INTERSECTION An intersection is the area where two or more streets join or cross at-grade.

The intersection includes the areas needed for all modes of travel: pedestrian, bicycle, motor vehicle, and transit (Ben Thagesen . Thus, the intersection includes not only the pavement area, but typically the adjacent sidewal!s and pedestrian curb cut ramps. They can be any of three types namely: "ignalised #ntersections "top-$ontrolled intersections %oundabouts #ntersections are a !ey feature of street design in four respects: Focus of activity - intersections are usually very congested as they are where two or more streets meet, which ma!es it a concentration of different travel destinations. Conflicting movements - &edestrian crossings and motor vehicle and bicycle turning and crossing movements are typically concentrated at intersections. Traffic control - At intersections, movement of users is assigned by traffic control devices such as yield signs, stop signs, and traffic signals. Traffic control often results in delay to users travelling along the intersecting roadways, but helps to organi'e traffic and decrease the potential for conflict. Capacity - #n many cases, traffic control at intersections limits the capacity of the intersecting roadways, defined as the number of users that can be accommodated within a given time period.

STREET INTERSECTION USERS This comprises of all roadway users as intersections are very important to every commuter. They are therefore affected in the following ways: Pedestrians (ey elements affecting intersection performance for pedestrians are: ). Amount of right-of-way provided for the pedestrian including both sidewal! and crosswal! width, accuracy of slopes and cross slopes on curb cut ramps and wal!ways, audible and*or tactile cues for people with limited sight, and absence of obstacles in accessible path+ ,. $rossing distance and resulting duration of e-posure to conflicts with motor vehicle and bicycle traffic+ .. /olume of conflicting traffic+ and 0. "peed and visibility of approaching traffic. !icyclists bicycles are: ). 1egree to which pavement is shared or used e-clusively by bicycles+ ,. %elationship between turning and through movements for motor vehicles and bicycles+ .. Traffic control for bicycles+ 0. 1ifferential in speed between motor vehicle and bicycle traffic+ and 2. /isibility of the bicyclist. (ey elements affecting intersection performance for

"otor ve#icles (ey elements affecting intersection performance for motor vehicles are: ). Type of traffic control+ ,. /ehicular capacity of the intersection, determined primarily from the number of lanes and traffic control (although there are other factors + .. Ability to ma!e turning movements+ 0. /isibility of approaching and crossing pedestrians and bicycles+ and 2. "peed and visibility of approaching and crossing motor vehicles. Transit 3hen transit operations involve buses, they share the

same !ey characteristics as vehicles. #n addition, transit operations may involve a transit stop at an intersection area, and influence pedestrian, bicycle, and motor vehicle flow and safety.

CONCEPT OF $ESI%N OF INTERSECTION The functional area on the approach to an intersection or driveway consists of three Basic elements: ). &erception reaction distance+ the total time re4uired for a driver to react to a stimulus. ,. 5anoeuvre distance+ The manoeuvre distance includes the length needed for both bra!ing and lane changing when there is a left or right turning lane. #n the absence of turn lanes, the manoeuvre distance is the distance to bra!e to a comfortable stop. .. 6ueue storage distance.

INTERSECTION TER"INO&O%' The major street is typically the intersecting street with greater traffic volume, larger cross-section, and higher functional class. The minor street is the intersecting street li!ely to have less traffic volume, smaller cross-section and lower functional classification than the major street. The term intersection encompasses not only the area of pavement jointly used by the intersecting streets, but also those segments of the intersecting streets affected by the design. Thus, those segments of streets adjacent to the intersection for which the crosssection or grade has been modified from its typical design are considered part of the intersection. The angle of intersection is formed by the intersecting streets7 centrelines. 3here the angle of intersection departs significantly (more than appro-imately ,8 degrees from right angles, the intersection is referred to as a skewed intersection( Intersection legs are those segments of roadway connecting to the intersection. The leg used by traffic approaching the intersection is the approach leg, and that used by traffic leaving is the departure leg( Sidewalks) crosswalks and pedestrian curb cut ramps are considered to be within the intersection. T#e pavement edge corner is the curve connecting the edges of pavement of the intersecting streets.

Channelizing and divisional islands may be added to an intersection to help delineate the area in which vehicles can operate, and to separate conflicting movements. #slands can also provide for pedestrian refuge. * turning roadway is a short segment of roadway for a right turn, delineated by channeli'ing islands. Turning roadways are used where right-turn volumes are very high, or where s!ewed intersections would otherwise create a very large pavement area.

SI%N*&IS*TION The design of an intersection cannot be complete without proper signalisation, in terms of traffic devices, such as all signs, mar!ings and signals. "ignalisation design includes both physical installation and signal operating plan. #t is important that both be compatible with each other and with the geometric configuration. To achieve this proper use of traffic-control devices are important. TR*FFIC - CONTRO& $E+ICES Traffic control devices include all signs, mar!ings, and signals placed on or adjacent to a street or highway by public agencies in order to regulate, warn, or guide traffic. Traffic control devices assign right of way, to both motori'ed and non-motori'ed other devices. $ESI%N OF TR*FFIC SI%N*&S traffic and include traffic signals, pavement mar!ings, "T9& signs, :#;<1 signs, pedestrian signal heads and

Before the installation of traffic signals at any intersection the following data must be thoroughly determined and e-amined. ). ,. To critically e-amine the e-isting traffic flow, characteristics of vehicles,traffic capacity and safety around the intersections. To conduct traffic volume studies so as to determine certain volume characteristics which include the Average 1aily Traffic (A1T , the &ea! =our /olume (&=/ , vehicle $lassification (/$ , the .. 0. 2. /ehicle (ilometers of Travel (/(T and the 9rigin 1estination "tudy (91" . To analy'e the sight distances at the intersections for possible installation of stop or yield signs. To ascertain the necessity and basis for the installation of traffic signals. To carry out the redesign of the intersections to guarantee the easy movement of commuters and pedestrians plying the route. >. To design the signal settings for intersections so that drivers will not encounter problems at the intersection.

T#e ,ey decisions affecting t#e signal design include ). <ocation of crosswal!s and determination of pedestrian signal display re4uirements+ ,. <ocation of stop lines for all movements that must stop at the intersection+ .. "election of left turn treatments+ 0. "election of right turn treatments+ 2. 1etermination of the re4uired lengths for turning bays+ >. "election of controller type+ ?. "election of the phasing plan+ @. Assignment of movements to timing functions+

A. 1evelopment of the timing plans for arterial coordination+ )8. 1etermination of detector locations+ )). <ocation and configuration of the controller and cabinet+ ),. <ocation and configuration of all signal displays+ ).. <ocation of e4uipment re4uired to support the signal displays and )0. 3iring, conduit and pull bo-es.

REPORT
#ntersection counts were ta!en by members of the group to determine the /ehicle classifications through movements and turning movements at the intersection of the following roadway segments that constitute intersection legs: =;%B;%T 5A$AB<A: 3A:

#(9%91B %9A1

5B%TA<A 59=A55;1 3A: AC;C; 59T9% %9A1

The intersection under study is a signali'ed intersection with some traffic streams allowed to have simultaneous right-of-way while other streams are stopped. The major roadway which is the intersecting roadway with the greatest traffic volume and this was observed to be =erbert5acaulay %oad with a volume of ,A0 vehicles passing the intersection under study. 9n the other hand the minor street, which is the intersecting street with the least traffic volume was found to be 5urtala 5ohammed way characteri'ed by only A vehicles passing the intersection during the study duration. /ehicles passing the intersection and approaching 5urtala 5ohammed 3ay were allowed to move in only one direction i.e. towards 5urtala 5ohammed 3ay, thus resulting in the lowest traffic volume through 3ay the is intersection. strictly a #n other leg words, as 5urtala only 5ohammed departure traffic

approaches, but does not leave the roadway segment. 3e also observed that turning roadways were added to the intersection to help delineate the area in which vehicles can operate and to separate conflicting movements. 1uring our study, we observed that there were three channels: one lin!ing the Agege 5otor %oad way to the 5urtala 5ohammed 3ay, one lin!ing the =erbert 5acaulay %oad to #!orodu %oad, and the other lin!ing #!orodu %oad to Agege 5otor %oad. /ehicle classifications were also studied along the intersection segment of the highway and the results showed that private owned vehicles mainly plied the roadway lin!ing =erbert 5acaulay %oad with Agege 5otor %oad. Buses were also observed to pass the intersecting roadway (channeli'ing island connecting =erbert .5acaulay 3ay with #!orodu %oad.