Index

Abdul Kalam, A. P. J., 136 Abhisit Vejjajiva, 171, 172 Accidental reconcilers, 57 Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response, 156 Agreement on Promoting Investment and Protection between Myanmar and India, 123 Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution, 156 Agriculture: and cross-border trade, 90; and rural recapitalization, 7785; substitute crops in opium-producing areas, 12728 Agriculture Department (U.S.), 78 Alatas, Ali, 16, 154, 155 Albright, Madeleine, 22 Annan, Ko, 19 Ansari, Hamid, 136 Anti-risk strategy, 129 Antiterrorism cooperation, 122, 140, 156 Arms sales: from China, 120, 142; from India, 123; from North Korea, 184, 187; from Russia, 130; from Singapore, 173 ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations Asian-African Conference (1955), 150 Asian Development Bank, 27 Asia-Pacic Economic Cooperation summit, 90, 161 Asia World Group, 94 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 15080; charter adoption by, 2, 157; and Chinas Myanmar policies, 15; community building paradigm, 15659; constructive intervention

policy, 16, 15356, 167; critical hurdles for Myanmar policy, 16975; Cyclone Nargis response by, 16, 10809, 159; and Indias Myanmar policy objectives, 116; and international community, 15961; and Myanmars nuclear ambitions, 191; position on Myanmar, 16, 1718, 16162, 16669; reconciliation role of, 59, 65; and state collapse scenario, 108; and U.S. policy, 26, 17577, 199. See also specic member nations Aung Kyi, 39, 63, 197 Aung San, 5, 44 Aung San Suu Kyi: and 1990 elections, 1, 67; and 2010 elections, 176; and ASEAN policy on Myanmar, 162; and Indias Myanmar policies, 122, 145; and National Convention, 60; and reconciliation, 4; and sanctions, 21, 34; second house arrest of, 3537; and Singapore, 174; third house arrest of, 3739, 167; and track-two initiative, 63; and U.S. policy shift, 160, 196 Ayeyarwady-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy, 174 Badawi, Abdullah, 154, 155 Balance-of-power strategy, 130 Bali Concord II, 157 Ballistic missiles, 186 Bangladesh: cross-border trade with, 91; and Forum for Regional Economic Cooperation, 139; and Indias Look East policy, 135 Ban Ki-Moon, 19, 65, 145

205

206 Index
Banking system, 13, 82 Bank Rakyat Indonesia, 82 Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, 139 Border area security, 9, 47, 114 Brown, Gordon, 124 Brunei Darussalam and ASEAN policy, 156 Buddhists, 5, 68 Burma Box, 183, 186 Burma Socialist Program Party, 35, 40, 45 Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003 (U.S.), 22 Burmese JADE Act of 2008 (U.S.), 192 Bush, George W.: and Myanmars nuclear ambitions, 189; and reconciliation, 6667; and U.S. policy on Myanmar, 2223, 161 Bush, Laura, 22 Cambodia: and ASEAN, 16, 156; state collapse example of, 107; and Vietnam, 151 Campbell, Kurt M.: and Myanmars nuclear ambitions, 189; testimony on pragmatic engagement policy, 195200; and U.S. policy shift, 2, 1819, 2425, 39, 90, 169, 17577 Capacity-building programs, 2627, 162 Ceasere agreements: in border areas, 89; and cross-border trade, 97; and reconciliation, 89, 36, 4547, 5354, 6869 Chevron, 72, 173 China: and ASEAN, 104, 151, 156, 168; challenges for strengthening of relationship with Myanmar, 12628; cross-border trade with, 91, 9596, 124; and ethnic minorities in Myanmar, 3; and Forum for Regional Economic Cooperation, 139; historical links to Myanmar, 11; and Indias Myanmar policy objectives, 116 17, 14243; Indias policies compared to, 15, 12425; investment in Myanmar, 125; and Myanmars nuclear ambitions, 16, 143, 191; policy content and objectives, 10, 11315, 11821; policy results, 12526; reconciliation role of, 14, 64, 7172; and status quo scenario, 103, 110; String of Pearls strategy, 15; and U.S. pragmatic engagement policy, 199 China National Petroleum Corporation, 3, 72, 89 Chinese Communist Party, 87 Christians, 5, 68 Chua, Robert, 174 Chun Doo-hwan, 143, 183 Civil servants, 58 Clinton, Bill, 22 Clinton, Hillary: and Myanmars nuclear ambitions, 182, 186, 191; and sanctions, 170; and U.S. policy shift, 23, 15960, 167 Colonialism, 4344, 102 Commonwealth of Nations, 134 Communist Party of Burma, 6, 11, 15, 87 Community building paradigm, 15659 Confucians, 5 Constitution: of 1974, 6; of 2008, 78, 38, 105; and ethnic minorities, 46; National Convention process for, 7, 38; and state collapse scenario, 108; sustained delay in development of, 1045 Constructive intervention policy, 16, 15356, 167 Convention on Counterterrorism, 156 Corruption, 41, 106 Counterterrorism cooperation, 122, 140, 156 Cross-border trade, 86100; border development mechanisms, 8790; with China, 91, 9596, 124; development prospects, 9697; historical context, 8687; with India, 91, 124, 138; lack of regulation in, 91; and Ruili economic boom, 9193; with Thailand, 91, 124 Cyclone Nargis: ASEAN response, 16, 23, 10809, 156, 159; environmental impact of, 79; Indias response, 141; international response to, 108; and National Convention process, 7; and NGOs, 19; regime response, 64; and rural economies, 77; Singapore response, 174; U.S. response, 23, 19899 Daesong Economic Group, 184 Daewoo International, 72 Daley, Matthew, 59 Dapice, David, 10, 77 DBS Group, 173 Declaration of Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, 156 Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers, 156

Index 207
Defense. See Military cooperation; Security cooperation Deforestation, 79 Democratic Karen Buddhist Army, 47 Democratic Voice of Burma, 14, 182 Democratization, 11819, 177, 196 Demographic engineering, 68 Deora, Murli, 123 Diplomatic cooperation, 122 Disaster relief. See Humanitarian relief Drugs. See Narcotics Dual-use equipment, 184, 185 Economic development: as China policy objective, 10, 88, 115, 11920, 127; and cross-border trade, 86100; as India policy objective, 15, 12324, 13637; as internal challenge, 913; and rural recapitalization, 7785 Education, 10, 13 Electoral process, 8, 4748 Electricity production: hydropower, 139; and oil and gas sector, 11; and rice sector, 80; supply and demand for, 12 Elites: and elite cohesion, 55; and ethnic minorities, 58; and partial transition scenario, 106; and reconciliation, 5758, 7071; in Thailand, 6566 Emergency Rapid Assessment Team (ASEAN), 108 Energy security: as China policy objective, 11415; as India policy objective, 11718, 13839 Enhanced interaction policy, 16, 15356 Environmental degradation: and ASEAN, 156; and Chinas Myanmar policy, 114, 120, 127; and rural economies, 79; and U.S. pragmatic engagement policy, 198 Equal-distance diplomacy, 128 Ethnic minorities: and Aung San, 44; and Chinas Myanmar policies, 14, 119; demographics of, 5; elites among, 58; and Indias Myanmar policy objectives, 117; and narcotics trade, 12; and National Convention, 7; and reconciliation, 3, 4348, 56; rent-seeking by, 4; Tatmadaw operations against, 23 Ethnopolitical mobilization, 57 Euro-Burma Ofce, 14 European Union: and ASEAN policy on Myanmar, 160; and Chinas diplomatic overtures for Myanmar, 121; reconciliation role of, 65; and U.S. pragmatic engagement policy, 199 Export-Import Bank of India, 123 Export permits, 79, 83 External actors, 1327; international institutions, 1927; reconciliation role of, 57, 6367, 6971. See also specic countries and institutions Extractive industries, 104. See also Oil and gas Fassino, Piero, 65 Financing: of agricultural inputs, 77, 78, 8081; assistance from China, 11920 Flexible engagement policy, 16, 15356 Food and Agriculture Organization (UN), 78 Foreign direct investment: from China, 115, 125; from India, 12324, 125; in Southeast Asia, 102 Foreign exchange reserves, 13, 188 Forum for Regional Economic Cooperation, 139 Four eights democracy uprising, 35 Frederick Ebert Foundation, 66 Fuel costs, 80, 123 Fukuda, Yasuo, 124 Gambari, Ibrahim, 19, 124, 169 Gas. See Oil and gas Gas Authority of India Ltd., 139 Gemstone trade, 9192 Globalization and reconciliation, 4, 7172 Global Witness, 14 Goh Chok Tong, 17374 Governance recommendations, 27 Grant assistance, 11920 Greater Mekong Subregion, 174 Group of Friends on Myanmar, 160, 162, 169 Gultang, Johan, 66 Guo, Xiaolin, 12, 86 Haacke, Jrgen, 174 Hanoi Plan of Action, 157 Health sector, 13, 103, 198 High Commissioner for Refugees (UN), 168 Hindus, 5 Hla Min, 61

208 Index
Humanitarian relief: and ASEAN, 16, 23, 1089, 156, 162; from China, 120; from India, 141; from Singapore, 174; from U.S., 19899 Human Rights Council (UN), 20 Human Rights Watch, 14 Hume, Cameron R., 159 Hun Sen, 152, 153 Hydropower, 139 Ibrahim, Anwar, 16, 15354 Illegal immigration, 12, 96, 114, 120, 127 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 27, 108 India: and ASEAN, 104; challenges for strengthening relationship with Myanmar, 12829; Chinas policies compared to, 15, 12425; cross-border trade with, 91, 124, 138; and Forum for Regional Economic Cooperation, 140; investment in Myanmar, 125; Look East policy, 15, 116, 135; and Myanmars nuclear ambitions, 191; policy content and objectives, 1516, 11518, 12124; policy results, 12526; reconciliation role of, 144; and status quo scenario, 103, 110; strategic perspective on Myanmar relations, 13449 India-Myanmar Friendship Bridge, 123 India-Myanmar Friendship Road, 139 India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway, 139 Indian Ocean access, 114 Indonesia: and ASEAN policy toward Myanmar, 2, 150, 17273; economic development in, 102; New Order regime in, 105 Industrial rice estates, 81 Ination, 13 Informal credit, 81 Infrastructure: agricultural, 7980; defense, 187; and ethnic minorities, 47; and Indias Myanmar policies, 15, 13940; and narcotics trade, 12; and partial transition scenario, 105; private development of, 92; in rice sector, 10; and rural economies, 82 Initiative for ASEAN Integration, 162 Insurgent groups: India-Myanmar joint operations against, 126, 14041; and Indias Myanmar policies, 15, 117, 123, 136; and trade, 138 Intellectual activism, 70 Intelligence corps: Indias cooperation with, 141; and reconciliation, 4041, 59, 68; and track-two initiative, 6162 Internally displaced persons, 5, 68 Internal reconcilers, 57 International Atomic Energy Agency, 144, 186, 18788 International Crisis Group, 14 International Development Enterprises Myanmar, 77 International Institute for Strategic Studies, 18, 192 International institutions: agricultural economic aid from, 82; and ASEAN, 15961; inuences of, 1927; reconciliation role of, 6465. See also Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); specic institutions International Labour Organization (UN), 20, 172 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 27, 108 Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline, 117 Irrigation engineering, 83 Ivanhoe Mines, 72 Jagan, Larry, 170 Japan: investment in Myanmar, 105; and U.S. pragmatic engagement policy, 199 Jiang Zemin, 126 Jingcheng Group, 93 Kachin Independence Organization, 4748, 64 Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Facility, 139 Klin, Walter, 20 Kanwal, Gurmeet, 1516, 134 Kapoor, Deepak, 140 Karen National Defense Organization, 53 Karen National Union, 4647, 58, 63, 68, 171 Keong, Voon Phin, 114 Khin Nyunt: and ceasere agreements, 89, 58, 59; and reconciliation, 35, 4042, 60, 69; and track-two initiative, 4, 62 Kim Il-sung, 18384 Kokang ethnic minority, 23, 167, 168 Kuomintang, 5, 21 Kyaw San, 177

Index 209
Kyaw Thein, 62 Kyaw Win, 62 Kyaw Yin Hlaing, 34, 6, 9, 33 Labor market: and ASEAN, 156; forced labor initiatives of UN, 20; landless laborers, 78; and partial transition scenario, 106; skill level of, 10; and status quo scenario, 110 Lall, Marie, 125 Landless laborers, 78 Lantos, Tom, 23 Laos: and ASEAN, 16; cross-border trade with, 91 Le Dung, 175 Li Chenyang, 1415, 113 Livelihood and Food Security Trust Fund, 160 Look East policy (India), 15, 116, 135 Lugar, Richard G., 188 Mahathir Mohamad, 16, 154 Malacca Straits, 114, 115 Malaysia: and ASEAN, 101, 150, 156; investment in Myanmar, 105 Malik, V. P., 140 Malnutrition, 80 Mangrove forests, 79 Manipur Peoples Liberation Army, 123, 141 Maslyukov, Yuri, 151 Maung Aung Myo, 54, 55, 69 Maung Aye, 41, 122, 136, 140, 160 Maung Suu San, 55 Maung Zarni, 4, 6, 9, 52 McConnell, Mitch, 23 Megaphone diplomacy, 20 Mehta, Sureesh, 140 Mekong-Ganga Cooperation group, 139 Memorandum of Understanding on Intelligence Exchange Cooperation, 141 Memorandum of Understanding on Peace and Tranquility in Border Areas, 136 Micronance programs, 81 Military cooperation: and Chinas Myanmar policies, 14, 142; and Indias Myanmar policies, 117, 12223, 13940; with North Korea, 18, 18283, 187 Military intelligence agency, 4041. See also Intelligence corps Mindanao and Philippines, 155 Min Zaw Oo, 177 Missile technology, 186 Money laundering, 114 Mukherjee, Pronab, 124 Multinational corporations, 14 Muslims, 5, 6 Myanmar Agricultural Development Bank, 8081, 82 Myanmar-Bangladesh-India pipeline, 117 Myanmar Foreign Trade Bank, 123 Myanmar-India Joint Trade Committee, 123 Myanmar National Democratic Alliance, 64 Myanmar Times on economic cooperation with India, 123 Naga National Socialist Council, 123, 141 Namchongang Trading Company, 184 Narcotics: and Chinas Myanmar policies, 14, 120, 12728; and cross-border trade, 94; trade in, 12; and U.S. pragmatic engagement policy, 198 Nargis. See Cyclone Nargis National Convention: and 2008 Constitution, 7, 38; and ethnic minorities, 4546; and roadmap to democracy, 37 National Council of the Union of Burma, 58 National Democratic Alliance Army, 64 National League for Democracy (NLD): and 1990 elections, 1, 67; and 2010 elections, 8, 34, 176; and Indias Myanmar policies, 122; and reconciliation, 3, 33, 3440, 42, 56; and track-two initiative, 61. See also Aung San Suu Kyi National Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (India), 72, 12324, 139 National Socialist Council of Nagaland, 141 National Unity Party, 40 Natural resources: and Chinas Myanmar policies, 115; cross-border trade in, 90, 96; and economic development, 910; and ethnic minorities, 46; and reconciliation, 72. See also Oil and gas Ne Win: and armed insurgencies, 5; and ASEAN, 16, 150; and China, 11; and India, 134; and North Korea, 183; and reconciliation, 6, 40; and U.S. economic aid, 21 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 15, 134 Neoconservatives, 6667 New Democratic ArmyKachin, 47 New Mon State Party, 46 New Order regime (Indonesia), 105 NLD. See National League for Democracy

210 Index
Non-Aligned Movement, 15, 16, 134, 150 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 14, 19, 82, 199 Noninterference principle, 15455, 158, 171, 177 North Korea: arms sales to Myanmar, 184, 187; investment in Myanmar, 105; and Myanmars nuclear ambitions, 2, 16, 18, 143, 18194; regime ties with, 67, 170, 195 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968), 2, 144 Nuclear weapons program, 18, 18194; ambitions for, 18788; historical background, 18385; and Indias Myanmar policy objectives, 14344; media coverage of, 18183; policy challenges of, 19091; rumors of, 18587 Nyan Win, 124, 171, 177 Obama, Barack: and ASEAN, 90, 159, 161; on Myanmar as threat to U.S. security, 25; and Myanmars nuclear ambitions, 189; and pragmatic engagement policy, 21, 2324, 160, 176 Ohn Gyaw, 15253 Oil and gas: and Chinas policy objectives, 3, 11415; and economic development, 10, 11; foreign investment in, 103; and Indias policy objectives, 3, 15, 11718, 13839; and rural economies, 83; and status quo scenario, 110 Operation Golden Bird, 126, 141 Operation Sahayata, 141 Outer Space Treaty (1967), 144 Overseas Chinese Banking Corporation, 173 Panglong Agreement, 44 Paris Peace Accords (1991), 151 Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963), 144 Partial transition scenario, 13, 10407 Pavin Chachavalpongpun, 1718, 166 Peacemaking patterns and trends, 5254. See also Reconciliation Petronas, 72 Phado Aung San, 46 Pham Gia Khiem, 174 Philippines: and ASEAN, 150, 156; and Mindanao, 155; and Vietnam, 151 Pinheiro, Paulo Sergio, 65 Pipelines, 11, 89, 11718, 13839, 142 Pitsuwan, Surin, 16, 108, 154, 159 Poon Kim Shee, 129 Powell, Colin, 22 Pragmatic engagement policy, 17, 19, 2126, 167, 195200 Preah Vihear temple dispute, 156 Precolonial Myanmar, 102 Price stabilization, 79 Principle of noninterference, 15455, 158, 171, 177 Prodemocracy groups, 4243. See also National League for Democracy (NLD) Professional reconcilers, 57 Property development, 92 PTT Exploration and Production, 72 Qian Qichen, 151 Ranariddh, Norodom, 152, 153 Rao, Narasimha, 135 Rasgotra, M. K., 116 Razali, Tan Sri Ismail, 19, 6263 Reconciliation, 34, 3376; absence of dialogue explanations, 4043; and ASEAN, 59, 65; and China, 14, 64, 7172; and ethnic minorities, 4348; external actors role in, 6367, 6971; and globalization, 4, 7172; and India, 144; as internal challenge, 39; and NLD, 3440; peacemaking patterns and trends, 5254; reconciler proles, 5758; and Russia, 7172; SPDC approach to, 3440, 4348, 6769; and Thailand, 6566; thematic issues in, 5456; track-two approach to, 5863; and UN, 37, 6465, 72 Refugees, 2, 2122, 122, 168 Refugees International, 14 Regime security, 55 Religious differences, 5 Resource curse, 10 Rice, Condoleezza, 22, 160, 181 Rice sector, 10, 77. See also Agriculture Rieffel, Lex, 1 Ri Gyong Go, 182 Risk-sharing arrangements, 82 Roadmap to democracy, 8, 33, 37, 161, 167 Ruili economic boom, 9193 Rural economic development, 7785 Russia: arms sales to Myanmar, 130; and ASEAN, 151; and Myanmars nuclear ambitions, 144, 187, 188; reconciliation role of, 7172; regime ties with, 67

Index 211
Saffron Revolt (2007), 2223, 64, 124 Sanctions: Aung San Suu Kyis offers to work on lifting, 34, 43; under Bush administration, 2223; and Chinas Myanmar policies, 119, 121; effect of, 2022, 145; and oil and gas revenues, 104; and U.S. pragmatic engagement policy, 198; and Vietnam, 174 Sao Shwe Thaik, 44 Saran, Shyam, 135 Save the Children, 14 Saw Bo Mya, 58, 66 Seabed Test Ban Treaty (1972), 144 Security cooperation: and Chinas Myanmar policies, 114, 120; and Indias Myanmar policies, 12223, 13940 Selth, Andrew, 18, 181 Severino, Rudolfo, 167 Sihanouk, Norodom, 153 Singapore: and ASEAN, 101, 150, 17374; cross-border trade with, 124; economic development in, 102; investment in Myanmar, 105; on U.S. policy shift, 170 Singh, Dato Ajit, 152 Singh, Jaswant, 116, 123 Singh, J. J., 140 Single-ocean strategy, 114 Siphandone, Khamtay, 152 SLORC. See State Law and Order Restoration Council Smuggling, 92, 114, 120 Soe Thane, 140 Soil depletion, 79 South China Sea, 156 Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone, 16, 152 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 151 South Korea, investment in Myanmar, 105 Sovereign equality principle, 15556, 158 SPDC. See State Peace and Development Council State collapse scenario, 13, 1079 State Department (U.S.), 18990. See also specic representatives State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC): and 1990 elections, 1, 7; antinarcotics campaign by, 12; creation of, 35; and reconciliation, 6, 40, 88 State Peace and Development Council (SPDC): and 2010 elections, 1; and ASEAN, 167; and ceasere agreements, 53; and China, 168; nuclear ambitions of, 170; reconciliation approach of, 6769; roadmap to democracy, 8, 33, 37, 161, 167 Status quo scenario, 13, 10304 Storey, Ian, 168 String of Pearls strategy (China), 15 Substitute crops, 12728 Sukma, Rizal, 172 Superpowers, reconciliation role of, 6364. See also specic countries Supreme Sangha Council, 6 Tatmadaw: and 1990 elections, 67; and 2008 constitution, 55; Karen National Union clashes with, 171; and Kokang ethnic minority, 23, 167, 168; and military cooperation, 141; and reconciliation, 3, 4, 5354, 56, 63 Tax evasion, 91 Technical assistance, 27 Technology as driver of change, 107 Termsak Chalermpalanupap, 1617, 150 Thailand: and ASEAN, 2, 150, 156, 168, 17172; cross-border trade with, 91, 124; economic development in, 102; and ethnic minorities in Myanmar, 6; investment in Myanmar, 105; reconciliation role of, 6566; and refugees from Myanmar, 22; and status quo scenario, 110; and Vietnam, 151 Thaksin Shinawatra, 66, 155, 171 Than Shwe: and ASEAN, 16, 152; and Aung San Suu Kyi, 37, 38, 39, 43, 171; and Indias Myanmar policies, 122, 126, 136; and intelligence corps, 41; and military cooperation, 141; and National Convention, 60; and regime security, 55; and Singapore, 173; and U.S. policy shift, 24, 197 Than Tun, 61 Thathay Chaung hydropower project, 139 Thein Sein, 24, 16061, 17576 Thein Swe, 62 Thiha Thura Tin Aung Myint Oo, 141 Thura Shwe Mann, 41, 182, 186 Tilly, Charles, 68 Timber sector, 10, 11 Tourism, 88, 92, 106 Track-two initiative, 5863, 66

212 Index
Trade: with China, 12; cross-border trade, 86100; gemstone, 9192; and Indias Myanmar policies, 15, 138; narcotics, 12; with Singapore, 173; in Southeast Asia, 102 Training programs: for agricultural sector, 83; for security cooperation, 123, 141, 18283 Trans-Asian Railway Project, 140 Transport costs, 79, 83 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (1992), 15152, 159 Tripartite Core Group, 109, 162, 174 Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline, 117 Two-ocean strategy, 114 Tyagi, S. P., 123 U Nu: and ASEAN, 150; and Buddhism as state religion, 5; and India, 15, 134; and U.S. economic aid, 21 U Thaung, 177, 197 U Tin Oo, 39, 61 Ung Huat, 153 Union Election Commission Law, 176 United Liberation Front of Assam, 123, 141 United Nations: diplomatic efforts, 1920; Food and Agriculture Organization, 78; High Commissioner for Refugees, 168; and Myanmars nuclear ambitions, 2, 177; and reconciliation, 37, 6465, 72; and state collapse scenario, 108; technical assistance from, 27; and U.S. pragmatic engagement policy, 199200 United Nations Development Program, 108 United States: and ASEAN policy toward Myanmar, 15961, 16869, 17577; Bush (G. W.) administration policies, 2223; and Chinas diplomatic overtures for Myanmar, 121; economic aid from, 21; funding of anticommunist forces, 5; humanitarian relief from, 19899; pragmatic engagement policy, 17, 19, 2126, 167, 195200; recommendations for, 2527; and reconciliation, 4, 6667; and sanctions, 2223, 145; and Vietnam, 151 United Wa State Army, 64, 69 U.S. Agency for International Development, 23 Vatikiotis, Michael, 13, 101 Vietnam: and ASEAN, 16, 156, 17475; political culture of, 107; and U.S. policy, 151 Vision 2020 (ASEAN), 15657 Wahid, Abdurrahman, 105 Webb, Jim, 24, 89, 90, 171, 188 Wen Jiabao, 124 World Bank, 27, 108, 109 World Health Organization, 103 Yeo, George, 16970, 173 Yettaw, John, 39 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 2, 172 Yunnan province, 8788

of any Southeast Asian nation after World War II. In the years since, however, it has dropped to the bottom of the worlds socioeconomic ladder. The grossly misruled nationofcially known as Myanmaris in the midst of a political transition based on a new constitution and its rst multiparty elections in twenty years. That transition, together with a recent change in U.S. policy, prompted this book. Two military dictators have ruled Myanmar with an iron st for nearly fty years. A popular uprising in 1988 was brutally suppressed, but it forced the generals to hold an election in 1990. When an anti-regime party led by Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi won by a landside, however, the generals rejected the results, put Suu Kyi under house arrest for most of two decades, and continued to exploit the countrys abundant resources for their own benet while depriving citizens of basic services. Years of Western sanctions had no measurable impact, but in 2009 the Obama administration adopted a new policy of pragmatic engagement, encouraging greater respect of democratic principles and human rights as a basis for eventual removal of sanctions. This thoughtful volume examines Burma today primarily through the eyes of its ASEAN partners, its superpower neighbors China and India, and its own people. It provides insights into the overarching problem of national reconciliation, the strategic competition between China and India, the role of ASEAN, and the underperforming, resource-cursed economy.
CONTRIBUTORS

Burma had the brightest prospects

David Dapice, Tufts University Xiaolin Guo, Institute for Security & Development Policy (Stockholm) Gurmeet Kanwal, Centre for Land Warfare Studies (New Delhi) Kyaw Yin Hlaing, City University of Hong Kong Li Chenyang, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies and Yunnan University (Kunming) Maung Zarni, London School of Economics Pavin Chachavalpongpun, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (Singapore) Andrew Selth, Grifth University (Brisbane) Termsak Chalermpalanupap, ASEAN Secretariat (Jakarta) Michael Vatikiotis, Henry Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (Singapore) LEX RIEFFEl is a nonresident senior fellow in Global Economy and Development at the Brookings Institution. KONRAD ADENAUER FOUNDATION Washington, D.C. www.kasusa.org BROOKINGS INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. www.brookings.edu