwoorthogonaldirectionsshallnotbe
lessthantheslabshrinkageortemperaturereinforcementrequiredby8.1.11.
6.9.4.4 Reinforcement for shear and bending moments about axes in the plane of the shell slab shall be
calculatedinaccordancewithSec.6.3,6.4and6.5.
6.9.4.5 The area of shell tension reinforcement shall be limited so that the reinforcement will yield before
eithercrushingofconcreteincompressionorshellbucklingcantakeplace.
6.9.4.6 In regions of high tension, membrane reinforcement shall, if practical, be placed in the general
directionsoftheprincipaltensilemembraneforces.Wherethisisnotpractical,itshallbepermitted
toplacemembranereinforcementintwoormorecomponentdirections.
6.9.4.7 If the direction of reinforcement varies more than 10 degrees from the direction of principal tensile
membrane force, the amount of reinforcement shall be reviewed in relation to cracking at service
loads.
6.9.4.8 Wherethemagnitudeoftheprincipaltensilemembranestresswithintheshellvariesgreatlyoverthe
area of the shell surface, reinforcement resisting the total tension shall be permitted to be
concentrated in the regions of largest tensile stress where it can be shown that this provides a safe
basisfordesign.However,theratioofshellreinforcementinanyportionofthetensilezoneshallbe
notlessthan0.0035basedontheoverallthicknessoftheshell.
6.9.4.9 Reinforcementrequiredtoresistshellbendingmomentsshallbeproportionedwithdueregardtothe
simultaneous action of membrane axial forces at the same location. Where shell reinforcement is
required in only one face to resist bending moments, equal amounts shall be placed near both
surfacesoftheshelleventhoughareversalofbendingmomentsisnotindicatedbytheanalysis.
6.9.4.10 Shellreinforcementinanydirectionshallnotbespacedfartherapartthan450mmnorfartherapart
than five times the shell thickness. Where the principal membrane tensile stress on the gross
concreteareadueto factoredloadsexceedsu.SSz
c
i
,reinforcementshallnotbespaced farther
apartthanthreetimestheshellthickness.
6.9.4.11 Shell reinforcement at the junction of the shell and supporting members or edge members shall be
anchored in or extended through such members in accordance with the requirements of Sec. 8.2,
exceptthattheminimumdevelopmentlengthshallbe1.2l
d
butnotlessthan450mm.
Chapter1
6.9.4.12 SplicelengthsofshellreinforcementshallbegovernedbytheprovisionsofSec.8.2,exceptthatthe
minimum splice length of tension bars shall be 1.2 times the value required by Sec. 8.2 but not less
than 450 mm. The number of splices in principal tensile reinforcement shall be kept to a practical
minimum. Where splices are necessary they shall be staggered at least l
d
with not more than one
thirdofthereinforcementsplicedatanysection.
6.9.S Construction
6.9.5.1 When removal of formwork is based on a specific modulus of elasticity of concrete because of
stability or deflection considerations, the value of the modulus of elasticity, E
c
, used shall be
determined from flexural tests of fieldcured beam specimens. The number of test specimens, the
dimensionsoftestbeamspecimens,andtestproceduresshallbespecifiedbytheEngineer.
6.9.5.2 Contract documents shall specify the tolerances for the shape of the shell. If construction results in
deviations from the shape greater than the specified tolerances, an analysis of the effect of the
deviationsshallbemadeandanyrequiredremedialactionsshallbetakentoensuresafebehavior.
6.10 PRECASTCONCRETE
6.1u.1 Scope
6.10.1.1 All provisions of this Code, not specifically excluded and not in conflict with the provisions of Sec.
6.10,shallapplytostructuresincorporatingprecastconcretestructuralmembers.
6.1u.2 General
6.10.2.1 Designofprecastmembersandconnectionsshallincludeloadingandrestraintconditionsfrominitial
fabricationtoenduseinthestructure,includingformremoval,storage,transportation,anderection.
6.10.2.2 When precast members are incorporated into a structural system, the forces and deformations
occurringinandadjacenttoconnectionsshallbeincludedinthedesign.
6.10.2.3 Tolerances for both precast members and interfacing members shall be specified. Design of precast
membersandconnectionsshallincludetheeffectsofthesetolerances.
6.10.2.4 In addition to the requirements for drawings and specifications in Sec. 1.9, (a) and (b) shall be
includedineitherthecontractdocumentsorshopdrawings:
a) Details of reinforcement, inserts and lifting devices required to resist temporary loads from
handling,storage,transportation,anderection;
b) Requiredconcretestrengthatstatedagesorstagesofconstruction.
6.1u.S Distributionofforcesamongmembers
6.10.3.1 Distributionofforcesthatareperpendiculartotheplaneofmembersshallbeestablishedbyanalysis
orbytest.
6.10.3.2 Where the system behavior requires inplane forces to be transferred between the members of a
precastfloororwallsystem,6.10.3.2.1and6.10.3.2.2shallapply.
6.10.3.2.1 Inplaneforcepathsshallbecontinuousthroughbothconnectionsandmembers.
6.10.3.2.2 Wheretensionforcesoccur,acontinuouspathofsteelorsteelreinforcementshallbeprovided.
6.1u.4 Memberdesign
Part6
StructuralDesign
6104 Vol.2
6.10.4.1 Inonewayprecastfloorandroofslabsandinonewayprecast,prestressedwallpanels,allnotwider
than3.7m,andwheremembersarenotmechanicallyconnectedtocauserestraintinthetransverse
direction,theshrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementrequirementsofSec.8.1.11inthedirection
normal to theflexural reinforcement shall be permitted to be waived. This waiver shall not apply to
membersthatrequirereinforcementtoresisttransverseflexuralstresses.
6.10.4.2 For precast, nonprestressed walls the reinforcement shall be designed in accordance with the
provisionsofSec.6.3or6.6,exceptthattheareaofhorizontalandverticalreinforcementeachshall
be not less than u.uu1A
g
, where A
g
is the gross crosssectional area of the wall panel. Spacing of
reinforcementshallnotexceed5timesthewallthicknessnor750mmforinteriorwallsnor450mm
forexteriorwalls.
6.1u.S Structuralintegrity
6.10.5.1 Except where the provisions of 6.10.5.2 govern, the minimum provisions of 6.10.5.1.1 through
6.10.5.1.4forstructuralintegrityshallapplytoallprecastconcretestructures.
6.10.5.1.1 Longitudinal and transverse ties required by Sec. 8.1.12.3 shall connect members to a lateral load
resistingsystem.
6.10.5.1.2 Where precast elements form floor or roof diaphragms, the connections between diaphragm and
those members being laterally supported shall have a nominal tensile strength capable of resisting
notlessthan4.4kNperlinearm.
6.10.5.1.3 VerticaltensiontierequirementsofSec.8.1.12.3shallapplytoallverticalstructuralmembers,except
cladding, and shall be achieved by providing connections at horizontal joints in accordance with (a)
through(c):
a) Precastcolumnsshallhaveanominalstrengthintensionnotlessthan1.4A
g
,inlb.Forcolumns
with a larger cross section than required by consideration of loading, a reduced effective area
A
g
,basedoncrosssectionrequiredbutnotlessthanonehalfthetotalarea,shallbepermitted;
b) Precastwallpanelsshallhaveaminimumoftwotiesperpanel,withanominaltensilestrength
notlessthan44kNpertie;
c) When design forces result in no tension at the base, the ties required by 6.10.5.1.3(b) shall be
permittedtobeanchoredintoanappropriatelyreinforcedconcretefloorslabonground.
6.10.5.1.4 Connectiondetailsthatrelysolelyonfrictioncausedbygravityloadsshallnotbeused.
6.10.5.2 Forprecastconcretebearingwallstructuresthreeormorestoriesinheight,theminimumprovisions
of6.10.5.2.1through6.10.5.2.5shallapply(Fig.6.10.5.1).
6.10.5.2.1 Longitudinal and transverse ties shall be provided in floor and roof systems to provide a nominal
strengthof22kNpermeterofwidthorlength.Tiesshallbeprovidedoverinteriorwallsupportsand
betweenmembersandexteriorwalls.Tiesshallbepositionedinorwithin600mmoftheplaneofthe
floororroofsystem.
Chapter1
Fig.6.10.5.1Typicalarrangementoftensiletiesinlargepanelstructures.
6.10.5.2.2 Longitudinal ties parallel to floor or roof slab spans shall be spaced not more than 3 m on centers.
Provisionsshallbemadetotransferforcesaroundopenings.
6.10.5.2.3 Transversetiesperpendiculartofloororroofslabspansshallbespacednotgreaterthanthebearing
wallspacing.
6.10.5.2.4 Ties around the perimeter of each floor and roof, within 1.2 m of the edge, shall provide a nominal
strengthintensionnotlessthan71kN.
6.10.5.2.5 Vertical tension ties shall be provided in all walls and shall be continuous over the height of the
building. They shall provide a nominal tensile strength not less than 44 kN per horizontal meter of
wall.Notlessthantwotiesshallbeprovidedforeachprecastpanel.
6.1u.6 Connectionandbearingdesign
6.10.6.1 Forces shall be permitted to be transferred between members by grouted joints, shear keys,
mechanical connectors, reinforcing steel connections, reinforced topping, or a combination of these
means.
6.10.6.1.1 Theadequacyofconnectionstotransferforcesbetweenmembersshallbedeterminedbyanalysisor
by test. Where shear is the primary result of imposed loading, it shall be permitted to use the
provisionsof6.4.5asapplicable.
6.10.6.1.2 When designing a connection using materials with different structural properties, their relative
stiffnesses,strengths,andductilitiesshallbeconsidered.
6.10.6.2 Bearingforprecastfloorandroofmembersonsimplesupportsshallsatisfy6.10.6.2.1and6.10.6.2.2.
6.10.6.2.1 Theallowablebearingstressatthecontactsurfacebetweensupportedandsupportingmembersand
betweenanyintermediatebearingelementsshallnotexceedthebearingstrengthforeithersurface
orthebearingelement,orboth.Concretebearingstrengthshallbeasgivenin6.3.14.
Part6
StructuralDesign
6106 Vol.2
6.10.6.2.2 Unlessshownbytestoranalysisthatperformancewillnotbeimpaired,(a)and(b)shallbemet(Fig.
6.10.6.1):
a) Each member and its supporting system shall have design dimensions selected so that, after
considerationoftolerances,thedistancefromtheedgeofthesupporttotheendoftheprecast
memberinthedirectionofthespanisatleastl
n
18u,butnotlessthan:
Forsolidorhollowcoreslabs 50mm
Forbeamsorstemmedmembers 75mm
b) Bearing pads at unarmored edges shall be set back a minimum of 13 mm from the face of the
support,oratleastthechamferdimensionatchamferededges.
6.10.6.2.3 The requirements of 8.2.8.1 shall not apply to the positive bending moment reinforcement for
staticallydeterminateprecastmembers,butatleastonethirdofsuchreinforcementshallextendto
the center of the bearing length, taking into account permitted tolerances in Sec. 8.1.5.2c and
6.10.2.3.
Fig.6.10.6.1Bearinglengthonsupport
6.1u.7 Itemsembeddedafterconcreteplacement
6.10.7.1 When approved by the designer, embedded items (such as dowels or inserts) that either protrude
from the concrete or remain exposed for inspection shall be permitted to be embedded while the
concreteisinaplasticstateprovidedthat6.10.7.1.1,6.10.7.1.2,and6.10.7.1.3aremet.
6.10.7.1.1 Embeddeditemsarenotrequiredtobehookedortiedtoreinforcementwithintheconcrete.
6.10.7.1.2 Embeddeditemsaremaintainedinthecorrectpositionwhiletheconcreteremainsplastic.
6.10.7.1.3 Theconcreteisproperlyconsolidatedaroundtheembeddeditem.
6.1u.8 Markingandidentification
6.10.8.1 Each precast member shall be marked to indicate its location and orientation in the structure and
dateofmanufacture.
6.10.8.2 Identificationmarksshallcorrespondtoplacingdrawings.
6.1u.9 Handling
Chapter1
6.10.9.1 Memberdesignshallconsiderforcesanddistortionsduringcuring,stripping,storage,transportation,
anderectionsothatprecastmembersarenotoverstressedorotherwisedamaged.
6.10.9.2 Duringerection,precastmembersandstructuresshallbeadequatelysupportedandbracedtoensure
properalignmentandstructuralintegrityuntilpermanentconnectionsarecompleted.
6.1u.1u Evaluationofstrengthofprecastconstruction
6.10.10.1 Aprecastelementtobemadecompositewithcastinplaceconcreteshallbepermittedtobetested
inflexureasaprecastelementaloneinaccordancewith6.10.10.1.1and6.10.10.1.2.
6.10.10.1.1 Test loads shall be applied only when calculations indicate the isolated precast element will not be
criticalincompressionorbuckling.
6.10.10.1.2 Thetestloadshallbethatloadwhich,whenappliedtotheprecastmemberalone,inducesthesame
totalforceinthetensionreinforcementaswouldbeinducedbyloadingthecompositememberwith
thetestloadrequiredby6.11.3.2.
6.10.10.2 Theprovisionsof6.11.5shallbethebasisforacceptanceorrejectionoftheprecastelement.
6.11 EVALUATIONOFSTRENGTHOFEXISTINGSTRUCTURES
6.11.1 StrengthevaluationGeneral
6.11.1.1 IfthereisdoubtthatapartorallofastructuremeetsthesafetyrequirementsofthisCode,astrength
evaluationshallbecarriedoutasrequiredbytheEngineer.
6.11.1.2 If the effect of the strength deficiency is well understood and if it is feasible to measure the
dimensionsandmaterialpropertiesrequiredforanalysis,analyticalevaluationsofstrengthbasedon
thosemeasurementsshallsuffice.Requireddatashallbedeterminedinaccordancewith6.11.2.
6.11.1.3 If the effect of the strength deficiency is not well understood or if it is not feasible to establish the
required dimensions and material properties by measurement, a load test shall be required if the
structureistoremaininservice.
6.11.1.4 If the doubt about safety of a part or all of a structure involves deterioration, and if the observed
response during the load test satisfies the acceptance criteria, the structure or part of the structure
shall be permitted to remain in service for a specified time period. If deemed necessary by the
Engineer,periodicreevaluationsshallbeconducted.
6.11.2 Determinationofmaterialpropertiesandrequireddimensions
6.11.2.1 Dimensionsofthestructuralelementsshallbeestablishedatcriticalsections.
6.11.2.2 Locations and sizes of the reinforcing bars, welded wire reinforcement, or tendons shall be
determined by measurement. It shall be permitted to base reinforcement locations on available
drawingsifspotchecksaremadeconfirmingtheinformationonthedrawings.
6.11.2.3 Ifrequired,concretestrengthshallbebasedonresultsofcylindertestsfromtheoriginalconstruction
or tests of cores removed from the part of the structure where the strength is in question. For
strength evaluation of an existing structure, cylinder or core test data shall be used to estimate an
equivalent
c
i
.ThemethodforobtainingandtestingcoresshallbeinaccordancewithASTMC42M.
Part6
StructuralDesign
6108 Vol.2
6.11.2.4 If required, reinforcement or prestressing steel strength shall be based on tensile tests of
representativesamplesofthematerialinthestructureinquestion.
6.11.2.5 If the required dimensions and material properties are determined through measurements and
testing,andifcalculationscanbemadeinaccordancewith6.11.1.2,itshallbepermittedtoincrease
fromthosespecifiedin6.2.3,but shallnotbemorethan:
Tensioncontrolledsections,asdefinedin6.3.3.4 1.0
Compressioncontrolledsections,asdefinedin6.3.3.3:
Memberswithspiralreinforcementconformingto6.3.9.3 0.9
Otherreinforcedmembers 0.8
Shearand/ortorsion 0.8
Bearingonconcrete 0.8
6.11.S Loadtestprocedure
6.11.3.1 Loadarrangement
Thenumberandarrangementofspansorpanelsloadedshallbeselectedtomaximizethedeflectionandstresses
in the critical regions of the structural elements of which strength is in doubt. More than one test load
arrangementshallbeusedifasinglearrangementwillnotsimultaneouslyresultinmaximumvaluesoftheeffects
(suchasdeflection,rotation,orstress)necessarytodemonstratetheadequacyofthestructure.
6.11.3.2 Loadintensity
Thetotaltestload(includingdeadloadalreadyinplace)shallnotbelessthanthelargerof(a),(b),and(c):
a) 1.1S + 1.SI + u.4(I
or P)
b) 1.1S + u.9I + 1.S(I
or P)
c) 1.S
The load factor on the live load I in (b) shall be permitted to be reduced to 0.45 except for garages, areas
occupied as places of public assembly, and all areas where I is greater than 4.8 kN/m
2
. It shall be permitted to
reduceI inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheapplicablegeneralbuildingcode.
6.11.3.3 Aloadtestshallnotbemadeuntilthatportionofthestructuretobesubjectedtoloadisatleast56
days old. If the owner of the structure, the contractor, and all involved parties agree, it shall be
permittedtomakethetestatanearlierage.
6.11.4 Loadingcriteria
6.11.4.1 The initial value for all applicable response measurements (such as deflection, rotation, strain, slip,
crack widths)shall be obtained not more than 1 hourbefore application of the first load increment.
Measurements shall be made at locations where maximum response is expected. Additional
measurementsshallbemadeifrequired.
6.11.4.2 Testloadshallbeappliedinnotlessthanfourapproximatelyequalincrements.
6.11.4.3 Uniformtestloadshallbeappliedinamannertoensureuniformdistributionoftheloadtransmitted
tothestructureorportionofthestructurebeingtested.Archingoftheappliedloadshallbeavoided.
6.11.4.4 A set of response measurements shall be made after each load increment is applied and after the
totalloadhasbeenappliedonthestructureforatleast24hours.
6.11.4.5 Total test load shall be removed immediately after all response measurements defined in 6.11.4.4
aremade.
6.11.4.6 Asetoffinalresponsemeasurementsshallbemade24hoursafterthetestloadisremoved.
Chapter1
6.11.S Acceptancecriteria
6.11.5.1 The portion of the structure tested shall show no evidence of failure. Spalling and crushing of
compressedconcreteshallbeconsideredanindicationoffailure.
6.11.5.2 MeasureddeflectionsshallsatisfyeitherEq.(6.11.1)or(6.11.2):

t
2
20,000h
(6.11.1)

1
4
(6.11.2)
Ifthemeasuredmaximumandresidualdeflections,A
1
andA
,donotsatisfyEq.(6.11.1)or(6.11.2),itshallbe
permittedtorepeattheloadtest.
Therepeattestshallbeconductednotearlierthan72hoursafterremovalofthefirsttestload.Theportionofthe
structuretestedintherepeattestshallbeconsideredacceptableifdeflectionrecoveryA
satisfiesthecondition:

2
5
(6.11.S)
whereA
2
isthemaximumdeflectionmeasuredduringthesecondtestrelativetothepositionofthestructureat
thebeginningofthesecondtest.
6.11.5.3 Structuralmemberstestedshallnothavecracksindicatingtheimminenceofshearfailure.
6.11.5.4 In regions of structural members without transverse reinforcement, appearance of structural cracks
inclined to the longitudinal axis and having a horizontal projection longer than the depth of the
memberatmidpointofthecrackshallbeevaluated.
6.11.5.5 Inregionsofanchorageandlapsplices,theappearancealongthelineofreinforcementofaseriesof
shortinclinedcracksorhorizontalcracksshallbeevaluated.
6.11.6 Provisionforlowerloadrating
If the structure under investigation does not satisfy conditions or criteria of 6.11.1.2, 6.11.5.2, or 6.11.5.3, the
structure shall be permitted for use at a lower load rating based on the results of the load test or analysis, if
approvedbytheEngineer.
6.11.7 Safety
6.11.7.1 Loadtestsshallbeconductedinsuchamannerastoprovideforsafetyoflifeandstructureduringthe
test.
6.11.7.2 Safetymeasuresshallnotinterferewithloadtestproceduresoraffectresults.
6.12 COMPOSITECONCRETEFLEXURALMEMBERS
6.12.1 Scope
6.12.1.1 Provisions of Sec. 6.12 shall apply for design of composite concrete flexural members defined as
precast concrete, castinplace concrete elements, or both, constructed in separate placements but
sointerconnectedthatallelementsrespondtoloadsasaunit.
6.12.1.2 Allprovisionsof theCodeshallapplytocompositeconcreteflexural members,exceptasspecifically
modifiedinSec.6.12.
6.12.2 General
6.12.2.1 Theuseofanentirecompositememberorportionsthereofforresistingshearandmomentshallbe
permitted.
Part6
StructuralDesign
6110 Vol.2
6.12.2.2 Individualelementsshallbeinvestigatedforallcriticalstagesofloading.
6.12.2.3 If the specified strength, unit weight, or other properties of the various elements are different,
propertiesoftheindividualelementsorthemostcriticalvaluesshallbeusedindesign.
6.12.2.4 In strength computations of composite members, no distinction shall be made between shored and
unshoredmembers.
6.12.2.5 All elements shall be designed to support all loads introduced prior to full development of design
strengthofcompositemembers.
6.12.2.6 Reinforcement shall be provided as required to minimize cracking and to prevent separation of
individualelementsofcompositemembers.
6.12.2.7 Compositemembersshallmeetrequirementsforcontrolofdeflectionsinaccordancewith6.2.5.4.
6.12.S Shoring
Whenused,shoringshallnotberemoveduntilsupportedelementshavedevelopeddesignpropertiesrequiredto
supportallloadsandlimitdeflectionsandcrackingattimeofshoringremoval.
6.12.4 Verticalshearstrength
6.12.4.1 Whereanentirecompositememberisassumedtoresistverticalshear,designshallbeinaccordance
withrequirementsofSec.6.4asforamonolithicallycastmemberofthesamecrosssectionalshape.
6.12.4.2 Shearreinforcementshallbefullyanchoredintointerconnectedelementsinaccordancewith8.2.10.
6.12.4.3 Extended and anchored shear reinforcement shall be permitted to be included as ties for horizontal
shear.
6.12.S Horizontalshearstrength
6.12.5.1 Inacompositemember,fulltransferofhorizontalshearforcesshallbeensuredatcontactsurfacesof
interconnectedelements.
6.12.5.2 For the provisions of 6.12.5, J shall be taken as the distance from extreme compression fiber for
entirecompositesectiontocentroidoflongitudinaltensionreinforcement,ifany.
6.12.5.3 Unless calculated in accordance with 6.12.5.4, design of cross sections subject to horizontal shear
shallbebasedon
I
u
I
nh
(6.12.1)
whereI
nh
isnominalhorizontalshearstrengthinaccordancewith6.12.5.3.1through6.12.5.3.4.
6.12.5.3.1 Wherecontactsurfacesareclean,freeoflaitance,andintentionallyroughened,I
nh
shallnotbe
takengreaterthanu.SSb
J0.55.
6.12.5.3.2 Whereminimumtiesareprovidedinaccordancewith6.12.6,andcontactsurfacesarecleanandfree
oflaitance,butnotintentionallyroughened,I
nh
shallnotbetakengreaterthanu.SSb
J.
6.12.5.3.3 Wheretiesareprovidedinaccordancewith6.12.6,andcontactsurfacesareclean,freeoflaitance,
andintentionallyroughenedtoafullamplitudeofapproximately6mm,I
nh
shallbetakenequalto
(1.8 + u.6p
)zb
J,butnotgreaterthanS.Sb
J.Valuesforz in6.4.5.4.3shallapplyandp
is
A
(b
s).
Chapter1
6.12.5.3.4 WhereI
u
atsectionconsideredexceeds(S.Sb
J),designforhorizontalshearshallbein
accordancewith6.4.5.4.
6.12.5.4 Asanalternativeto6.12.5.3,horizontalshearshallbepermittedtobedeterminedbycomputingthe
actualchangeincompressiveortensileforceinanysegment,andprovisionsshallbemadetotransfer
thatforceashorizontalsheartothesupportingelement.ThefactoredhorizontalshearforceI
u
shall
notexceedhorizontalshearstrengthI
nh
asgivenin6.12.5.3.1through6.12.5.3.4,whereareaof
contactsurfaceshallbesubstitutedforb
J.
6.12.5.4.1 Wheretiesprovidedtoresisthorizontalsheararedesignedtosatisfy6.12.5.4,thetieareatotie
spacingratioalongthemembershallapproximatelyreflectthedistributionofshearforcesinthe
member.
6.12.5.5 Wheretensionexistsacrossanycontactsurfacebetweeninterconnectedelements,sheartransferby
contactshallbepermittedonlywhenminimumtiesareprovidedinaccordancewith6.12.6.
6.12.6 Tiesforhorizontalshear
6.12.6.1 Wheretiesareprovidedtotransferhorizontalshear,tieareashallnotbelessthanthatrequiredby
6.4.3.5.3,andtiespacingshallnotexceedfourtimestheleastdimensionofsupportedelement,nor
exceed600mm.
6.12.6.2 Tiesforhorizontalshearshallconsistofsinglebarsorwire,multiplelegstirrups,orverticallegsof
weldedwirereinforcement.
6.12.6.3 Alltiesshallbefullyanchoredintointerconnectedelementsinaccordancewith8.2.10.

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Part6

= Shear span, equal to distance from center ofconcentratedload to either:(a)faceofsupport

in the ith layer crossing a strut,with

= Width of cross section at contact surfacebeinginvestigatedforhorizontalshear,mm,Sec

Fig. 6.2.3.1Variation of with net tensile strain in extreme tension steel,

b) Fordiaphragms, forshearshallnotexceedtheminimum forshearusedforthe

, in the range of1440 to1840kg/m

Without drop panels

With drop panels

, stress in reinforcement shall be considered

6.3.10.1.1 The unsupported length of a compression member, l

determined from Eq (6.3.25) shall have to give a reinforcement ratio, p = A

, a doubly reinforced beam is needed and

the beam shall be considered as a Tbeam, in

6.4.1.3.1 SectionslocatedlessthanadistanceJ fromfaceofsupportshallbepermittedtobedesigned

f) Beams constructed of steel fiberreinforced, normalweight concrete with

(p sino + coso) (6.4.21)

is area of horizontal shearreinforcement within spacings, and J is determined in accordance

=0 100 100 100

2.5 075 075 075

2.5 090 075 045

Fig.6.5.7.2Equivalent column (column plus torsionalmembers).

Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7

Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7 Case8

Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7

Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7 Case8

: radius of centreline of steps = (12)(R

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