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Chapter 6
Problem 6.24 (a) With a single delta-v maneuver, the earth orbit of a satellite is to be changed from a
circle of radius 15 000 km to a collinear ellipse with perigee altitude of 500 km and apogee radius of 22000
km. Calculate the magnitude of the required delta-v and the change in the flight path angle .
(b) What is the minimum total delta-v if the orbit change is accomplished instead by a Hohmann transfer?
3
vA
v
2
15 000 km
A
2
vA
2
1
Common apse
line
Earth
22 000 km
6878 km
Solution
rA = rC = rE = 15 000 km
rB = 22 000 km
rD = 6878 km
(a)
Orbit 1:
vA =
1
=
rA
398 600
= 5.155 km s
15 000
A1 = 0
Orbit 2:
r r
22 000 6878
e2 = B D =
= 0.5237
rB + rD 22 000 + 6878
h2 = 2
rB rD
22 000 6878
= 2 398 600
= 64 630 km 2 s
rB + rD
22 000 + 6878
h 2
1
rA = 2
1 + e2 cos A
15 000 =
64 630 2
1
A = 125.1
398 600 1 + 0.5237 cos A
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Solutions Manual
vA
vA
Chapter 6
)r = h2 e2 sin A =
398 600
0.5237 sin 125.1 = 2.641 km s
64 630
)2
vA = vA
+ vA
= 4.309 2 + 2.6412 = 5.054 km s
2
2
2 r
vA
2.641
2 r
A = tan 1
= tan 1
= 0.5499 A = 31.51
2
2
vA
4.309
2
)
)
A = A A = 31.51 0 = 31.51
2
1
rE rB
15 000 22 000
= 2 398 600
= 84 320 km 2 s
rE + rB
15 000 + 22 000
h3 = 2
vE = vA = 5.155 km s
1
1
h
84 320
vE = 3 =
= 5.621 km s
3
rE 15 000
h
84 320
vB = 3 =
= 3.833 km s
3
rB 22 000
h
64 630
vB = 2 =
= 2.938 km s
2
rB 22 000
vtotal = vE vE + vB vB = 0.4665 + 0.985 = 1.362 km s
3
1
2
3
Try Hohmann transfer (orbit 4) from point C on orbit 1 to point D on orbit 2.
15 000 6878
rC rD
= 2 398 600
= 61 310 km 2 s
rC + rD
15 000 + 6878
h4 = 2
vC = vA = 5.155 km s
1
h
61 310
vC = 4 =
= 4.088 km s
4
rC 15 000
h
61 310
vD = 4 =
= 8.914 km s
4
rD
6878
h
64 630
vD = 2 =
= 9.397 km s
4
rD
6878
vtotal = vC vC + vD vD = 1.067 + 0.4824 = 1.55 km s
4
1
2
4
This is larger than the total computed above; thus for minimum Hohmann transfer
v = 1.362 km s
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Solutions Manual
Chapter 6
Problem 6.25 An earth satellite has a perigee altitude of 1270 km and a perigee speed of 9 km/s. It is
required to change its orbital eccentricity to 0.4, without rotating the apse line, by a delta-v maneuver at
= 100 . Calculate the magnitude of the required v and the change in flight path angle .
Solution
Orbit 1:
rperigee = 6378 + 1270 = 7648 km
1
vperigee = 9 km s
1
rperigee =
1
7648 =
h1
1
1 + e1
68 8322 1
e1 = 0.5542
398 600 1 + e1
68 832 2
h12
1
1
=
= 13 150 km
1 + e1 cos 398 600 1 + 0.5542 cos100
68 832
h
v1 = 1 =
= 5.234 km s
r
13150
r=
v1 r =
398600
e sin =
0.5542 sin 100 = 3.16 km s
h1 1
68 832
1 = tan 1
v1r
3.16
= tan 1
= 31.13
v1
5.234
Orbit 2:
e2 = 0.4
h2
1
r= 2
1 + e 2 cos
h22
1
h2 = 69 840 km 2 s
398 600 1 + 0.4 cos100
69 840
h
v2 = 2 =
= 5.311 km s
r
13150
13150 =
v2 r =
398600
e2 sin =
0.4 sin 100 = 2.248 km s
h2
69 840
2 = tan 1
Howard D. Curtis
v2 r
1 2.248
= tan
= 22.94
v2
5.767
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Solutions Manual
Chapter 6
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Solutions Manual
Chapter 6
Problem 6.29 At point A on its earth orbit, the radius, speed and flight path angle of a satellite are
rA = 12 756 km , vA = 6.5992 km/s and A = 20 . At point B, at which the true anomaly is 150, an
impulsive maneuver causes v = +0.75820 km/s and vr = 0 .
(a) What is the time of flight from A to B?
(b) What is the rotation of the apse line as a result of this maneuver?
2
B
P2
A
150
P1
Solution
Orbit 1:
vA
e sin A
h1 1
2.25706 =
398 600
e sin A
79102.8 1
e1 sin A = 0.447917
h2
1
rA = 1
1 + e1 cos A
12 756 =
79102.8 2
1
398 600 1 + e1 cos A
e1 cos A = 0.230641
sin A =
e1 = 0.50381
0.447917
= 0.889 058
0.50381
A = 62.755 2 or A = 117.235
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Solutions Manual
Chapter 6
h1
2
2
1 e 2
1
T1 =
2
=
398 600 2
79102.8
1 0.503812
= 30 368.2 s
1 e
1 0.50381
62.7552
1 tan A = 2 tan 1
EA = 2 tan 1
tan
= 0.67392
2
2
1 + 0.50381
1 + e1
From Keplers equation, the corresponding mean anomaly is
tA =
MA
0.35951
T1 =
30 368 = 1737.6 s
2
2
1 e
1 0.50381
150
1 tan B = 2 tan 1
EB = 2 tan 1
tan
= 2.2687
2
2
1 + 0.50381
1 + e1
Thus
tB =
MB
1.8826
T1 =
30368 = 9099.2 s
2
2
h2
79102.8 2
1
1
rB = 1
=
= 27 848.9 km
1 + e1 cos B
398 600 1 + 0.50381cos150
(1)
vB
vB
)1 = h1 e1 sin B
(2)
398 600
0.50381 sin 150 = 1.26945 km s
79102.8
vB = 0.75820 km s
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(3)
(4)
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Solutions Manual
Chapter 6
vBr = 0
(5)
(6)
( )=
tan B
vB
v
B
) + v
1
) + v
v
Br
) + v
1
e cos + 2 v
B1
1
B
Br
vB
rB
+ vB
( )
tan B =
2
( ) = 3.3521
tan B
B = 73.389 or 106.612
2
According to Equation (6) above, the spacecraft is flying away from perigee on orbit 2, so 0 B 180 .
2
Therfore,
B = 106.612
2
This means
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Solutions Manual
Chapter 6
Problem 6.40 With a single impulsive maneuver, an earth satellite changes from a 400 km circular orbit
inclined at 60 to an elliptical orbit of eccentricity e = 0.5 with an inclination of 40. Calculate the
minimum required delta-v.
Solution
For the circular orbit
v1 =
=
r
398 600
= 7.668 km s
6778
h 2 1
r= 2
1 e2
6778 =
h2 2
1
h2 = 36 750 km 2 s
398 600 1 0.5
Then
rperigee =
36 7502
h2 2 1
1
=
= 2259 km
1 + e2 398 600 1 + 0.5
which is inside the earth. So the maneuver cannot occur at apogee. Assume it occurs at perigee.
r=
6778 =
h2
1
1 + e2
h22
1
h2 = 63 660 km 2 s
398 600 1 + 0.5
63 660
h
v2 = 2 =
= 9.392 km s
r
6778
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Solutions Manual
Chapter 6
Problem 6.44 A spacecraft is in a 300 km circular parking orbit. It is desired to increase the altitude to
600 km and change the inclination by 20. Find the total delta-v required if
(a) The plane change is made after insertion into the 600 km orbit (so that there are a total of three
delta-v burns).
(b) If the plane change and insertion into the 600 km orbit are accomplished simultaneously (so
that the total number of delta-v burns is two).
(c) The plane change is made upon departing the lower orbit (so that the total number of delta-v
burns is two).
Solution
The initial and target orbits are 1 and 2, respectively, and 3 is the transfer orbit.
r1 = 6678 km
=
r1
v1 =
398 600
= 7.726 km s
6678
r2 = 6978 km
=
r2
v2 =
a3 =
398 600
= 7.558 km s
6978
r1 + r2 6678 + 6978
=
= 6828 km
2
2
1
2 1
2
vperigee = = 398 600
= 7.810 km s
6678 6828
3
r1 a3
1
1
2
2
vapogee = = 398 600
= 7.474 km s
3
6978 6828
r2 a3
(a)
i
v = vperigee v1 + v2 vapogee + 2 v2 sin
3
3
2
20
= ( 7.810 7.726 ) + ( 7.558 7.474 ) + 2 7.558 sin
2
= 0.0844 + 0.083 48 + 2.625 = 2.793 km s
) (
(b)
v = vperigee v1 + vapogee
3
2
3
+ v2 2 2vapogee v2 cos i
3
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Chapter 6
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