100 Gbits/s Line Side Modulation Schemes and Impairments

100G TECHNICAL POSTER

Constellation Diagram
A constellation diagram is a representation of a signal modulated by a digital modulation scheme (phase and/or amplitude). In other words, it shows the possible symbols that can be selected by a given modulation format as points in the complex plane.

Eye Diagram
The eye diagram is a time-domain chart that shows transitions between logical 0 and 1. It overlaps several periods of the signal on a single chart. It is used to determine many characteristics of the signal: eye opening, the signal-to-noise ratio, rise time, fall time, etc.

DP-QPSK Transmitter Block Diagram

The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) has recommended using DP-QPSK (dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying) modulation format for 100 Gbit/s system design, since it is both spectrally efficient and highly resilient to CD and PMD (when coupled with suitable signal processing algorithms). The block diagram below shows the typical implementation recommend bythe OIF.

Common QPSK Impairments

T = 1/P 1 Eye height

RF4 RF5 RF2 RF1 D1 MZ1 CW laser B1 MZ2 B2 MZ3 B3 MZ4 B4 B6 /2 B5 /2 D2

Ideal QPSK Constellation

I phase

Poor Signal-To-Noise Ratio Transmitter

Chirp

Q phase

Example of a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) constellation diagram I = In-phase axis or real part of the signal Q = Quadrature axis or imaginary part of the signal

Jitter j X-axis = time Y-axis = power

Rise time

Eye width

Constellation diagram

Eye diagram

Clouded constellation and eye diagrams are typically of poor SNR due to an instrument limitation.

The S-shape transitions of the chirp impairment can stem from data modulation or from residual fiber dispersion.

Typical implementation recommended by the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF).

I/Q Gain Imbalance

I/Q Quadrature Error

I/Q Modulator Bias Error

Modulation Schemes
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK)
>> Phase modulation >>  Quadrature phase shifts are separated by 90 (e.g., 45, 135, 225, 315) >> Two bits encoding t 01 11 01 This impairment, shown as a rectangular constellation, is due to a gain that is different in the I port with respect to the Q port, i.e. the power of RF drive signals (RF3 and RF4) is not optimized. A rhombic constellation appears when the I and Q phases do not show a perfect 90 phase shift, which occurs when bias B5 is not optimized. This impairment, caused by an incorrect bias in the I-branch of the I/Q modulator (bias B1), results in an overshoot in the I direction and an undershoot in the Q direction. Amplitude

I/Q Data Skew

Deterministic Data-Dependent Jitter

Random Data Clock Jitter

Dual Polarization Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (DP-QPSK)

>> Also called PM-QPSK

Amplitude

X-polarization
t

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>>  Phase modulation on two orthogonal polarizations >>  Quadrature phase shifts are separated by 90 (e.g., 45, 135, 225, 315) >> Four bits encoding Amplitude 01 11 01

I
The opening in the center of the constellation is caused by a constant time delay between the I and Q RF drive signals (RF3 and RF4). t The I and Q RF drive signals (RF3 and RF4) may contain deterministic jitter originating from driver circuits or SERDES that leads to a delay in the transitions. An equal delay in the I and Q phases due to clock jitter (RF3 and RF4 drive signals) leads to an impairment that is only visible in the eye diagram.

Y-polarization

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01

11

01

Examples of Constellation and Eye Diagrams

13/11 20110794v2 SAP1062575
In the diagrams below, the X refers to the X polarization, while the Y refers to the Y polarization.

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EXFOs PSO-200 Modulation Analyzer

Time-resolved EVM of a 28 GBd QPSK signal with IQ-skew up to 8ps Examples of DP-QPSK constellations Examples of DP-QPSK eye diagrams Other examples of DP-16QAM constellations Other examples of DP-16QAM eye diagrams
> S  upports data rates of 40 Gbit/s, 100 Gbit/s, 400 Gbit/s, 1 Tbit/s and beyond

Constellation and time-resolved EVM diagrams of a 10 GBd 16-QAM signal

 or NRZ, RZ, DPSK, DQPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM > F  ingle- or dual-polarization transmission > S  istortion-free signal recovery > D

100G/40G Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ba)

Ethernet Frame Format and Rates
Ethernet Preamble 8 IEEE 802.3 S Preamble O F 7 1 Destination Address 6 Source Address 6 Length 2 802.2 Header DATA 46-1500 FCS 4 Ethernet Interface 100G Ethernet Destination Address 6 Source Address 6 Length 2 802.2 Header 40G Ethernet DATA 46-1500 FCS 4 Line Rate 103.125 Gbit/s 41.25 Gbit/s

100 GigE Packet Transmission

Simplified 802.3 stack
Media Access Control (MAC) Reconciliation Sublayer 100G Media Independent Interface (CGMII) >> Provide physical-layer specifications which support: 100G Ethernet 40 km over SMF 10 km over SMF 100 m over OM3 MMF 10 m over copper cable 1 m over backplane 100GBASE-ER4 100GBASE-LR4 100GBASE-SR10 100GBASE-CR10 40GBASE-LR4 40GBASE-SR4 40GBASE-CR4 40GBASE-KR4 40G Ethernet Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) 100G Attachment Unit Interface (CAUI) >>  Mux 10:4 (CAUI lanes into PMD lanes) >>  Transmit 4 PMD lanes on SMF using LAN WDM >>  Convert packets into 20 parallel streams of 64b/66b symbols >>  Mux 20:10 (PCS lanes into CAUI lanes) CFP CFP

>> Packetize Data Packetization MAC Packetization Symbols > Lanes MAC PCS Symbols > Lanes PCS PMA 20:10 PMA 20:10 PMA 10:4 PMA 10:4 PMD PMD ... #41 #40 #39 ... #22 #21 #20 #19 ... #2 ... #41 #40 #39 ... #22 #21 #20 #19 ... #2 #1 #1 #0 #0 Preamble 80 03 01 7C 9F 3E 80 03 01 20 FB 1D 08 00 45 58 PreDestination Source amble EtherType MAC Address MAC 80 03 01 7C 9F 3E 80 03 01 20 FB Address 1D 08 00 45 58 Destination MAC Address Source MAC Address EtherType AA 55 2D 9B 9B 3C 7A F1 Payload (46 - 1500 bytes) FCS AA 55 2D 9B 9B 3C 7A F1 FCS Idle Symbol

PCS/Logical Lanes
2:1 1. T  he PMA next to the PCS multiplexes 20 PCS lanes into 10 CAUI lanes 2. T  he PMA next to the PMD multiplexes 10 CAUI lanes into 4 PMD lanes 3. T  he PMD converts each PMD lane into optical NRZ and multiplexes them 4. T  he 4 optical lanes are transmitted over singlemode fiber 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1

CAUI/Physical Lanes

PMD Lanes

IEEE 802.3ba Highlights

>>  Support a MAC data rate of 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s >>  Provide a BER < 10-12 at the MAC layer >>  Provide appropriate support for OTN

Payload (46 - 1500 bytes)

Idle Symbol

>> Converted to 64b/66b symbols, and send to PCS lanes #40 #20 #0 M0 PCS Lane #0

10:4

LAN WDM
(optical mux) SMF Fiber

#41 #21 #1 M1 PCS Lane #1 #40 #20 #0 M0 PCS Lane #0 ... #22 #2 M2 PCS Lane #2 #41 #21 #1 M1 PCS Lane #1 ... ... ... ... #22 #2 M2 PCS Lane #2 #39 #19 M19 PCS Lane #19 ... ... ... #39 #19 M19 PCS Lane #19

Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)

Round robin distribution

Round robin >> Add PCS lane markers periodically to ensure reordering and realignment distribution

PCS Lane Skew

>>  Skew is the difference in time it takes the signals traveling down one lane compared to the others >>  Each element along the data path will contribute to the overall skew (i.e., CFP, fiber, etc.)

Skew Points

Maximum Skew (ns)

Maximum Skew for 40GBASE-R PCS Lane (UI) 299 443 557 1382 1495 1649 1856

Maximum Skew for 100GBASE-R PCS Lane (UI) 150 222 278 691 748 824 928

Legend CAUI CGMII FEC MAC MDI PCS PMA PMD XLAUI XLGMII n 100 Gbit/s Attachment Unit Interface 100 Gbit/s Media Independent Interface Forward Error Correction Media Access Control Medium Dependent Interface Physical Coding Sublayer Physical Medium Attachment Physical Medium Dependent 40 Gbit/s Attachment Unit Interface 40 Gbit/s Media Independent Interface 4 or 10

The maximum skew and skew variation at physically instantiated interfaces is specified at skew points SP1, SP2, and SP3 for the transmit direction and SP4, SP5 and SP6 for the receive direction. In the transmit direction, the skew points are defined in the following locations: >>  SP1 on the XLAUI/CAUI interface, at the input of the PMA closest to the PMD; >>  SP2 on the PMD service interface, at the input of the PMD; >>  SP3 at the output of the PMD, at the MDI. In the receive direction, the skew points are defined in the following locations: >>  SP4 at the MDI, at the input of the PMD; >>  SP5 on the PMD service interface, at the output of the PMD; >>  SP6 on the XLAUI/CAUI interface, at the output of the PMA closest to the PCS.

CGMII

CAUI SP6 100GBASE-R PCS PMA (20:10) PMA (20:10) FEC1

CAUI

PMD Service Interface SP5

MDI SP4 PMD SP2 SP5 SP3 SP4 PMD SP2 SP3 MDI Medium 40GBASE-R Medium 100GBASE-R

PCS Lane Markers

PCS lane marker is the mechanism used to reorder and realign the PCS lanes  >>  The marker has the form of a specially defined 66b block (to maintain 1s density) and its format is as follows: Bit Position 0 1 2 10 M0 9 10 M1 17 18 M2 25 26 33 34 M4 41 42 M5 49 50 M6 57 58 65 BIP7

>>  The lane number is coded in the M1 byte field >>  A BIP field is used for calculation of the BER per PCS lane >>  Markers are not scrambled in order to allow the receiver to search and find the markers >>  Bandwidth for the alignment markers is created by periodically deleting IPG >>  Skew tolerance is 180 nsec maximum for both the 40G and 100G

Alignment markers are inserted every 16383 66b blocks on each PCS lanes or 210 sec Alignment marker

SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4 SP5 SP6 At PCS receive

29 43 54 134 145 160 180

PMA (20:10) SP1

PMA (10:n)

MAC and higher layers

PCS Lane 0 PCS Lane 1 PCS Lane 2

Reconciliation SP6 40GBASE-R PCS XLGMII PMA (4:4) XLAUI PMA (4:4) FEC1 PMA (4:4) SP1 XLAUI PMD Service Interface PMA (4:4)

BIP3

PCS Lane n-1 16383 blocks between alignment markers

M4-M6 are bit-wise inversion of M0-M2 BIP7 is the bit-wise inversion of BIP3

Note 1: Optional or omitted depending on PHY type.

OTU4/OTU3 (ITU-T G.709)

OTU4/OTU3 Over Parallel Optics
Client OPU OH ODU OH OTU OH OCh Payload Unit (OPU) Payload OCh Data Unit (ODU) Payload OCh Transport Unit (OTU) Payload FEC ODU4 104.794G

100/40 GigE Mapping into ODU Multiplexing

x80 40 GigE with 64B/66B Transcoding Using 1024B/1027B 103.125G 104.355G 1x OTU4 ODU3 40.319G 40GE GMP OH 40.15052G 1x OTU3 41.25G 40.117G x32 x16 x40 x10 Client OPU3 OPU3 ODTUG3 Client OPU2 OPU2 x4 OPU2 (L) OPU2 (H) 10.037G x4 OPU3 (L) OPU3 (H) 40.319G

Client OPU4 OPU4 ODTUG4 OPU4 (L) OPU4 (H) 104.794G or OTU4 0Ch 111.809G

OTN Frame Structure

0 TTI 15 16 31 32 63 SAPI DAPI OperatorSpecific 1 2 3 4 5 FAS 1 OTU Frame 1 2 3 4 FAS OH ODU OH 6 7 8 MFAS 9 10 11 12 13 14 SM GCCO RES 3824-3825 OPU Payload (Client Signal) OTU FEC (4 x 256 bytes) 4080 BDI IAE 8 TTI 9 BIP-8 10 1 2 3 4 BEI/BIAE 5 6 7 8 RES Byte 10

Frame Rates
OTN Interface OTU3 OTU3e1 Line Rate 43.018 Gbit/s 44.57 Gbit/s Corresponding Service OC-768/STM-256 40 GigE 4 x ODU2e (uses 2.5 Gig TS; total of 16) 4 x ODU2e (uses 1.25 Gig (ODU0) TS; total of 32) 100 GigE

OTNODU0
ODU0 ODU0

100/40 GigE Mapping into OTU4/OTU3

100GE OH GMP

or OTU3

0Ch

43.018G

GbE GbE

ODU1

OTU OH

14-15-16-17 OPU OH

OTU3e2

44.58 Gbit/s

or OTU2

0Ch

10.709G
2 3 4 TCM RES TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 FTFL ACT TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 PM EXP APS/PCC RES GCC1 GCC2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 PM and TCMi (i= 1 to 6) 1 2 TTI BIP-8 0 PM 1 3 1 2 3 4

OTU4
15 Mapping 16 0 1 PT Mapping

111.81 Gbit/s

1024B/1027B block construction

1st 513B block F 1 P F F 1 2 512 block payload 512 block payload 1024B / 1027B block F 2 2nd 513B block 512 block payload 512 block payload

x8

Client OPU1 OPU1

ODTUG2 x4 OPU1 (L) OPU1 (H) 2.499G Mapping Multiplexing ODUk (L) = Low-Order ODU ODUk (H) = High-Order ODU or OTU1 0Ch 2.666G

Optical Channel Transport Layer (OTL) OTL Type OTL3.4 OTL4.4 1 2 n OTL4.10 Bit Rate 10.7 Gbit/s 27.95 Gbit/s 11.18 Gbit/s

PSI 255

Size Client Benefits

FTFL

 Newly defined OTN container in G.709 of 1.25 Gig  Virtual container with no physical instance  Perfectly fits GigE, OC-3/STM-1 and OC-12/STM-4 services  Removes dependency on SONET/SDH for carrying GigE services Provides OTN OAM capabilities

OTLk.n

OTLk.n

OTLk.n

0 2 3 4 BEI 5 6 BDI 7 8 STAT Byte 3 BDI Forward FIF

1 Operator Identifier

9-10

Client OPU0

x2 OPU0 (L) 1.244G

ODTUG1

15 16 31 32 63

SAPI DAPI OperatorSpecific

OperatorSpecific

127

P = Odd parity over the two block flag bits

128 129 Backward FIF

TCMi 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 BEI/BIAE STAT

Operator Identifier FIF = Fault Identification Field

137-138

OperatorSpecific

255

100G/40G Interfaces
Pluggable Modules
CFP optical transceiver >> 100 GE, 10 x 10G, WDM >> 100 GE, 4 x 25G, >> 40 GE, 4 x 10G, WDM WDM

CFP MSA Optical Wavelengths

100 GigE/OTU4
Lane Center Frequency 231.4 THz 230.6 THz 229.8 THz 229 THz Center Wavelength 1295.56 nm 1300.05 nm 1304.58 nm 1309.14 nm Wavelength Range 1294.53 to 1296.59 nm 1299.02 to 1301.09 nm 1303.54 to 1305.63 nm 1308.09 to 1310.19 nm Attributes 100GBASE-ER4 4 x 25G WDM, 1305 nm, NRZ G.694.1, 800GHz spacing (~4.5nm) Data rate: 25.78125 Gbit/s per lane 100GBASE-LR4 4 x 25G WDM, 1305 nm, NRZ G.694.1, 800GHz spacing, (~4.5nm) Data rate: 25.78125 Gbit/s per lane 100GBASE-SR10 10 x 10G, NRZ, Parallel optics, 850 nm Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane 100GBASE-CR10 10 x 10G electrical, NRZ Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane L0 L1 L2 L3

10x10 MSA* Optical Wavelengths

Optical Specifications: WDM Channel Definition Parameter Wavelength Symbol L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 Min 1520 1528 1536 1544 1552 1560 1568 1576 1584 1592 Typ 1523 1531 1539 1547 1555 1563 1571 1579 1587 1595 Max 1526 1534 1542 1550 1558 1566 1574 1582 1590 1598 Unit nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm Conditions Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4 Channel 5 Channel 6 Channel 7 Channel 8 Channel 9 Channel 10

Dispersion
Short LinksLong Traveling Distances
Green path example Network section
2 3 5 4

Dispersion Approaches
Using a single-ended instrumenta CD and PMD test tool that can characterize a section between two sites without having instruments at both endsmeans that many sections can be characterized in a few minutes instead of a few hours from a single location. As a result, an entire network can be characterized in 66% less time than any other traditional test methods. This greatly reduces truck rolls and OPEX, while increasing speed to deliver new services and reducing time-to-cash.

100G/40G Interfaces and Reach

Interface Reach Optical 40 km over SMF 40G Ethernet Interface Attributes 100G Ethernet Interface CFP

Domain B
B Netackbo wo ne rk
Transport Equipment With data rates reaching 40 Gbit/s and beyond, fiber characterization is critical. When adding 40Gbit/s wavelengths to a DWDM route or ring, at that time, it will be nearly impossible to temporarily remove dozens of active wavelengths from service to characterize the optical fiber carrying them. Its important to fully characterize optical fiber links while its possible: here ,in addition to being highly accurate, these future proof devices can be placed at several different positions, so a multitude of test points can be acquired, faster with high accuracy which together reduces test costs or the even greater cost of adding more fiber.

>> Dimensions: 82 x 154 x 14 mm

CXP >>  100 GE, 10 x 10G, parallel optics/electrical >>  Dimensions: 20 x 54 x 11 mm

10 km over SMF

CFP

40GBASE-LR4 4 x 10G, CWDM, G.694.2, NRZ 1305 nm, 20 nm spacing Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane 40GBASE-SR4 4 x 10G, NRZ Parallel optics, 850 nm Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane 40GBASE-CR4 4 x 10G electrical, NRZ Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane 40GBASE-KR4 4 x 10G electrical, NRZ Data rate: 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane

CFP

Length (km)

CD Value at 1550 nm (ps/nm) 890 632 484 765 726 3497

PMD (ps)

Domain A

Inter-Domain

B Netackbo wo ne rk
6.49 0.39 8.93 5.21 0.88 12.24 80 km CO CO

Transport Equipment

100 m over OM3 MMF1

QSFP

CXP

40 GigE/OTU3
Lane L0 L1 L2 L3 Center Wavelength 1271 nm 1291 nm 1311 nm 1331 nm Wavelength Range 1264.5 to 1277.5 nm 1284.5 to 1297.5 nm 1304.5 to 1317.5 nm 1324.5 to 1337.5 nm

L7 L8 L9 L10

1 2 3 4

53 37 29 45 42 206

CO 1 km CO Distributed PMD analysis reduces CAPEX by revealing the worst segments on a high-PMD route. Replacing a few kilometers of fiber, instead of an entire route, puts it back in service for higher bit-rate services and substantially reduces CAPEX.

Electrical

QSFP >>  40 GE, 4 x 10G, parallel optics/electrical >>  Dimensions: 18.4 x 72 x 8.5 mm

10 m over copper cable 1 m over backplane

QSFP

CXP

Same transmitting station, two different route examples.

5 Total

* This approach is still not ratified by IEEE 802.3ba.

2 km 80 km Good section (acceptable) Bad section (needs to be replaced)