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COURSE 15

Lets get Organised


Reading1 1 Skim read the article below, ignoring the missing paragraphs. What is the main issue discussed in the article? Choose a, b, or c. a how to cut down the amount of rubbish we produce b how to reduce the cost of rubbish disposal c how to encourage people to recycle rubbish Garbage in, Garbage out Some rituals of modern domestic li ing ary little throughout the de eloped world! One such is the municipal refuse collection" usually once a wee#, your rubbish bags or the contents of your bin disappear into the bowels of a special lorry and are carted away to the local tip! $1% &&&& 'et the marginal cost of rubbish disposal is not (ero at all! )he more people throwaway, the more rubbish collectors and truc#s are needed, and the more the local council has to pay in landfill and tipping fees! $*%&&&& +ut as ,on -ullerton and )homas .innaman, two /merican economists, ha e found, this seemingly easy application of economic sense to an e eryday problem has surprisingly intricate and sometimes disappointing results! $0%&&&& 1n the paper published last year 2essrs -ullerton and .innaman studied the effects of one such scheme, introduced in 3uly 144* in Charlottes ille, 5irginia, a town of about 67,777 people! Residents were charged 87 cents for each stic#er! )his may sound li#e the sensible use of mar#et forces! 1n fact, the authors conclude, the scheme9s benefits did not co er the cost of printing stic#ers, the stic#er:sellers9 commissions, and the wages of the people running the scheme!
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)ricia /spinall, /nette Capel, Advanced Masterclasss CAE Workbook, O;ford Uni ersity <ress, *77=, p! =*:==

$6%&&&& )his is inefficient" compacting is done better by machines at landfill sites than by indi iduals, howe er enthusiastically! )he weight of rubbish collected in Charlottes ille $a better indicator of disposal costs than olume% fell by a modest 16>! $5%&&&& )he one bright spot in all this seems to ha e been a 15> increase in the weight of materials recycled, suggesting that people chose to recycle free rather than pay to ha e their refuse carted away! +ut the fee may ha e little to do with the growth in recycling, as many citi(ens were already participating in Charlottes ille9s oluntary recycling scheme! $=%&&&& 1ntricate economic models are often needed to sort the out! /nd sometimes, the results of this rummaging do not smell sweet! / )rue, the number of bags or cans collected did fall sharply, by 0?> between 2ay and September 144*, +ut rather than buy more tags, people simply crammed more garbage : about 67> more : into each container! + )his loo#s li#e most basic of economic misunderstanding" if rubbish disposal is free, people will produce too much rubbish! )he ob ious economic solution is to ma#e households pay the marginal cost of disposing of their waste! )hat will gi e them an incenti e to throw out less and recycle more! C 1n the past few years se eral /merican towns and cities ha e started charging households for generating rubbish! )he commonest system is to sell stic#ers or tags which householders attach to rubbish bags or cans! Only bags with these labels are pic#ed up in the wee#ly collection! , )his would be foolish to generali(e from this one case, but the moral is clear" economic incenti es sometimes produce unforeseen responses! )o discourage dumping, for instance, local councils might spend more or catching litterers, or raise for littering, or cut the price of legitimate rubbish collection! E @ess pleasing still, some people resorted to illegal dumping rather than pay to ha e their rubbish remo ed! )his is hard to measure directly, +ut the authors, obser ing that a few households in the sample stopped putting rubbish out, guess that illegal dumping may account for 07 : 67> of the *

reduction in collected rubbish! - ,oes all this mean that the idea of charging households for the rubbish they generate is draftA Bot at all" free disposal, after all, is surely too cheap! +ut the effects of seemingly simple policies are often comple;! G )o economists, this ceremony is peculiar, because in most places it is free! 'es, households pay for the ser ice out of local ta;es! +ut at the margin the price is (ero" the fatnily that f1lls four bins with rubbish each wee# pays no more than the elderly couple that fills one! ocabular! 1 1n the article abo e you came across the words inefficient and misunderstanding! Cow do the prefi;es, in- and mis-, change the meaning of these wordsA * -rom the list below choose the words which can combine with either in or mis! e;perience interpretation fortune con enience correct print management treated competent definite

0 Complete the sentences below with an appropriate word from the list with its correct prefi;! 1! )he guarantee does not co er damage resulting from &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& use! *! )he parcel was not deli ered on time and this caused me great &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&! 0! /s a direct result of the director9s &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& the company went ban#rupt! 6! +ecause the memo was unclear it was open to &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&! 5! )om was criticised for his&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& handling of the problem! =! 1 noticed a &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& when 1 was reading through the article! ?! )hey had the &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& to be hit by a se ere storm! 8! )he manager is away for an &&&&&&&& period! 4! Ce hadn9t been dri ing ery long so the accident was largely due to his &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&! 17! )he wor#ers went on stri#e because one of their colleagues was being&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !

"nglish in #se 1 Read the following e;tract from an article about mo ing house, ignoring the spaces! 2o ing house is a particularly stressful e ent! Dhat does the article suggest you should do to minimi(e stressA * Bow read the article again and choose the best phrase gi en on the right it to fill in each of the blan#s! Drite one letter $/:.% in the blan#! Some of the suggested answers do not fit at all! )he e;ercise begins with an e;ample! $ % C & " ' ( ) * + , /rrange your mo ing date Cassle can be a oided Dith mo ing house 1tEs worth as#ing the remo al company )he remo al firm will pro ide 'ou should get cost Fuotations 1f you pac# yourself 1f you are concerned So this means that forward planning 'ou will probably be e;pected )he first, and most important, step 2a#ing /ll )he Right 2o es 1t is a well:documented fact that mo ing house can be a stressful e ent! $7%&&C& the more control you ha e, the less an;iety you will e;perience! $1 % &&&&& , #eeping yourself informed, and good organi(ation are absolutely crucial! $*% &&&&& by ta#ing three simple steps" hiring a reputable mo ing companyG stating what is reFuired, preferably in writingG and planning your mo e li#e a military operation! $0% &&&&& is choosing your remo als company : personal recommendation is often best! $6% &&&&&from at least two companies $they should be free%! <rices can ary by se eral hundred pounds for e;actly the same Hob! $5% &&&&& ideally around four wee#s in ad ance, and confirm this in writing with the remo als company! $=% &&&&&to ta#e care of the pac#ing! /fter all, they do it e ery day and are li#ely to do a perfectly decent Hob! $?% &&&&& any damage or loss may not be co ered by the remo al company9s insurance unless they ha e been clearly negligent : which could be hard to pro e! 6

0 Read the article below, ignoring the spaces, and decide on the title! a! 2ission 1mpossible b! Cousehold 2anagement c! Grand Strategy I E ery head of household should stri e to be cheerful, and should ne er fail to show a deep interest in the well:being of those who claim the protection of her roof!J )hus spo#e 1sabella +eeton, whose pioneering J+oo# of Cousehold 2anagementJ $7%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&generations of women how to run the not:for:profit small businesses that were 5ictorian homes! <ublished in 18=1 when she was in her early twenties, the boo# was a $1% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&best: seller" =7,777 copies sold in its first year! +ut 2rs +eeton had not learnt her management $*% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&in large corporations! Stephen Co ey, a successful management guru, already has a best:seller to his $0% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&" his tome on J)he ? habits of Cighly Effecti e <eopleJ has sold ?m copies! Bow, going one better than 2rs +eeton, he has Hust published a boo# on J)he ? Cabits of Cighly Effecti e -amiliesJ which applies $6% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&of good corporate management to, as the sub:title puts it, Jbuilding a beautiful family culture in a turbulent worldJ! 2r Co ey $5% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&the family $he is in the 14th century league, with nine children%G 2rs +eeton was mainly concerned with rules for organi(ing the 5 to 05 full:time resident employees that her readers would $=% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&ha e had to deploy! +oth stress the need for clear guidance! J)o ha e a sense of $?% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&is one of the most effecti e things a family can accomplishG9 says 2r Co ey! Ce is $8% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&on family mission statements and regular meetings to discuss its common $4% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&! Other management e;perts see ways to $17% the rules of the boardroom in the #itchen! J2en tend to $11% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&as non:e;ecuti e chairman in the home,J says Cary Cooper of the Uni ersity of 2anchester 1nstitute of Science and )echnology! JDomen usually carry out the human resources management $1*% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&! +ut most management gurus are male! <erhaps it is time for another 2rs +eeton to $10 % &&&&&&&&&&&&&&the principles learnt in the home to the corporate world! Robin Densley, a management professor who has analysed 2rs +eeton9s approach, points out that her emphasis was on $16% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&operational control! )he grand Fuestions of strategy that $15% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&most gurus are, he says, often irrele ant for corporate managers! /s 2rs +eeton nearly said, J-irst, catch your hare!J $057 words% 5

7 / disciplined 1! / runaway *! / manners 0! / title 6! / beliefs

+ taught + runner + facilities + honour + principles

C coached C running C techniFues C fame Claws C impresses C con entionally C purpose C forceful C ambitions C fit C wor# C duty C increase C precise C preser e

, presented , rundown , procedures , name , codes , strengthens , typically , point , #een , ends , practice , play , function , reach , e;act , preoccupy

5! / emphasi(es + focuses =! / essentially + characteristically ?! / aim 4! / obHects 17! / apply 11! / manage 1*! / business 10! / continues 16! / accurate 15! / prepare GR/22/R + intention + goals + try + operate + Hob + e;tend + definite + prescribe 8! / enthusiastic + intense

-odals. past "/planations0 Had to and must have Had to is the past form of must and refers to a past obligation! Sorry I'm late, I had to post some letters )he negati e form is didn't !ave to and refers to an absence of obligation! Must !ave refers to past certainty! $see below% Should have and ought to have Dhere "s!ould appears, oug!t to is also possible! K E;pectation
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2ichael 5ince, <eter Sunderland, Advanced #anguage $ractice, O;ford, 2acmillan, *770, p! ?*:??

S!ould !ave refers to something which was supposed to happen! %!e &arcel I sent you *should have arrived by no' K Criticism of an action (ou *shouldn't have eaten so muc! last nig!t S!ould !ave and erbs of thin#ing )he past form kne' in the e;ample is an unreal erb form, and the s!ould !ave form is used according to 9seFuence of erb forms9! See Grammar 4! I should have thought you kne' K Dith be and adHecti es describing chance It 'as strange t!at you should have been staying in t!e same !otel last yeti K /s a polite e;pression of than#s on recei ing a gift or a fa our I've done t!e 'as!ing u& for you : )!, you really shouldn't have* )he intonation should be friendly, as this is not a criticism! Could have + Could !ave refers to past possibility or uncertainty! ,avid could have won t!e race if !e !ad tried $possibilityLability% It could have been Sue, I su&&ose $uncertainty% + Couldn't !ave can be used with comparati e adHecti es! We couldn't have been happier in t!ose days + Could !ave can also e;press unwillingness! S!e could have gone to t!e &arty 'it! !er friends $but she didn9t% We couldn't have left t!e dog on its o'n $so we didn9t% Could + Could refers to past permission or past ability! W!en I 'as si-teen I could stay out till .. // $1 was allowed to%! Mary could swim '!en s!e 'as t!ree $she actually did% K Compare" Mary could have swum '!en s!e 'as t!ree $but she didn9t% May have and might have + Mig!t !ave refers to past possibility which did not happen! (ou might have drowned* + Mig!t !ave and may !ave refer to uncertainty! I su&&ose I may have been rat!er critical ?

K +oth can be used in the negati e to e;press uncertainty! %!ey might not have received our letter yet Mig!t !ave is used to e;press annoyance at someone9s failure to do something! )here is strong stress on the words underlined! (ou might have told me my trousers 'ere s&lit* I mig!t !ave kno'n
+

'ould is an idiom by which the spea#er e;presses ironically that an action was

typical of someone else! I might have known t!at !e 'ould be late


/" It

'as 0ack '!o broke t!e vase

+" I

might have known*

K )hese refer to the spea#er9s certainty about a past action! Must have and cant have Someone must have taken it $1 am sure they did% (ou can't have lost it $1 am sure you didn9t% K +oth can also be used with surely in e;clamations! Surely you can't have eaten all of it* Surely you must have noticed it* ould not K )his e;presses an unwillingness in the past! Everyone 'as angry because Sam wouldn't turn off t!e television ould have + Would !ave can refer to e ents in the past which did not actually happen! I would have accepted t!is 1ob, but I didn't 'ant to move !ouse K /ssumptions about the past are also possible with 'ould !ave
/" Someone

called after you left but didn't leave a message !eddnt have and didnt need to

+" %!at would have been Cat!y, &robably 2eedn't !ave done refers to an unnecessary action which was actually done! (ou needn't have paid all at once $you did pay% ,idn't need to refers to an unnecessary action which was not done! I didn't need to go to t!e dentist again, luckily $d1erbs and modals /d erbs such as 'ell, easily, obviously, really, 1ust are often used to emphasise modal e;pressions, in both present and past time! 8

(ou could easily !ave been killed I mig!t well decide to come S!e obviously must !ave left (ou couldn't really !ave managed 'it!out me I mig!t "ust take you u& on t!at 2ractice 1 #nderline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. a! )hat can't !ave been3s!ouldn't !ave been Bic# that you saw! b! 'ou must !ave given3mig!t !ave given me a handM c! 1 caught a later train because 1 !ad to see3must !ave seen a client! d! 1 suppose +ill s!ould !ave lost3mig!t !ave lost his way! e! 1 didn9t refuse the ca#e, as it s!ould !ave been3'ould !ave been rude! f! 1 don9t #now who rang, but it could !ave been3must !ave been 3im! g! 1t was odd that you s!ould !ave boug!t3'ould !ave boug!t the same car! h! 1 as#ed them to lea e but they mig!t not3'ouldn't go! i! 1t9s a pity you didn9t as# because 1 can't !el&3could !ave !el&ed you! H! 1t9s your own fault, you can't !ave3s!ouldn't !ave gone to bed so late! 0 Complete each sentence using one o3 the phrases 3rom the bo/. can9t ha e shouldn9t ha e may ha e can9t ha e didn9t need to shouldn9t ha e must ha e may not ha e shouldnEt ha e ought to ha e

a! 'ou and your big mouthM 1t was supposed to be a secret! 'ou &&&shouldnEt ha e &&&told herM b! )he plane is late! 1t &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& landed by now! c! 'ou &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& met my brother! 1 ha en9t got oneM d! )here is only one e;planation! 'ou &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& left your #eys on the bus! e! 'ou &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& heard me right! 1 definitely said *765*5! f! )he meat is a bit burnt! 'ou &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& coo#ed it for so long! g! 19m sorry! 1 accept 1 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& been a little bit rude! h! 'ou really &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ta#en so much trouble o er me! i! Das it really necessaryA 'ou &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& tell the police, you #now! 4

H! .eep your fingers crossedM )he traffic warden &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& noticed the car9s par#ing tic#et has run outM 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the 3irst sentence, using the word gi1en. &o not change the word gi1en. 1! 1t wouldn9t ha e been right to lea e you to do all the wor# on your own! couldn9t 1 NcouldnEt ha e left you to do N!all the wor# on your own! *! <erhaps they didn9t notice the tyre was flat! might )hey Nmight ha e noticed that N the tyre was flat! 0! /ll that trouble 1 went to wasn9t necessary in the end! needn9t 1NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN all that trouble! 6! /pparently someone has borrowed the cassette player! ha e Someone NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNthe cassette player! 5! 19m disappointed that you didn9t bac# me upM might 'ou NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNme upM =! Our worrying so much was a waste of time! needn9t De NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNso much! ?! 1t9s Hust not possible for the cat to ha e opened the fridge! possibly )he cat NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNthe fridge! 8! 1t would ha e been possible for Celen to ta#e us in her car! could Celen NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNus a lift! 4! 1t9s possible that the last person to lea e didn9t loc# the door! might )he last person NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNthe door unloc#ed! 17! School uniform wasn9t compulsory at my school! wear De NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNschool uniform at my school!

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