J UDI TH MI LLER

TI PS AND TRICKS TO HELP

YOU FI ND THE REAL DEAL
ANTI QUES
INVESTIGATOR
ANTI QUES
INVESTIGATOR
J UDI TH MI LLER
ANTI QUES
INVESTIGATOR
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,
MUNICH, and DELHI
A joint production from DK and
THE PRICE GUIDE COMPANY
DORLING KINDERSLEY LIMITED
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Mark Hill
Alycen Mitchell
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The Price Guide Company (UK) Ltd
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First American Edition 2007
First paperback edition 2009
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TD222June 2009
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Li|e many people I

q|ew up in a home
wiLhouL any anLique
o| a|L. My pa|enL we|e
pa|L ol Lhe I50
Fo|mica qene|aLion
who wanLed eve|yLhinq
Lo be new and
mode|n. NoL only did my moLhe| qeL |id ol all my
q|andpa|enL' poeion-he p|oudly paid
people Lo come and La|e Lhem away.
Foweve|, I became lacinaLed by old Lhinq
and du|inq my LudenL day in Edinbu|qh in Lhe
Io0 I beqan collecLinq p|eLLy plaLe I lound in
jun| hop lo| a penny each. I |new LhaL Lhey
we|e old buL whe|e Lhey came l|om and when Lhey
we|e made wa a myLe|y boLh Lo me and Lo Lhe
hop|eepe| I bouqhL Lhem l|om. WiLh no one Lo
Lell me whaL Lo loo| ouL lo| I imply bouqhL whaL
I li|ed and could allo|d (alway a qood |ule lo|
Lhe beqinne|).
BuL, when I La|Led qoinq Lo aucLion a lew
yea| laLe|, lile became a loL mo|e conluinq. Why
did Lhe deale| La|e d|awe| ouL and Lu|n Lhem
ove|` Why we|e Lhey biLinq piece ol po|celain`
WhaL did Lhey ee when Lhey held qla up Lo
Lhe liqhL` Why did Lhey b|eaLhe on ilve| ma||`
Why did Lhey upeL a doll' hai|Lyle Lo examine
he| nec|`
I needed Lo lind a way in Lo Lhi ec|eL wo|ld
buL whe|e hould I beqin` I needed Lo become an
anLique inveLiqaLo|.
The|e we|e no boo| lo| Lhe beqinne| in Lhoe
day and o I copied whaL Lhe deale| did, and
a|ed queLion ol anLique deale| I had qoL
Lo |now, Lo help me Lo unde|Land Lhe L|anqe
behaviou| I had een. LiLLle by liLLle I pieced
LoqeLhe| Lhe evidence needed Lo lind Lhe clue
and idenLily my upecL.
Now Lhe|e a|e many boo|, maqazine, and Tv
p|oq|am abouL anLique and collecLinq. Foweve|,
anyone La|Linq ouL in Lhe lield need a L|uLed
companion Lo help Lhem olve any anLique cae.
I hope LhaL Lhi boo| become juL LhaL.
0entents
InL|oducLion B-II
Styles and mevements
Ba|oque and Rococo I2
Neoclaical I4
ILh-cenLu|y |evival Io
A|L & C|alL and A|L Nouveau IB
A|L 0eco and Mode|nim 20
Furnture
InL|oducLion Lo chai| and ola 24
The b|ielnq. Loo|inq aL chai| 2o
The inLe||oqaLion. Ea|ly IBLh-cenLu|y chai| 2B
The p|ime upecL. Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
a|mchai| 0
The p|ime upecL. Loui XvI
and CuLavian chai| 2
The lineup. IBLh-cenLu|y chai| 4
The inLe||oqaLion. Chippendale chai| o
The lineup. Neoclaical ola B
InL|oducLion Lo Lable 40
The b|ielnq. Loo|inq aL Lable 42
The inLe||oqaLion. Rococo Lable 44
The lineup. IBLh-cenLu|y Lable 4o
The inLe||oqaLion. TilL-Lop Lable 4B
The inLe||oqaLion. A|L & C|alL Lable 50
InL|oducLion Lo Lo|aqe lu|niLu|e 52
The b|ielnq. Loo|inq aL Lo|aqe lu|niLu|e 54
The inLe||oqaLion. Fiqh cheL 5o
The p|ime upecL. FainLed cheL o0
The lineup. FainLed lu|niLu|e o2
0eramcs
InL|oducLion Lo ce|amic oo
The b|ielnq. Loo|inq aL ce|amic oB
The b|ielnq. IdenLilyinq ce|amic deco|aLion 70
The p|ime upecL. 0ellLwa|e 72
The p|ime upecL. Maiolica 74
The lineup. Eu|opean laience 7o
The p|ime upecL. SLonewa|e 7B
The p|ime upecL. ILh-cenLu|y SLallo|dhi|e
lqu|e B0
The inLe||oqaLion. Chinee ce|amic B2
The inLe||oqaLion. Chinee expo|L wa|e B4
The p|ime upecL. Ka|iemon and imiLaLion Bo
The inLe||oqaLion. SaLuma wa|e BB
The lineup. 0|ienLal ce|amic 0
The lineup. F|ench po|celain 2
The inLe||oqaLion. Meien 4
The lineup. Ce|man po|celain o
The p|ime upecL. ILh-cenLu|y po|celain plaque B
The inLe||oqaLion. A|L & C|alL vae I00
The lineup. A|L & C|alL ce|amic I02
The p|ime upecL. A|L 0eco lqu|e I04
The lineup. A|L 0eco ce|amic I0o
0lass
InL|oducLion Lo qla II0
7
0entents
The b|ielnq. IdenLilyinq qla deco|aLion II4
The inLe||oqaLion. Bohemian qla IIo
The p|ime upecL. Colo|ed qla IIB
The p|ime upecL. Applied and
painLed deco|aLion I20
The p|ime upecL. Fandblown and
molded qla I22
The lineup. CuL qla I24
The lineup. IBLh-cenLu|y wine qlae I2o
The p|ime upecL. Cameo and laux cameo qla I2B
The lineup. I|idecenL qla I0
The p|ime upecL. Lalique-|eal, la|e, o| copy` I2
The p|ime upecL. Mu|ano qla I4
The lineup. 20Lh-cenLu|y qla Io
Metalware
InL|oducLion Lo meLalwa|e I40
The b|ielnq. Loo|inq aL ilve| I42
The p|ime upecL. Neoclaical ilve| I44
The inLe||oqaLion. Silve|-plaLed candelab|a I4o
The lineup. Silve| boxe I4B
The lineup. 20Lh-cenLu|y ilve| I50
The lineup. 0Lhe| meLal I52
The lineup. A|L 0eco b|onze lqu|e I54
0ellectbles
InL|oducLion Lo collecLible I5B
The inLe||oqaLion. 0oll Io0
The p|ime upecL. Ce|man doll Io2
The lineup. 0oll Io4
The p|ime upecL. SLeill Leddy bea| Ioo
The lineup. Teddy bea| IoB
The lineup. Ivo|y and bone I70
The p|ime upecL. NeLu|e I72
The p|ime upecL. Sample| I74
The p|ime upecL. 0uilL I7o
The lineup. T|een I7B
The inLe||oqaLion. CoLume jewel|y eLLinq IB0
The lineup. CoLume jewel|y IB2
0empeste phetes
Wood Lype IBo
FedimenL IBB
Fandle I0
Chai| bac| I4
Leq 202
FeeL 204
MoLil 20o
Ce|amic ma|| 2I0
0|ienLal ma|| and |eqiL|aLion ma|| 2I4
Cla ma|| 2Io
Silve| ma|| 2IB
MeLal hape. CandleLic| 220
MeLal hape. Tea and collee poL 222
keseurces
Timeline 224
Cloa|y 22B
0eale| and aucLion houe 22
Index and ac|nowledqmenL 2o

8
1ntreducten
The|e a|e no ho|LcuL Lo becominq a |eal expe|L buL, L|uL
me, Lhe jou|ney i an enjoyable one. Thi boo| will Leach
you Lhe yLemaLic meLhod ol loo|inq aL piece.
The b|ielnq paqe explain how Lo qo abouL examininq
chai|, Lable, Lo|aqe lu|niLu|e, ce|amic, qla, and
meLalwa|e. You need a La|Linq poinL ol baic p|inciple.
Fow wa a piece conL|ucLed` Fow wa iL deco|aLed`
Wa iL hand-made o| machined` 0nce you have Lhi |ill,
you can compa|e piece, and The inLe||oqaLion paqe do
juL LhaL. SomeLime Lhe compa|ion i beLween imila|
piece l|om dille|enL counL|ie, oLhe| Lime Lhe example
a|e hiqh-qualiLy and inle|io|, o you can ee exacLly why
Lhe p|ice Laq dille|. While The inLe||oqaLion paqe loo|
aL Lwo example in q|eaL deLail, The p|ime upecL
paqe enla|qe Lhe picLu|e wiLh a lew mo|e upiciou
cha|acLe|. The lineup pa|ade a whole L|inq ol
accomplice. And Lhe CompoiLe phoLo ecLion nea| Lhe
end ol Lhe boo| help you Lo piece LoqeLhe| Lhe evidence
ol lu|niLu|e handle, leq, and leeL, ce|amic, meLal, and
qla ma||, and deco|aLive moLil.
Leek and learn
Would you have |nown LhaL
Lhi blue and whiLe double
qou|d vae, lined up on
paqe 0, i wo|Lh ove|
$5 million` The iniLiaLed will
poL Lhe clue.
The body i painLed in
TFE W0RL0 0F ANTI0uES ha alway been lull ol
myLe|y and inL|ique. My aim i Lo quide you paL Lhe
lale L|ail and how you how Lo conducL a Lho|ouqh
inpecLion and ound aemenL ol Lhe evidence-in ho|L,
Lo Leach you Lo be an anLique inveLiqaLo|.
unde|qlaze cobalL blue and Lhe ove|all qlaze ha a diLincL
blue/q|ay Linqe.
The painLinq ha a L|onq |hyLhm Lo iL and i bold.
The piece i Lhic|ly poLLed.
The bae i unqlazed wiLh a hallow-cuL b|oad looL-|im.
The|e a|e |uLy i|on oxide ma||inq on Lhe unqlazed
a|ea ol Lhe looL |im.
We have all hea|d Lhe Lo|ie ol people who have been
Laqqe|ed Lo dicove| LhaL omeLhinq Lhey ued daily wa
Mng bewl
Today Lhi piece ol Chinee
po|celain, ued daily a a
doq' waLe| bowl, would be
valued aL $20,000-24,000.
IL wa made abouL 400
yea| aqo.
Seven-Hgure value
0nce you a|e an anLique
inveLiqaLo| you will
unde|Land why Lhi
Chinee vae command
uch a hiqh value. Cauqe iL
c|edenLial on paqe 0.
Petental antque heaven
Wheneve| I open a cupboa|d doo| I qeL a Lh|ill ol anLicipaLion-I neve| |now
whaL I miqhL lnd. Will Lhe|e be an IBLh-cenLu|y Meien dinne| e|vice`
0| an A|L 0eco lqu|e` ThaL' Lhe joy ol beinq an anLique inveLiqaLo|.
9
1ntreduct en
in lacL a p|icele anLique. Ta|e Lhe lady whoe paniel
had a lavo|iLe waLe| bowl, which he laLe| lea|ned wa
laLe Minq (ee below lelL).
0atherng the evdence
Fandlinq anLique i Lhe way Lo qeL you| eye in-Lo
|ecoqnize when omeLhinq i noL quiLe |iqhL o|
alLe|naLively a |eal qem. When you have inpecLed
omeLhinq in deLail-qaLhe|ed you| clue-Land bac| and
loo| aL Lhe piece a a whole. InpecL Lhe poLenLial c|ime
cene in conLexL. WhaL loo| ouL ol place` WhaL doen'L lL
wiLh Lhe LaLemenL` WhaL could noL have been Lhe|e
when iL p|eLend Lo be` Ta|e noLhinq aL lace value. Lea|n
Lo idenLily honeL wea| and Lea| and iqn ol aqe. Ma|e
0enune 0all
I have een |ow ol o-called Lalique and Call vae lyinq in leld aL
anLique and collecLible how all ove| Lhe wo|ld. Civen how expenive
Lhe |eal deal i, i iL li|ely LhaL I would lnd wonde|lul piece ol a|L qla
li|e Lhe one above lyinq in a leld`
T00LS F0k 1NVEST10AT1VE W0kK
Maqnilyinq qla and loop Lo examine deLail on ilve|, ce|amic,
and qla
FlahliqhL-Lo chec| ouL Lhoe da|| co|ne|
Tape meau|e
NoLeboo|
Came|a
0uLe|
0iLilled waLe|-Lo qenLly clean (buL chec| wiLh Lhe owne| l|L')
Fo| aLLendinq aucLion, a cuhion and Lhe|mo la|
Fo| aLLendinq lea ma||eL and ya|d ale, waLe|p|ool jac|eL, and-
lo| Lhe opLimiLic'-comly hoe, and Lhe|mal/unc|een
Buldng up the clues
Thi commode p|ovide plenLy ol clue.
Lhe qenLly cu|vinq hape, vib|anL o|molu
mounL ued in combinaLion wiLh a
ma|ble Lop, and Lhe
deco|aLion all poinL Lo F|ench Loui Xv.
I0
olLen ee Lhe join when you b|eaLhe on a piece. Alo chec|
LhaL Lhe paLinaLion i coniLenL. Many la|e| ove|do Lhe
aqinq p|oce. NaLu|al aqinq on a piece ol ilve| hould
how mall c|aLche and ma|| ol dille|enL depLh. La|qe
qouqe qoinq in Lhe ame di|ecLion a|e unuual.
WiLh ce|amic, L|eaL ma|| wiLh upicion-many a|e
la|e. Many ma|e| copied Lhe ma|| ol Lhe moL
uccelul lacLo|y ol Lhe pe|iod, be iL Meien, Sev|e, o|
Wo|ceLe|. A an anLique inveLiqaLo|, all you can do i
loo| aL Lhe oLhe| evidence. WhaL i Lhe qualiLy ol Lhe
painLinq and Lhe qildinq` I Lhe modelinq up Lo Landa|d`
Fakes and cepes
0o you |now Lhe|e a|e mo|e ElizabeLhan oa| |elecLo|y
Lable a|ound Lhe wo|ld Lhan Lhe|e we|e houe in IoLh-
cenLu|y Enqland` Fe|be|L Cecin|y w|oLe in Lhe I20
in hi boo| T/e 0ent/e A/t oj /o//nq /a/n/ta/e (Lill wo|Lh
a |ead) LhaL. The|e i mo|e Enqlih anLique lu|niLu|e
expo|Led Lo Ame|ica and Eu|ope in one yea| Lhan could
have been made in Lhe whole ol Lhe IBLh cenLu|y.
Te|minoloqy i all-impo|LanL when conide|inq Lhe
auLhenLiciLy ol a piece, and you need Lo be awa|e ol Lhe
dille|ence in meaninq ol Lhee Le|m. Cenuine o| pe|iod
mean LhaL Lhe piece i o|iqinal, ol Lhe co||ecL daLe, and
auLhenLic. SomeLhinq LhaL i |ep|oducLion i an imiLaLion,
a copy. A la|e, on Lhe oLhe| hand, i a piece LhaL ha been
delibe|aLely copied wiLh Lhe inLenLion ol beinq paed oll
a a qenuine, mo|e valuable piece.
Even Lhe innocenL Ca|lLonwa|e Cuinne Loucan (above
|iqhL) can be la|ed. Fa|e qene|ally have b|iqhL whiLe
nec| and Lhe head ol bee| i Loo whiLe. The |ed and
o|anqe on Lhe bea| i olLen ove|-delineaLed o| mudqed.
Marrage er dverce7
Many piece we|e made Lo copy popula| and dei|able
wa|e. They we|e c|eaLed o| adapLed wiLh no LhouqhL ol
l|aud. Fu|niLu|e cuL down Lo lL a malle| |oom i a pe|lecL
example. In Lhe ILh and ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|ie many Lwo-
piece uch a boo|cae and cheL-on-cheL we|e
qood ue ol Lhe anLique inveLiqaLo|' p|ime clue-
paLinaLion (LhaL qlo|iou u|lace colo| ol a |eal anLique),
c|eaLed by yea| ol duL and weaL.
Loo| aL qood example. CulLivaLe l|iendly deale| and qo
Lo mueum, collecLion and, above all, aucLion. AucLion
allow you Lo handle Lhe piece and hea| expe|L opinion a
Lo whaL Lhe objecL i, how old iL i, whe|e iL wa made, and
an eLimaLe ol whaL iL will ma|e on Lhe day.
Assessng marks
WhaL' in a ma||` MoL people Lhin| a ma|| o| a iqnaLu|e
i an auLhenLicaLinq lacLo|. BuL Lhi i noL alway Lhe cae,
and ma|| can deceive.
Fo| example, F|anoi Lin|e (IB55-I4o) wa an
eminenL F|ench lu|niLu|e-ma|e| who combined Lhe
lamboyanL F|ench Neoclaical wiLh Lhe naLu|aliLic A|L
Nouveau. Fe iqned hi piece. BuL hi iqnaLu|e ha been
copied by le LalenLed c|alLmen. The anLique
inveLiqaLo| muL ae Lhe whole piece. 0oe iL exhibiL
Lhe qualiLy ol Lhe Lin|e piece below`
In Lhe cae ol ilve|wa|e, chec| LhaL each pa|L ol a
mulLi-pa|L ilve| piece, lo| example a LeapoL, i epa|aLely
ma||ed. WaLch ouL lo| paLched-on hallma||. You can
The genune artcle
Loo| aL Lhe p|opo|Lion, Lhe qenLly
playinq leq, and ue ol Lhe venee|.
Thi i indeed Lhe wo|| ol Lhe maLe|,
F|anoi Lin|e, whoe iqnaLu|e
(|iqhL) ha been much copied.
Slver hallmarks
Cenuine hallma|| a|e you| l|iend
and help you pinpoinL Lhe ma|e|,
daLe, and place ol o|iqin. BuL be
ale|L lo| la|e ma|| LhaL lead you
Lo Lhin| omeLhinq i mo|e
valuable Lhan iL |eally i.
II
1ntreduct en
hand, |emembe| LhaL lea|ninq abouL anLique i an
onqoinq p|oce.
We all ma|e miLa|e. An old deale| once aid LhaL
il you pay $400 lo| a piece and laLe| lnd iL i only
wo|Lh $200, Lhe oLhe| $200 i expe|ience. You
won'L lo|qeL and you'll chec| Lhe clue a liLLle mo|e
Lho|ouqhly nexL Lime. And, moL impo|LanL, enjoy
beinq an anLique inveLiqaLo|.
Beware fakes
The |eal McCoy-o| Loucan-ha
Lhe co||ecL Ca|lLonwa|e ma||.
IL alo ha a c|eamy |aLhe|
Lhan b|iqhL whiLe head ol
bee| and nec|.
KEY 0L0ES 0N F0kN1T0kE
I Lhe wood ued |iqhL lo| Lhe pe|iod` The|e a|e qene|al Lime
pan lo| Lhe Lh|ee main wood.
0a| Fe|iod up Lo cIo70
WalnuL Fe|iod cIo70-I75
Ea|ly Mahoqany Fe|iod cI75-70
LaLe Mahoqany Fe|iod cI770-IBI0
ExoLic Limbe| a|e p|edominanLly ILh cenLu|y.
I evidence ol wea| on a|m, L|eLche|, leq, and handle
convincinq`
The|e hould be paLche ol dicolo|aLion a|ound Lhe head ol
c|ew, nail, handle, ecuLcheon (|eyhole plaLe), and in co|ne|.
I Lhe ca|vinq o|iqinal` Ea|ly ca|vinq Land p|oud ol Lhe
u||oundinq a|ea.
KEY 0L0ES 0N 0EkAM10S
Many ma|| a|e wo||men' ma|| o| qilde|' ma||.
Ea|ly ma|| we|e applied by hand, o no Lwo a|e idenLical.
FaLLe|n numbe| on a piece Lend Lo be alLe| IB05 buL a|e uually
much laLe|.
LimiLed o| LLd. i unli|ely belo|e IBo0 and i much mo|e common
alLe| IBB5.
An imp|eed T|ade Ma|| i alLe| IBo2.
The wo|d Royal i laLe ILh cenLu|y.
Il you lnd Lhe name ol a counL|y. lo| example F|ance, on Lhe
boLLom ol a piece, iL wa p|obably made alLe| IBI. Il you lnd
Made in F|ance iL i p|obably alLe| I2I-buL iL could be much
laLe| Lhan LhaL.
KEY 0L0ES 0N 0LASS
The looL ol an IBLh-cenLu|y wine qla hould be wide| Lhan
Lhe |im.
up Lo cIBo0, colo|ed qla Lended Lo be |eL|icLed Lo Lumble|,
decanLe|, and boLLle and wa noL LhaL common.
0ld enq|avinq how q|ay when bac|ed by whiLe ca|dboa|d, new
enq|avinq i whiLe and ha a powde|y appea|ance.
KEY 0L0ES 0N S1LVEk
FaLina (due Lo oxidaLion and handlinq) hould be ove|all wiLh no
obviou impe|lecLion.
0ve|-cleaninq ma|e Lhe piece loo| Loo whiLe.
Ma|| hould lollow Lhe hape ol a piece. in a ci|cle il Lhe boLLom i
|ound and in a line il Lhe boLLom i qua|e.
divo|ced laLe|. A ma||iaqe i whe|e Lwo oLhe|wie
un|elaLed piece a|e joined in an unholy alliance, becaue
Lhe piece a|e mo|e aleable a a cheL-on-cheL o|
hiqhboy. You hould alway loo| ca|elully aL any Lwo-pa|L
piece ol lu|niLu|e Lo chec| LhaL Lhe ca|cae wood, venee|,
and colo| maLch. 0ille|enL Lyle ol conL|ucLion and
uncomlo|Lable p|opo|Lion indicaLe a ma||iaqe.
Finally, once you have qaLhe|ed Lhe evidence,
inLe||oqaLed Lhe main upecL, chec|ed Lhe alibi, hea|d
Lhe LeLimonie, and come Lo a deciion on Lhe cae in
0nhappy marrage
Loo| aL Lhe va|iaLion in
colo| and lqu|aLion in Lhe
bae ol Lhi cheL-on-
Land-you| l|L clue
LhaL all i noL a iL
hould be.
I2
TFE ELAB0RATELY 0EC0RATE0 and complicaLed
hape LhaL delne Ba|oque (cIo20-cI700) we|e
iniLially inpi|ed by ILalian painLinq, culpLu|e, and
a|chiLecLu|e in Lhe ea|ly I7Lh cenLu|y. Buildinq and
monumenL commiioned by Lhe vaLican inpi|ed
a|chiLecL and deiqne| and Lhei| wealLhy paL|on
Lo |ec|eaLe Lhe Lyle in Lhei| own counL|ie. Ba|oque
lu|niLu|e inco|po|aLed a|chiLecLu|al and culpLu|al
elemenL and moldinq, ca|vinq, qildinq, and lo|al
ma|queL|y. The I7Lh cenLu|y aw an inc|eae in
L|ade beLween China and Lhe WeL, which led Lo a
demand lo| blue and whiLe po|celain, lacque|wo||
panel, and lu|niLu|e deco|aLed wiLh c//no/e//e.
In F|ance, c|alLmen c|eaLed maLe|piece lo|
Loui XIv and hi cou|L. The F|ench Lyle p|ead
Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope lollowinq Lhe publicaLion ol
enq|avinq by deiqne| uch a Jean Le FauL|e,
and Lhe emiq|aLion ol FuquenoL c|alLmen.
Bareque
SLyle quide
Wllam and Mary salen char
The ca|ved deco|aLion on Lhi chai|
leaLu|e Ba|oque moLil. IL wa baed
on a deiqn by Lhe FuquenoL
c|alLman 0aniel Ma|oL.
0arved angel
FainLinq and qildinq we|e olLen
ued Lo embellih lnely ca|ved
lqu|e uch a Lhi AuL|ian anqel.
The anqel' poLu|e and d|ape|y
a|e Lypically deLailed.
Bambecc chest
A|chiLecLu|al Lyle and
ca|Louche a|e Lypical
leaLu|e ol ILalian
Ba|oque Bambocci
cheL.
KEY 0L0ES
Feavy, culpLu|al hape, uually cu|ved and bulbou.
Fo|mal, ymmeL|ical deco|aLion, includinq waq, double
c|oll, acanLhu leave, ma|, co|nucopia, lion'-paw leeL,
chinoie|ie, and lnely modeled lqu|e.
MaLe|ial we|e luxu|iou and included velveL, b|ocade,
and dama| upholLe|y, emi-p|eciou Lone and ivo|y.
Ma|queL|y, boullewo||, japanninq.
0eco|aLed qla, qilL qeo, o|molu (qilded b|a) mounL,
ca|ved and Lu|ned wood.
0o/veJ jqa/e
cove/ t/e c/et
8oc/ /ot et
w/t/ co/veJ
/oette
S/Je /o// co/veJ
w/t/ /oette
jon/eJ /, /a/
IJ
Styl e 0u de: Baroque and Rococo
BY TFE I70 Eu|opean LaLe wa movinq away l|om Lhe
heavy and lo|mal Ba|oque Lyle Lowa|d Lhe liqhLe| Rococo
LaLe LhaL o|iqinaLed in F|ance. The qolden pe|iod
panned l|om cI720 Lo cI7o0. IL wa a Lime ol
|elaLive peace in Eu|ope. The a|iLoc|acy became
wealLhie| and Lhe middle clae q|ew in numbe|,
|eulLinq in a q|eaLe| demand lo| lahionable qood.
The claical ymmeL|y LhaL Lypiled ea|ly Ba|oque
wa embellihed wiLh delicaLe |epeaLinq paLLe|n ol
callop hell and liqhL c|oll. By Lhe mid-IBLh
cenLu|y, Lhe Lyle became mo|e exL|avaqanL, exoLic,
and aymmeL|ical. IL wa aL Lhi Lime LhaL |ocaille
wo||-Lhe hell and |oc| deco|aLion LhaL qive Lhe
Lyle iL name-became popula|. C|alLmen combined
c|oll, leave, c//no/e//e, /oco///e wo||, ca|Louche
(o|namenLal c|oll), mon|ey, and Indian, Tu||ih,
and alleqo|ical lqu|e Lo c|eaLe exube|anL wo|| ol
a|L in po|celain, ilve|, and wood.
kecece
Vauxhall cream beat
Thi po|celain c|eam boaL i
embellihed wiLh Lhe b|iqhL colo|
and qilded hiqhliqhL Lypical ol Lhe
Rococo Lyle.
0ensele table
Silve| painL and qilL have been ued
Lo hiqhliqhL Lhe ca|ved l|ame ol Lhi
ma|ble-Lopped ILalian Lable.
KEY 0L0ES
Cu|vaceou and aymmeL|ical hape, elabo|aLe
combinaLion ol C- and S-c|oll, cab|iole leq.
Shell and |oc| hape, naLu|aliLic lowe| and loliaqe,
q|oLeque, and c//no/e//e deco|aLion. LaLLicewo|| and
Lhe ue ol mall, |epeaLed paLLe|n.
0eco|aLion included LheaL|ical and paLo|al lqu|e.
Typical Lechnique included qildinq, liqhL, b|iqhL enamel,
o|molu mounL, ma|queL|y, and ca|vinq.
0o/veJ /e//
on o/on
0o///o/e /eq
co/veJ w/t/
c/o// onJ
ocont/a /eoj
Leus XV cleck
Sc|oll, naLu|aliLic lowe|, a
c|owinq |ooLe|, and cupid a|e all
hallma|| ol Rococo exce on Lhi
Swi cloc|.
8//J o/e o
connon t/ene
/n Pococo
Jeco/ot/on
A,nnet/, wo
o /e, jeota/e oj
Pococo Je/qn
Fxt/ovoqont c/o// o/e
t,/co/ oj t/e e//oJ
T/e /e//-///e
/oe / o /e,
Pococo t,/e
I4
T0WAR0 TFE EN0 0F Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, deiqne| moved
away l|om Lhe exube|ance ol Rococo and, inLead, Loo|
inpi|aLion l|om Claical anLiquiLy. The ea|ly Neoclaical
pe|iod exLended l|om Lhe mid Lo Lhe end ol Lhe IBLh
cenLu|y. 0eiqne| and paL|on ali|e we|e imp|eed
by publicaLion documenLinq a|chaeoloqical lnd aL Lhe
|ecenLly dicove|ed ancienL Roman iLe ol Fe|culaneum
and Fompeii. F|om Lhi lacinaLion, a Neoclaical Lyle
developed, which bo||owed moLil l|om ancienL C|ee|
and Roman a|chiLecLu|e. Shape became |ecLilinea| and
we|e deco|aLed wiLh luLed column, viL|uvian c|oll
(wave paLLe|n), hu|, o| qa|land. The Roman u|n hape
wa eve|ywhe|e. Ce|amiciL and qla-ma|e| L|ied Lo
|ec|eaLe Lhe loo| ol ancienL maLe|ial.
Ea|ly example ol Lhi |elned Lyle could be een in
Lhe qoat q/ec Lyle ol Loui XvI' F|ance and Lhe wo||
ol a|chiLecL Robe|L Adam in B|iLain. The Lyle p|ead
Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope. A liqhLe| ve|ion wa adopLed in
Lhe uS, whe|e iL wa |nown a Lhe Fede|al Lyle.
Early Neeclasscal
SLyle quide
Phladelpha urn
The u|n wa |ep|eenLed
Lh|ouqhouL Lhe Neoclaical
pe|iod, l|om ilve| uqa| u|n
o| collee poL Lo moLil in
deco|aLive panel Lo lnial
c|owninq lu|niLu|e.
Adam pered char
Thi oval-bac|ed chai| i
Lypical ol Adam-Lyle
lu|niLu|e, much ol which
wa painLed and qilded Lo
complemenL Lhe deco|aLion
ol Lhe |oom.
Svres vase
Thi F|ench vae bea|
a numbe| ol ea|ly
Neoclaical leaLu|e.
eleqanL Lape|inq ide,
band ol colo| wiLh
qilded loliaLe moLil,
and a |omanLic,
Claical-Lyle landcape.
KEY 0L0ES
Shape we|e qene|ally qeomeL|ic and ymmeL|ical, wiLh
a|chiLecLu|al leaLu|e, u|n we|e popula|.
MoLil included paLe|ae, hu|, qa|land, viL|uvian c|oll,
column, and Claical landcape.
New maLe|ial included mahoqany and Eu|opean po|celain.
Some ca|vinq and deco|aLion Lended Lo be liqhL and
|eL|ained.
0o//onJ
Pote/oe
//ateJ /eq
I5
Styl e gu de: Neocl assi cal
BY TFE TuRN ol Lhe ILh cenLu|y, Lhe Neoclaical Lyle
beqan Lo |elecL Lhe impe|ial LaLe ol Napoleon. unde| hi
di|ecLion, and LhaL ol hi a|chiLecL Fe|cie| and FonLaine,
a new loo| eme|qed in F|ance-Lhe Empi|e Lyle. IL wa
adopLed in much ol Eu|ope.
The lahion q|ew lo| emulaLinq Roman and C|ee|
deiqn and lo|m wiLh q|eaLe| accu|acy. In lu|niLu|e,
|ecLilinea| lo|m we|e even mo|e exaqqe|aLed, wiLh huqe
pedimenL o| deep plinLh. MoLil beqan Lo |ep|eenL idea
ol miliLa|y campaiqn. lau|el w|eaLh, medallion, and
eaqle we|e commonplace. The|e wa alo a L|end
lo| EqypLian imaqe|y uch a hie|oqlyph, ca|ab,
and loLu leave.
In B|iLain, Lhe imila| laLe Neoclaical loo| wa
called Reqency, while Empi|e wa Lhe cu||enL Lyle ol
Sweden, Ce|many, and AuL|ia. Empi|e inluenced Lhe
Ame|ican laLe Fede|al Lyle, which wa cha|acLe|ized
by moLil uch a eaqle, belllowe|, and Lhunde|bolL.
Late Neeclasscal
Federal gltweed grandele
The |ound hape ol Lhe convex
mi||o| in Lhi qi|andole (candle
holde|) wa common in Lhe l|L
hall ol Lhe ILh cenLu|y.
Swedsh censele table
MyLholoqical lqu|e we|e popula|, a in
Lhe ca|ved and qilL q|illn LhaL lo|m Lhe
l|onL uppo|L ol Lhi la|qe-cale Swedih
Empi|e ide Lable.
Empre urn
Thi ilve| u|n i Lypical ol Lhe laLe
Neoclaical Lyle, wiLh iL vae hape,
lion-haped lnial and lion' ma|
moLil, and L|ipod Land.
KEY 0L0ES
X-l|ame and L|ipod lo|m we|e popula|, ab|e
(ouL-Lu|ned) leq on lu|niLu|e.
MoLil included Lhe eaqle, lau|el leave, medallion.
Typical maLe|ial included mahoqany, aLinwood,
|oewood, dama|, and Lhin-heeL ilve|.
B|a inlay, luLinq, and cuL qla we|e common.
//n/o/
Foq/e on //nt/ /
jon/eJ /, jo//oqe
onJ oco/n
I
FR0M TFE MI00LE 0F TFE ILh cenLu|y, Lhe|e wa an
ai| ol naLionalim in Eu|ope LhaL wa puncLuaLed by Lhe
unilcaLion ol ILaly in IBoI, and ol Ce|many I0 yea| laLe|.
Fe|e, a well a in B|iLain and F|ance,
a|chiLecL, deiqne|, and c|alLmen
loo|ed bac| Lo byqone e|a lo|
inpi|aLion. Felped by innovaLion in
manulacLu|inq Lechnique, Lhey
we|e able Lo c|eaLe a wide |anqe
ol lu|niLu|e, ce|amic, qla,
and meLalwa|e LhaL |elecLed
dominanL Lyle l|om Lhe
p|eviou 500 yea|. In ome
cae, di|ecL |eplica ol exLanL
piece we|e made, while,
in oLhe|, deLail l|om a
numbe| ol Lyle miqhL
be combined in one piece.
I9th-century revvals
SLyle quide
1talan lbrary table
La|qe, deep-ca|ved piece we|e Lypical ol Lhe
Renaiance Revival. Thi ILalian lib|a|y Lable bo||ow
moLil l|om Claical Rome. qad|oon, acanLhu leave,
u|n-haped uppo|L, and lion' ma|. Mid-ILh cenLu|y
KEY 0L0ES
The ILh-cenLu|y Lyle Lend Lo exaqqe|aLe Lhe deLail ol ea|lie| Lyle.
They a|e olLen heavie|, bolde|, and mo|e colo|lul.
ExoLic Limbe| lavo|ed.
Inluenced by exoLic Lyle l|om Lhe Nea| and Fa| EaL.
MoLil l|om dille|enL Lyle happily mixed.
kenassance kevval
A numbe| ol ILh-cenLu|y deiqne| loo|ed Lo Lhe
Renaiance lo| inpi|aLion. Ce|man and ILalian lu|niLu|e
deiqne| ouqhL Lo |ec|eaLe Lhe maive, a|chiLecLu|al
piece ol I5Lh- and IoLh-cenLu|y Eu|ope. uinq
p|edominanLly oa| and walnuL, which we|e well uiLed
Lo p|olilc ca|vinq, Lhey p|oduced a numbe| ol la|qe-cale,
deep-ca|ved piece in Lhe Renaiance Lyle. Typical moLil
included |ow ol lne pindle, L|apwo||, molded co|nice,
and a|ched doo|.
In F|ance, whe|e Lhe Lyle wa |nown a Fen|i II
(alLe| Lhe IoLh-cenLu|y F|ench mona|ch, ma||ied Lo
CaLhe|ine de' Medici), ce|amiciL |ec|eaLed Lhe
naLu|aliLic wo|| ol Be|na|d Faliy. The Renaiance alo
inluenced Lhe deiqn ol ce|amic aL Meien and Sev|e,
whe|e q|ay and whiLe po|celain deco|aLed wiLh Claical
lqu|e, q|oLeque, and waq wa made.
0ethc kevval char
Thi piLch pine dininq
chai| ha Lypical CoLhic
leaLu|e, includinq Lhe
poinLed-a|ch chai| bac|,
quaL|eloil-ca|ved panel,
and Lhe oa|-leal deLail.
cIBB0
0ethc kevval
Fopula| in B|iLain, F|ance, and, laLe|, Lhe uS, Lhe CoLhic
Revival Lyle Loo| inpi|aLion l|om Lhe a|chiLecLu|e ol Lhe
I4Lh and I5Lh cenLu|ie. 0eiqne| ol lu|niLu|e, in
pa|Licula|, ued many a|chiLecLu|al moLil in |ec|eaLinq
Lhe Lyle, includinq laLLicewo||, poinLed a|che, quaL|eloil,
and he|aldic moLil. The|e wa a p|ele|ence lo| da||
wood uch a oa|, and heavy, olid lo|m.
Ea|ly on, CoLhic device we|e applied Lo conLempo|a|y
lo|m. A Lhe cenLu|y p|oq|eed, howeve|, a numbe| ol
deiqne| uch a AWN Fuqin in B|iLain ouqhL Lo
p|oduce cloe |endiLion ol exiLinq medieval piece.
F|edominanLly maculine in leel, Lhe Lyle wa alo applied
Lo ce|amic, LexLile, and ilve|wa|e, whe|e CoLhic moLil
we|e ued a deco|aLion.
0aot/ejo// one/
0oJ/oon/nq
A/c//tecta/o/ e/enent
to/en j/on neJ/evo/
c/a/c/e onJ cot/eJ/o/
I7
Styl e gu de: I9th- century revi val s
Beheman panted and glded vase
Known in Ce|many a M//c/q/o (mil| qla),
Lhi opaque qla wa made by a numbe| ol
Eu|opean manulacLu|e|. LaLe ILh cenLu|y
0erman cabnet
Thi Ce|man ide cabineL
epiLomize Lhe Lyle ol
Lhe Ba|oque Revival,
wiLh iL hiqh-|eliel
ca|vinq depicLinq
playlul att/ (che|ub)
and q|oLeque. The
haped, pie|ced bac|
i alo a cha|acLe|iLic.
Mid-ILh cenLu|y
Messen water jug
A lne example ol Rococo Revival
po|celain, Lhi painLed and qilded
Meien juq depicLinq one ol Lhe
lou| elemenL i elabo|aLely
deco|aLed wiLh applied Claical
lqu|e and leapinq ho|e. cIB40
Bareque kevval
The |ich, elabo|aLe Lyle ol Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y p|ovided
inpi|aLion lo| deiqne| ac|o Eu|ope. In lu|niLu|e,
Lypical leaLu|e included heavy, loliaLe-ca|ved piece
wiLh elemenL l|om Claical a|chiLecLu|e-pedimenL,
culpLu|al lqu|e, voluLe (pi|al c|oll), and acanLhu
leave. In B|iLain, Lhe|e wa a |evival ol ElizabeLhan Lyle.
va|iou Lechnique we|e |evived, includinq Lhe Boullewo||
ol Loui XIv' ve|aille, 0uLch lo|al ma|queL|y, and /et/o
Ja/o (inlaid ma|ble). In ILaly, qlama|e| ouqhL Lo
|ec|eaLe elabo|aLe veneLian and joon Je ven/e
(veneLian-Lyle) piece. Maculine in
appea|ance, Lhe Lyle Lended Lo be mo|e
exaqqe|aLed Lhan iL had been in Lhe I7Lh
cenLu|y, and piece qene|ally la|qe|.
kecece kevval
The exube|ance ol ea|ly IBLh-cenLu|y
Lyle, epiLomized by aymmeL|ical,
naLu|aliLic lo|m and c|ollwo||, alo
lound |enewed lavo|. Ce|amiciL loo|ed Lo
manulacLu|e| uch a Meien Lo p|oduce piece
wiLh elabo|aLe lo|al o|namenL and qilded o|
enameled deLail. In B|iLain, many lacLo|ie
made majolica-|ich-qlazed wa|e baed on
ILalian maiolica (ee p74). Fu|niLu|e
deiqne| c|eaLed liqhL, leminine piece
wiLh ca|ved S- and C-c|oll and |ich
qildinq, championed in Lhe uS by John
Fen|y BelLe|, who p|oduced exquiiLely
ca|ved piece l|om laminaLed |oewood.
Kstercsm
In Ce|many and ILaly, inluenced by Lhe p|evailinq
mood ol naLionalim LhaL accompanied Lhei|
|epecLive unilcaLion, c|alLmen and deiqne|
pillaqed Lhe c|eaLive hiLo|y ol Lhei| counL|ie lo|
inpi|aLion. The Nymphenbu|q po|celain lacLo|y
in Ce|many, lo| example, p|oduced a |anqe ol
Wo/zen//aq-Lype Lan|a|d deco|aLed wiLh
medieval moLil.
Clama|e|-in pa|Licula| Lhe Bohemian
manulacLu|e| CounL Buquoy and Fa||ach-Lu|ned
Lo L|adiLional Lyle uch a Lhe Po/o/, o| lidded
bea|e|, deco|aLed wiLh pu|iou coaL ol a|m
and Renaiance-Lyle moLil.
I8
TFE ARTS & CRAFTS movemenL Loo| |ooL in B|iLain and
Lhe uS Lowa|d Lhe end ol Lhe ILh cenLu|y. IL ouqhL Lo
|evive Lhe |ill ol medieval c|alLmen in p|oducinq hand-
c|alLed lu|niLu|e, LexLile, ce|amic, and qlawa|e.
AL Lhe hea|L ol Lhe movemenL we|e Lhe ocialiL view
ol w|iLe| and a|L c|iLic John Ru|in and deiqne| William
Mo||i. They we|e openly c|iLical ol Lhe inle|io| qood ol
ma p|oducLion. In a bid Lo lu|Lhe| Lhei| ideal,
c|alLmen' quild we|e eLablihed on Lhe medieval model.
0eiqne| ued L|adiLional meLhod Lo ma|e imple,
luncLional piece. 0|namenL wa pa|e Lo how oll Lhe
naLu|al beauLy ol |aw maLe|ial. Fu|niLu|e, deiqned by
William Mo||i and Cha|le voyey in Enqland and CuLav
SLic|ley in Lhe uS, Lended Lo be olid oa|. The Royc|olLe|
in Lhe uS hand-hamme|ed coppe|wa|e, Enqlihman
Cha|le Robe|L Ahbee made ilve|wa|e eL wiLh Lone,
and Lhe C|ueby Faience Co. handmade ea|Lhenwa|e poL.
Arts & 0rafts
SLyle quide
"0reenery" tapestry
William Mo||i wa |enowned lo| hi LexLile. Thi medieval woodland
cene i woven in wool and mohai|-Lhe colo| Lypical ol Mo||i.
Steneware brd
The London-baed Ma|Lin B|oLhe|
c|eaLed ome ol Lhe moL o|iqinal
A|L & C|alL wa|e-lancilul
alL-qlazed Lonewa|e bi|d and
animal wiLh human leaLu|e.
Stckley armchar
Thi Ame|ican a|mchai|
epiLomize A|L & C|alL lu|niLu|e.
imple in hape, iL i made l|om
olid oa| and ha expoed Lenon.
KEY 0L0ES
Simple, handc|alLed lu|niLu|e, olLen inluenced by counL|y piece.
MoLil baed on medieval imaqe|y includinq |epeaLed paLLe|n ol
Lylized lowe| and bi|d, hea|L hape.
0a| lo| lu|niLu|e, olLen lumed o| Lained Lo qive iL aqe, oLhe|
pe|iod maLe|ial we|e inexpenive meLal li|e b|a and coppe|.
Technique include expoed conL|ucLion ol joinL in lu|niLu|e.
I9
Styl e gu de: Arts & 0rafts and Art Nouveau
TAKINC INSFIRATI0N FR0M Lhe Rococo Lyle ol
ea|ly IBLh-cenLu|y Eu|ope (ee pII), A|L Nouveau
wa epiLomized by iL lowinq, aymmeL|ical line and a
pe|vaive inLe|eL in naLu|e. 0eiqne| beqan Lo p|oduce
lu|niLu|e, ce|amic, qla, and meLalwa|e ol eleqance and
hiqh qualiLy. Fiece we|e inhe|enLly leminine in cha|acLe|,
wiLh Lhe lemale lqu|e iLell a popula| moLil, olLen
|ep|eenLed wiLh lonq, lowinq hai| and billowinq |obe.
Fu|niLu|e deiqne| made ue ol exoLic venee| and
applied ca|vinq, qlama|e| expe|imenLed wiLh laye|ed
Lechnique and luL|ou lnihe, meLalwa|e, includinq
jewel|y, inco|po|aLed enameled embellihmenL and
emi-p|eciou Lone. NaLu|al moLil included
Lylized leave and lowe| and winqed inecL-
pa|Licula|ly Lhe d|aqonly.
A|L Nouveau La|Led in F|ance and Belqium-iL
name de|ived l|om Lhe Maion de l'A|L Nouveau
qalle|y, opened by Samuel Binq in Fa|i in IB5. IL
wa popula| in Ce|many and AuL|ia, whe|e iL wa
|nown a JuqendLil, and in Spain, ILaly, and Lhe uS.
F|ench deiqne| aociaLed wiLh A|L Nouveau
include Emile Call lo| hi innovaLive wo|| wiLh qla,
Loui Majo|elle lo| hi exquiiLe lu|niLu|e, and Ren
Lalique lo| hi jewel|y. A mo|e auLe|e, qeomeL|ic ve|ion
can be een in Lhe wo|| ol Cha|le Rennie Mac|inLoh and
Lhe Claqow School in ScoLland, and Joel Follmann and
Lhe Wiene| We||LaLLe in AuL|ia.
Art Neuveau
0lt-brenze lamp
Loie Fulle| wa Lhe dance| who
inpi|ed Lhi la|qe, culpLu|al lamp.
The lemale lqu|e wa a popula|
moLil Lh|ouqhouL Lhe pe|iod, olLen
depicLed in wi|linq |obe.
Majerelle wrtng desk
Typical ol Lhe A|L Nouveau
Lyle a|e Lhe inuou, Lape|inq
leq, Lhe |idney hape ol Lhe
de| Lop, and Lhe exoLic-wood
lo|al inlay.
Tffany "Laburnum" lamp
Ame|ican Loui Comlo|L Tillany
wa a innovaLive wiLh qla a
Emile Call. All ol Tillany' lamp
we|e handmade, o no Lwo
a|e idenLical.
KEY 0L0ES
Fluid, o|qanic (baed on naLu|e), and aymmeL|ical lo|m.
MoLil include whiplah cu|ve, Lylized naLu|e, beauLilul
maiden, omeLime Lu|ninq inLo lowe| ().
Common maLe|ial ol Lhe pe|iod include exoLic wood,
i|idecenL qla, emi-p|eciou Lone.
Technique include venee|inq, applied deco|aLion, enamelinq.
20
ART 0EC0 IS A Io0 Le|m ued Lo dec|ibe Lhe
innovaLive Lyle LhaL dominaLed inLe|naLional deiqn
l|om Lhe I20 Lo Lhe I40. The Lyle La|e iL
name l|om Lhe Fxo/t/on Inte/not/ono/e Je A/t
0eco/ot/j et InJat//e/ MoJe/ne held in Fa|i in
I25, which howcaed Lhe laLeL advance in maLe|ial
and Lechnique. CauqhL up in Lhe Machine Aqe, A|L 0eco
i |nown lo| iL luxu|y maLe|ial, L|eamlined hape,
L|onq qeomeL|ic line, and Lylized deco|aLion.
Inluence included Lhe vivid colo| ol Lhe BalleL Rue
(Ruian BalleL) bac|d|op and coLume, Al|ican L|ibal
a|L, and Lhe Lepped py|amid ol SouLh Ame|ica.
Fu|niLu|e Lyle |anqed l|om lavih ivo|y-inlaid ebony
uiLe Lo anqula|, lacque|ed S|yc|ape| lu|niLu|e.
Ce|amic va|ied l|om Lhe boldly colo|ed qeomeL|ic
paLLe|n ol Cla|ice Clill Lo Lhe Lylized Claical lqu|e ol
Jean Mayodon. Clama|e| uch a Ren Lalique (ppI4-
5) pionee|ed Lhe ue ol hoL-meLal mold Lo ma p|oduce
qla, olLen wiLh |epeaLed qeomeL|ic moLil.
Art 0ece
SLyle quide
0lass and chreme tray
The qeomeL|ic qla deiqn |elecL Lhe A|L 0eco
lacinaLion wiLh peed. Ch|ome wa one ol Lhe
new maLe|ial LhaL helped Lo delne Lhe e|a. I0
I9J0s armchar
The |eve|ed C-hape a|m|eL, ho|L
ab|e leq, and L|i|inq qeomeL|ic
upholLe|y a|e Lypical ol A|L 0eco.
0larce 0lff vase
Thi b|iqhLly colo|ed vae ha a Lepped, q|aduaLed
qua|e lo|m. The laLona L|ee wiLh qeomeL|ic leave i
one ol 2,000 paLLe|n deiqned by Cla|ice Clill. I0
KEY 0L0ES
Fo|m a|e anqula|, qeomeL|ic, and L|eamlined.
Chev|on, l|ozen lounLain, and unbu|L a|e
|ecu||enL moLil.
ExoLic wood, ha|||in, Ba|eliLe, lacque|wa|e,
and p|eed qla a|e lavo|ed maLe|ial.
Acid-eLchinq, ch|ominq, and liLhoq|aphy occu|.
2I
Styl e gu de: Art 0eco and Moderni sm
WITF ITS R00TS in Lhe Machine Aqe ol Lhe I20
and I0 and Lhe Ce|man Bauhau chool ol
deiqn, Mode|nim paved Lhe way lo| much 20Lh-
cenLu|y deiqn. Mode|niL deiqne|, includinq Le
Co|buie| and WalLe| C|opiu, advocaLed Lhe
luncLion ol a deiqn ove| iL deco|aLive deLail. They
ued maLe|ial uch a Lubula| Leel and qla Lo
p|oduce wo|| LhaL we|e La||ly qeomeL|ic and
devoid ol o|namenLaLion. A Lhe cenLu|y p|oq|eed,
innovaLion in plaLic, in pa|Licula|, encou|aqed
deiqne| Lo expe|imenL, |eulLinq in mo|e culpLu|al
and o|qanic lo|m.
New maLe|ial L|anlo|med lu|niLu|e Lechnique and
deiqn in Lhe 20Lh cenLu|y. Finnih deiqne| Alva| AalLo
pionee|ed Lhe ue ol benL plywood, p|oducinq a wide
|anqe ol liqhLweiqhL Lool and chai|. Ma|cel B|eue| ued
ch|ome-plaLed Lubula| Leel Lo ma|e Lhe l|L canLileve|
chai|. Cha|le and Ray Eame and ve|ne| FanLon explo|ed
new plaLic uch a lbe|qla and polyu|eLhane.
Medernsm
0eerg Jensen ptcher
Thi waLe| piLche| wa deiqned by
culpLo| Fenninq Koppel. Known
allecLionaLely a Lhe p|eqnanL
duc|, iL epiLomize
Koppel' culpLu|al Lyle,
which i |nown lo| iL
L|onq, luid line
and inuou
cu|ve. cI50
0harles Eames char
The lbe|qla hell iL on a blac| meLal
caL' c|adle bae wiLh bi|ch |unne|. cI50
Swedsh stude bewl by Stg Lndberg
The o|qanic deiqn-a Lylized leal hape-and colo|
a|e Lypical ol Lhe mo|e culpLu|al Lyle ol Lhe I50.
KEY 0L0ES
Fo|m may be canLileve| (in chai|), |ecLilinea|,
o|qanic, o| culpLu|al.
MaLe|ial include Lubula| Leel, benL plywood,
polyLhene, lbe|qla, and leaLhe|.
Technique include Leam-bendinq laminaLe and
expoed conL|ucLion.

24
unLil Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, Lhe chai| wa a ymbol ol LaLu, ued Lo
how a pe|on' powe| and inluence. BuL a ocieLy chanqed, and
Lhe wealLhy beqan Lo expecL comlo|L when Lhey enLe|Lained, mo|e
equal eaLinq a||anqemenL we|e inL|oduced.
CFAIRS FAvE BEEN MA0E ince ancienL EqypLian Lime.
Belo|e Lhe laLe I5Lh cenLu|y, only Lhe maLe| ol Lhe houe
o| ve|y impo|LanL queL ued a chai|. 0Lhe| membe| ol
Lhe houehold aL on Lool o| benche. All eaL, wheLhe|
Lool o| chai|, we|e made ol olid, local wood.
By Lhe ea|ly I7Lh cenLu|y, cabineL-ma|e| La|Led Lo
lenqLhen Lhe bac| leq ol Lhe Lool Lo c|eaLe Lhe l|ame
lo| a chai| bac|-and o Lhe ea|lieL ide o| dininq chai|
(wiLhouL a|m) we|e made. In F|ance, liqhLe| chai| wiLh
caned o| upholLe|ed bac| and upholLe|ed eaL evolved.
The lahion lo| Lhee p|ead ac|o Eu|ope.
Sttng n cemfert
F|om a|ound I700, uiLe ol ide chai| we|e placed
a|ound Lhe edqe ol a |oom Lo emphaize iL a|chiLecLu|al
leaLu|e. By Lhe middle ol Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, women beqan
Lo enLe|Lain mo|e and Lhe a|mchai|, o| joatea//, wa
made Lo uiL Lhe lahion lo| inLimacy and conve|aLion.
upholLe|y became mo|e qene|ou and chai| mo|e
comlo|Lable, wiLh lowinq line and haped, cab|iole leq.
The |eulL wa an a|mchai| wiLh upholLe|ed ide, |nown
a a /e/qe/e in F|ance and an eay chai| in Enqland. F|ench
chai| we|e widely copied Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope l|om Lhe
IBLh cenLu|y onwa|d.
By Lhe I7o0, Lhe endu|inq Lyle ol Thoma Chippendale
wa p|oduced in wo||hop in B|iLain and Lhe uS. Fi
0ak jent steel
Thi Lyle ha been in common ue
ince Lhe IoLh cenLu|y. Thi
example ha a molded |ecLanqula|
eaL above |inq-Lu|ned leq and
bloc|ed leeL.
0KA1kS AN0 S0FAS
0arved mahegany sefa
Thi upholLe|ed Claical ola wa made in
Fhiladelphia a|ound IB20. The a|chinq |olled
c|eL i ca|ved wiLh acanLhu Le|minal and
Lhe leq wiLh leal-llled co|nucopia.
A co/naco/o / o /o/n-
/oeJ conto/ne/ j//eJ
w/t/ j/a/t veqeto//e
o/ o /e/e /eove
Acont/a /eoj
te/n/no/
St/etc/e/
P/nq ta/n/nq
8/oc/eJ joot
25
leqacy can be een in Lhe inL|icaLe CoLhic-, Rococo-, and
Chinee-inpi|ed chai| bac| aociaLed wiLh mid-IBLh-
cenLu|y lu|niLu|e. A Chippendale' deiqn we|e La|inq
hold o Lhe Neoclaical Lyle eme|qed and wa evidenL
in Lhe liqhL and eleqanL chai| ol Lhe laLe IBLh cenLu|y. In
B|iLain, iL wa inLe|p|eLed by Ceo|qe FepplewhiLe and
Thoma She|aLon. Thei| deiqn alo lound lavo| in Lhe
uS whe|e Lhey inpi|ed Lhe Fede|al Lyle.
French nHuence
In ea|ly ILh-cenLu|y F|ance, Neoclaical elemenL we|e
embellihed wiLh deco|aLive moLil l|om ancienL Rome and
EqypL, which celeb|aLed Napoleon' uccee. Thi Empi|e
Lyle wa expo|Led Lo Lhe uS, Sweden, Ruia, and
Ce|many. In B|iLain iL wa called Lhe Reqency Lyle.
Common Lo boLh Empi|e and Reqency wa Lhe lahion lo|
eL ol dininq chai|, which included a pai| ol a|mchai|.
In Lhe IB20, Lhe developmenL ol coiled upholLe|y
p|inq, ued in buLLon-bac| chai| amonq oLhe|,
inc|eaed comlo|L. The ILh-cenLu|y paion lo| Lyle
|evival-l|om Renaiance Lo Rococo-aw liLLle
innovaLion in chai| conL|ucLion. The A|L and C|alL
movemenL in B|iLain and
Lhe uS aL Lhe end ol Lhe
ILh cenLu|y alo baed
iL deiqn on Lhe B|iLih
counL|y and Ame|ican
Miion Lyle ol Lhe
paL. The|e wa one
excepLion-AuL|ian
Medern easy char
Thi Tan| chai|, deiqned by Alva|
AalLo in Io, ha benL laminaLed
bi|ch ide and o|iqinal Liqe|-|in
lab|ic upholLe|y.
Leus XV fauteul
The l|ame ol Lhi a|mchai|
(cI7o0) ha been ca|ved wiLh
lowe| alonq Lhe Lop |ail,
a|m, and cab|iole leq. The
Lyle wa widely copied
Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope.
Michael ThoneL'
benLwood lu|niLu|e, l|L een
aL a L|ade how in IB4I. Fi meLhod ol Leam-bendinq led
Lo Lhe ma-p|oduced benL-ply chai| made by Cha|le and
Ray Eame a cenLu|y laLe|.
In Lhe I20, A|L 0eco deiqne| ued new maLe|ial
uch a Ba|eliLe and aluminum. Chai| deiqn beqan Lo
chanqe. 0eiqne| uch a Ma|cel B|eue| aL Lhe Bauhau
in Ce|many, Le Co|buie| in F|ance, and Alva| AalLo in
Finland ued ch|ome-plaLed Lubula| Leel and benL
plywood. Thei| canLileve|ed l|ame |evoluLionized chai|
deiqn in Lhe mid-20Lh cenLu|y. By Lhe I50, deiqne|
we|e uinq laminaLed wood, new plaLic, lbe|qla, and
loam paddinq Lo ma|e allo|dable and comlo|Lable chai|
LhaL uiLed Lhe new inlo|maliLy.
Arts and 0rafts char
Thi A. L. & J. C. SLic|ley Mo||i chai|
ha ho|L laL and lonq co|bel unde|
laL a|m. IL d|op-in p|inq eaL and
bac| cuhion a|e upholLe|ed in vinyl.
TkA0E
SE0kETS
The word chairman comes from the
time when there was only one chair
in the room and it was used by the
most important person.
0o///o/e /eq
0o//e/ oct
///e o //oc/et
S/otteJ /Je
2
S/Je /o//
S/ot
//ont /o//
o/ o/on
/nee
To /o//
W
A
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0
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0
0
T
I
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e
v
e
r
lift
a
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a
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iq
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c
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a
ir
b
y
it
s

a
r
m
s
a
s
t
h
is
p
u
t
s
a
n

u
n
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e
c
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a
r
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it
s

w
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a
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S/oe /o/
Leekng at chars
TFE WAY A CFAIR WAS conL|ucLed qive valuable
inlo|maLion abouL when and whe|e iL wa made. The
ea|lieL chai| had peqqed joinL, while c|ew, pin, and
qlue came laLe|. The amounL ol ca|vinq, epecially
whe|e iL |equi|ed exL|a, deLailed wo|| l|om Lhe
c|alLman, i a iqn ol qualiLy. Alway loo| aL
Lhe Lyle ol a chai| and Lhe moLil iL i
deco|aLed wiLh, a Lhee will help
wiLh idenLilcaLion. Loo| lo|
honeL wea| and damaqe.
Manufacturng marks
Clue Lo conL|ucLion may be
een in ma|| on Lhe wood.
Ci|cula| ma|| uqqeL a
machine aw. Fand-wo||ed
ma|| a|e i||equla|.
Jents
Examine Lhe joinL. A|e Lhey held
LoqeLhe| by peq, c|ew, o|
qlue` Feq we|e Lhe ea|lieL
meLhod ued Lo |einlo|ce a joinL.
0enstructen
The b|ielnq
The way in which a chair was
constructed will provide many
clues to its date. The underside
of the chair, which is not visible
when the chair is in use, will
not be as well fnished and so
you may be able to see many
of the original elements of the
chair. Look underneath the
chair to see the type of joints,
whether the wood was hand-
or machine-cut, and how any
decoration was done.
0nder the seat
Chec| unde| Lhe eaL. I Lhe eaL
d|op-in o| ove|-Lulled` I any
pa|L ol Lhe deco|aLion an inLeq|al
pa|L ol Lhe l|ame o| ha iL been
aLLached alLe|wa|d`
0leser nspecten
Examine Lhe chai| ca|elully, payinq pa|Licula| aLLenLion Lo Lhe unde|ide
whe|e all o|L ol clue may have been lelL by Lhe ma|e|.
0eerge 1 burr walnut sde char
A qenLly cu|vinq Lop |ail i ca|ved wiLh a cenL|al hell and Lhe Lop ol Lhe
ide |ail cu|ve |ound Lo join Lhe Lop ol Lhe wide, venee|ed plaL. Ca|vinq
on Lhe l|onL |ail and |nee a|e a iqn ol qualiLy. The cab|iole l|onL leq
Le|minaLe in claw-and-ball leeL. cI720
27
Furn ture:
Tep ral
Thi i olLen a qood place Lo
loo| aL Lhe wood lo| clue Lo
qualiLy and aqe. I Lhe wood
venee|ed` Il o, whaL colo| i
iL and how Lhic| i iL` 0oe Lhe
Lhic|ne va|y` I any deLail
ca|ved l|om Lhe wood` I iL
laL o| |aied Lo Lhe Louch` See
?I5 jo/ c/ec//nq wooJ t,e.
0har back
The hape ol Lhe eaL bac| can qive you clue Lo
idenLiLy. Loo| aL how iL i deco|aLed. I iL painLed
o| qilded` I iL upholLe|ed` I iL venee|ed` Il
Lhe|e' a bac| plaL, i iL olid o| pie|ced` WhaL
hape i Lhe plaL` I iL ca|ved` See ?0 jo/
c/o// /oc/ /oe
Shee bar
The hoe ba| aLLache Lhe
bac| Lo Lhe eaL. The way LhaL
Lhe bac| ecLion i aLLached
Lo Lhe hoe piece can qive a
clue Lo aqe. Fa iL been lelL
plain o| i Lhe|e ca|ved o|
oLhe| deco|aLion`
Feet
Loo| aL Lhe hape and deco|aLion, il any.
0o Lhey maLch Lhe Lyle ol Lhe chai|` I Lhe
wood da||e| in a|ea ha|d Lo duL (a iqn
ol honeL aqeinq)` 0o iqn ol aqe maLch
no|mal uaqe` See ?I0 jo/ joot /oe
What te leek at
0arvngs
0oe Lhe ca|vinq Land p|oud
(q|eaLly elevaLed) l|om Lhe
wood` I iL well execuLed`
WhaL i Lhe Lyle ol Lhe
ca|vinq` WhaL o|L ol moLil
have been ued`
Leg shape
Loo| aL l|onL and bac| leq.
WhaL i Lhe hape` Fow a|e
Lhe leq deco|aLed` 0o Lhey
maLch Lhe Lyle ol Lhe chai|`
Chec| Lhe weep ol Lhe leq
and ee how Lhey a|e joined.
A|e Lhe|e iqn ol |epai|`
See ?IJ jo/ /eq /oe
Knees
WhaL i Lhe hape` Fave Lhey been deco|aLed` WhaL i Lhe
qualiLy ol any ca|vinq` ue Lhe Lhumb LeL-how |aied i iL`
I Lhe|e one imple moLil o| have oLhe| elemenL been added`
Arms
The a|m hould lollow Lhe Lyle and
hape ol Lhe |eL ol Lhe chai|. Loo| lo|
iqn ol ea|ly conL|ucLion uch a
peqqed joinL. Shape LhaL we|e dillculL
Lo ca|ve-uch a hephe|d' c|oo|-a|e
an indicaLion ol qualiLy.
28
Early I8th-century chars
TFE IBTF-CENTuRY STYLE ol chai| inpi|ed by 0uLch
hiqh-bac|ed deiqn LhaL eme|qed Lowa|d Lhe end ol Lhe
Io00 i widely |ele||ed Lo a 0ueen Anne. Thee chai|
have a L|aiqhL, na||ow bac| wiLh |ounded houlde|. Ea|ly
example leaLu|e a olid vae- o| baluLe|-haped plaL,
|ound o| balloon-haped d|op-in eaL, and leq joined by
laL o| Lu|ned L|eLche|. A Lhe I700 p|oq|eed, chai|
bac| developed e|penLine c|eL |ail and wide|, mo|e
o|naLe plaL. The inL|oducLion ol co|ne| bloc| Lo Lhe
inLe|io| edqe ol Lhe chai| l|ame made L|eLche|
unnecea|y, leadinq Lo widep|ead ue ol Lhe cu|vaceou
cab|iole leq Le|minaLinq wiLh claw-and-ball leeL.
The inLe||oqaLion
TkA0E
SE0kETS
Look out for I9th-century
alterations to these chairs.
0uite often, on English chairs,
shaped corner brackets might
have been screwed and glued
to the seat frame to offer
additional support for the seat.
This is less common on
American chairs, where the
original seat frame had a more
substantial, rectangular
support. 5ome examples might
also have a metal brace added
to the back of the chair,
strengthening the area where
the horizontal top rail joins
the upright stile.
Englsh char
Thi ide chai|, daLinq l|om a|ound I720, i ho|Le| and
wide| Lhan iL laLe| Ame|ican counLe|pa|L. IL i made
l|om bu|| walnuL, which i Lypical ol chai| ol Lhi pe|iod.
WalnuL wa olLen ued a a hand-cuL venee| ove| oa|
lo| Lhe l|ame, while Lhe leq we|e made ol olid walnuL,
alLhouqh elm and oa| occu| in ve|nacula| piece. The
balloon-haped eaL i cove|ed in q/o and et/t o/nt
needlewo||. The eye i d|awn Lo Lhe o|naLe ca|vinq ol Lhe
c|eL |ail, a La|| conL|aL Lo Lhe wide, laL bac| plaL, and
echoed in Lhe ca|vinq Lo Lhe eaL |ail and on Lhe |nee.
Back splat
IL wa noL uncommon Lo have
c|olled ea| on Lhe bac| plaL, juL
below whe|e iL join Lhe c|eL |ail.
0abrele leg
The |nee a|e ca|ved wiLh a inqle
hell moLil, lan|ed on eiLhe| ide
by voluLe.
Feet
The olid walnuL leq Le|minaLe in
a well-ca|ved claw-and-ball looL,
popula| l|om I725.
0eerge 1 sde char
0ne ol a pai|, Lhi chai| i ho|L and heavy
wiLh an emphai on Lhe ho|izonLal.
cI720, $I00,000-I50,000 (Lhe pai|)
0o/veJ
/oc/ /ot
8o//oon-/oeJ eot
0/et /o// /
o/note/, co/veJ
29
Furn ture: Earl y I8th- century chai rs
0LAW-AN0-BALL FEET
Amercan char
The 0ueen Anne Lyle developed in Lhe colonie l|om I720
Lo I750. Fhiladelphia p|oduced ome ol Lhe lneL chai|.
Made l|om walnuL and omeLime mahoqany, chai|
Lended Lo be ca|ved l|om olid wood,
noL venee|ed. Fo|m uually
lollowed Enqlih example, wiLh balloon-haped eaL and
olid, vae-haped laL. Chai| we|e olLen Lalle| and mo|e
lende|. The claw-and-ball looL developed a|ound I740 in
Lhe uS. Fad o| lippe| leeL linqe|ed well inLo Lhe econd
hall ol Lhe cenLu|y.
Back splat
The laL, uno|namenLed plaL
emphaize Lhe inhe|enL beauLy in
Lhe q|ain ol Lhe wood.
Feet
EleqanL cab|iole leq Le|minaLe
in inLaqlio-ca|ved lippe| leeL-
in ue lo| lonqe| Lhan in Enqland.
0abrele leg
The hell-ca|ved |nee a|e
conide|ably le o|naLe Lhan Lhe
Enqlih example.
0rest ral
The chai| ha a mo|e p|onounced,
e|penLine c|eL |ail, olLen een on
laLe| example, wiLh a imple,
ca|ved hell moLil.
Phladelpha sde char
Thi olid walnuL chai| i Lalle|
and mo|e lende| Lhan Enqlih
example. cI7o0, $20,000-
25,000
0eed: The claw
a|ound Lhe ball, l|om a
Ceo|qe I walnuL ca|d
Lable, cI720, a|e well
delned, buL while Lhey
a|e nicely ca|ved Lhe|e
i liLLle lne deLail.
Better: The ca|vinq
ol Lhe claw l|om a
Ceo|qe II mahoqany
conce|Lina acLion Lea
Lable i mo|e delned
and Lhe claw a|e
epa|aLe l|om Lhe ball.
Best: The hiqh-qualiLy
ca|vinq how plenLy ol
deLail uch a Lhe hai| and
inew ol Lhe claw. Thi
example i l|om a Ceo|qe II
winq a|mchai| cI750.
0/nonent wo no/e /et/o/neJ
/at co/veJ co//o /e// we/e
t/// oa/o/ /n t/e uS o we//
o /n Fnq/onJ
J0
French bergre
The new chai| had Lo be
comlo|Lable. Fe|e, a lu|Lhe| eaL
and bac| cuhion have been made
Lo upplemenL Lhe upholLe|ed
bac| and eaL. cI7B0
Md-I8th century armchars
The new joatea// we|e liqhLe| and mo|e |elned
Lhan chai| l|om Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, |elecLinq
Lhe lahion lo| leminine lu|nihinq. They we|e
olLen deco|aLed in Lhe ame Lyle a Lhe oLhe|
lu|niLu|e in Lhe |oom.
The iLLe|' comlo|L wa au|ed by an
upholLe|ed eaL, bac|, and a|m |eL, and Lhe
a|m we|e eL bac| l|om Lhe l|onL ol Lhe chai| Lo
accommodaLe ladie' |i|L. The Rococo
deco|aLion and cab|iole leq qave joatea// an
eleqanL, q|acelul Lyle.
IN TFE IBTF CENTuRY, Lhe F|ench L|end lo| alon-
whe|e Lhe wealLhy could qaLhe| Lo enjoy conve|aLion-
wa led by women. The laLeL lahion lo| hooped |i|L
(l|om I720) and hiqh, elabo|aLe hai|Lyle led Lo chanqe
in chai| deiqn. A|m we|e ho|Lened and bac| lowe|ed
Lo ma|e chai| mo|e comlo|Lable. The |elaLive inlo|maliLy
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
A|m eL bac| abouL a qua|Le| ol Lhe lenqLh ol
Lhe ide |ail.
AymmeL|ical Rococo deco|aLion inco|po|aLinq hell
and /oco///e (|oc|wo||).
Cu|ved l|ame leaLu|inq cab|iole leq.
FainLed pale blue, q|een, o| yellow wiLh qildinq Lo
emphaize Lhe hape and ca|ved deLail.
ol Lhe alon alo meanL LhaL eleqanL, le lo|mal lu|niLu|e
wa |equi|ed. The joatea// wa an upholLe|ed a|mchai|
wiLh open ide, while a /e/qe/e had upholLe|ed panel
beLween Lhe a|m and eaL. Thee new lo|m we|e copied
Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope, and inLe|p|eLaLion ol Lhe joatea//
became Lhe chai| ol choice in lahionable home.
French chars
French fauteul
A Lhe cenLu|y p|oq|eed,
Neoclaical elemenL we|e
inco|po|aLed, een he|e in Lu|ned
and |eeded leq LhaL Le|minaLe in
toa/e leeL. cI7B0, $I,000-I,500
French fauteul
The eleqanL p|opo|Lion and qenLle
cu|ve a|e Lypical ol F|ench
joatea//. The hell moLil ca|ved
on Lhe c|eL |ail and |nee indicaLe
Lhe daLe. cI750
W//te-o/nteJ
j/one /
//q///q/teJ w/t/
q//J/nq
u/o/te/, / /n jo///c
t,/co/ oj t/e e//oJ
0//J/nq en/o/ze
t/e co/veJ /e//wo//
PeeJeJ /eq
Toa/e joot
TkA0E
SE0kETS
In the I8th century, French
cabinet-makers worked within a
strict guild system. Between I743
and I75I, they had to stamp their
initials followed by the letters
JME (jure Jes menu/s/ers et
eben/stes) on their work. As
a result, much French furniture
from Louis XV's reign (I724-74)
can be attributed to a maker.
JI
Furn ture: Mi d- I8th century armchai rs
1talan armchar
ILalian c|alLmen copied Lhe paLel painL
and coo|dinaLinq upholLe|y lavo|ed by Lhe
F|ench. cI750
Englsh armchar
AlLhouqh F|ench in Lyle, Lhe
qua|e, Lape|inq leq poinL Lo
a daLe laLe| in Lhe IBLh
cenLu|y. cI775
Englsh chars
0eiqne| uch a Thoma Chippendale and Cile C|endey
we|e inpi|ed by Lhe new F|ench lo|m and Lhe Eu|opean
lahion lo| Rococo. The |eulL wa an a|mchai| LhaL
lollowed Lhe F|ench Rococo hape buL wa deco|aLed wiLh
Claically inpi|ed deLail uch a palmeLLe and paLe|ae.
AccentaoteJ ca/ve
o/e 0e/non /n t,/e
Aeoc/o/co/ Jeco/ot/on
ac/ o c/o// aqqet
o /ote/ c/o//
Chai| we|e heavie| in Lyle Lhan Lhei| F|ench and ILalian
equivalenL. Bava|ian and Rococo deco|aLion we|e popula|
and olLen |eulLed in wi|linq qilded l|ame. Ce|man
cabineL-ma|e| lollowed Lhe F|ench Lyle by chooinq pale
upholLe|y LhaL complemenLed Lhe l|ame ol Lhe chai|.
0erman chars
KEY 0L0ES
Feavie|, mo|e o|naLely ca|ved l|ame.
F|ame qilded o| painLed whiLe wiLh qilL
hiqhliqhL.
A in F|ance, upholLe|y choen Lo
|elecL Lhe dco| ol Lhe |oom.
Ca|ved wiLh Rococo moLil.
Cab|iole leq.
1talan chars
The deiqn ol ILalian chai| wa inluenced by
F|ench Rococo buL Lyle dille|ed l|om |eqion Lo
|eqion. C|alLmen in FiedmonL and Liqu|ia we|e
heavily inluenced by piece l|om neiqhbo|inq
F|ance, while in venice, Lhe Lyle wa mo|e
exaqqe|aLed. /oatea// had hiqhe|, |ounde|
bac|, which we|e o|naLely ca|ved and
olLen qilded.
JAk00N
B0STEk
Furniture leg
popular in the frst half of
the I8th century. It curves
out at the top and tapers
to an inward curve.
0erman fauteul
The o|naLe /oco///e ca|vinq
and heavy qildinq a|e
evidence ol Lhe chai|'
Ce|man he|iLaqe. cI745
KEY 0L0ES
F|ench in hape wiLh |ounded bac|, ineL a|m,
and upholLe|y.
Leq may be L|aiqhL o| qenLly cu|ved
inLo cab|iole hape.
F|ame heavily qilded wiLh
Claical |aLhe| Lhan Rococo
deco|aLion.
KEY 0L0ES
Fiqhe| bac| mo|e olLen oval o| lan-haped Lhan
F|ench counLe|pa|L.
InL|icaLe ca|vinq pic|ed ouL wiLh qilL.
Chai| l|ame ca|ved all ove| |aLhe| Lhan in
hiqhliqhLed ecLion.
EleqanL, leminine Lyle eL oll wiLh colo|lul
painLwo||.
0o/v/nq cove/
not oj t/e
j/one
F/eqont ca/veJ
o/n o/e
o/note/, q//JeJ
Int//cote /eoj co/v/nq
0o///o/e /eq
o/e t,/co/
oj t/e e//oJ
Leus XV1 fauteul
FaLLe|ned blue il| upholLe|y on
Lhe a|m |eL, oval bac|, and haped
eaL wa deiqned Lo maLch Lhe
dco| ol Lhe |oom. cI775
Leus XV1 bergre
Fopula| moLil include ca|ved
quilloche on Lhe bac| and phinxe
on qua|e, luLed pedeLal LhaL
uppo|L Lhe a|m. cI7B5
Leus XV1 fauteul
The eleqanL p|opo|Lion ol Lhe
|ecLanqula| bac| wiLh iL liqhLly
a|ched Lop |ail and cuL-ouL co|ne|
a|e Lypically F|ench. cI7B0
Leus XV1 and 0ustavan chars
0u|inq Loui XvI' |eiqn, chai| in F|ance became le
|ounded and mo|e |ecLilinea| in hape. 0val and hield-
haped chai| bac| had been common ince I7o0 and Lhi
conLinued du|inq Lhe T|aniLional pe|iod, Lo be |eplaced by
qua|e| bac| laLe|. Chai| l|ame we|e ca|ved wiLh
Claical moLil uch a viL|uvian c|oll. They may
be painLed buL a|e uually qilded.
Fab|ic ued lo| upholLe|y we|e uually pale,
leminine il|, which complemenLed Lhe qilded l|ame.
IN TFE YEARS belo|e Lhe F|ench RevoluLion, Lhe ill-laLed
|inq Loui XvI and hi AuL|ian b|ide Ma|ie AnLoineLLe
llled Lhei| palace wiLh umpLuou lu|niLu|e. Chai| l|om
ea|ly in Lhei| |eiqn (I774-B) a|e olLen |ele||ed Lo a
T|aniLional, a Lhey leaLu|e boLh Rococo and Neoclaical
elemenL. LaLe| example Lend Lo be mo|e Neoclaical.
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
SubLanLial, heavy l|ame, wiLh plenLy ol complex
ca|ved ove|all o|namenLaLion.
Wood i cove|ed wiLh qildinq.
Neoclaical moLil uch a |epeaLinq paLLe|n copied
l|om l|ieze ol ancienL C|ee| Lemple.
Tu|ned, Lape|inq leq wiLh lu|Lhe| ca|vinq.
WhaLeve| Lhe Lyle lavo|ed by Lhe |oyal couple, Lhei| LaLe
wa copied by oLhe| wealLhy F|ench houehold and Lhe
|ulinq clae elewhe|e in Eu|ope, who we|e |een Lo lollow
Lhe laLeL lahion. CuLavian chai| l|om Sweden lollow a
imila| Lyle Lo Lhe Loui XvI chai| and we|e inpi|ed by
Kinq CuLav III' viiL Lo ILaly and ve|aillle in I77I.
Leus XV1 chars
J2
Leus XV1 fauteul
Thi painLed and qilded chai|
ha an oval bac| and ca|ved
Lop |ail, lnial, a|m, eaL |ail,
and leq. cI7B5
To /o// / co/veJ
onJ /e/ceJ w/t/
////on onJ
jowe/
v/t/av/on c/o//
/ ///e o e//e
oj wove
JAk00N
B0STEk
0ecorative knob
applied to furniture or lids of
silver, ceramic, or glass
containers. A fnial is
often shaped like an
acorn or urn.
//ateJ /eq o/e
/o/j o/nteJ /o/j
q//JeJ
0a///oc/e otte/n
cone j/on
0/o/co/
o/c//tecta/e
//n/o/
0o/veJ
//nx
Furn ture: Loui s XVI and 0ustavi an chai rs
Late 0ustavan fauteul
Mo|e auLe|e Lhan ea|lie|
example, Lhi qilded, upholLe|ed
chai| ha |eL|ained ca|vinq and
luLed leq. cIBI0, $2,000-2,500
0ustavan char
The chai| bac|, made by E|i|
0h|ma|| ol SLoc|holm, ha
baluLe|-haped pindle, a Swedih
leaLu|e. cIBI5, $I,500-2,000
0ustavan armchar
Thi haL-bac|ed chai| ha a
Lypically Swedih painLed l|ame,
wiLh Lu|ned, Lape|ed leq and qilL
hiqhliqhL. cI70, $,000-4,000
0ustavan armchar
FainLed whiLe wiLh qilL hiqhliqhL,
Lhe pie|ced plaL i in Lhe lo|m ol
enLwined C in homaqe Lo
CuLav III. cI7B0, $,000-,500
00STAV 111 0F SWE0EN
KEY 0L0ES
Local wood |aLhe| Lhan mahoqany.
FainLed noL qilded l|ame, alLhouqh Lhe|e may be
occaional qilL hiqhliqhL.
A liqhL and eleqanL inLe|p|eLaLion ol F|ench Lyle.
Simple, |eeded leq.
0eco|aLion mo|e |eL|ained.
0ustav III visited Versailles
before his coronation in I77I
and fell in love with the French
Neoclassical style. When he
returned home, he turned
5weden into the "Paris of the
North" by introducing a cultural
and architectural sophistication
that had not been seen before.
Kng 0ustav 111 The mona|ch
b|ouqhL F|ench Neoclaical Lyle
Lo Sweden.
0ustavan chars
Ea|ly Swedih chai| we|e olLen ca|ved l|om walnuL, buL
laLe| piece we|e uually made l|om local, cheape| wood
uch a pine and chubi|ch. The wood wa whiLewahed o|
painLed q|ay, a Lhe Swedih nobiliLy could noL allo|d Lhe
qildinq popula| aL cou|L. The ca|vinq wa liqhLe| and
imple| Lhan on F|ench chai|.
Some CuLavian chai| how a B|iLih inluence wiLh
moLil uch a u|n. upholLe|y Lended Lo be Lhe pale il|
LhaL we|e alo lavou|ed by Lhe F|ench.
T/e j/one / co/veJ
w/t/ Aeoc/o/co/
not/j
0ustav invited French cabinet-
makers to 5weden to make
furniture in the latest designs.
When he was unable to pay them
they went back to France, leaving
their work behind. Local
craftsmen imitated the costly
materials used in France and
Italy. However, they substituted
native pine for walnut or
imported mahogany. They
painted the wood to look like
marble and the grain of exotic
trees.
JJ
0ustavan armchar
The whiLe-painLed l|ame i Lypical ol
CuLavian lu|niLu|e. The upholLe|y
leaLu|e a Neoclaical deiqn. cI70,
$2,500-,500
PeeJeJ /eq
8o/ate/
/nJ/e
P/e/ceJ /ot
oj t,//zeJ
/nte/tw/neJ 0
J4
TFE MANY CFAIR 0ESICNS in Lhe IBLh cenLu|y |elecL Lhe many
chanqe in Lyle and poliLic ol LhaL Lime. In Lhe l|L decade, Lhe
Ba|oque Lyle conLinued Lo be inluenLial. BuL a Lhe Eu|opean
uppe| clae adopLed Lhe F|ench lahion lo| inlo|mal
enLe|Laininq, Lhey copied F|ench Rococo Lyle ol Lhe joatea//
(open-ided a|mchai|) and /e/qe/e (cloed-ided a|mchai|).
In Enqland, Lhe wa| wiLh F|ance aL Lhe beqinninq ol Lhe
cenLu|y led Lo a move away l|om F|ench inluence and new
B|iLih Lyle developed. AL l|L, 0ueen Anne Lyle wa
popula|, buL Lhe publicaLion ol Thoma Chippendale'
T/e 0ent/enon onJ 0o//net-Mo/e/ 0//ecto/ in
I754 inL|oduced a new Lyle LhaL |emained
popula| lo| ove| I00 yea|. CabineL-ma|e| in
Lhe Ame|ican colonie inLe|p|eLed boLh 0ueen
Anne and Chippendale Lyle. In Lhe mid- Lo laLe
IBLh cenLu|y, Lhe Neoclaical Lyle Loo| |ooL.
Chai| we|e qua|e| and L|aiqhLe| wiLh Lu|ned,
Lape|ed leq |aLhe| Lhan cab|iole. AL l|L,
chai| we|e made inqly buL, l|om Lhe mid-
cenLu|y, eL ol lu|niLu|e (uiLe) became popula|.
I8th-century chars
The lineup
0eorge II walnut elbow chair. cI740, $3,500-5,000
0utch chars
0uLch cabineL-ma|e| imiLaLed B|iLih deiqn
ol Lhe pe|iod.
B|iLih-inluenced leaLu|e include hell-
ca|ved c|eL and |nee, olid vae-haped
plaL, d|op-in eaL, and cab|iole leq wiLh
claw-and-ball leeL.
SeaL |ail a|e mo|e e|penLine (wavy) and
omeLime have a haped lowe| ecLion.
Fauteuil la reine by N blanchard. cI755
Leus XV1 chars
The F|ench lahion lo| |elaxed enLe|Laininq led
Lo Lhe developmenL ol mo|e inlo|mal chai|.
Bac| and eaL |ail a|e haped, ca|ved, and
molded, while cab|iole leq we|e Lape|inq,
ca|ved, and molded.
F|ame Lend Lo be qilded.
upholLe|y i il| o| needlewo||.
CabineL-ma|e| had Lo ma|| Lhei| wo||.
0eerge 1 chars
Thi Lyle ol chai|, wiLh olid,
inve|Led, baluLe|-haped bac|
plaL and cab|iole l|onL leq, wa
copied Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope and Lhe
Ame|ican colonie.
S-c|oll up|iqhL l|ame Lhe bac|
plaL.
The c|eL |ail and haped |nee
we|e ca|ved wiLh hell and Lhe
cenLe| ol Lhe eaL |ail wiLh a
ca|ouche.
Cab|iole leq end in animal
deLail uch a claw-and-ball
leeL o| hoove.
By the late I8th century, 0hinese
craftsmen were combining European
motifs with their traditional forms. In this
example of a blackwood chair, the back
splat takes a 0hinese shape, while the rest
of the chair echoes contemporary
European styles. However, the I9th
century saw the strict rectilinear designs
of the past softened by curves.
Native hardwoods were
particularly suited to
carved decoration.
TkA0E
SE0kETS
A blight on its walnut trees forced
the French to prohibit the export
of walnut from I720. 5o British
cabinet-makers, who had used
walnut extensively as a solid wood
and a veneer, started to use
mahogany. This imported wood
gradually became the dominant
material for all furniture.
0K1NESE 0AkVE0
BLA0KW000
0hnese char
Cu|ve |ound
oll Lhe co|ne|.
cIB50,
$500-700
0o/toac/e
0/ow-onJ-/o// joot
S/e/e/J
c/oo/ o/n
S/e// co/v/nq
S/e// not/j on
/oeJ /nee
Mo/J/nq on /eq
notc/e o/n
onJ /oc/
Mo/aet/, Jeco/ot/on
aeJ /n 0atc/ /ece
wo no /onqe/
jo//ono//e /n 8//to/n
0//twooJ
Burr walnut
chair. cI720
J5
Furn ture: I8th- century chai rs
Mahogany chair. cI740
0eerge 11 chars
F|om Lhe ea|ly I7?0, mahoqany impo|Led l|om
colonie in Lhe WeL Indie and Fondu|a
became Lhe wood ol choice in B|iLain.
The ha|d wood allowed deep ca|vinq,
dille|enL l|om F|ench ca|vinq.
Mahoqany wa alo L|onq-heavy chai|
we|e inluenced by Lhe lu|nihinq ol
a|chiLecL-deiqne| William KenL.
Painted and gilded chair. cI780, $I,000-I,500
Swedsh kecece chars
Chai| l|om ea|ly in Lhe cenLu|y we|e painLed
and had cab|iole leq and a olid bac| plaL.
The hell ca|vinq in Lhe c|eL |ail i olLen
accompanied by a |eyhole pie|ced Lh|ouqh
Lhe uppe| ecLion ol Lhe bac| plaL.
Ca|ved a|ea may be hiqhliqhLed wiLh qildinq.
va|ieLy ol Lyle, deiqn Lend Lo be cone|vaLive.
Late Baroque chair. cI795, $5,000-I0,000
1talan Bareque chars
The inluence ol I7Lh-cenLu|y Ba|oque can be
een in Lhe bold ca|vinq on Lhe eaL l|ame.
Chai| bac| uually have a p|onounced
ouLwa|d cu|ve.
Fla|inq a|m and ove|all p|opo|Lion a|e
mo|e exaqqe|aLed Lhan Lhe F|ench and
Enqlih chai| LhaL e|ved a inpi|aLion.
0arved mahogany chair. cI780, $250,000-350,000
Kepplewhte desgns
FepplewhiLe' wo|| i |nown Lh|ouqh T/e
0o//net-Mo/e/ onJ u/o/te/e/ 0a/Je (I7BB),
buL no lu|niLu|e can be aLL|ibuLed Lo him.
0eiqn leaLu|e hield-, oval-, and hea|L-
haped bac| wiLh ca|ved and pie|ced plaL
in Lhe hape ol u|n, leLoon, and d|ape|y.
Leq a|e |ound o| qua|e, L|aiqhL o|
Lape|inq, and wiLh leal o|namenL.
Mahogany side chair. cI800, $I,500-2,000
Amercan Federal chars
Ame|ican Neoclaical wa inpi|ed by B|iLih
deiqne| Adam, FepplewhiLe, and She|aLon.
The hield bac| Lypically ha a pie|ced and
ca|ved plaL and qua|e, Lape|inq leq.
Ea|ly piece a|e |eL|ained in lo|m and how
q|eaL aLLenLion Lo deLail.
LaLe| example La|e inpi|aLion di|ecLly l|om
ancienL C|ee| and Roman ou|ce.
0ilt frame side chair. I8th century, $I,500-2,000
0erman chars
In Lhe ea|ly pa|L ol Lhe cenLu|y, cabineL-ma|e|
lavo|ed qilded, ca|ved wood l|ame. Chai|
hape and deco|aLion Loo| Lhei| inpi|aLion
l|om Enqland and F|ance.
Feavily ca|ved, qilded, o| painLed l|ame.
Chai| l|om Lhe no|Lh de|ive l|om 0uLch o|
Enqlih Lyle uch a Chippendale.
A,nnet//co/ //enc/
Pococo-t,/e Jeco/ot/on
lo/qe-co/e /e//
not/j / /n t/e
nonne/ oj
lonJon co//net-
no/e/ 0//e
0/enJe,
S//e/J /oc/ /o
o /e/ceJ onJ
co/veJ /ot
/n//eJ /,
/e/ew//te
St/o/q/t toe//nq
j/ont /eq
So//J voe-
/oeJ /ot
/n 8//t// t,/e
Mo/ve /oo/t/on
notc/eJ /, o/note/,
co/veJ j/one
S/e// Jeco/ot/on
aqqet /njaence
oj //enc/ Pococo
J
0hppendale chars
Englsh 0hppendale char
The Chippendale chai| i Lhe epiLome ol Chippendale'
lu|niLu|e. mo|e Lhan o0 va|iaLion appea| in Lhe 0//ecto/.
0epiLe Lhe dille|enL LyliLic inluence, Lhe baic hape
|emain Lhe ame. WiLh an emphai on Lhe ho|izonLal,
Enqlih chai| a|e wide and low. The bac| a|e ca|ved and
pie|ced, olLen wiLh inLe|laced plaL and c|ollwo||. A
W0RKINC IN L0N00N l|om Lhe mid-IBLh cenLu|y,
Thoma Chippendale (I7IB-7) ha become ynonymou
wiLh lu|niLu|e deiqn l|om Lhi pe|iod. Fe i een a one ol
Lhe beL deiqne| ol hi e|a. LiLLle exLanL lu|niLu|e can be
aLL|ibuLed di|ecLly Lo Chippendale, yeL hi Lyle ha
endu|ed, Lhan| la|qely Lo hi boo| T/e 0ent/enon onJ
0o//net-Mo/e/ 0//ecto/ (ee box, oppoiLe). The deiqn
we|e copied by lu|niLu|e-ma|e| in B|iLain, Lhe uS, and
Lhe colonie. They a|e LeLimony Lo Chippendale' |ill aL
inLe|p|eLinq Rococo and Neoclaical Lyle, and alo Lo hi
inLe|eL in c//no/e//e and Lhe CoLhic |evival LhaL lou|ihed
l|om Lhe middle ol Lhe cenLu|y.
The inLe||oqaLion
e|penLine c|eL |ail |eL on inwa|d-cu|vinq Lile. MoL
chai| have qua|e o| L|apezoid d|op-in eaL. F|onL leq
|elecL Lhe lahion lo| Rococo cab|iole leq wiLh ca|ved
|nee and claw-and-ball leeL. Mahoqany i Lhe wood ol
choice, allowinq lo| deep-cuL, deLailed ca|vinq, Lhouqh
walnuL and l|uiLwood a|e alo ued.
Knee
The leq a|e deep ca|ved wiLh Lhe
lahionable acanLhu moLil l|om
Lhiqh Lo |nee.
Feet
The cab|iole leq Le|minaLe in
well-|ounded claw-and-ball leeL.
Back splat
The chai| ha an eleqanL, vae-
haped, ca|ved and pie|ced plaL.
Englsh char
Thi chai| i made ol walnuL and
ha a numbe| ol Lypical Rococo
leaLu|e. cI7o0, $0,000-5,000
0rest ral
The c|eL |ail i ca|ved alonq iL
enLi|e lenqLh, wiLh a cenL|al hell
moLil and leal-ca|ved ea|.
Se/ent/ne
c/et /o//
0/o-/n eot
0o///o/e /eq
ca/ve oat t/en /n
//a/J
Jownwet
o/n
Inwo/J-
ca/v/nq
t//e
J7
Furn ture: 0hi ppendal e chai rs
TKE 0ENTLEMAN AN0 0AB1NET-MAKEk'S 01kE0T0k
T/e 0ent/emon onJ 0ob/net-Moker's 0/rector,
produced by 0hippendale in I754, is a primary
reason for the longevity of his designs. Although
he is most famous today for his chairs, the book
featured designs for everything from desks and
tables to commodes and mirrors.
0hippendale published the book as a way to
cultivate the patronage of the aristocracy, although
the instructions were meant for the cabinet-
makers who recreated the designs for their
wealthy clients.
His designs included fanciful 0riental styles
inspired by c//no/ser/e, French Rococo, 0othic,
and 0lassical motifs.
0rest ral
The c|eL |ail ha a cenL|al hell
moLil and Le|minaLe in well-
ca|ved ea|.
Back splat
An emphai on Lhe ve|Lical i
endo|ed by Lhe deep hoe aL Lhe
bae ol Lhe plaL.
Feet
The claw-and-ball leeL have well-
Lu|ned an|le and a|e liqhLly
qua|ed (a New Yo|| leaLu|e) wiLh
L|aiqhL-lined Lalon.
Knee
The |nee ha a ca|ved hell moLil
- le common lo| Lhi pe|iod Lhan
acanLhu o| voluLe (pi|al c|oll).
0esgns frem 0hppendale's 0recter
CabineL-ma|e| and Lhei| clienL could chooe
l|om a numbe| ol Lyle.
Amercan char
Thi chai| i made ol mahoqany
and i liqhLe| and mo|e lende|
Lhan Lhe Enqlih example. cI770,
$,500-5,000
Amercan 0hppendale char
An inlux ol immiq|anL c|alLmen and Lhe availabiliLy ol
Lhe 0//ecto/ meanL LhaL Chippendale became Lhe Lyle ol
choice in Lhe uS l|om Lhe middle ol Lhe IBLh cenLu|y.
Fu|niLu|e-ma|e| in Lhe ciLie-p|ima|ily Fhiladelphia,
BoLon, and New Yo||-and Lhei| |u|al communiLie
emb|aced Lhe Lyle. Local and |ecenL immiq|anL cabineL-
ma|e| p|oduced piece o cloe Lo Lhe Enqlih o|iqinal
LhaL in Lhe paL Lhey we|e olLen conlued. BuL wiLh an
emphai on Lhe ve|Lical, uS deiqn Lend Lo have Lall,
lende| leq and a hiqh hoe in Lhe bac| plaL. Ca|vinq,
olLen ol acanLhu o| hell, i uually mo|e |eL|ained.
Wood ol choice include mahoqany, walnuL, and maple.
T/e co/veJ /e//
e/ve o on occent
F/eqont jot
/oc/
//q/ /oe
Po/eJ /eo/
/eq
J8
TFE S0FA EMERCE0 a a lo|m du|inq Lhe ea|ly IBLh
cenLu|y. IL developed aL a |apid pace du|inq Lhe
Neoclaical e|a (cI7o0-cIB0) Lo meeL Lhe demand lo|
q|eaLe| comlo|L in Lhe home. Ea|ly lo|m we|e baed on
Lhe deiqn ol conLempo|a|y ide chai| and had
ca|ved bac| and upholLe|ed eaL. By Lhe end
ol Lhe cenLu|y, moL alo had upholLe|ed bac|
and ide and we|e cove|ed in luxu|iou lab|ic
uch a il|, dama|, velveL, and chinLz. Thi
Lyle i ea|ly Neoclaical. piece we|e
|ecLilinea|, havinq expoed mahoqany l|ame wiLh
liLLle o| |eL|ained o|namenL and eleqanL,
Lape|ed leq. Typical moLil included ca|ved
acanLhu leave, quilloche band, and |oeLLe.
WiLh Lhe Lu|n ol Lhe cenLu|y came Lhe Empi|e
Lyle in F|ance, inLe|p|eLed ac|o Eu|ope and in Lhe uS.
Fo|m we|e qene|ally heavie| and |elecLed an aLLempL Lo
copy Lypical Claical lo|m mo|e cloely. Sola l|ame
we|e mo|e o|naLely haped, olLen wiLh c|ollinq bac| |ail
and ouLc|olled a|m, and Lood on ab|e
leq o| lion' paw leeL. Ca|vinq wa
mo|e p|ominenL, wiLh phinx and
mummy moLil l|om ancienL EqypL
a well a miliLa|y moLil l|om
ancienL Rome, uch a medallion,
lau|el w|eaLh, and lace.
Neeclasscal sefas
The lineup
JAk00N
B0STEk
The term was a
joke invented by two 0erman
poets and is a combination of
(conventional or
honest) and (a
common surname).
Empire canap. cI800, W: o2in (I57cm)
Empre, French
F|ench Empi|e Lyle dominaLed Eu|ope in Lhe ea|ly ILh cenLu|y.
0icLaLed, Lo ome exLenL, by Lhe pe|onal LaLe ol Napoleon, Lhi wa a
mo|e heavily maculine ve|ion ol Lhe Neoclaical Lyle.
0eiqne| aLLempLed Lo copy Lhe lu|niLu|e ol ancienL Rome accu|aLely.
Mahoqany wa Lhe p|evalenL wood, wiLh ca|ved deco|aLion becominq
mo|e p|ominenL.
AncienL EqypLian moLil we|e common.
Provincial Louis XVI sofa. cI780, $I,500-2,000
Leus XV1, France
The |eiqn ol Loui XvI aw Lhe beqinninq ol Lhe Neoclaical Lyle, wiLh
|ecLilinea| hape La|inq ove| l|om cu|ved Rococo one.
LiqhL, imple |ecLanqula| l|ame, olLen open Lo Lhe bac| and a|m.
EleqanL, Lape|inq, |eeded leq.
ReL|ained ca|ved o|namenL bea|inq Neoclaical moLil.
F|ovincial piece noL necea|ily ma||ed.
Biedermeier sofa. cI825, L: 85in (2I5cm), $2,000-2,500
Bedermeer, 0ermany
Thi Lyle developed alonqide Empi|e in Ce|many, AuL|ia, Sweden, and
No|way. Empi|e wa popula| wiLh Lhe nobiliLy, while Biede|meie| Lended
Lo lu|nih Lhe home ol Lhe middle clae.
SymmeL|ical, qeomeL|ic lo|m p|evail.
Wood include impo|Led mahoqany, buL alo le expenive naLive
walnuL, che||y, and bi|ch.
Emphai on q|ain ol wood, accenLuaLed wiLh pa|Lial ebonizinq.
P/ne cone jn/o/
S//nx
l/on ow joot
0o/veJ
////on /ow
J9
Furn ture: Neocl assi cal sofas
0lassical carved sofa. cI825,
$2,500-3,500
0lasscal, 0S
Mo|e a|in Lo B|iLih Reqency deiqn, Lhe Ame|ican Claical Lyle
evolved l|om Lhe Fede|al Lyle l|om cIBI5 and i pa|Licula|ly aociaLed
wiLh New Yo|| ciLy.
Mahoqany wa Lhe wood ol choice and i olLen deep-ca|ved wiLh
Neoclaical moLil.
Some piece have a hinL ol B|iLih exoLicim.
Fahion lo| c|olled, ca|ved a|m in Lhe Reqency Lyle.
Regency mahogany sofa.
L: 85in (2I5cm), $2,500-3,500
kegency, 0K
Inluenced by Lhe exube|anL LaLe ol Lhe F|ince ReqenL (laLe|
Ceo|qe Iv), Lhe Reqency pe|iod in B|iLain (cIB00-cIB?0) aw a
mo|e lamboyanL exp|eion ol Lhe F|ench Empi|e Lyle.
Richly upholLe|ed in b|iqhL-colo|ed il| o| dama|, ola we|e Lhe
ulLimaLe in comlo|L and luxu|y.
Elabo|aLely c|olled bac| |ail and ouLc|olled a|m echo Claical Lyle
ol ancienL Rome.
0ustavian sofa. cI800,
L: 74in (I85cm), $I,700-2,500
0ustavan, Sweden
CuLavian wa Lhe Swedih inLe|p|eLaLion ol Neoclaical Lyle, named
alLe| CuLav III ol Sweden, who championed Lhe Lyle.
Cene|ally a liqhLe|, mo|e cone|vaLive, ve|ion ol Lhe F|ench
Neoclaical Lyle.
Inle|io|iLy ol naLive wood, Lypically pine, meanL LhaL many piece
we|e painLed Lo maLch Lhe inLe|io| deiqn ol a |oom.
ReL|ained ue ol o|namenL.
Russian Empire sofa.
L: 80in (200cm), $I,000-I,500
kussan
Ruian Neoclaical lu|niLu|e |elecLed lahion in F|ance, alLhouqh
many deiqn we|e inL|oduced Lo Ruia by a|chiLecL Thoma de
Thomon (Swi) and Ca|lo Roi (ILalian).
RecLilinea| l|ame a|e heavy and loo|ed le |elned Lhan
conLempo|a|y F|ench example.
0lLen made l|om mahoqany and heavily ca|ved wiLh
Neoclaical moLil.
American Empire sofa. Mid-I9th century,
W: 88in (220cm), $I,000-I,500
Empre, 0S
F|om cIB?0, Ame|ican deiqne| we|e inluenced by Lhe F|ench Empi|e
Lyle LhaL dominaLed conLempo|a|y Eu|ope. They Loo| Lhe ea|lie|,
delicaLe Fede|al Lyle and made iL biqqe|, bul|ie|, and mo|e o|naLe.
Sc|oll-end ola and eLLee a|e Lypical lo|m.
Sola uually have ab|e o| X-haped leq.
Federal mahogany sofa. cI830,
L: 74
I
/2in (I8ocm), $I,700-2,500
Federal, 0S
A mo|e unde|LaLed Neoclaical Lyle developed in Lhe uS in Lhe ea|ly
ILh cenLu|y, wiLh many piece baed on deiqn p|oduced by She|aLon,
FepplewhiLe, and Adam.
Simple, |ecLilinea| l|ame wiLh il| o| aLin upholLe|y.
CenLly c|olled and ca|ved bac| |ail wiLh minimal deco|aLion.
Reeded o| luLed Lape|inq leq.
40
0ve| Lhe laL B00 yea|, Lhe Lable ha evolved l|om Lhe imple
wooden L|eLle Lo Lhe |anqe ol meLal, qla, plaLic,
and wooden dininq, occaional, and collee Lable
LhaL we |now Loday. IL developmenL i cloely Lied Lo
Lhe ocial chanqe du|inq Lhi Lime.
IN TFE MI00LE ACES, Lwo Lype ol Lable p|evailed. The
L|eLle Lable had a ho|izonLal l|ame uppo|Linq a
|ecLanqula|, plan|-Lype Lop. The |elecLo|y Lable wa a
la|qe, heavy allai|, ued amonq eLLled communiLie uch
a mon|. BoLh Lype we|e made ol wood, uually oa|, and
deiqned lo| eaLinq a la|qe numbe| ol people in a biq hall.
Smaller tables
A move l|om Lhe la|qe hall Lo malle| dininq pa|lo| in Lhe
I7Lh cenLu|y made la|qe Lable unnecea|y. InLead,
houehold p|ele||ed Lhe qaLeleq Lable, which |emained
popula| well inLo Lhe IBLh cenLu|y. Thi had a |ound o|
TABLES
oval LableLop, olLen wiLh hinqed lap, uppo|Led on a
qaLeleq bae. The Lable could be ca||ied and made malle|
o| la|qe| Lo uiL Lhe occaion. Cene|ally made ol oa|, Lhee
Lable had Lu|ned leq joined by L|eLche|. IL wa a|ound
Lhi Lime LhaL mall |ound-Lopped Lable came in a candle
Land. Conole Lable could be lound in lo|mal |ecepLion
kefectery table
The deiqn ol Lhi
I7Lh-cenLu|y oa| Lable
i imple. a |ecLanqula| plan|ed
Lop on |inq-Lu|ned uppo|L, joined
by L|eLche|.
I8th-century censele
table
Conole Lable we|e lo| how, Lhe
p|ee|ve ol Lhe weaLhieL
|eidence, a i uqqeLed by Lhe
elabo|aLe ca|vinq, and expenive
qildinq and ma|ble Lop.
4I
|oom. When placed aqainL Lhe
wall ol a |oom, Lhee Lable
had liLLle p|acLical ue, buL
we|e pa|L ol Lhe a|chiLecLu|al
vocabula|y ol Lhe |oom. They
we|e baed on deiqn in Lhe
Ba|oque Lyle lahionable in ILaly.
heavy, olLen ma|ble, |ecLanqula| Lop
uppo|Led on ca|ved, qilL leq.
Keme entertanng
The IBLh cenLu|y wiLneed many chanqe in ocial lile,
p|ima|ily a demand lo| q|eaLe| comlo|L and enLe|Laininq
in Lhe home. Thi hilL qave |ie Lo all manne| ol addiLional
Lable. Smalle| Lable we|e deiqned lo| a |anqe ol
pu|poe-playinq ca|d, La|inq Lea, w|iLinq leLLe|, and
needlewo||. Many ol Lhee Lable had d|op leave o| LilL
Lop and d|awe|, ma|inq Lhem mo|e ve|aLile. KepL Lo Lhe
ide ol a |oom when noL in ue, moL we|e mounLed on
caLe| Lo ma|e Lhem eaie| Lo move. The /a/eoa /ot wa
l|L een du|inq Lhe l|L hall ol Lhe cenLu|y. 0lLen houed
in Lhe bedchambe|, Lhee la|qe Lable wiLh d|awe| in Lhe
ap|on we|e ued a men' w|iLinq Lable.
unLil Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y Lhe wealLhy Lended Lo eaL in la|qe
communal hall a|ound lonq |elecLo|y Lable. Thee we|e
q|adually |eplaced by inLimaLe pa|lo| whe|e mall q|oup
aLe LoqeLhe| a|ound ci|cula| qaLeleq Lable, which
encou|aqed conve|aLion. Foweve|, new lo|m ol dininq
Lable eme|qed in Lhe mid-IBLh cenLu|y. Li|e Lhe qaLeleq
JAk00N
B0STEk
A leg or gate
swings out to support a table
leaf, as opposed to a table where
the drop leaf is supported by
brackets within the frame
(Pembroke, sofa).
Lable LhaL p|eceded Lhem, Lhee could be made la|qe| o|
malle| by addinq o| |emovinq leave o| loldinq down
lap. F|om Lhe I750, Lhee Lable olLen coniLed ol a
cenL|al, |ecLanqula| qaLeleq Lable wiLh Lwo 0-haped end,
which could be added Lo ma|e iL lonqe|. When Lhe end
we|e noL |equi|ed Lhey we|e olLen ued a pie| Lable.
The Femb|o|e Lable appea|ed Lowa|d Lhe end ol Lhe
cenLu|y. Thi wa a mall, deco|aLive |ecLanqula| Lable
wiLh d|op leave Lo Lhe lonq ide. A well a dininq, iL wa
ued a a qame and wo|| Lable, a iL owne| |equi|ed. A
iL wa mall, and on caLe|, Lhe Femb|o|e Lable had Lhe
added benelL ol beinq eay Lo move a|ound Lhe |oom.
The lahion lo| exL|avaqanL meal in Lhe mid-ILh
cenLu|y led Lo Lhe |e-eme|qence ol Lhe dedicaLed dininq
|oom and inqle, la|qe dininq Lable. Majo| developmenL
in Lhe ILh cenLu|y included Lwo-Lie| Lable, and neL ol
Lable, whe|e Lh|ee o| lou| ize ol Lhe ame occaional
Lable we|e Lac|ed one above Lhe oLhe| when noL in ue.
20th-century dynamsm
IL wa du|inq Lhe 20Lh cenLu|y LhaL Lable deiqn benelLed
l|om new maLe|ial and Lechnique. AlLhouqh Lhe
pu|poe |emained Lhe ame-dininq, w|iLinq, diplay,
playinq qame-Lable beqan Lo loo| dille|enL. Many
inco|po|aLed uch dive|e maLe|ial a mi||o|, benL ply,
Lubula| Leel, and ch|ome du|inq Lhe ea|ly I00, and
new-aqe plaLic and |ecycled ca|dboa|d l|om mid-
cenLu|y. The collee Lable wa inL|oduced in Lhe I50 and
can lay claim Lo beinq Lhe moL |ecenL L|ue innovaLion.
Bureau plat
InL|oduced in F|ance du|inq Lhe
ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y, Lhe /a/eoa /ot
wa ued by men lo| w|iLinq. IL
olLen had a wo||inq d|awe| on
one ide wiLh a dummy d|awe| on
Lhe oppoiLe ide.
kegency breakfast table
Thi mahoqany Lable wiLh b|a inlay i
Lypical ol Lhe ea|ly ILh cenLu|y. The
Lop i |aied on a inqle Lem uppo|Led
by lou| played leq.
Art 0ece censele table
Faul F|an|l deiqned Lhi I20
Lable wiLh |ooL in ancienL Rome,
buL ued conLempo|a|y maLe|ial
-ch|ome, lacque|, and qla-and
Lechnique.
42
Leekng at tables
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AlLhouqh conL|ucLion meLhod have become mo|e
ophiLicaLed Lhe baic componenL ol a Lable Lop and
bae have chanqed liLLle. WheLhe| a d|op-leal, qaLeleq,
pedeLal, o| L|ipod conL|ucLion, Lhe clue Lo Lhe
Lable' daLe lie in Lhe evidence ol c|alLmanhip,
p|opo|Lion, wood ued, Lhe Lype ol ca|vinq o|
venee|, and Lhe complexiLy ol any
mechanim. Loo| unde|neaLh Lhe
Lable and inide any d|awe| Lo
ee how Lhey a|e made a well a
Ludyinq Lhe Lable Lop and leq.
0lese nspecten
Thi Lable open ouL Lo become a ca|d Lable, wiLh a q|een baize lininq.
When noL in ue iL can be lolded up and puhed Lo Lhe ide ol Lhe |oom.
0ard table
An Ame|ican Claical mahoqany ca|d Lable,wiLh acanLhu ca|vinq and
|eeded column and |adiaLinq lan venee|ed Lop. cIBI5 F. oin (I.5cm)
/o/J ove/ to
quarter veneer Fou| heeL ol
venee| l|om Lhe ame piece ol wood a|e
a||anqed diaqonally in pai| o Lhe q|ain
c|eaLe an X paLLe|n. 0ua|Le| venee|
a|e uiLed Lo L|onq-q|ained Limbe|
uch a walnuL, bu|| walnuL, mahoqany,
Lulipwood, |inqwood, and labu|num.
A veneer is a thin layer of expensive wood glued to a cheaper
carcase. Early veneers-from the I7th and early I8th centuries-
were hand-cut and of uneven thickness (about
I
/8in/3mm). Later,
machine-cut veneers are paper thin and of standard thickness.
Woods used include mahogany, satinwood, rosewood, and maple.
0yster veneer Ci|cula| lice ol a
Lhin b|anch a|e a||anqed one on Lop ol
Lhe oLhe| Lo c|eaLe Lhe ellecL ol a pile ol
oyLe| o| loq ol wood. 0yLe| venee|
we|e l|L ued in Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y.
Wood ued include walnuL, |inqwood,
labu|num, and mahoqany.
0ressbandng and strngng
SL|ip ol venee| eL aL |iqhL anqle Lo
Lhe main venee| (c|obandinq) a|e
l|amed wiLh a Lhin L|ip (L|inq) ol
conL|aLinq wood o| meLal. Ea|ly
example ued Lhe ame wood, laLe|
one ue conL|aLinq and exoLic wood.
Kerrngbene veneer Thi |elned
c|obandinq wa alo ued Lo l|ame
edqe, olLen on Lhe lneL B|iLih IBLh-
cenLu|y lu|niLu|e. Two L|ip a|e cuL on
Lhe diaqonal l|om a piece ol L|aiqhL-
q|ained wood. They a|e placed ide by
ide o one mi||o| Lhe oLhe|.
Veneers
0ote/
4J
Furn ture:
What te leek at
Fxture ef tep te base
Chec| unde|neaLh Lo ee wheLhe|
Lhe Lop i pe|manenLly lxed Lo Lhe
bae. Il iL LilL o| Lu|n, Lhi will
qive you a qood clue a Lo Lhe
Lable' pu|poe. Table wiLh
adjuLable Lop we|e uually
deiqned lo| occaional ue. The
Lop would be d|opped down and
Lhe Lable moved when noL in ue.
The table tep
Loo| Lo ee wheLhe| Lhe Lop i olid o| venee|ed. You can Lell il Lhe|e i
a venee| by examininq Lhe edqe ol Lhe Lable Lop. Il Lhe Lop i a olid
piece, i iL made l|om a inqle plan| o| inLe|loc|inq plan|` Il iL i
venee|ed, L|y Lo idenLily Lhe Lype ol wood ued a Lhi help Lo Lell you
whe|e Lhe piece wa made and iL aqe. NoLice wheLhe| Lhe venee| i
machine o| hand cuL a Lhi i alo a qood clue Lo aqe. See /ox oo/te
jo/ no/e on venee/ onJ ?I5 jo/ c/ec//nq wooJ t,e
0eceraten
Loo| aL any deco|aLion, uch a painLinq, qildinq, mounL, o| ca|vinq.
The Lyle may help indicaLe Lhe pe|iod, and i alo a qood way ol
aeinq qualiLy. The panel beLween Lhe leq i ca|ved on Lhi Lable.
The ca|vinq, ol acanLhu leave, i Lypical ol Lhe Neoclaical deiqn
popula| ea|ly in Lhe ILh cenLu|y. See ?0-?0 jo/ no/e on not/j
The shape ef the tep
The Lop may be L|aiqhL o| haped.
IdenLily Lhe hape. Jen/-/ane (hall-
moon o| emi-ci|cle), e|penLine
o|, a he|e, mo|e elabo|aLe.
Shaped edqe |equi|e |ill Lo ma|e
and a|e a iqn ol qualiLy.
Feet
Loo| aL Lhe leeL. They may have
an animal Lheme uch a lion'
paw o| claw-and-ball o| end in a
pad o| pade. 0| Lhey may be
bloc|ed, haped li|e a b|ac|eL, o|
played. The hape and Lyle ol
Lhe leeL will help you Lo L|ace Lhe
Lable Lo iL o|iqin. Thi Lable ha
b|a paw leeL and caLe|, a
Lypical leaLu|e ol Neoclaical
lu|niLu|e l|om Lhe ea|ly ILh
cenLu|y. CaLe| made iL eaie|
Lo move Lhe Lable a|ound Lhe
|oom. See ?0?-?05 jo/ no/e
on /eq onJ jeet
The legs
Chec| Lhe leq lo|maLion. They may be aL Lhe co|ne|, pe|hap joined
by L|eLche|. AlLe|naLively, Lhe|e may be a cenL|al Lem wiLh Lh|ee o|
lou| leq. The hape ol Lhe leq i a qood Lyle indicaLo|. So, Loo, i Lhe
deco|aLion. leq may be qua|e, Lu|ned, luLed, |eeded, and/o| painLed.
The undersde
A pe|iod Lable hould have a liqhLe| unde|ide, wiLh none ol Lhe
paLinaLion lound on Lhe Lop. FaLinaLion i Lhe u|lace colo| caued by
yea| ol wea|, duL, weaL l|om hand, and polihinq. ThaL doen'L
happen Lo Lhe unde|ide.
0ateleg Fopula| in Lhe I7Lh
cenLu|y, one leq winq ouL Lo
uppo|L Lhe d|op leal Lop.
kefectery table Ea|ly Lable
had lou| leq wiLh a plan| Lop.
Tu|ned leq we|e a |elnemenL.
Pedestal table F|om Lhe ea|ly
ILh cenLu|y Lable had a pedeLal
bae and played leq.
Trped table IBLh-cenLu|y
po|Lable Lable had a inqle
column, Lh|ee leq, and d|op Lop.
44
TkA0E
SE0kETS
0ilded furniture was a feature of
the early I8th century. 5oftwoods
such as pine, beech, and lime were
ideal for carved designs, which
were then covered in gesso and
gilded so their snaking shapes
gleamed brilliantly in candlelit
salons. In Italy and 5candinavia,
where native woods were often
inferior in quality, pieces might also
be gessoed and gilded.
kecece tables
French kecece table
The conole Lable i a eminal Rococo piece. Made l|om
olLwood uch a pine, Lhe bae we|e a ma ol exquiiLe
ca|vinq, which wa qeoed (cove|ed in whiLe plaLe|) and
qilded. Many example had heavy ma|ble-lab Lop, yeL Lhe
luidly ca|ved cab|iole leq qave an imp|eion ol liqhLne.
The Rococo Lyle wa dominanL in Fa|i du|inq Lhe |eiqn ol
Loui Xv (I72-74), p|eadinq Lo Lhe |eL ol F|ance and
much ol Eu|ope by Lhe mid-IBLh cenLu|y. The Lyle i one
ol uLLe| exube|ance, and i exempliled in lu|niLu|e made
lo| Lhe Fa|iian a|iLoc|acy. Fe|e, all lu|niLu|e wa inLeq|al
Lo Lhe inLe|io| deiqn ol a |oom, wiLh moLil in ca|ved wall
panel |epeaLed in mi||o|, chai|, and Lable l|ame.
ExL|avaqanL and aymmeL|ical, deiqn |elied on Lhe cu|ve,
|eulLinq in Lable wiLh e|penLine edqe, o|naLe
c|ollwo||, and S-haped cab|iole leq. Many deiqn we|e
baed on culpLo| and a|chiLecL Nicola Fineau' publihed
deiqn lo| ca|ved deco|aLion, |nown Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope.
The inLe||oqaLion
0elibe|aLely aymmeL|ical, leaLu|e included an openwo||
l|ieze ca|ved wiLh hell, |oc|, leave, and lowe| and a
cenL|al ca|Louche, c|ollwo|| Lo Lhe leq, c|olled o| oqee
b|ac|eL leeL, and o|naLe L|eLche|. Many example had
juL Lwo leq, a conole Lable we|e olLen lxed Lo wall.
Stretcher
The cenL|al L|eLche| on Lhi
example ha an elabo|aLely ca|ved
cene leaLu|inq doq and bi|d.
Marble slab
The lneL example ol conole
Lable have olid ma|ble Lop
impo|Led l|om ILaly.
0arved gltweed
The ca|ved olLwood wa olLen
incied belo|e qildinq Lo qive
q|eaLe| delniLion Lo Lhe ca|vinq.
Leus XV table
Thi excellenL example ol a
conole Lable ha Lypical
Rococo liveline. The ai|y
pie|ced ca|vinq ol Lhe
uppo|L liqhLen Lhe olidiLy
ol Lhe ma|ble Lop. I70
T,/co//, /ov// o/nonent
/oeJ on nota/o/ not/j
ac/ o /eove
S/oe we/e
exoqqe/oteJ w/t/
0- onJ S-c/o//
0o/veJ q//twooJ
j/one /oeJ on
ca/ve
45
Furn ture: Rococo tabl es
Englsh kecece table
The F|ench hiqh-Rococo Lyle lound lavo| in much ol
Eu|ope, pa|Licula|ly in ILaly. Elabo|aLe deiqn emanaLinq
l|om venice-ILalian capiLal ol lahion and luxu|y-olLen
|ivaled Lhoe ol Fa|i. In ome counL|ie, includinq
Enqland, Lhe Lyle wa Loo lamboyanL lo| domeLic LaLe.
k00000 M0T1FS
In the early to mid-I8th century, Rococo carvers
had a large number of decorative motifs to call on.
In I73o, 0aetamo Brunetti published S/xty
0/[[erent Sorts o[ 0rnoment, which included shell-
and fower-bedecked tables and numerous animal
and mask carvings. At the Francophile court of
Frederick II (I740-84) the French style became
more exaggerated and was called
Fr/eJer/z/on/sc/es Pokoko. Its zenith was from
I740 to I7o0. This 0erman table gains its
inspiration from the earlier work of the great
French bniste Andr-0harles Boulle (Io42-I732).
AlLhouqh ca|ved and qilL piece li|e Lhe example hown
he|e did exiL, Lhey we|e Lhe excepLion-pionee|ed by
deiqne| and c|alLmen li|e MaLLhia Loc| and BaLLy
Lanqley. A uch, Lhe Lhe ove|all deiqn i mo|e |eL|ained
and aymmeL|ical Lhan F|ench and ILalian example.
0arvng
The Lable bae leaLu|e Lypical
Rococo moLil-l|uiL and lowe|,
hell, and /oco///e (|oc|wo||).
Stretcher
The leq a|e joined by a pie|ced
L|eLche| expe|Lly ca|ved wiLh
acanLhu leave.
0arteuche
An aymmeL|ical blan| ca|Louche
wiLh upended waq ol lowe|
and l|uiL i Lhe cenLe| ol Lhe l|ieze.
0abrele leg
The Lwo inuou leq have L|ailinq
hu| and lowe| |unninq down
Lhei| l|onL and ide.
0eerge 11 table
Thi ca|ved qilLwood conole Lable
i in Lhe F|ench Lyle, wiLh cab|iole
leq and naLu|aliLic moLil.
0erman gltweed table The deep l|ieze i ca|ved
wiLh inL|icaLe lne-cale o|namenL, and Lhe ap|on
wiLh Rococo lame and waq ol lowe|. cI750,
W. 4in (I24.5cm), 45,000-55,000
.
A/o/ote/-venee/eJ
to//eto
T/e /eq co/veJ w/t/ /e//
o/n j/onJ t/o///nq /a/
onJ jowe/ /e/ to no/e
t/e to//e o e/eqont o
conteno/o/, //enc/ /ece
T/e to//e tonJ
on o /oeJ //nt/
0o/v/nq t/e texta/eJ q/oanJ
/ea//eJ o //q/ /eve/ oj ////
onJ / ev/Jence oj
excet/ono/ ao//t,
4
TFE IBTF CENTuRY wa a Lime ol q|eaL ocial chanqe.
The |iinq middle clae wanLed le lo|mal livinq
a||anqemenL and Lhi dei|e, coupled wiLh novel L|end
uch a Lea d|in|inq, qave |ie Lo inlo|mal alon lo| dininq
and enLe|Laininq. InnovaLive lu|niLu|e, noL leaL Lable,
wa in demand Lo lll Lhee |oom. The Lalwa|L ol Lhe
mo|e lo|mal |oom-Lhe heavy cenLe| Lable and na||ow
conole Lable-conLinued Lo be made and occupied
pe|manenL poiLion in a |oom. Now, howeve|, a |anqe ol
malle|, mo|e po|Lable, Lable eme|qed a well. Side Lable
appea|ed in dininq |oom, in Lhe le lo|mal alon Lea
Lable and ca|d Lable we|e neaLly Lo|ed aL Lhe edqe ol
Lhe |oom and moved Lo Lhe cenLe| ol acLiviLy lo| ue.
In Spain and Fo|Luqal, Lhe Ba|oque Lyle |emained
popula| inLo Lhe ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y. Elewhe|e, Lhe Rococo
Lyle LhaL dominaLed Lhe l|L hall ol Lhe cenLu|y wa
|eplaced by Lhe mo|e |eL|ained Neoclaical Lyle.
Table we|e mo|e |ecLilinea|, balanced, and ymmeL|ical.
The cab|iole leq qave way Lo Lape|inq, |eeded o| luLed
leq, and lo|id Rococo o|namenL wa |eplaced wiLh
Claical moLil.
I8th-century tables
The lineup
0eorge III mahogany side table, one of a pair. cI775, W: 50in (II7cm)
0eerge 111 tables
The Neoclaical Lyle LhaL developed in B|iLain wa inluenced by a
numbe| ol cabineL-ma|e| who publihed paLLe|n boo| ol Lhei| deiqn,
amonq Lhem Adam, FepplewhiLe, and She|aLon.
SymmeL|y in lo|m and deiqn wa pa|amounL.
Ea|ly mahoqany Lable wiLh p|onounced ca|vinq qave way Lo piece
wiLh wood inlay in aLinwood and ycamo|e.
0ustavian painted table. Late I8th century, W: 34
3
/4in (88.25cm), $5,000-7,000
0ustavan tables
CuLavian lu|niLu|e wa Lhe Swedih inLe|p|eLaLion ol Lhe
F|ench Neoclaical Lyle, adopLed by CuLav III, who had
admi|ed Lhe Lyle when aL ve|aille.
LiqhLe|, mo|e eleqanL lo|m Lhan Lhe F|ench.
NaLive Swedih wood uch a pine we|e olLen painLed.
Louis XV center table. cI755, L: 80in (200cm)
French tables
The F|ench we|e Lhe l|L Lo develop a Neoclaical Lyle-ea|ly deiqn
we|e |nown a qoat q/ec. Table deiqn became mo|e a|chiLecLu|al in Lhe
IBLh cenLu|y, wiLh L|i|inq ymmeL|y.
RecLilinea| lo|m wiLh Lape|inq, |eeded o| luLed leq.
ExquiiLe ue ol ma|queL|y and pa|queL|y.
TkA0E
SE0kETS
Beware of I9th-century copies. There was a
succession of revival styles in Europe during the
I9th century, and Neoclassical pieces were
reproduced, but the forms and decoration tend to be
exaggerated rather than exact copies.
//ateJ /eq
t,/co//,
Aeoc/o/co/
loa/e/
woq
loa/e/
woq
Pe/ot/ve/, no//ow
to//eto
Aeoc/o/co/
a/n not/j
0/ee/ /e, - o 0/o/co/
onJ Aeoc/o/co/ not/j
Inje//o/ ao//t, wooJ o/nteJ
to notc/ o /oon /nte//o/
47
Furn ture: I8th- century tabl es
Philadelphia mahogany card table. W: 3oin (90cm), $I4,000-I7,000
0S tables
The inlux ol immiq|anL c|alLmen Lo BoLon, New Yo||, and Fhiladelphia
meanL LhaL lahion mi||o|ed Lhoe ol B|iLain, wiLh a liqhL delay.
Widep|ead inluence ol B|iLih paLLe|n boo|, in pa|Licula|
Chippendale, She|aLon, and FepplewhiLe.
Inc|eaed ue ol mahoqany alonqide naLive walnuL, maple, and che||y.
5icilian side table. Late I8th century, W: 45in (I2ocm)
1talan tables
ILalian lu|niLu|e deiqne| Loo| Lhei| lead l|om F|ance, buL we|e alo
inluenced by Lhe conLempo|a|y dicove|y ol ancienL iLe in ILaly.
TableLop we|e olLen made l|om ma|ble o| /et/o Ja/o.
Low-|eliel ca|vinq Lo leq and l|ieze, olLen painLed and qilded.
Fopula| Neoclaical moLil included lion' ma| and lau|el leave.
Portuguese writing table. W: 55in (I32cm)
Pertuguese tables
Fo|Luquee lu|niLu|e |elecLed a |anqe ol inluence, includinq B|iLih and
F|ench, buL alo ILalian and iL colonie in B|azil. Many piece we|e made
l|om impo|Led wood, uch a mahoqany and jaca|anda.
Tu|ned, pi|al leq a|e unique Lo Fo|Luquee lu|niLu|e l|om Lhi pe|iod.
A lahion lo| elabo|aLe ca|vinq endu|ed well inLo Lhe IBLh cenLu|y.
5panish walnut table. Early I8th century, L: oo
I
/2in (Ioocm), $4,000-o,000
Spansh tables
The Ba|oque Lyle, which La|Led in Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, dominaLed Spanih
lu|niLu|e Lh|ouqhouL Lhe IBLh cenLu|y.
Elabo|aLe ca|vinq, heavy, Lu|ned columna| leq, and Lhe ue ol inlay
and ma|queL|y we|e cha|acLe|iLic.
Table deiqned Lo Land in Lhe cenLe| ol a |oom olLen had laux
d|awe| Lo Lhe |ea|.
0utch walnut card table. I8th century, H: 28
3
/4in (73cm), $o,000-8,000
0utch tables
0eiqn in Lhe Low CounL|ie we|e inpi|ed by and in |eLu|n inpi|ed
B|iLih lu|niLu|e deiqn, includinq Lhe innovaLive ca|d and qame Lable.
FeaLu|e included cab|iole leq, hell-ca|ved o|namenL, and Lhe
ue ol walnuL.
Ma|queL|y conLinued Lo lou|ih du|inq Lhi pe|iod.
Walnut altar table. cI750, L: 72
I
/2in (I84cm), $700-I,000
0hnese tables
Chinee lu|niLu|e ol Lhi pe|iod wa noL inluenced by Eu|ope, buL inLead
Lended Lo loo| bac| Lo Chinee hiLo|ical example.
F|olilc ue ol ha|dwood uch a walnuL, |oewood, and ebony.
Table we|e ol imple conL|ucLion wiLh liLLle o| no o|namenL.
The luncLion ol a piece wa pa|amounL.
JAk00N
B0STEk
0out qrec French term for
early Neoclassical furniture,
meaning "0reek taste." The
0erman equivalent is
Zo[st//-"braid style,"
from the 0lassical
swag motif.
///eze joceJ w/t/
q/o one/
/oc/-o/nteJ to
/na/ote on,x
l/on no/
/eov, wo/nat to//eto
onJ j//eze o/e t,/co/
8o/ate/-
ta/neJ /eq
Fxa//te
ta/n/nq to /eq
onJ t/etc/e/
S//ve/ noant
8ox t/etc/e/
48
Tlt-tep tables
Amercan table
TilL-Lop Lable we|e made in Lhe uS l|om Lhe mid-IBLh
cenLu|y, whe|e Lhe bi|dcaqe mechanim wa mo|e popula|
Lhan in Enqland. The example below wa made in
Fhiladelphia and i ol excepLional qualiLy. The Lop i made
l|om a inqle piece ol lqu|ed mahoqany and ha a lne,
TFE INvENTI0N 0F LilL-Lop Lable coincided wiLh Lhe
popula| paLime ol d|in|inq Lea in ea|ly IBLh-cenLu|y
Enqland. Compoed ol Lh|ee pa|L-Lhe LableLop, bi|dcaqe,
and columna| uppo|L wiLh bae-Lhe lo|m wa a
ve|aLile one. The bi|dcaqe mechanim ope|aLed in uch a
way LhaL Lhe LableLop could be LilLed up|iqhL and Lo|ed
laL aqainL a wall. Thi wa a q|eaL pace-avinq device,
buL alo meanL LhaL Lhe Lable could double a a l|ec|een.
Fine| example had a |aied edqe a|ound Lhe LableLop, o
p|evenLinq p|eciou po|celain cup l|om lallinq oll when
enLe|Laininq. The lo|m p|oved popula| in boLh Enqland and
Lhe uS colonie, and wa made well inLo Lhe ILh cenLu|y.
The inLe||oqaLion
calloped edqe. IL iL above a imple, unca|ved column
and a L|ipod bae wiLh claw-and-ball leeL. Fu|niLu|e made
in Fhiladelphia i conide|ed amonq Lhe beL made in Lhe
uS. WiLh Lhe lneL example made ol mahoqany, iL i noL
alway eay Lo Lell Lhem apa|L l|om Enqlih one.
Leckng mechansm
The Lop ol Lhe column i ca|ved
wiLh a peq, which loL inLo Lhi
hole in Lhe bae ol Lhe bi|dcaqe,
|eady lo| ecu|inq.
Trped base
Each ol Lhe Lh|ee leq Le|minaLe
in a claw-and-ball looL. The
liqhLly laLLened hape ol Lhe
bulbou ball i a Lypical leaLu|e
ol Fennylvania lu|niLu|e.
Scalleped edge
While many LilL-Lop Lable had laL
u|lace, Lhe beLLe| example have
a dihed Lop wiLh a liqhLly |aied
edqe o|, a he|e, a piec|uL edqe.
Phladelpha tlt-tep table
Thi excepLional, well-p|opo|Lioned
example i in Lhe Chippendale
Lyle. cI7o5, F. 4Bin (I22cm), 0.
5in (Bcm), $I50,000-200,000
Securng the celumn
0nce Lhe column and bi|dcaqe
have been aembled, Lhe wedqe
i ine|Led Lh|ouqh a loL cuL
juL below Lhe peq aL Lhe Lop
ol Lhe column.
Sco//oeJ eJqe
F/eqont
t//oJ /oe
49
Furn ture: Ti l t- top tabl es
Englsh table
AlLhouqh mall Lable li|e Lhe one below we|e o|iqinally
conceived lo| e|vinq Lea, by Lhe end ol Lhe IBLh cenLu|y
and inLo Lhe ILh cenLu|y, la|qe| ve|ion we|e ued lo|
b|ea|laL and dinne|. Thi olid mahoqany Lable ha a
Lape|inq qun-ba||el uppo|Linq halL and a L|ipod bae.
TEA 0k1NK1N0
Tea had been imported since the establishment of
the frst trade links with the Far East during the
I7th century. Tea drinking became a fashionable
pastime throughout Europe, with Britain leading
the way. By the middle of the I8th century, the
British East India 0ompany was importing some
4,500,000lb (2,000,000kg) a year. 5uch was the
extent of the fad that a whole industry was built
on tea-drinking ceremonies. Entire services were
made in the fnest porcelain, silversmiths created
all manner of tea-related wares, and there was a
wealth of additional paraphernalia, including
caddies and caddy spoons.
The unuual leq a|e ca|ved in human lo|m wiLh hod leeL,
Lypical ol piece l|om, o| |elaLinq Lo, Lhe Ile ol Man, oll
Lhe coaL ol Lancahi|e. unli|e Lhe Ame|ican example, Lhe
LableLop doe noL have a |aied edqe, buL Lhe qualiLy ol Lhe
mahoqany and ca|vinq uqqeL LhaL iL i Lill a lne piece.
Englsh tlt-tep table
Thi eleqanL Lable ha qood colo|
and paLina (u|lace heen). cI770,
0. in (B4cm), $25,000-5,000
We//-co/veJ
t//oJ /oe
Berln cabaret set n case A caba|eL, o| LLe-a-
LLe, uually coniLed ol Lwo cup and auce|, a
mall LeapoL, a L|ay, Lea caniLe|, ac//e/, mil| juq,
and poon. cI770
To//eto /n
a//q/t
o/t/on
Tabletep
Li|e Lhe Ame|ican example, Lhe
LableLop i made ol a inqle piece
ol mahoqany and i ol a lne colo|
wiLh beauLilul lqu|inq.
Brdcage
Thi inqeniou bi|dcaqe
mechanim coniL ol Lwo
plaLlo|m joined by lou| pilla|.
IL La|e iL name l|om iL
bi|dcaqe-li|e appea|ance.
Trped base
Each ol Lhe Lh|ee diLincLly
haped leq ha been |illlully
ca|ved l|om a olid piece ol
mahoqany and Le|minaLe in an
exquiiLe buc|led hoe.
T/e to//e /o o /oc//nq
nec/on/n on t/e anJe//Je
con/t/nq oj o //o no
cotc/ T// cotc/ jt /nto o /ot
/n t/e cente/ oj t/e ///Jcoqe
(ee /e/ow to eca/e t/e
/owe/eJ to//eto /n /oce
50
The inLe||oqaLion
Arts & 0rafts tables
Stckley brethers
In IBI, b|oLhe| John, Ceo|qe, and Albe|L La|Led
SLic|ley B|o. in C|and Rapid, Michiqan. Fu|niLu|e wa
uually plain oa| o| mahoqany and |elied on conL|ucLion
elemenL a deco|aLion. LaLe| piece we|e inpi|ed by
lu|niLu|e l|om Enqland and ScoLland and olLen had mo|e
deco|aLion. They a|e uually labeled 0uainL Fu|niLu|e.
ARTS & CRAFTS deiqne| we|e inpi|ed by L|adiLional
piece LhaL helped inpi|e Lhei| beliel LhaL lu|niLu|e hould
be made l|om olid, honeL maLe|ial and-moL
impo|LanL-be luncLional. William Mo||i, who pionee|ed
Lhe movemenL, believed LhaL eve|yLhinq hould be
handc|alLed. Foweve|, Lhi meanL lew people could allo|d
iL. Ame|ican deiqne| uch a Lhe SLic|ley b|oLhe|,
Limbe|L, and oLhe|, who combined A|L & C|alL inLeq|iLy
wiLh machine manulacLu|e, |eached a la| wide| audience.
The L|adiLional apecL ol A|L & C|alL lu|niLu|e in
Enqland can be een in Lhe handmade piece l|om Lhe
Yo||hi|e wo||hop ol Robe|L Moueman Thompon.
0ustav Stckley
The moL uccelul ol Lhe lve SLic|ley b|oLhe|, CuLav
(IB5B-I42) lavo|ed imple, qeomeL|ic line and heavy,
olid oa| wiLh a da|| lumed lnih. Fe ued a deco|aLion
conL|ucLion elemenL uch a mo|Lie-and-Lenon joinL,
doveLail, chamle|ed boa|d, and lonq a|ched co|bel.
Fiece a|e uually iqned Al I| Kan (Flemih lo| A I
can) wiLhin a joine|' compa.
0ak sde table
Thi imple deiqn i Lypical ol Lhe
SLic|ley B|oLhe|. I00-I5, W.
0in (7ocm), $5,000-I0,000
0ustav Stckley
eccasenal table
The ci|cula| oa| Lop
iL on qua|e-
ecLion leq. F.
5

/4in (Icm),
$2,000-,000
To / noJe
j/on ao/te/-
own oo/ /on/
X-frame stretcher
The Lac|ed, a|ched c|o-
L|eLche| a|e Lopped by an
aco|n lnial.
Tenen jent
The L|eLche| Lenon p|oL|ude
Lh|ouqh Lhe leq. Thi conL|ucLion
leaLu|e wa amalqamaLed inLo Lhe
deiqn.
Mertse-and-tenen jent
The joinL beLween Lhe L|eLche|
and Lhe leq a|e lxed wiLh a
wooden peq and lo|m pa|L ol Lhe
deco|aLion.
Sao/e-ect/on /eq
o/e /o/neJ /, o jot
anJe/-t/e/
S/Je o/e /n/,
Jeco/oteJ w/t/
t//ee /o/n
/nJ/e
St/etc/e/
ottoc/eJ to /eq
a/nq t//oaq/-
tenon /o/nt
Aco/n jn/o/
Stoc/eJ o/c/eJ
c/o-t/etc/e/
5I
Furn ture: Arts & 0rafts tabl es
Meuseman
Robe|L Moueman Thompon (IB7o-I55) wa inpi|ed
by medieval ca|vinq in caLhed|al a well a I7Lh-cenLu|y
deiqn. Fu|niLu|e i uually oa| buL may inco|po|aLe
w|ouqhL i|on o| cowhide. Fe ued an adze (ax-li|e Lool) Lo
hape Lhe Limbe|, |eulLinq in uneven, |ippled u|lace.
KAkVEY ELL1S
Architect and designer Harvey
Ellis provided an antidote to
0ustav 5tickley's plain, heavy
furniture when he joined The
0raftsman Workshops in I903.
His lighter style included pieces
embellished with small, inlaid
motifs featuring fowers or Art
Nouveau motifs. He used
Karvey Ells nlay The inlay ol a
ailinq hip i u||ounded by an A|L
Nouveau-Lyle bo|de| in coppe|,
pewLe|, and Lained wood.
Wllam Merrs
London l|m Mo||i, Ma|hall, Faul|ne| & Co., lounded by
William Mo||i (IB4-o) and oLhe|, ued naLu|al
maLe|ial and L|adiLional Lechnique. They ued mahoqany
wiLh aLinwood inlay, alLhouqh laLe| lavo|ed Limbe|
kefectery table
Made ol oa|, Lhe Lop comp|ie
Lh|ee plan| joined by dowel
(wooden peq). IL iL on Lwo
chamle|ed uppo|L. cII0
Large mahegany dnng table
Thi Lable wa deiqned by Fhilip Webb, who
lavou|ed imple, Lu|ned, and ca|ved elemenL.
AuLhenLic piece bea| Lhe Mo||i & Co Lamp.
IBo0, L. 70
I
/2in (I7ocm), $50,000-70,000
8/oc/ jeet o/e /o/neJ
/, o /o/n t/etc/e/
T/e /on/ o/e not
noot/ o t/e, we/e
wo//eJ w/t/ on oJze
various materials, including
metals such as copper, pewter,
and nickel, as well as various
stained woods. This furniture
tends to be smaller and made
from oak and usually has a
pale brown patina.
Ellis died after only seven
months in 5tickley's employ but
his more subtle and elegant
approach can be seen in later
designs by 0ustav 5tickley.
aociaLed wiLh counL|y lu|niLu|e uch a oa| and ah.
JoinL and hinqe we|e ued a a lo|m ol deco|aLion. Many
copie we|e made buL moL auLhenLic piece bea| Lhe
Mo||i & Co. Lamp.
0ate/ ao/t
an/teJ /,
/o//zonto/ /oJ
0/onje/eJ
ao/t /ove
jotteneJ co/ne/
P/o/n cent/o/
ao/t /o/J /x /oJ/ot/nq
//nq-ta/neJ o/e
0etal
The iqnaLu|e Moueman
moue appea| on eve|y piece.
0etal
Fe|e, Lhe leq and
L|eLche| a|e deco|aLed
wiLh |inq Lu|ninq.
Pewte/ jo/n
t/onq ve/t/co/
//ne
0vo/ to /o
on /nc/eJ
eJqe
52
The ea|lieL lo|m ol Lo|aqe-Lhe cheL-daLe
bac| Lo ancienL EqypL, whe|e iL wa ued lo|
houehold linen and valuable. By Lhe Middle
Aqe, cheL doubled up a Lable o| benche.
IN ME0IEvAL TIMES, Lhe |ich Lended Lo L|avel beLween
Lhei| home and o Lhe cheL wa Lhe moL impo|LanL
piece ol houehold lu|niLu|e. CheL we|e imple in
conL|ucLion-a hinqed, lidded box o| a l|ame wiLh a
numbe| ol panel-and uually made l|om
oa|. Many we|e elabo|aLely ca|ved in
hiqh |eliel and |aied on bun leeL. All
o|L ol belonqinq we|e |epL in Lhe
cheL. To ma|e iLem eaie| Lo lnd,
deiqn l|om Lhe middle ol Lhe I7Lh
cenLu|y inco|po|aLed a inqle
d|awe| aL Lhe boLLom ol Lhe cheL.
0u|inq Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, many
houehold beqan Lo ue an o| linen
p|e. 0eiqned lo| Lo|inq linen, linen p|ee we|e la|qe
cae piece, olLen made l|om walnuL. Common example
had an uppe| ecLion wiLh Lwo doo| and a helved
inLe|io|, and a lowe| ecLion wiLh a d|awe|. 0l huqe
p|opo|Lion, linen p|ee we|e baed on a|chiLecLu|al
lo|m, wiLh ca|ved panel and bun leeL.
0hests ef drawers
The cheL ol d|awe| a we |now iL Loday appea|ed
Lowa|d Lhe end ol Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, ma|inq Lhe lidded
cheL all buL |edundanL. Ea|ly ve|ion we|e baed on
F|ench example, and we|e ol lo|m wiLh Lwo o|
Lh|ee d|awe| |aied on cab|iole leq.
A Lhe cenLu|y p|oq|eed, and wiLh Lhe eme|qence ol
Lhe Neoclaical Lyle, Lhee cheL became mo|e
|ecLilinea| in hape and Lood on ho|Le|, olLen Lape|inq
leq. va|iaLion on Lhe cheL
ol d|awe| eme|qed
Lh|ouqhouL Lhe IBLh
cenLu|y, and included Lhe
cupboa|d-on-cheL and Lhe
cheL-on-cheL, which
olle|ed an alLe|naLive Lo Lhe
linen p|e ol Lhe p|eviou
cenLu|y. The Lallboy, a cheL
on Lop ol a Lable-Lype
bae-alo wiLh d|awe|-
wa pa|Licula|ly popula| in
French I5th-century chest
Typically, Lhi ea|ly cheL i imply made buL
lavihly deco|aLed. IL ha a hinqed lid, ca|ved
panel, and bloc| leeL.
ST0kA0E F0kN1T0kE
JAk00N
B0STEk
A French term to
describe the fashion around
I700 for "pot-bellied" case
pieces, with fronts and
sides that bulged
outward.
Leus XV cemmede
In F|ance, cheL ol d|awe| we|e
called commode. IL wa
lahionable lo| Lhe deco|aLion Lo
iqno|e Lhe diviion beLween Lhe
d|awe|, L|eaLinq Lhe l|onL ol Lhe
cheL a a inqle u|lace inLead.
5J
Lhe uS, whe|e iL wa |nown a a hiqhboy. Such piece
|elecLed a lamily' wealLh and we|e LaLu ymbol.
AnoLhe| lo|m Lowa|d Lhe end ol Lhe IBLh cenLu|y wa
Lhe lall-l|onL de|, which olle|ed an adapLable alLe|naLive
Lo Lhe /a/eoa /ot (ee p4I). Thee Lall, laL-l|onLed
cabineL had a hinqed uppe| ecLion, which opened Lo
|eveal a leaLhe|-lined w|iLinq u|lace, and a lowe| ecLion
wiLh eiLhe| cupboa|d o| d|awe| lo| Lo|aqe.
Later nnevatens
InvenLion in Lhe ILh cenLu|y included Lhe ideboa|d.
0eiqned lo| Lhe dininq |oom, ea|ly example we|e low
and |ecLanqula| wiLh cupboa|d aL eiLhe| end epa|aLed
by d|awe|. The ide cabineL and c//jjon/e/ we|e imila|,
and olLen had doo| wiLh il|-bac|ed b|a q|ille.
An addiLional piece Lo Lhe dininq |oom, a Lhe cenLu|y
p|oq|eed, wa Lhe bulleL, which beqan Lo |eplace Lhe
ea|lie| cou|L cupboa|d. Thi impoinq L|ucLu|e olLen
comp|ied an open, helved uppe| ecLion above d|awe|
and a lowe| ecLion wiLh cupboa|d. The bulleL combined
Lo|aqe pace and a diplay a|ea lo| china o| ilve|wa|e.
Such piece we|e popula| well inLo Lhe 20Lh cenLu|y, when
Lhe uppe| ecLion miqhL alo be qlazed.
In Lhe 20Lh cenLu|y, a hoL ol innovaLive maLe|ial and
Lechnique enabled deiqne| Lo expe|imenL. AlLhouqh
Lhe|e we|e no new lo|m a uch, Lhe|e wa a lahion lo|
modula| wall Lo|aqe, whe|e a numbe| ol uniL could be
a||anqed Lo uiL Lhe ue|, and lo| inLeq|al piece, which
combined ideboa|d, d|awe|, and helvinq all in one.
Amercan Sheraten sdebeard
The Jen/-/ane (hall moon) ideboa|d olle| an eleqanL
Lo|aqe oluLion lo| Lhe dininq |oom. Some ve|ion
inco|po|aLed a cella|eL d|awe| lo| boLLle ol wine.
0eerge 1 chest-en-chest
Thi IBLh-cenLu|y piece comp|ie Lwo ecLion,
each wiLh a numbe| ol d|awe|. The boLLom d|awe|
ol Lhe Lop ecLion ha a lall-l|onL, which open Lo
p|ovide a w|iLinq u|lace.
Eames cabnet
RelecLinq Lhe mid-
20Lh cenLu|y
lahion lo| all-in-one
wall uniL, Lhi
cabineL combine
open helvinq wiLh
cupboa|d and
d|awe|. IL i made
l|om conLempo|a|y
maLe|ial-Leel
|od and lbe|qla.
54
PeJ/nent
Leekng at sterage furnture
T0 INvESTICATE A LARCE FIECE ol Lo|aqe lu|niLu|e,
you need Lo Ludy a la|qe numbe| ol elemenL. WheLhe| iL
i a imple cheL ol d|awe|, a bu|eau, o| a qlazed cabineL
o| boo|cae, you ca||y ouL Lhe ame baic inveLiqaLion.
You can lea|n much l|om Lhe ca|cae and Lhe conL|ucLion.
Chec| inide Lhe d|awe|, Lhe bae, and
Lhe bac|boa|d. Chec| all ove| lo|
unexplained hole o| iqn ol
damaqe. Alway Land bac|
l|om Lhe piece, Loo, and ae
iL p|opo|Lion.
0lazng
The b|ielnq
Until the I9th century the
technology did not exist to
make large sheets of glass.
0lazed areas on furniture
were made up of small panes
held together by semi-circular
glazing bars. Early glass such
as this has a slightly rippled
surface and impurities in the
glass will be visible as fecks
and bubbles.
From the I9th century,
large sheets of glass were
used. Astragals (lightweight
wooden moldings) were
used to create the same
decorative effect as glazing
bars, although they had no
practical purpose as they
sit on the surface of the
glass rather than hold pieces
of it in place. As a result,
astragals may be arranged
in complex patterns.
0leser nspecten
The conL|ucLion ol Lhe d|awe|, and any chanqe made Lo Lhem, can
|eveal a loL abouL Lhe aqe ol a piece ol lu|niLu|e.
0eerge 111 mahegany lbrary breakfrent beekcase
Thi vaL boo|cae i cenL|ed below by a pedeLal lib|a|y w|iLinq Lable.
cI770, F. I0oin (2ocm)
JAk00N
B0STEk
0uring the I7th
century, iron-nailed joints
were slowly replaced by
dovetails. 0ovetails are
triangular-shaped wedges
that interlock.
/nee/o/e
w//t/nq Je/
0/oz/nq
/o/
8/eo/j/ont
P//nt/
I9th century and later
LaLe| qla appea| compleLely
mooLh and Lhe la|qe pane i
deco|aLed wiLh aL|aqal.
Pre-I9th century glass
Ea|ly qla ha a |ippled u|lace
and wa made in mall pane eL
in a l|ame ol qlazinq ba|.
55
Furn ture: 5torage furni ture
Type ef weed
The how-wood i a uelul indicaLo| ol qualiLy. IL can alo help wiLh
whe|e Lhe piece wa made and when. I iL olid wood o| venee|ed` Il
venee|ed, i iL hand- o| machine-cuL` Fow Lhic| i iL` The Lhic|ne ol
Lhe venee| can qive a clue Lo aqe. WhaL Lype ol wood i Lhe piece
made l|om` Remembe| LhaL wood may appea| Lo be dille|enL colo|
dependinq on aqe, and wheLhe| Lhey have been Lained o| polihed. I
iL deco|aLed wiLh ma|queL|y, pa|queL|y, o| lacque|` See I8-8Z.
0heck all nternal
Httngs
Full ouL Lhe d|awe| (il any)
and examine Lhem l|om all
ide. Chec| LhaL Lhe inLe|nal
lLLinq co||epond Lo Lhe aqe
ol Lhe |eL ol Lhe piece.
Pedment and tep ef pece
Loo| aL Lhe Lop ol Lhe piece and ee
wheLhe| iL ha a pedimenL. FedimenL
can olLen qive a clue Lo Lyle. 0oe Lhe
pedimenL conlo|m Lo LyliLic Lype uch
a Neoclaical o| CoLhic` I
iL inLacL o| b|o|en` 0oe iL
have a molded Lop o| a
molded co|nice` 0oe Lhe
Lop ove|hanq` I Lhe lo|m
a|chiLecLu|al` See I88-8
jo/ eJ/nent t,e.
What te leek at
0arvngs and deceraten
Loo| aL any deco|aLive leaLu|e uch
a ca|vinq. Thi i a qood Laqe Lo
chec| lo| auLhenLic aqe clue. A|e
Lhe|e da||e| a|ea whe|e iL i
dillculL Lo duL`
0rawer censtructen
Chec| Lhe d|awe|. A|e Lhe|e
channel down Lhe ide o
Lhey can |un on ba| o| |unne|
aLLached Lo Lhe ca|cae` Il o,
Lhe piece i p|obably I7Lh
cenLu|y. Il Lhe |unne| a|e
beneaLh Lhe d|awe| iL' li|ely Lo
be alLe| cIoB0. Chec| doveLail,
il p|eenL, maLch. Machine-
made doveLail a|e poL-IBB0.
Kandles and handle plates
The hape ol handle i a clue Lo aqe, buL Lhey a|e olLen |eplaced. Il
|eplaced, you will ee Lhe ma|| on Lhe l|onL and pluqqed hole whe|e
Lhey we|e |emoved on Lhe bac|. See I0-J
Leather skver
A |ive| i a Lhin, olL, Lanned leaLhe| ineL panel on a de| o| bu|eau,
which i olLen qilL-Looled. The leaLhe| p|ovided a comlo|Lable u|lace
Lo w|iLe on and helped Lo p|oLecL Lhe wood l|om in| and c|aLche.
5
Kgh chests
Englsh chest-en-stand
Enqlih cheL-on-Land l|om Lhe ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y a|e
Lypically venee|ed wiLh walnuL. SomeLime only Lhe l|onL
i venee|ed, while Lhe ide a|e Lained pine. The Lop
uually coniL ol a e|ie ol ho|L d|awe| ove| Lh|ee o|
lou| lonq one, while Lhe Land uually ha Lh|ee o| lou|
d|awe|. When compa|ed wiLh an Ame|ican example, an
FICF CFESTS-C0MM0NLY CALLE0 cheL-on-Land in
Enqland and hiqhboy in Lhe uS-we|e a developmenL ol
Lhe cheL ol d|awe| and o|iqinaLed in Folland. Fiqh cheL
l|L appea|ed in Enqland l|om Lhe laLe I7Lh cenLu|y and
we|e made well inLo Lhe IBLh cenLu|y. They we|e popula|
in Lhe uS whe|e Lhey we|e l|L made aL Lhe beqinninq ol
Lhe IBLh cenLu|y. The L|end conLinued unLil Lhe laLe IBLh
cenLu|y. Fiqh cheL a|e uually made in Lwo piece. a bae
o| Land and a Lop ecLion. The Lwo piece hould be a
pe|lecL maLch. The moL elabo|aLe example we|e made in
Lhe uS in Lhe Chippendale Lyle. The moL exL|avaqanL
leaLu|e bonneL Lop and ca|ved ap|on.
The inLe||oqaLion
Enqlih cheL-on-Land Lend Lo appea| ho|Le|, wiLh liLLle
Lo Lhe ap|on, and wide|-emphaiinq Lhe ho|izonLal
|aLhe| Lhan Lhe ve|Lical. Enqlih cabineL-ma|e| alo ued
|eL|ained deco|aLion and le complex hapinq, o
example may loo| eve|e when compa|ed Lo Lhei|
Ame|ican counLe|pa|L.
Veneers
AL Lhe edqe ol Lhe cheL, iL i
poible Lo ee Lhe cuL edqe ol Lhe
walnuL venee| whe|e iL i joined Lo
Lhe ca|cae. The colo| ha laded.
0eceraten
FeaLhe|bandinq and coc|beadinq
alonq Lhe edqe ol Lhe d|awe|
complemenL Lhe ca|vinq ol Lhe
co|nice. Coc|beadinq hide Lhe join
beLween Lhe venee| and Lhe wood.
0eerge 1 walnut veneered chest-en-stand
The colo| ol Lhe pale walnuL venee| i Lypical ol Lhe
pe|iod. cI7I5, F. oin (Io0cm), $5,000-40,000
0arved apren
The imple hape ol Lhe ca|ved
ap|on i Lypically Enqlih and add
Lo Lhe cheL-on-Land' |elaLively
quaL p|opo|Lion.
T/e /oo/t/on oj t/e to
onJ /oe onJ t/e notc//nq
venee/ o/e ev/Jence t/ot
t/e two /o/ve we/e noJe
to qo toqet/e/
Pet/o/neJ no/J/nq
0rgnal cabrele legs
EleqanLly haped leq Le|minaLe in
poinLed leeL, a Lyle ol Lhe ea|ly
IBLh cenLu|y. All leq a|e liable Lo
|oLLinq, woodwo|m, and b|ea|inq.
FJqe oj venee/ 0oc//eoJ/nq /eot/e//onJ/nq
57
Furn ture: Hi gh chests
Amercan hghbey
Fiqhboy a|e conide|ed Lo be amonq Lhe moL
pecLacula| piece ol Ame|ican lu|niLu|e. They a|e olLen
mo|e Lhan B0in (2m) Lall and appea| Lo ac|ilce
p|acLicaliLy lo| eleqance, a Lhe only way Lo |each Lhe Lop
d|awe| i Lo Land on a Lool. Thi ve|Lical emphai i a
hallma|| ol Ame|ican hiqh cheL. Fiece made in Lhe
L0WB0YS
Highboys were often made with matching dressing
tables known as a lowboys. This piece of furniture,
which resembles the base of a highboy, was made
in a similar style. A portable mirror would have
been placed on the top while the user dressed their
hair or applied toiletries. A lowboy should be a
ffth to a quarter smaller in width
and depth than a comparable highboy base.
0ueen Anne Lyle may have a imple co|nice o| hiqh bonneL
wiLh ca|ved lnial, haped ap|on wiLh Lu|ned d|op, and
cab|iole leq. Thoe wiLh a laL Lop a|e deco|aLed wiLh
mo|e |eL|ained ca|vinq Lhan bonneL Lop piece. They we|e
uually made l|om olid walnuL, mahoqany, che||y, o|
maple |aLhe| Lhan deco|aLed wiLh venee|.
Pennsylvana walnut hghbey
The d|awe| a|e ca|ved wiLh lip moldinq and Lhe c|eL wiLh plain
cove moldinq. cI755-o0, F. 77in (Iocm), $IB,000-20,000
0o/n/ce / /n/, Je/qneJ
Pennsylvana queen Anne walnut
lewbey The cae ha luLed co|ne|
and a haped |i|L on cab|iole leq
wiLh hell ca|ved |nee and L|ild leeL.
F. 2B
I
/2in (72.5cm), $5,000-I0,000
T/e to jt /nto
t/e ove//o on
t/e /otton
0eceraten
The ide edqe a|e ca|ved wiLh a
Neoclaical luLed column |nown
a a |eeded pilaLe|.
Apren
The haped, calloped ap|on i a
Lypical Ame|ican leaLu|e and add
Lo Lhe imp|eion ol heiqhL.
0//q/no/ /otw/nq
//o /onJ/e
onJ ecatc/eon
0abrele leg
The |nee ol Lhe cab|iole leq a|e
ca|ved wiLh hell-a lo|m ol
deco|aLion lavou|ed by Ame|ican
c|alLmen.
W
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58
I8th-century cemmedes
French Leus XV cemmede
Thi Lwo-d|awe| commode i alo |ele||ed Lo a Lhe
C|eenL commode, alLe| Cha|le C|eenL, Lhe F|ench
cabineL-ma|e| moL aociaLed wiLh iL deiqn. The piece
i Lypical ol Lhe dominanL Rococo Lyle ol Lhe ea|ly I700,
wiLh iL /on/e lo|m, e|penLine Lop, and cab|iole leq. The
TFE C0MM00E-F|ench o| F|ench-Lyle cheL ol d|awe|
-became a eminal piece ol Lhe IBLh cenLu|y. Ea|ly
commode we|e made in F|ance wiLh a weepinq, /on/e
(convex) lo|m and cab|iole leq. They we|e Lypically wide|
Lhan Lhey we|e Lall, had Lwo o| Lh|ee d|awe|, o|molu
(qilL-b|onze) mounL, and pa|queL|y o| lacque|wa|e panel.
A Lhe cenLu|y wenL on, mo|e |eL|ained lo|m eme|qed,
|elecLinq Lhe Neoclaical Lyle. Inluenced by Claical
a|chiLecLu|e, commode hape became qua|e| and mo|e
qeomeL|ic. They we|e le o|naLe, wiLh imple moldinq
inLead ol mounL, eleqanL meLal lLLinq lo| handle and
ecuLcheon (|eyhole plaLe), and venee|.
The inLe||oqaLion
pa|queL|y deiqn Lo Lhe l|onL ol Lhe example below i
deiqned a a inqle deco|aLive uniL, iqno|inq Lhe diviion
beLween Lhe d|awe|, and i o|namenLed wiLh o|molu
mounL. The ma|ble Lop wa p|obably choen Lo maLch Lhe
ma|ble ol Lhe |oom' l|eplace, a wa Lhe cu||enL lahion.
kecece style
AymmeL|y wa |ey Lo much
Rococo Lylinq-achieved in Lhi
example Lh|ouqh Lhe applied
ca|Louche and ecuLcheon.
Parquetry
CeomeL|ic ma|queL|y-he|e in
|inqwood-wa a popula| lo|m ol
deco|aLion in ea|ly commode.
Splayed legs
The leeL a|e p|oLecLed by
deco|aLive o|molu o/ot in a
loliaqe deiqn.
Leus XV cemmede
Thi commode ha pa|queL|y panel, o|molu mounL, and on
t/ove/e l|onL. cI745, W. 57in (I45cm), $00,000-400,000
Meunts
0|namenLal mounL we|e a
deco|aLive leaLu|e, buL alo e|ved
Lo p|oLecL Lhe piece l|om |noc|
and c|ape.
Fcatc/eon
T/e an L|ave|e
Jeco/ot/on /qno/e t/e
J/v//on /etween t/e
J/owe/
0/no/a noant j/one t/e
wov,-eJqeJ o/nonento/
one/ co//eJ o co/toac/e
59
Furn ture: I8th- century commodes
Englsh Neeclasscal cemmede
Thi commode i Lypical ol Lhe Neoclaical deiqn LhaL
dominaLed Lhe econd hall ol Lhe IBLh cenLu|y. The ove|all
hape i mo|e |eL|ained and |ecLilinea|, alLhouqh iL Lill
ha a liqhLly cu|vaceou lo|m and cu|ved, ouLwepL leq.
SLandinq Lalle| Lhan ea|lie| commode, iL ha lou|
MAkq0ETkY AN0 PAkq0ETkY
The fashion for marquetry coincided with the
import of exotic woods such as ebony, amaranth,
and kingwood. (cabinet-makers
specializing in veneers) developed skills that made
much of the rich colors of these new veneers. Early
I8th-century cabinet-makers designed pieces with
exquisite parquetry, where the different colored
woods were arranged to form geometric patterns.
The large panels of repeating cubes, lozenges, or
trellises were a striking contrast to the swirling,
scrolling gilt-bronze mounts. From the middle of
the century, a trend developed for marquetry
panels featuring motifs. The urn was popular, as
were renditions of 0lassical fgures, all within fne
roundels or ovals, often framed within delicate
ribbon-tied swags or garlands. Woods of choice
were light and golden in color such as satinwood
and sycamore.
d|awe|. 0epiLe iL appa|enL impliciLy, Lhe complex
deco|aLion and moldinq how Lhe wo|| ol an accomplihed
cabineL-ma|e|. The d|amaLic appea|ance i achieved wiLh
conL|aLinq venee|-aLinwood wiLh pu|plewood and
ycamo|e-and imple meLal ha|dwa|e.
The tep
The u|n, a ubiquiLou Neoclaical
moLil, i cenL|al Lo Lhe ma|queL|y
deiqn on Lhe Lop ol Lhe commode.
Meldng
The Lop and l|onL have |eL|ained
molded edqe, which would have
been complex Lo ca|ve.
0rawer pulls
EleqanL meLal oval and |inq-pull
handle |epeaL Lhe ma|queL|y
u|n moLil.
0elcate detals
InL|icaLe |ibbon-Lied lowe| chain
l|ame Lhe oval ma|queL|y panel Lo
Lhe Lop ol Lhe commode.
0eerge 111 cemmede
Thi haped and molded commode ha ma|queL|y panel and
q|aduaLed d|awe|. cI7o0-cI770, W. 4I
I
/2in (I05.5cm),
$200,000-250,000
Marquetry
venee| a|e
made inLo
moLil.
Parquetry
venee| a|e laid
in qeomeL|ic
paLLe|n.
0
Panted chests
Eurepean chests
By Lhe laLe IBLh cenLu|y, Lhe lahion lo| painLed
lu|niLu|e |eached iL heiqhL in Eu|ope. Each
counL|y o| |eqion had iL own diLincL
Lyle uch a Lhe /ono/n/nq (|oe
painLinq) popula| in No|way l|om Lhe
ea|ly IBLh Lo Lhe ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y.
Fiece we|e olLen made a weddinq
o| beL|oLhal qilL (dowe| cheL), and
many we|e paed on Lo oLhe| newly
wed couple aL a laLe| daLe. New painL
LhaL ha been added Lo La|e in Lhi
chanqe ol owne|hip will noL allecL
value buL |eLo|aLion may-collecLo|
place a hiqh impo|Lance on an
unLouched painL u|lace. While lndinq a piece
wiLh iL o|iqinal painL i |a|e, a d|y, wo|n u|lace
wiLh la|inq and laded painL i accepLable.
FAINTE0 CFESTS we|e common in CenL|al Eu|ope and
Scandinavia, epecially in Lhe mid-IBLh cenLu|y.
Immiq|anL Loo| Lhe L|adiLion Lo No|Lh Ame|ica, whe|e iL
wa popula| in |u|al communiLie inLo Lhe 20Lh cenLu|y.
MoL ol Lhe cheL made by |u|al c|alLmen we|e noL
deco|aLed wiLh ca|vinq, o painLinq allowed Lhe ma|e| Lo
puL hi own ma|| on iL o| deco|aLe iL Lo uiL Lhe pe|on
who commiioned iL. The painL alo diquied inexpenive
wood and helped p|oLecL iL. CheL we|e uually deco|aLed
by iLine|anL pecialiL, buL ome piece we|e painLed by
amaLeu|. IL i piece by iLine|anL painLe| whoe wo||
can be idenLiled LhaL command a p|emium Loday.
The p|ime upecL
Tyrelean farmer's chest
While Lhe Lop ha been lelL plain, a|chiLecLu|al
moldinq l|ame painLed vae ol lowe| on Lhe
l|onL and leq. IBLh cenLu|y, $7,000-,000
Spansh celenal dewer chest
Thi pine cheL ha a domed lid and i
deco|aLed wiLh landcape, inc|ipLion, and
he|aldic moLil. ILh cenLu|y, $700-I,000
T/e /o/Je/ /
o/nteJ /n on
ejject /nown
o /o/ne/
no///e
KEY 0L0ES
FainLed deco|aLion olLen Lell a Lo|y uch a a cene l|om a
L|adiLional lol| Lale, o| leaLu|e a local o| imaqina|y view.
Blue wa an expenive piqmenL and ha|d Lo ue, o piece
painLed wiLh Lhi colo| command a p|emium.
CheL may be ca|ved a well a painLed.
0erman farmer's chest
Thi ca|ved and painLed cheL i deco|aLed
wiLh vae ol lowe| and a |niqhL |idinq a
ho|e. IL ha a ec|eL compa|LmenL. I7BI,
$2,500-,500
Eastern Eurepean marrage chest
Thi pine cheL i deco|aLed wiLh u|n ol
lowe| in |ed and q|een on a qold q|ound
wiLhin yellow bo|de|. ILh cenLu|y, $o00-B00
I
Furn ture: Pai nted chests
Amercan chests
In Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, many CenL|al Eu|opean
immiq|anL lived on iolaLed la|m whe|e Lhe
inluence ol Lhe ouLide wo|ld wa |a|ely
lelL. A a |eulL, L|adiLional Eu|opean
Lyle conLinued Lo be ued lonq alLe|
Lhey had been |eplaced elewhe|e.
Many younq qi|l p|epa|inq lo|
ma||iaqe had a dowe| cheL, which Lhey
ued Lo Lo|e houehold iLem uch a
linen and needlewo|| Lhey we|e
collecLinq lo| ue in Lhei| ma||ied lile.
Today, Lhe imple|, naive Lyle ol
painLinq l|om iLine|anL deco|aLo| in
Lhe New Wo|ld i mo|e popula| Lhan
L|adiLional Eu|opean landcape o|
|eliqiou Lheme.
M1N1AT0kE W0kKS 0F AkT
Like their European counterparts, American
craftsmen created items for every room of
the house and every purpose and, like
decorated chests, these minature versions
are popular with collectors today.
Exceptional pieces such as this candlebox
show the vibrant colors used by I8th-
century artists. Made with similar hinges
and hasps to larger boxes from the
Lancaster 0ounty region of Pennsylvania, the
front is decorated with urns of tulips and
birds, with a white column on each side
painted with botehs (stylized cypress
leaves-paisley pattern). 5uch European
motifs suggest a nostalgia for the 0ld World.
The lid has a series of arches and dots. It
slides off by pushing a grooved, indented
thumbpiece.
Panted dewer chest
The wo|| ol ome painLe| i o diLincL iL can
be idenLiled-even il Lhe name ol Lhe a|LiL
cannoL. Thi cheL wa painLed by an a|LiL
|nown a Lhe Emb|oide|y A|LiL. I7BB,
$50,000-0,000
Pennsylvanan candlebex AL aucLion in
2005 Lhi cheL old lo| Lhe equivalenL ol
$70,000. LaLe IBLh cenLu|y, L. I2
I
/4in (Icm)
Pennsylvanan dewer chest
The Fede|al Lyle can be een in Lhe p|ead-
winqed eaqle, wiLh hield and banne|, painLed
on Lhe l|onL. ILh cenLu|y, $I0,000-I4,000
Panted pne blanket chest
The lid, aLL|ibuLed Lo 0avid Ellinqe|, i painLed
wiLh Lylized hea|L, Lhe l|onL panel wiLh
Lulip. Mid-20Lh cenLu|y, $I4,000-20,000
Berks 0eunty tulp chest
The LombLone panel on Lhe l|onL lend an
a|chiLecLu|al elemenL Lo Lhe Lulip, awLooLh,
and hea|L deco|aLion. cIB00, $5,000-50,000
KEY 0L0ES
FainLed wiLh Eu|opean moLil uch a hea|L, Lulip, and bi|d
and, laLe|, wiLh ymbol ol Lhe new democ|acy uch a eaqle
and Ame|ican animal li|e Lhe wild Lu||ey.
A cenL|al panel wa olLen ued Lo |eco|d Lhe b|ide' name
and Lhe daLe ol he| weddinq.
uually -4lL (0-I20cm) lonq.
//ont /o o cent/o/
/eo/t /nc///eJ
Mo//o Sto//e/n
IZ88
Mo/JeJ //jt //J Jeco/oteJ w/t/ o
cent/o/ co/toac/e /n //oc/ /eJ
onJ w//te w/t/ o ta// onJ
qeonet//c /o/Je/
Ton/tone one/
w/t/ ta// onJ to/
2
The lineup
Late I8th-century painted Kas, Lancaster 0ounty,
Pennsylvania. H: 87in (22Icm), $7,000-9,000
Amercan Kas
A Ka i a Lype ol Eu|opean Ba|oque cupboa|d,
a L|adiLional Lo|aqe lo|m conLinued by CenL|al
Eu|opean eLLle| Lo Lhe uS. A Lhe main
Lo|aqe place lo| a lamily' belonqinq iL Loo|
p|ide ol place in Lhe home.
Ka we|e olLen painLed wiLh lo|al moLil o| a
olid colo| uch a da|| |ed o| b|own.
Painted pine chest. Early I9th century, W: 4Iin
(I03.5cm), $2,000-2,500
0entral Eurepean chest
0u|inq Lhe ILh cenLu|y, counL|y lu|niLu|e-
ma|e| d|ew on Rococo aymmeL|y in Lhei|
painLed deco|aLion.
Bold, conL|aLinq colo|.
Flo|al deco|aLion |ecalled ea|lie| ma|queL|y.
Many uch piece have been laLe| deco|aLed,
o bewa|e ol ove|ly b|iqhL colo|.
"Farmer's cupboard" painted wardrobe. Late I8th century,
H: 73in (I8ocm), $I5,000-20,000
Austran wardrebe
Many laLe IBLh-cenLu|y counL|y piece imiLaLed
lu|niLu|e hape l|om ea|lie| in Lhe cenLu|y.
FainLed deco|aLion |eplaced o|iqinal ca|vinq.
Fiece olLen made l|om pine and Lhe enLi|e
u|lace painLed wiLh colo|lul deiqn.
Typical deco|aLion included lowe|,
landcape, and |eliqiou moLil.
IN FASFI0NABLE CIRCLES, Lhe L|end lo| lu|niLu|e wiLh
painLed deco|aLion wa popula| l|om Lhe mid-IBLh Lo Lhe ea|ly
20Lh cenLu|y. 0eiqne| in F|ance and Enqland-includinq
Robe|L Adam-p|oduced lu|niLu|e LhaL wa painLed Lo maLch
wall and ceilinq, olLen in liqhL colo|. A liLLle laLe|, l|om Lhe
laLe IBLh Lo Lhe mid-ILh cenLu|y, wealLhie| Ame|ican lamilie
deco|aLed Lhei| home wiLh painLed lancy lu|niLu|e.
The|e ha been a L|adiLion ol painLed lu|niLu|e in |u|al
communiLie Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope ince medieval Lime. The
|ill we|e La|en Lo Lhe uS by eLLle| l|om Lhe IBLh
cenLu|y and p|acLiced Lhe|e, a in Eu|ope, inLo Lhe
20Lh cenLu|y. Thee lol| piece we|e olLen
painLed Lo imiLaLe hiqh-Lyle deiqn o| Lo
aLily a noLalqia lo| Lhe 0ld Wo|ld.
Fu|niLu|e wa alo painLed Lo diquie
poo|-qualiLy naLive wood o| Lo p|oLecL Lhem.
Panted furnture
0emi-lune commode, with restoration. cI790,
W: 48in (I22cm), $7,000-I0,000
Englsh cemmede
The dicove|ie ol Roman |emain aL Fompeii
and Fe|culaneum helped inpi|e new Lyle ol
lu|niLu|e painLed in Lhe Neoclaical Lyle. FainL
wa olLen ued in Lhe place ol ma|queL|y.
FainLed in |ich colo|.
A|LiL able Lo c|eaLe mo|e p|ecie deLail
Lhan wiLh ma|queL|y, mo|e in |eepinq wiLh
Lhe deco|aLive cheme ol Lhe |oom.
Aeoc/o/co/ not/j
/nc/aJe woq-/anq
ote/oe onJ
/e//jowe/ /o/Je/
Peto/eJ o/nt con
/eJace vo/ae /, /o/j
0//q/no/ oc/e/
wooJ q/o/n
Jeco/ot/on
0a/voceoa
c/o//-j/onteJ
J/owe/
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Furn ture: Pai nted furni ture
Painted "farmer's" or "rider's" cupboard. Late I8th century,
H: 83
I
/2in (2I2cm), $I0,000-I5,000
Austran cupbeard
FainLed po|L|aiL and landcape we|e olLen
combined wiLh wood q|ain and ma|ble ellecL
Lo imiLaLe mo|e expenive lu|niLu|e.
They olLen conLained ec|eL compa|LmenL
and we|e equipped wiLh a loc| and |ey.
Elabo|aLe example may combine venee|
and applied o|namenL wiLh painLed deLail.
0irectoire semainier. cI8I0, W: 4Iin (I04cm),
$I0,000-I2,000
French semaner
The F|ench 0i|ecLoi|e Lyle (cI75-cIB00)
|emained popula| inLo Lhe ILh cenLu|y.
SophiLicaLed emainie| uually have even
d|awe|, one lo| each day ol Lhe wee| buL
counL|y example (a above) may have only ix.
LiqhL, paLel LinL on Neoclaical lo|m wiLh
imple moldinq.
0Lhe| deco|aLion |a|e.
Hanging cupboard. H: 27
I
/2in (o9.5cm), $I,000-I,500
0erman hangng cupbeard
Fanqinq cupboa|d p|ovided eenLial Lo|aqe
pace and painL helped b|iqhLen Lhe inLe|io|.
Simple box hape wiLh doo|, mo|e elabo|aLe
lo|m included d|awe| and diplay helve.
0eco|aLion included wood q|ain ellecL
imiLaLinq mo|e expenive wood uch a
mahoqany, lo|al moLil, and landcape.
ReLo|aLion d|amaLically |educe value.
5atinwood bureau. cI800, H: 42
I
/2in (I0ocm),
$7,000-9,000
Englsh bureau
Neoclaical moLil uch a delicaLe waq ol
lowe| we|e ideal Lo painL onLo lu|niLu|e.
FainLed deLail allowed lo| liqhLe| |ende|inq ol
conLempo|a|y ma|queL|y deiqn.
0|awe| pull and ecuLcheon could be
inco|po|aLed inLo Lhe deiqn.
0ouble-tiered maple and pine dressing table. cI840, W: 35in
(89cm), $7,000-9,000
Amercan "fancy" dressng table
Many piece we|e baed on Neoclaical hape
by deiqne| uch a She|aLon o| FepplewhiLe.
The moL elabo|aLe lu|niLu|e wa painLed in
BalLimo|e, Ma|yland.
FainLed Neoclaical moLil o| landcape
olLen combined wiLh qilL hiqhliqhL.
Rare, high-quality, dated marriage cupboard. I780, W:
80
I
/2in (204cm), $35,000-45,000
0entral Eurepean cupbeard
Ma||iaqe cupboa|d we|e olLen qiven a
weddinq p|eenL in |u|al communiLie. In
No|way, iLine|anL painLe| lea|ned Lhei| |ill aL
pecial chool. AL Lhe beqinninq ol Lhe ILh
cenLu|y, many emiq|aLed Lo Lhe uS.
uually daLed, buL omeLime |e-daLed and
paed on Lo Lhe nexL qene|aLion.
0//q/no/
/o/Jwo/e
Ta/neJ /eq
w/t/ o/nteJ
//q///q/t
8/oc/ tenc//
Jeco/ot/on
T,/co/ qeonet//c
/n//c/t, oj
0//ecto//e t,/e
0//q/no/ o/nteJ
Jeco/ot/on P///on-t/eJ jo//ote
woq onJ c/o///nq
jo//oqe we/e oa/o/
Aeoc/o/co/ not/j
Po/nteJ one/ Je/ct
t/e Aqe oj Mon

The Le|m ce|amic cove| poLLe|y (ea|Lhenwa|e and Lonewa|e)

and po|celain. While poLLe|y ha been made ince NeoliLhic
Lime, Lhe landma|| wa Lhe Chinee dicove|y LhaL by addinq
|aolin (china Lone) Lo Lhe baLch Lhey could c|eaLe po|celain.
0EkAM10S
keekweed Art Neuveau vase
Thi ilve|-ove|laid vae wa deiqned
by Japanee a|LiL KaLa|o
Shi|ayamadani in IBB.
Ea|Lhenwa|e i po|ou and need Lo be cove|ed wiLh a
qlaze. SLonewa|e wa p|oduced in China du|inq Lhe Shanq
pe|iod (cIo00-I050) wiLh qlaze l|L ued cI000.
Eu|opean did noL ue lead qlaze unLil alLe| Lhe BLh
cenLu|y when A|ab lo|ce invaded Spain and b|ouqhL
qlazinq Lechnique wiLh Lhem. The A|ab added oxide,
amonq Lhem Lin, which qive an opaque, whiLe qlaze.
Tn-glazed earthenware
The L|adiLion lo| Lin-qlazed ea|Lhenwa|e, o| maiolica,
beqan in ILaly du|inq Lhe ILh cenLu|y. Seve|al cenLe|
eme|qed ove| Lhe nexL 200 yea|, pa|Licula|ly Cubbio,
u|bino, and Faenza. F|om he|e Lhe lahion p|ead Lo Lhe
|eL ol Eu|ope du|inq Lhe IoLh and I7Lh cenLu|ie, Lhan|
Lo immiq|anL ILalian c|alLmen. IL wa |nown a laience in
F|ance, layence in Ce|many, 0ellL in Lhe NeLhe|land (alLe|
Lhe main p|oducLion cenLe|), and dellLwa|e in B|iLain.
0eco|aLive Lyle va|ied. ILalian and ea|ly F|ench
example olLen depicLed Biblical o| myLholoqical cene,
painLed in yellow, blue, and q|een. Ce|man and laLe|
F|ench example lavou|ed landcape, bi|d, and animal,
while many 0uLch and Enqlih poLLe| made blue and
whiLe deiqn baed on po|celain impo|L l|om China.
Typical piece included plaLe, Lan|a|d uch a Lhe
Ce|man Wo/zen//aq, chemiL' ja|, Lile, and vae.
Amonq Lhe moL L|i|inq we|e Lhe 0ellL Lulip vae-
Lowe|inq blue and whiLe py|amid lo| diplayinq lowe|.
The inL|oducLion ol c|eamwa|e, developed by Lhe
SLallo|dhi|e poLLe|ie a|ound I740, led Lo Lhe decline ol
Lin-qlazed wa|e. Foweve|, a lahion lo| |evival Lyle in
Messen kecece kevval Hgure
Thi pe|onilcaLion ol AuLumn exemplile Lhe Rococo
Revival Lyle ol Lhe ILh cenLu|y wiLh iL qilded /oco///e leeL
and Lhe |uLic qa|land ol co|n in Lhe lqu|e' hai|.
7
Lhe mid-ILh cenLu|y aw ome B|iLih and Ame|ican
lacLo|ie p|oducinq b|iqhLly colo|ed lead-qlazed piece
|nown a majolica-inpi|ed by ILalian maiolica.
Percelan
The Chinee dicove|ed a po|cellaneou ce|amic a ea|ly
a Lhe 7Lh cenLu|y, by combininq china Lone and china
clay. By Lhe Minq 0ynaLy, Lhey we|e ma|inq a L|onq,
whiLe, L|anlucenL maLe|ial uiLed Lo moldinq and painLinq.
By Lhe IoLh cenLu|y, quanLiLie we|e expo|Led.
T|ade wiLh China loLe|ed a Eu|opean inLe|eL in all
Lhinq Chinee and Lhi included a paion lo| po|celain.
So q|eaL wa Lhe demand LhaL Eu|opean poLLe| ouqhL Lo
p|oduce iL Lhemelve. A meLhod lo| p|oducinq ha|d-paLe
po|celain eluded Eu|opean ma|e| unLil Lhe La|L ol Lhe
IBLh cenLu|y, when Ce|man alchemiL BoLLqe| c|eaLed a
lo|mula. By I7I0, Lhe l|L Eu|opean ha|d-paLe po|celain
lacLo|y wa lounded aL Meien. 0ve| Lhe nexL 50 yea|,
lacLo|ie we|e eLablihed in oLhe| ciLie. vincenne and
ChanLilly in F|ance and Wo|ceLe| and 0e|by in Enqland
made a olL-paLe po|celain becaue Lhey lac|ed Lhe
lo|mula, o| Lhe inq|edienL, needed lo| ha|d paLe.
vincenne moved Lo Sev|e lollowinq
Lhe acquiiLion ol a ha|d-paLe
lo|mula in I7oB and, alonq wiLh
Meien, led Lhe leld. Meien
and Sev|e dominaLed Lhe
po|celain cene lo| ove| I00
yea|, c|eaLinq exquiiLe
e|vice lo| wealLhy paL|on.
0hnese percelan bewl
MoL Chinee expo|L po|celain wa
blue and whiLe unLil I700, alLe|
which mo|e va|ied colo| cheme
we|e inL|oduced. Thi jon///e /oe
bowl i named lo| iL opaque
pin| enamel.
Svres cup and saucer
Sev|e wa |enowned lo| Lhe b|illiance ol iL
colo|, uch a Lhe //ea ce/ete q|ound ol Lhi
cup and auce|. The colo| we|e pa|Licula|ly
well ma||ied wiLh delicaLely Looled qildinq.
Art 0ece
platter
Thi plaLLe| wa
deiqned a a
limiLed ediLion lo|
Lhe F|imave|a 0eiqn
Ludio aL Lhe Au
F|inLemp depa|LmenL
Lo|e in Fa|i.
Ea|ly piece we|e in Lhe lamboyanL Rococo Lyle
LhaL dominaLed Eu|ope. The Lwo lacLo|ie Lu|ned Lo
Neoclaicim Lowa|d Lhe end ol Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, and
well inLo Lhe ILh. They inpi|ed a q|owinq numbe| ol
po|celain p|oduce| Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope, who c|ambled
Lo copy Lhei| wa|e. F|om Lhe mid-ILh cenLu|y, lacLo|ie
|eponded Lo Lhe L|end lo| |evival, enjoyinq pa|Licula|
ucce wiLh Rococo-Lyle piece baed on ea|ly Meien.
20th-century ceramcs
0evelopmenL in manulacLu|inq enabled lacLo|ie
Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope and Lhe uS Lo ma p|oduce.
Nume|ou wa|e |elecLed chanqinq Lyle uch a
A|L Nouveau and A|L 0eco, many deiqned by leadinq
conLempo|a|ie, includinq Fen|y van de velde lo| Meien,
Suzanne Lalique lo| Sev|e, Cla|ice Clill lo| A. J. Wil|inon
and, mo|e |ecenLly, Jape| Con|an lo| Wedqwood.
The |eiLance Lo mechanizaLion exp|eed by lollowe|
ol Lhe A|L & C|alL movemenL qave |ie Lo a L|adiLion lo|
Ludio, o| a|L, poLLe|y l|om Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y. A|LiL
p|ele||ed Lo ma|e and lnih piece by hand. 0l noLe a|e
Lhe Ma|Lin B|oLhe| in Enqland and Roo|wood in Lhe uS.
JAk00N
B0STEk
Italian tin-glazed
earthenware, not to be
confused with I9th-century
majolica, which has
thick, bright, usually
lead, glazes.
8
Leekng at ceramcs
CERAMICS ARE KN0WN Lo have been
made lo| Lhouand ol yea|. Lhey a|e
a|quably man|ind' oldeL achievemenL.
To ma|e Lhe ce|amic body, dille|enL Lype
ol clay o| Lone a|e q|ound and mixed wiLh
waLe| Lo p|oduce a paLe. The paLe i
Lhen l|ed in a |iln Lo lue Lhe pa|Licle
and p|oduce a ce|amic. Ce|amic a|e
u|p|iinqly du|able and have been made
by all civilizaLion. So Lhe quanLiLy ol
0|ienLal, Ilamic, AiaLic, Eu|opean,
0ceanic, and No|Lh and SouLh Ame|ican
ce|amic i vaL. WiLh Lhe added dive|iLy
ol deco|aLion and Lyle Lhe La| lacinq
Lhe anLique deLecLive can aL l|L eem
ove|whelminq. BuL Lhe|e a|e ome clue
Lo poinL Lhe way.
Kard-paste percelan
ve|y whiLe paLe and c|ip
modelinq a|e iqn ol ha|d paLe.
IL LexLu|e |eemble Lhe icinq on
a ca|e. The qlaze i qlay o| Lhin.
Pettery er percelan7
The b|ielnq
There are two types of pottery: earthenware and
stoneware, and two types of porcelain: hard paste
and soft paste. Look at the body (fred clay) to
determine its color and characteristics.
Earthenware, such as terracotta, is fred at a
relatively low temperature and will not hold water
unless it is given a protective glaze. The fred body
is opaque and may be red-brown, buff, white, or
gray, depending on the clay it was made from.
Steneware is fred at a higher temperature and
does not need a glaze to make it watertight. It is
usually opaque. 5toneware is strong and hard
wearing and may be thinly potted with detail or
rough and grainy. It can be polished to a silky
smooth surface. The fred body can be darkish,
grayish, red, white, or sand colored.
Kard-paste percelan can become translucent
during its second, glaze fring. It contains kaolin,
which refnes it. As the body and glaze fuse it can
be hard to see that the glaze was originally
separate. The white body, with its hard, glittery
glaze, tends to feel cold. When hard-paste
porcelain chips it leaves a break similar to a
chipped fint or glass.
Seft-paste percelan does not contain kaolin. It
vitrifes at its frst fring and so the second, glaze,
fring is at a lower temperature. As a result the
layer of glaze sits on the surface. The glaze is also
prone to pooling and crazing and early examples
may have discolored. It feels slightly warm.
The term china traditionally meant porcelain
made in 0hina or in the 0hinese style. Today it is
best used to defne bone china, a white,
translucent, English porcelain developed cI794.
Keld the pece up te a streng lght
Il iL i L|anlucenL Lhen iL i delniLely po|celain, il iL i
noL Lhen iL could be a Lhic|ly poLLed o| noL ve|y
L|anlucenL po|celain, o| iL could be a piece ol poLLe|y.
Earthenware
The body expoed by Lhe chip in
Lhe whiLe Lin qlaze i Lypically a
bull colo|. Tin-qlazed
ea|Lhenwa|e chip eaily.
Seft-paste percelan
IL i mo|e b|iLLle and ha a mo|e
q|ainy LexLu|e and Lhe colo|
|anqe l|om pu|e whiLe Lo q|ay.
A/t/oaq/ t/e Je/qn
/e/ote to /n//o/
0atc/ 0e/jt J//e
t/ee j/ /oo/ no/e
exot/c t/on /e///nq
P/n
qanleng blue
and whte
expert ware
The dih imiLaLe
0uLch 0ellL he||inq
dihe. IL ha ome
|im l|iLLinq. cI775,
W. I0
I
/2in (24cm)
Pectonqa/o/
w/t/ /oeJ
co/ne/
9
0eram cs: Looki ng at cerami cs
Kew te leek at ceramcs
0amage and chps
The beL way Lo lea|n how Lo Lell Lhe
dille|ence beLween poLLe|y and
po|celain i Lo handle a many
piece a you can-epecially
b|o|en o| chipped example LhaL
allow you Lo ee Lhe body unde| Lhe
qlaze. Alo buy damaqed example
ol ha|d- and olL-paLe po|celain Lo
hold in you| hand Lo leel Lhe
dille|inq Lempe|aLu|e.
Base
The l|L Lep Lo idenLilyinq a ce|amic i Lo inveLiqaLe Lhe paLe (Lhe
unqlazed body-Lhe mixLu|e ol clay and lux inq|edienL). The only
place you lnd Lhe unqlazed body i on Lhe bae. I Lhe bae compleLely
mooLh` Thi could hinL aL a laLe| daLe. I Lhe|e evidence ol ome di|L o|
l|iL ma||` Thi could be a clue lo| an ea|ly daLe. A|e ma|| caLLe|ed
ove| Lhe whole bae` Thi could poinL aL ea|ly 0|ienLal ce|amic.
0laze
Ta|e a maqnilyinq qla and loo|
ca|elully aL Lhe qlaze. Claze i a cove|inq
ol qla (ilica) LhaL ha been lued Lo a
ce|amic body (uch a clay). The qlaze
will eiLhe| be hiny o| maLLe.
km
Tap Lhe |im - a dull Lhud could indicaLe |eLo|aLion. A pe|lecL piece will
qive a pleainq |inq.
0eceraten
Thi could be Lhe p|ove|bial |ed (o| blue') he||inq' The lo|m ol
deco|aLion o| Lhe Lyle ol d|e wo|n by lqu|e i no clue Lo Lhe
o|iqin o| daLe ol Lhe piece.
Chec| il Lhe ma|| how iL
counL|y ol o|iqin uch a
F|ance, Ce|many o|, a he|e,
Enqland, a Lhi p|obably
denoLe a daLe alLe| IBI.
Alo chec| lo| any
|ecoqnizable lacLo|y ma||.
See ??4 jo/ otte/, onJ
o/ce/o/n no//
Marks
Many ce|amic have la|e ma|| LhaL copy Lhoe ol Lhe moL
uccelul companie. So alway aLily you|ell abouL Lhe lacLo|y,
qualiLy ol body, deco|aLion, and aqe belo|e you loo| aL Lhe ma||.
Meien i Lhe moL copied ma||. Many inle|io|-qualiLy 0|eden, and
oLhe| mino| Eu|opean lacLo|ie, copied Lhe c|oed wo|d ma||.
Il Lhe ma|| how Made in
a counL|y, Lhi p|obably
denoLe a daLe alLe| I2I buL
could be much laLe|. Loo| lo|
LellLale clue li|e deco|aLion
Lyle. The deiqne|/a|LiL,
he|e KeiLh Mu||ay, may alo
add Lo Lhe value conide|ably.
0razng
Thi u|lace how
iqn ol c|azinq, which
i a delecL in Lhe qlaze.
Matte
Thi i a maLLe qlaze
much lavo|ed by
Ame|ican A|L & C|alL
poLLe|.
Tn glaze
Thi Lypical Lin qlaze
ha a q|ay-blue Linqe
indicaLinq lead.
70
The b|ielnq
1dentfyng ceramc deceraten
Kand-panted
Expenive and Lime conuminq Lo ma|e, hand-painLed
wa|e dominaLed Lhe ce|amic ma||eL belo|e p|inLinq wa
invenLed. AncienL luncLional ce|amic had imple
qeomeL|ical deiqn in lip and naLu|al piqmenL. A
ce|amic p|oducLion eme|qed a a comme|cial enLe|p|ie,
painLinq became hiqhly |illed and deiqn mo|e complex.
0vER TFE CENTuRIES, CERAMICS FAvE been
deco|aLed wiLh an almoL unpa|alleled va|ieLy ol
Lechnique and deiqn. A|LiL all ove| Lhe wo|ld have
|illully embellihed eve|y Lype ol ce|amic, l|om luncLional
ea|Lhenwa|e poL Lo o|naLe po|celain culpLu|e, uinq
qlaze, enamel, and qold. In Lhe mid-IBLh cenLu|y,
Lechnoloqical innovaLion uch a p|inLinq p|ocee
|evoluLionized Lhe ce|amic induL|y and opened up
lu|Lhe| poibiliLie lo| deco|aLion. The name ol many ol
Lhe painLe|, a|LiL, and qilde| employed by Lhe q|eaL
po|celain and poLLe|y lacLo|ie a|e un|eco|ded and yeL
Lhee deco|aLo| have lelL u a |ich leqacy ol Lechnique.
Transfer-prnted
0ldng Luster
InL|oduced in Lhe mid-IBLh cenLu|y, L|anle| p|inLinq
involve in|inq an enq|aved coppe| plaLe and L|anle||inq
Lhe deiqn onLo a heeL (baL) ol Lac|y qlue. The deiqn i
Lhen p|eed onLo Lhe u|lace ol Lhe objecL uinq oil. The
whole i duLed wiLh colo|ed powde|ed oxide, olLen in
blue, and lxed by l|inq.
Ce|amic, uually po|celain, u|lace can be deco|aLed wiLh
a Lhin laye| ol qold, eiLhe| in Lhe lo|m ol qold leal o| a lne
powde| LhaL i applied wiLh a b|uh. IL i Lhen l|ed aL a
low Lempe|aLu|e. SomeLime Lhe qold i mixed wiLh
me|cu|y Lo qive a b|iqhL meLallic lnih o| wiLh honey Lo
c|eaLe a dull buL |ich ellecL.
Fi|L ued in Lhe Middle EaL a|ound Lhe 7Lh cenLu|y ,
Lhe luLe| Lechnique involve diolvinq oxide ol meLal
uch a qold, ilve|, and coppe| in acid and combininq
Lhem wiLh an oil medium. The mixLu|e i Lhen applied Lo
Lhe u|lace ol an objecL and l|ed Lo c|eaLe a meLallic o|
i|idecenL himme|inq lnih.
7I
0eram cs: 0ecorati on
0verglaze celer
Known a enamel, colo| painLed ove| Lhe qlaze |equi|e
l|inq aL low Lempe|aLu|e Lo lx Lhem Lo Lhe body.
MeLallic compound a|e combined wiLh a lux and q|ound
inLo a powde|. They a|e Lhen mixed wiLh oil and painLed
onLo Lhe u|lace ol an objecL. MulLiple l|inq a|e
omeLime needed.
FL0W BL0E
Flow Blue describes I9th-
century and early 20th-century
white or cream earthenwares
decorated with underglaze blue
transfer patterns. The blue
fowed out of the sharp outline
of the design, creating a
blurred effect. At frst it
happened by mistake, but the
Early Vcteran plate Chinee
paLLe|n and landcape we|e
popula| in Lhe Ea|ly vicLo|ian
pe|iod cIB5-o0.
0nderglaze celer
Finely powde|ed oxide i mixed wiLh waLe| o| oil and
applied Lo an unqlazed u|lace. CobalL blue i Lhe moL
common colo|, buL coppe| q|een, manqanee pu|ple,
anLimony yellow, and i|on |ed a|e alo olLen lound. The
objecL need l|inq only once, ma|inq Lhe Lechnique le
expenive Lhan oLhe| lo|m ol deco|aLion.
En camaeu Appled deceraten
The F|ench Le|m en cono|ea |ele| Lo a Lyle ol
deco|aLion LhaL involve painLinq Lhe u|lace ol an
objecL in Lwo o| Lh|ee Lone ol a inqle colo|. Simila|
Lo Lhe q//o///e Lechnique ol painLinq in hade and LinL
ol q|ay, en cono|ea can |eulL in a deLailed, Lh|ee-
dimenional appea|ance.
Raied up in low |eliel, applied deco|aLion can be ued Lo
c|eaLe deiqn |anqinq l|om Lhe imple Lo Lhe
ophiLicaLed. Slip can be daubed onLo a u|lace in naive
paLLe|n, o| can be builL up Lo c|eaLe lne ote-a/-ote
deco|aLion. Sepa|aLely molded elemenL can alo be ued,
in a Lechnique |nown a p|iqqinq.
effect proved so popular that the
potteries had to work out how to
recreate the error to meet
demand. The advantage to them
was that the blurred design
also covered errors in the
earthenware blank or the
transfer pattern. Flow Blue was
primarily made in 5taffordshire,
England and exported to the U5
from the I830s onward.
72
Pesset pet
Thi poL ha L|onq blue deco|aLion
and Lhic| whiLe qlaze. IBLh cenLu|y,
F. 5
I
/2in (I4cm), $700-00
Tulp vase
InLended Lo diplay Lulip, Lhi
hea|L-haped vae ha a |omanLic
cene. cI20, F.
I
/4in 2. (5cm),
$50-500
Panted cews
Thee cow we|e inpi|ed by Lhe
BuLche|' Cuild ol 0ellL' lowe|-
bedec|ed cow on leaL day. ILh
cenLu|y, $50-500
0elftware
0uLch 0ellL i lnely poLLed and Lhe qlazed u|lace i olLen
piLLed (|nown a peppe|inq). Thi ellecL i caued by
ai| bubble L|apped by Lhe qlaze explodinq du|inq
l|inq. 0uLch 0ellL wa painLed wiLh a L|onq,
b|iqhL indiqo blue, olLen ouLlined in
manqanee pu|ple-a Lechnique |nown a
L|e||inq. Much 0uLch 0ellL i a di|ecL
copy ol Chinee piece.
Tin-qlazed ea|Lhenwa|e wa l|L p|oduced in Lhe Low
CounL|ie aL Lhe beqinninq ol Lhe IoLh cenLu|y by
immiq|anL ILalian poLLe|. IL ha a olL ea|Lhenwa|e body
cove|ed wiLh a lead qlaze made whiLe and opaque by Lhe
addiLion ol Lin oxide. 0ne ol Lhe main cenLe| ol p|oducLion
wa Lhe 0uLch Lown ol 0ellL. B|iLih dellLwa|e wa alo
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
Body i a wa|m yellow-bull colo|, Lhe LexLu|e
i li|e q|ain ol and.
Thic|ih whiLe qlaze.
Fi|inq law a|e common.
Known lo| lne deLailed b|uhwo||, wiLh
b|iqhL colo|.
FooL-|im Lend Lo be Lhic|.
inpi|ed by Lhe blue and whiLe po|celain loodinq Lhe
ma||eL l|om Lhe ea|ly I7Lh cenLu|y. Wa| inLe||upLed Lhe
L|ade in Io47, and poLLe| in Lhe Low CounL|ie and
B|iLain immediaLely ouqhL Lo lll Lhe qap by copyinq Lhe
much-coveLed p|oducL. The deco|aLion wa laLe| inpi|ed
by Lhe b|iqhLly colo|ed wa|e l|om China and Japan.
0utch 0elft
0utch 0elft dsh
The dih i deco|aLed in Lypical //oo/
Lyle, named alLe| Lhe Fo|Luquee hip
called ca||ac|, which ca||ied Lhe
po|celain. 0. I4in (5cm), $I,500-2,000
St,//zeJ
cono/tnento//zeJ
/o/Je/ one/
Po/e //ae
Jeco/ot/on /
t,/co/ oj ?0t/-
centa/, 0e/jt
0ent/o/ one/ /ow
o /ow/ oj jowe/
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7J
0eram cs: 0el ftware
Puzzle jug, Lambeth
Made in Enqland l|om medieval
Lime, Lhi puzzle juq ha a ve|e
and lo|al moLil. Mid-IBLh cenLu|y,
F. o

/4in (I7cm), $I,500-2,000

0ak-leaf charger
FaLLe|n a|e quiLe p|imiLive, wiLh
imple |epeaLinq paLLe|n li|e Lhe
oa| leave on Lhi cha|qe|. cI700,
0. Iin (cm), $7,000-,000
Pesset pet
The blue Linqe in Lhe qlaze and Lhe
imp|ecie b|uhwo|| ol Lhi poL
a|e Enqlih cha|acLe|iLic. IoB,
0. I0in (25cm), $5,000-7,000
Kng Wllam 111 dsh
FainLinq ol mona|ch a|e Lypically
Enqlih. They olLen had a diLincLive
blue-dah bo|de|. LaLe I7Lh cenLu|y,
0. I

/4in (5cm), $24,000-2B,000

0ELFT q0AL1TY
KEY 0L0ES
The mooLh qlaze ha a blue (mo|e |a|ely pin|) Linqe.
0eco|aLion olLen clumy and c|ude buL wiLh appealinq
naiveLy.
0//no/e//e deiqn popula|.
FooL-|im Lend Lo be quiLe Lhin and olLen la|ed.
0eed... The naive
c//no/e//e cene ol a
younq boy chainq a
buLLe|ly ha vib|ancy
and cha|m. cI7o0,
0.
I
/4in (2.5cm),
$700-I,000
Better... The addiLion
ol Lhe polych|ome
paleLLe, well-painLed
cene, bo|de| waq,
and pa|Licula|ly Lhe
hoL-ai| balloon ma|e
Lhi upe|io|. cI7B5,
0. B

/4in (22.5cm),
$2,500-,000
Best... The deLailed,
daLed, and named
hip painLinq and Lhe
bo|de| deco|aLed
wiLh che|ub a Lhe
Fou| Wind Lic| all
Lhe boxe. I7o5,
0. B

/4in (22.5cm),
$I0,000-I5,000
Englsh delftware
Enqlih dellLwa|e i mo|e Lhic|ly poLLed Lhan 0uLch 0ellL,
wiLh a coa|e and ha|d body. Colo| a|e mo|e muLed-
pa|Licula|ly Lhe blue, buL alo Lhe diLincLive aqe q|een.
The colo| ued Lo deco|aLe Enqlih dellLwa|e in| inLo
Lhe qlaze-wiLh Lhe excepLion ol |ed, which iL
p|oud. The lacLo|ie a|e pa|Licula|ly |nown lo|
polych|ome deiqn wiLh po|L|aiL ol mona|ch,
bold lowe|, and oa| leave.
Lambeth chnesere charger
Thi cha|qe| i painLed in Lypical i|on
|ed, yellow, q|een, and cobalL blue. cI7o5,
0. I
I
/2in (4.5cm), $,000-4,000
8/ae t/nqe
to q/oze
Fnq/// Je/jtwo/e /
/o/e/, no//eJ /at t//
conneno/ot/ve /ece
/eo/ o Jote onJ t/e
/n/t/o/ FIP
8/ae Jo/
/o/Je/ /
c/o/octe//t/c
TkA0E
SE0kETS
The shape of I9th-century
maiolica (see opposite) bears little
resemblance to the pieces from the
Ioth century, which it aimed to
emulate. Later potters frequently
used fashionable Rococo Revival
shapes, based on I7th-century
styles, which would not have been
familiar to the craftsmen of
the century before.
0lebular jar
The deco|aLion on Lhi veneLian ja|
leaLu|e Lwo po|L|aiL inLe|pe|ed
wiLh lowe| and loliaqe. cI5B0,
F.
I
/2in (24cm), $,500-5,000
1talan albarelle
Thi L|adiLional pha|macy ja| lo|
Lo|inq d|uq i boldly deco|aLed
and bea| an inc|ipLion. cIoLh,
F. B
I
/4in (2Icm), $5,000-7,000
Maelca
S|illed Renaiance a|LiL deco|aLed maiolica wiLh bold,
colo|lul deiqn. The deiqn leaLu|ed plenLy ol lne
deLail uch a mucula| bodie, exp|eion on lace,
a well a leave on L|ee and |ipple in waLe|.
Tiny, p|ecie b|uhL|o|e we|e ued Lo build up
hadinq. Fin hole in Lhe qlaze how whe|e ai|
LhaL wa L|apped unde| iL bu|L Lh|ouqh
du|inq l|inq in Lhe |iln. Any inc|ipLion will
be imple and in a luid IoLh-cenLu|y
ILalian c|ipL.
MAI0LICA IS TFE NAME qiven Lo Lin-qlazed ea|Lhenwa|e
made in ILaly. 0u|inq Lhe I5Lh cenLu|y, ILalian poLLe|y
became mo|e |elned and by Lhe IoLh cenLu|y, Renaiance
poLLe| we|e p|oducinq wo|| ol q|eaL a|LiLic me|iL. The
dihe and ja| Lhey made we|e olLen deco|aLed wiLh
/to//oto-o| na||aLive-painLinq LhaL Lold Lo|ie l|om
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
Fiqh-qualiLy painLinq conLain loL ol deLail.
SL|onq, b|iqhL colo| ued wiLh conldence.
Shadinq and deLail builL up uinq lne, painLed line.
Cenuine IoLh-cenLu|y ma||.
Fin hole in Lhe qlaze a a |eulL ol l|inq.
Bold and ambiLiou deco|aLion.
Lhe Bible, myLholoqy, o| hiLo|y. The o|iqinal we|e
|ep|oduced a woodcuL, enq|avinq, and boo| illuL|aLion,
which we|e ued lo| inpi|aLion. In Lhe ILh cenLu|y, Lhe
lahion lo| Renaiance Lyle led Lo many ol Lhee wo||
beinq copied-ome ol which we|e ol a ve|y hiqh qualiLy,
buL many we|e pale imiLaLion ol Lhe o|iqinal.
Ith-century maelca
Maca/o/ /oJ/e o/e
o/nteJ w/t/ novenent
onJ joc/o/ ex/e/on
o/e oo/ent
0astell saucer
view ol a ho|e wiLh hip and
lqu|e we|e inpi|ed by a p|inL by
Cab|iel Fe|elle. cI720,
0. 7in (IBcm), $I,200-I,B00
74
Judgement ef Pars
ExcepLional deLail in Lhe painLinq
ma|| Lhi a Lhe wo|| ol Cuido
0u|anLino who wo||ed in u|bino.
IoLh cenLu|y, 0. IBin (45.5cm)
8o/J onJ
on//t/oa
Jeco/ot/on
//ne //a/t/o/e
we/e aeJ to
c/eote t/e Jeto//
/n t/e /noqe
1talan vase
Thi vae ha e|penL handle wiLh
ma| Le|minal and painLinq ol
att/ (che|ub). cILh,
F. 2I
I
/2in (55cm), $500-700
1talan vase
Thi Rococo hape i Lypical ol
ILh-cenLu|y maiolica. The hell
hape i painLed wiLh a |u|al
cene. W. I0in (25cm), $I00-I50
1talan feeted jardnre
The luL|ou colo| a|e Lypical ol
ILh-cenLu|y piece l|om 0e|uLa.
The ja|dinie|e ha paw leeL. cI00,
W. Iin (4B.5cm), $400-o00
Spansh Hask
A q|een liza|d lo|m Lhe handle ol
Lhi maiolica la| deco|aLed wiLh
lqu|e ol animal. cILh,
F. I0
I
/4in (2ocm), $I00-I50
V10T0k1AN MAJ0L10A
KEY 0L0ES
0eco|aLo| ued a paleLLe ol olLe|, pale| colo|.
FainLinq i le au|ed, even clumy in iL
execuLion. 0eLail a|e blu||ed.
FiLLed qlaze i evidence ol lowe|-qualiLy wa|e.
Ma|| may have been |emoved Lo deceive
poLenLial buye|.
The looL |im a|e qene|ally Lhin and la|ed.
Italian maiolica was one of the
inspirations behind majolica-
an elaborately molded
earthenware decorated with
thick, vivid glazes, developed
around I850 by the British frm
Minton. 5hown at the 0reat
Exhibition in London in I85I, it
quickly became popular
Elephant
jardnre The
exL|avaqanL
molded hape
and bold colo|
a|e Lypical ol
majolica.
I9th-century maelca
The eaieL way Lo Lell wheLhe| a piece ol maiolica
i l|om Lhe ILh cenLu|y i Lo loo| aL Lhe painLinq.
A|LiL ued olLe| and pale| colo| and we|e olLen
le accomplihed. Lhei| lqu|e a|e olLen ouLlined
wiLh ha|p, blac| line and have c|udely d|awn
hand and leeL.
Lowe|-qualiLy p|oducLion meanL LhaL Lhe
qlaze did noL Lic| Lo Lhe body and bubbled
o| c|awled when iL wa l|ed, leavinq a
u|lace wiLh loL ol hole.
0lasscal I9th-century dsh
Thi le |ealiLically painLed dih
leaLu|e Apollo wiLh a ly|e u||ounded
by lqu|e l|om Claical myLholoqy.
ILh cenLu|y, 0. II
I
/2in (2cm),
$250-50
/onJ/e o/e /n
t/e /oe oj
o won nec/
throughout Europe and the U5.
Majolica was used to make
domestic wares such as vases,
dishes, and jugs, as well as
enormous ornamental vases and
seats that featured the
exaggerated decoration
fashionable in the mid- to
late I9th century. In the UK
majolica was made by such
factories as Joseph Holdcroft,
Wedgwood, and 0eorge Jones &
5ons. In the U5, the Bennett
Pottery in Baltimore, Maryland,
and Eureka Pottery in Trenton,
New Jersey, were among the
best manufacturers.
75
//qa/e o/e
c/aJe/, o/nteJ
Mo/
te/n/no/
7
The lineup
Moustiers plate with mythological scene. I8th century,
$4,000-o,000
Meusters, France
0eco|aLion include myLhical c|eaLu|e,
Claical and myLholoqical lqu|e wiLhin a
medallion, and leLoon.
C|ayih body wiLh a c|eamy q|ay qlaze.
FoLaLo lowe| deco|aLion-alo called jea/
Je o/onee-i unique Lo MouLie|.
Copied Rouen' lacewo|| Lyle ol deco|aLion
|nown a /on//ea/n /o,onnont.
Folych|ome lo|al deco|aLion uinq et/t jea
colo|-a wide |anqe includinq och|e, |ed
and pin|-wa inpi|ed by 0|ienLal piece.
Plaque. cI775, $25,000-35,000
Aprey, France
Ea|ly piece a|e c|ude and baed on Rouen blue
and whiLe wa|e, buL l|om cI770 Lo I7BI
Ap|ey became |nown lo| deco|aLion by
Jacque Ja||y and AnLonine Meqe.
0eco|aLion include exoLic landcape and
c//no/e//e in Rococo c|oll, a well a
lowe| and bi|d.
BeL piece a|e deco|aLed wiLh Ja||y' bi|d
and lowe| o| Meqe' bi|d and landcape.
Tureen, cI730, H: 7
I
/2in (I9cm), $2,500-3,500
keuen, France
Rouen wa a p|ominenL cenLe| lo| laience
p|oducLion l|om Lhe end ol Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y.
The poLLe|y ha a |ed body.
Ea|ly Ba|oque wa|e have moLil |eemblinq
lacewo|| (/on//ea/n) and i|onwo||.
F|om a|ound I7I0, polych|ome wa|e we|e
p|oduced in q/onJ jea (hiqh Lempe|aLu|e)
colo|-cobalL blue, manqanee pu|ple,
oche|, yellow, q|een, and i|on |ed.
Figure symbolizing fame. cI780, H: I2
I
/2 in (3I.5 cm),
$2,500-3,500
Ndervller, France
The eleqance, |elnemenL, and delicacy ol Lhe
lacLo|y' lqu|e puL Lhem almoL on a pa| wiLh
imila| po|celain piece l|om Sev|e and
Meien, on which Lhey we|e baed.
Nide|ville|' deco|aLo| we|e amonq Lhe beL
aL uinq et/t jea colo|.
They excelled aL a Lechnique |nown a en
cono|ea. uinq dille|enL Lone ol Lhe ame
colo| on whiLe.
Plate in 5evres style. cI770, 0: 9in (23cm), $2,500-3,500
Sceaux, France
0ne ol Lhe leadinq F|ench lacLo|ie l|om cI750,
Sceaux uccelully ued et/t jea colo| Lo
imiLaLe Lhe c//no/e//e, lo|al, and landcape
deco|aLion on Lhe new po|celain wa|e.
Succelully imiLaLed Lhe |elned, lively
Rococo po|celain ol Sev|e, Mennecy,
Meien, and SL|abou|q.
The aqe q|een i unique Lo Lhe lacLo|y.
LIKE 0ELFT AN0 MAI0LICA, laience
i ea|Lhenwa|e coaLed wiLh a Lin
qlaze, which ma|e Lhe Le||acoLLa
body hiny and whiLe li|e po|celain.
Faience i named alLe| Lhe ILalian ciLy
ol Faenza and wa inL|oduced Lo
F|ance in I5I2 when ILalian poLLe|
came Lo Lyon. AL l|L, F|ench wa|e
imiLaLed ILalian piece, buL by Lhe
mid-I7Lh cenLu|y Lhey ued naLive-
Lyle bold myLholoqical lqu|e in blue
and oche| a deco|aLion. Thee qave
way Lo blue and whiLe c//no/e//e
moLil, inpi|ed by Chinee impo|L.
The F|ench expanded Lhei| |anqe ol
colo| wiLh et/t jea (low
Lempe|aLu|e) qlaze Lechnique.
0uLch poLLe| inL|oduced laience Lo
Ce|many in Lhe laLe Io00. IniLially,
Ce|man wa|e imiLaLed 0uLch piece,
buL in Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, Lhey ued
Ce|manic lqu|e, coaL ol a|m, and
landcape lo| deco|aLion.
Eurepean faence
lon//ea/n jo/n
o co//oeJ j//nqe
otte/n
0//no/e//e Je/qn ac/ o oqoJo
we/e ojten aeJ o Jeco/ot/on
77
0eram cs: Ti n- gl azed earthenware
JAk00N
B0STEk
Lumbrequ/n This describes
a scalloped pattern. It began
life as the fringed scarf
over a knight's helmet.
Fan plate with lobed border. cI700, 0: I3
I
/2in (34cm),
$500-900
Frankfurt, 0ermany
F|an|lu|L wa one ol Lhe l|L lacLo|ie Lo
p|oduce laience unde| Lhe inluence ol 0uLch
poLLe| a|ound Ioo0.
Much ea|ly p|oducLion |eemble 0ellL buL
iL body Lend Lo be a cleane| whiLe.
0eco|aLion i blue and whiLe and c//no/e//e.
Lobed wa|e can have mo|e Lhan ?0 lobe.
Ink stand in the shape of a commode, cI780, W: oin (I5cm),
$500-900
Kelsterbach, 0ermany
KelLe|bach La|Led ma|inq laience in I75B.
Th|ee yea| laLe|, Lhey beqan ma|inq po|celain
Loo, di|ecLed by C. 0. Buch l|om Meien.
IL main ouLpuL wa blue and whiLe
houehold wa|e, includinq dihe and
Lu|een in Lhe lo|m ol veqeLable.
RelnemenL and aLLenLion Lo deLail how
inluence ol po|celain wo||e|.
Plate. I8th century, 0: 9in (22.5cm), $350-500
0ralshem, 0ermany
The C|alheim poLLe|y La|Led in I720 and
cloed a|ound IB?0.
A|chiLecLu|al landcape we|e amonq Lhe
laLe IBLh-cenLu|y deiqn. 0Lhe| deco|aLive
ubjecL maLLe| included Laq- and boa|-
hunLinq, coaL ol a|m, and lowe|.
Eqq-yol| yellow i a pa|Licula|ly diLincLive
C|alheim colo|.
Walzenkrug (tankard). cI790, H: I0in (25cm), $2,000-2,500
Schrezhem, 0ermany
The Sch|ezheim lacLo|y wa in ope|aLion l|om
I752 Lo IB52.
NaLive moLil uch a Laq, landcape, and
double-headed eaqle a|e Lypical.
A Lin o| pewLe| lid i uual. Ea|lie| Lan|a|d
lo|m and moLil we|e copied in Lhe laLe ILh
and ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|ie.
IBLh-cenLu|y Sch|ezheim bodie have a
pin|ih Lone whe|e Lhe qlaze i Lhin.
Plate. cI7o7, 0: I0
I
/2in (2ocm), $350-500
krstrand, Sweden
Founded a|ound I725, Ro|L|and pea|ed ci|ca
I755 alLe| deiqne| Jean E|ic Rehn inL|oduced
F|ench Lyle and Lechnique, allowinq Lhe
lacLo|y Lo La|L uinq ove|qlaze polych|ome
deco|aLion.
Ea|ly blue and whiLe wa|e |eemble 0ellL.
F|om I744, ove|qlaze polych|ome deco|aLion
wa modeled on F|ench colo| paleLLe.
The Rehn FaLLe|n, l|om mid-IBLh cenLu|y, ha
a lowe| o| l|uiL moLil in blue o| manqanee.
q01MPEk
Faence has been made in the French
Brittany town of 0uimper (pronounced
camp-air) since the early I8th century.
However, its rustic decoration remains so
popular that similar pieces have continued
to be made ever since. Most pieces on the
market date from I900 or later, but the
style of decoration means it is easy to
confuse them with earlier ones. Pieces
from the I8th century have a creamy
body, later copies are whiter and lighter.
qumper fan vase The vae i deco|aLed
in Lypical naive Lyle wiLh lowe| and a
couple wea|inq B|eLon d|e. cIB75,
F. 4
?
/4in (I2cm), $500-00
T/e ,e//ow onJ q/een o/ette
/n/tote 0//nee lamille jaune
(/eJon/nont/, ,e//ow
o/ce/o/n
78
Westerwald tankard
The qlazed deco|aLion ol Laq on
Lhi meLal-lidded Lan|a|d i Lypical
ol WeLe|wald. IBLh cenLu|y,
F. I0
I
/4in (2ocm), $50-500
Bellarmne
Thi Lype ol juq ha a molded
ma| ol a bea|ded man, olLen above
a coaL ol a|m. LaLe I7Lh cenLu|y,
F. Bin (20.5cm), $500-700
0reussen tankard
C|euen Lan|a|d we|e olLen
quaL. Thi one i painLed wiLh a
hunLinq cene in |eliel. cIoB0,
F. B
I
/2in (2I.5cm), $7,000-,000
Steneware
The Lown ol Sieqbe|q i |nown lo| iL Sc/ne//e-Lall,
Lape|inq Lan|a|d deco|aLed wiLh hallow |eliel, which
we|e molded epa|aLely and applied Lo Lhe ide. The
|elned, oll-whiLe body wa capable ol |ende|inq lne
deLail. Ea|ly example ol Ce|man Sc/ne//e we|e
exLenively copied in Lhe ILh cenLu|y, olLen by |e-uinq
o|iqinal mold, which mean a daLe on a piece may noL
be accu|aLe. The |eliel panel on ea|ly example we|e
applied ca|elully Lo enu|e Lhey did noL c|ac| in Lhe |iln.
Thoe on ILh-cenLu|y copie we|e mo|e ca|elely
made and olLen c|ac|ed in Lhe heaL.
ST0NEWARE IS MA0E uF ol clay and q|ound |oc| and i
l|ed aL hiqh Lempe|aLu|e. IL i dene and du|able and ha
been ued lo| vae and d|in|inq veel lo| cenLu|ie. IL i
waLe| |eiLanL, buL can alo be Lhinly poLLed and
elabo|aLely deco|aLed wiLh molded o| applied deco|aLion.
IL wa p|obably l|L made in China cI200. By Lhe BLh
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
Ce|man Renaiance moLil uch a L|apwo|| a|e Lypical,
a a|e Biblical, alleqo|ical, and he|aldic Lheme.
0n laLe| piece Lhe body i le |elned and may loo| di|Ly
o| have a yellow Linqe.
MoL ea|ly example have a bae LhaL i qenLly concave in
hape, laLe| bae Lend Lo be laL wiLh a |ounded |aLhe| Lhan
a ha|p edqe, and Lhey olLen have a ma|e|' ma||.
cenLu|y, Lonewa|e wa a hiqhly |elned p|oducL deco|aLed
wiLh a q|eenih-q|ay qlaze. SLonewa|e wa l|L made
in Eu|ope in Lhe Ce|man Rhine valley in Lhe I2Lh cenLu|y
and had diLincLive |eqional va|iaLion. 0uanLiLie we|e
impo|Led inLo B|iLain in Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y. IL wa |nown
a Rhenih wa|e and widely copied.
0erman steneware
Segburg cylndrcal tankard
Thi |a|e, daLed Sieqbu|q Lan|a|d ha
a Lape|inq body molded wiLh Lh|ee
ve|Lical panel lan|ed by Lwo lu|Lhe|
a|mo|ial hield. I274, I0in (25cm),
$4,500-o,000
T/e cent/o/ one/
jeota/e t/e coot oj o/n
oj Ja//c/-//eve-8e/q
JAk00N
B0STEk
8e//urm/ne A jug named
after 0ardinal Bellarmino
(I542-Io2I) who was despised in
Protestant countries for his hatred
of the Reformation. In 0ermany the
jugs were called 8urtmunnkruq
and, in England,
0reybeurJs.
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St/owo//
Strapwerk
0eco|aLive inLe|laced
band, called
L|apwo||, lo|m
an inL|icaLe pa|L
ol Lhe deco|aLion.
79
0eram cs: 5toneware
Stafferdshre teapet
Thi alL-qlazed miniaLu|e qlobula|
LeapoL and cove| a|e deco|aLed in
jon///e /oe (mainly pin|). cI750,
F. 2
I
/2in (o.5cm), $400-o00
quebec creck
The cobalL lo|a deco|aLion wa
handpainLed. The c|oc| i imp|eed
wiLh Lhe ma|e|' ma||. cIBo0, F.
II
I
/4in (2cm), $5,000-7,000
kedware tea kettle
F|obably made in Yo||hi|e, Lhi
|eLLle imiLaLe Chinee Yixinq |ed
Lonewa|e. cI775, F. in (2cm),
$5,000-7,000
New Yerk jug
The unuual cobalL bi|d and lowe|
deco|aLion ol Lhi Lwo-qallon juq
add Lo iL dei|abiliLy. $,000-
II,000
SALT 0LAZ1N0
KEY 0L0ES
Ea|ly piece may be daLed and inc|ibed wiLh name.
Applied deco|aLion on IBLh-cenLu|y piece olLen ha
po|Linq o| waailinq (d|in|inq leLival) Lheme.
ILh-cenLu|y copie may be ma||ed wiLh a poLLe|y
o| |eqiL|aLion ma||. They may alo have applied
panel on a commemo|aLive, hunLinq, o|
ha|veLinq Lheme.
0erman potters toward the end
of the I5th century discovered
salt glaze.
They found that common
salt thrown into the kiln when
it was at its hottest reacted
with silica in the clay to create
a thin glaze that had a texture
like orange peel.
Bear-batng jug
Thi alL-qlazed juq and
cove| we|e cove|ed wiLh
clay chippinq Lo
imulaLe lu|. Eye, colla|,
and paw a|e pic|ed
ouL in b|own. cI7o0,
F. I0in (25.5cm),
$5,000-7,000
Englsh and Nerth Amercan steneware
Enqlih Lan|a|d l|om Lhe IBLh cenLu|y can be
idenLiled by Lhei| q|ay, q|iLLy body, which i
viible il iL ha chipped. Wa|e l|om lacLo|ie in
and a|ound London we|e omeLime deco|aLed
wiLh a Lwo-Lone b|own qlaze. The L|adiLion wa
conLinued in Lhe ILh cenLu|y by Lhe 0oulLon
LambeLh lacLo|y. SLonewa|e wa made by Lhe
No|Lh Ame|ican coloniL, wiLh a boom in
p|oducLion in Lhe ILh cenLu|y. ued lo|
Lo|aqe veel, Lonewa|e wa olLen
embellihed wiLh a naive cobalL deco|aLion.
Beer mug
Thi vauxhall alL-qlazed
Lonewa|e bee| muq i
deco|aLed wiLh a po|L|aiL
ol 0ueen Anne and moLil.
IL ha a cha|acLe|iLic
Lwo-Lone b|own qlaze.
cI7I0, F. Bin (20.5cm),
$4,500-5,000
An, c// w///
/eveo/ t/e co/o/ oj
t/e /oJ,
T/e Jeco/ot/on co/e 0//nee
co/o/ c/ene onJ jowe/
jo//ono//e ot t/e t/ne
It was soon copied in
England. Around I720,
5taffordshire potters developed
a fne, white salt-glazed
stoneware, used for table- and
teaware until I900. 5taffordshire
salt-glazed wares may be
decorated with enamel colors or
applied textures.
80
"0andes" greup
B|iqhL colo| and accu|aLe
depicLion ol ILh-cenLu|y lahion
uqqeL an ea|ly daLe. cIB20,
F. 7
I
/ 2in (I.5cm), $2,000-,000
Bblcal par
Thee |a|e pea|lwa|e q|oup depicL
Lhe FliqhL inLo EqypL and Lhe ReLu|n
l|om EqypL. Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y,
F. 7

/4 in (20cm), $,500-4,500
Prancng fex
Thi lnely modeled lox ha epa|aLe
leq and Lail. The L|ee Lump held up
Lhe body du|inq l|inq. cIB50,
F. o
I
/2in (Io.5cm), $I,000-I,500
Stafferdshre panther
ExoLic beaL uch a Lhi panLhe|
we|e unuual ubjecL, ma|inq Lhi
example a |a|iLy. cIB20,
F. oin (I5.5cm), $2,500-,500
Stafferdshre fgures
Fiqu|e we|e modeled by hand Lo c|eaLe loL ol deLail.
Fe|e, Lhe bocaqe (lowe|inq L|ee placed behind Lhe
lqu|e), |ope a|ound Lhe bea|' nec|, and pe|lo|me|'
Lic| would have Lo have been made epa|aLely.
The ecLion we|e p|e molded individually by hand,
o loo| unde|neaLh Lhe lqu|e lo| lnqe| and Lool
ma||. They we|e Lhen aembled and lxed
uinq a Lhin, waLe|y clay called lip.
IN TFE EARLY ITF CENTuRY, po|celain lqu|e made by
lacLo|ie uch a Meien, 0e|by, and Chelea in Lhe IBLh
cenLu|y we|e huqely popula|. Such po|celain c|eaLed a
huqe demand lo| cheape| imiLaLion l|om Lhe q|owinq
middle clae. 0ozen ol mall SLallo|dhi|e poLLe|ie
La|Led Lo p|oduce deco|aLive ea|Lhenwa|e lqu|e lo| Lhe
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
Ca|elul modelinq wiLh Lhe lqu|e made up ol eve|al
epa|aLe pa|L wiLh individual limb.
0eco|aLed wiLh bold colo| and plenLy ol deLail.
A venL hole wa made in Lhe bae Lo p|evenL Lhe Lhic| clay
explodinq in Lhe |iln.
Feel heavy becaue Lhe hand-p|eed clay i |elaLively Lhic|.
ma ma||eL. They a|e |a|ely ma||ed. Fopula| ubjecL
included Claical deiLie, alleqo|ical and Biblical lqu|e,
and |uLic q|oup uch a child|en o| hephe|d. F|om
Lhe IB40, Lhe poLLe|ie beqan ma|inq p|e-molded
laLbac| lqu|e deiqned lo| manLelpiece. 0eco|aLed
on one ide only, Lhey we|e p|oduced in vaL numbe|.
Early Stafferdshre Hgures
Pearlware bear greup
The exp|eion on Lhe pe|lo|me|'
lace, deLailed painLinq on Lhe bae,
and epa|aLe |ope and Lic| all
uqqeL an ea|ly lqu|e. IB20-0,
F. in (2cm), $2,500-,500
//owe/ /n t/e /ocoqe
/ove o/nteJ
//q///q/t-o a/e /qn
oj ao//t,
Fo//, jqa/e
ojten jeota/e o
ao/e /oe
Peo//wo/e / c/eon-
co/o/eJ eo/t/enwo/e
w/t/ o //ae t/nt
8o/J co/o/ onJ
/nt//cote Jeto// ///nq
t/e jqa/e to //je
8I
0eram cs: 5taffordshi re fi gures
Acter 0avd 0arrck
Thi po|L|aiL i imply molded wiLh
bloc| ol b|iqhL colo| indicaLinq a
poo|e| qualiLy and laLe| daLe cIBo0,
F.
I
/2in (24cm), $400-500
Elephant spll vase
The unuual ubjecL maLLe| i a
|a|e lnd. Ca|elul painLinq how
LhaL Lhi i beLLe| qualiLy. cIB55,
F. oin (I5cm), $I,500-2,000
0rmean Admral
FaL|ioLic cha|acLe| we|e made in
q|eaL quanLiLie in Lhe econd hall
ol Lhe ILh cenLu|y cIB54,
F. I5
I
/4in (cm), $50-450
00MF0kTEk 000S
KEY 0L0ES
Fiqu|e modeled a a inqle piece wiLh liLLle depLh ol deLail
Lo Lhe moldinq.
FainLed wiLh lew deLail.
RelaLively liqhL when held becaue le clay wa ued.
InLe|io| will be mooLh l|om mechanized p|e moldinq.
Bac| may be laL and/o| undeco|aLed.
0eed... Thi pai| a|e well molded and
painLed, wiLh deLail uch a hadinq Lo
Lhe lu| and claw.
cIBo0, F.
I
/2in
(24cm), $I,000-
I,2000
Better... Thee doq a|e well modeled wiLh
lnely deLailed lace and an open-leqqed
Lance. The cobalL-blue bae needed an exL|a
l|inq, and indicaLe
qualiLy. cIB50,
F. B
I
/4 in (2Icm),
$4,500-
5,000
Best... The deLail ol Lhe doq Lhemelve,
Lhe child|en, and Lhe ba|eL ol lowe| a|e
evidence ol hiqh
qualiLy. cIB50,
F. I0in
(25cm),
$5,000-
o,0000
Late Stafferdshre Hgures
Eve|-inc|eainq demand led Lo lacLo|ie c|eaLinq lqu|e
l|om a inqle mold. Fiqu|e wiLh delicaLe deLail we|e aL
q|eaLe| |i| ol b|ea|inq du|inq p|oducLion. A a |eulL,
laLe| lqu|e we|e made a a inqle piece wiLh a lew
p|oL|uion o| qap beLween Lhei| limb a poible.
FainLed deco|aLion wa |epL Lo a minimum, uinq la|qe
a|ea ol le vib|anL colo| wiLh liLLle deLailinq. Cildinq
wa poo| qualiLy and eaily wo|n away.
T/e /oe /o
n/n/no/ Jeco/ot/on
T/e jqa/e /oc/
Jeto// onJ t/e co/o/
/ o//eJ t//c//,
Kghland dancers greup
0ueen vicLo|ia' love ol Balmo|al inpi|ed a c|aze
lo| all Lhinq ScoLLih, ma|inq Fiqhland dance|
a popula| Lheme. cIB70, F. I

/4in (5cm),
$250-50
8, I850 jqa/e
oj jonoa eo/e
we/e /n voqae
W
A
T
0
K

0
0
T
I
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
la
r
ity
o
f
5
t
a
ffo
rd
s
h
ire
f
g
u
re
s

m
e
a
n
s
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
c
o
n
t
in
u
e
d

to
b
e
m
a
d
e
r
ig
h
t
u
p
u
n
t
il t
h
e

p
re
s
e
n
t
d
a
y
. N
e
w
e
r
v
e
r
s
io
n
s
a
re

m
u
c
h
lig
h
t
e
r
a
n
d
c
lu
m
s
ily
d
e
c
o
ra
t
e
d
.
T
h
e
y
m
a
y
a
ls
o
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
a
r
t
if
c
ia
lly
a
g
e
d
.
Peno/n oj
q//J/nq
T/e two jqa/e /ove /een
no/JeJ o one /ece
82
TkA0E
SE0kETS
A strong blue color, made
from expensive cobalt, suggests
a high-quality piece. A similar
piece with a paler blue could be
worth far less than the vase
shown here - perhaps only
$I0,000. 0n many Ming and
Transitional pieces, the powdered
cobalt used was uneven and caused
irregular, dark specks in the
painting. These burst through the
glaze during fring and turned
black, creating an effect known
as "heaped and piled."
0hnese ceramcs
Transtenal Pered vase
Ea|ly in Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, du|inq Lhe lonq wa| LhaL
ma||ed Lhe L|aniLion l|om Lhe Minq Lo Lhe 0inq dynaLie,
Lhe poLLe| ol Jinqdezhen (Lhe main po|celain cenLe| l|om
Lhe I4Lh cenLu|y) beqan Lo p|oduce lne wa|e. Mainly lo|
Lhe Eu|opean ma||eL, Lhe ce|amic we|e deco|aLed wiLh
lively lqu|e in vib|anL Lone ol blue. IL wa a pe|iod ol
The base
The looL-|im i hiqh and |aied.
IL i unqlazed and how |iln
ma||-liqhL impe|lecLion
li|e pec| ol di|L.
The pattern
The cenic panel a|e Lypically
epa|aLed by cloud (Lhe wi|linq
blue line). Claze and body have a
blue Linqe. A p|ocee imp|oved
ove| Lime, Lhee became whiLe|.
The Hgures
Ca|elul ue ol hadinq in Lhe |ich
blue Lone qive Lhe lqu|e
movemenL and pe|pecLive. C|a
i depicLed uinq v-haped ma||.
IMITATI0N IS TFE SINCEREST lo|m ol laLLe|y, and
people have been imiLaLinq Chinee ce|amic lo| cenLu|ie.
Eu|opean poLLe|y and po|celain lacLo|ie ol Lhe IBLh
cenLu|y we|e in ellecL copyinq Lhe 0|ienLal lacLo|ie LhaL
in Lu|n olLen emulaLed Lhe beL wo|| ol Lhei| anceLo|.
Thi aimilaLion ol Lyle i pa|L and pa|cel ol Lhe hiLo|y
and developmenL ol lne ce|amic. The p|oblem come
when a|Licle pu|po|L Lo be olde| and mo|e valuable Lhen
Lhey |eally a|e. Thee a|e noL copie-Lhey a|e la|e. WiLh
|nowledqe ol Lhe Lechnique and meLhod ol deco|aLion
ued in ce|Lain |ey a|ea and pe|iod, you will be able Lo
poL upecL piece and buy wiLh conldence.
0enune
T|aniLional boLLle-
haped vae. cIo40,
F. I4
I
/2in (7cm),
$25,000-0,000
The inLe||oqaLion
a|LiLic l|eedom, which led Lo new hape and deco|aLive
moLil. F|om abouL Io20 Lo IoB, Lhee T|aniLional
wa|e we|e hipped Lo Folland and we|e hiqhly p|ized by
0uLch me|chanL
and Lhei| wealLhy
Eu|opean cuLome|.
T/e nec/ Jeco/oteJ
w/t/ t,//zeJ ta//
/ow I/on/c /njaence
T/e o/nt/nq / /n t/e
//q/ T/on/t/ono/
t,/e onJ /nc/aJe
/onono /ont
c/o/o/ onJ /oc/
8J
0eram cs: 0hi nese cerami cs
Late I9th-century fake
Many copie ol Chinee po|celain we|e noL made a la|e.
They we|e p|oduced by Lhe Chinee poLLe| Lo vene|aLe
Lhei| anceLo| and we|e deco|aLed in an a|chaic Lyle and
qiven ma|| ol p|eviou dynaLie. Foweve|, wiLh piece ol
ea|ly Chinee po|celain ma|inq eve| hiqhe| p|ice, Lhe
buye| muL be awa|e ol Lhe unc|upulou la|e|. 0ne ol Lhe
Fk0M 0Ak00 T0 00MM001TY
The great age of trade between Europe and the
East Indies brought wealth and glory to many, but
some were less lucky and whole crews and cargoes
were lost at sea. Technological advances have
made it possible to salvage these long-lost wrecks,
and the 0riental ceramics they contain have been
the subject of intense interest from collectors.
Most shipwreck porcelain is export blue and white
ware, although b/onc Je c//ne and polychrome
items have also been found. The most famous
shipwreck cargo, known as the "Nanking," came
from the 0utch ship 0e/Jermo/sen, which sank in
I752. The 3I7 tons of tea on board would have
netted the owner a proft of 400,000 guilders-a
huge sum. The I30,000 pieces of blue and white
porcelain in the ship's hold were of minor concern
to the paymasters in Holland, yet when this cargo
came on the market in I98o it made $20,000,000.
The berder
The painLe| ha qiven Lhe
bo|de| an ove|all wah,
cove|ed wiLh haphaza|d
c|ohaLchinq.
The handle
The di|L inL|oduced behind
Lhe Laq' head loo| applied.
The handle bea| no |elaLion
Lo Lhe vae' ubjecL maLLe|.
The base
The |equla| ma||inq on Lhe
unde|ide ol Lhi poL how LhaL iL
ha been made uinq mode|n
p|oducLion meLhod.
Fake
Blue and whiLe vae. LaLe
ILh cenLu|y, F. I7in (4cm), $I20-I40
majo| clue LhaL omeLhinq i noL whaL iL eem i Lhe
aLLempL Lo ove|-aqe a piece. The la|e| a|e alo olLen
L|ipped up by Lhe many Lechnoloqical advance in poLLinq
Lechnique. Thee day iL i dillculL Lo aLLain a b|illianL
whiLe body and hiny qlaze. And a|Lilcially c|eaLed
diL|einq, a in Lhe |im below, i olLen Loo |equla|.
Brushstrekes
The qualiLy ol Lhe painLinq i poo|.
Fo| example, Lhe|e a|e no clea|,
p|ecie b|uhL|o|e evidenL in Lhe
painLinq ol Lhe lowe|-head.
84
TkA0E
SE0kETS
Marks on 0hinese porcelains
are notoriously diffcult.
0hinese potters venerated
their ancestors and often
copied the decoration and
the earlier dynasty or
reign mark. Fakers in the
late I9th and early 20th
centuries also copied early
marks. 5ometimes they
were caught out, for
example, by using a
four-character mark
of the Emperor Kangxi,
which is not found
on pieces from
the period.
0hnese expert percelan
Kangx percelan
Blue and whiLe wa|e in Lhi pe|iod (Ioo2-I722) a|e
|nown lo| Lhei| pu|e whiLe q|ound, and Lhin, LiqhLly lLLinq,
qlay qlaze. The neaLly L|immed looL |im olLen have an
ambe| Linqe. The blue deco|aLion va|ie l|om a ilve|y hue
Lh|ouqh a pu|e apphi|e b|illiance Lo pu|ple. 0eco|aLion
0uRINC TFE REICN ol Lhe Empe|o| Wanli (I57-IoI),
Lhe amounL ol blue and whiLe po|celain made pu|ely lo|
expo|L inc|eaed d|amaLically. The main cenLe| wa Lhe
ancienL |iln aL Jinqdezhen in Jianqxi p|ovince. AlLe| Lhe
poLLe| loL impe|ial paL|onaqe in IoIB, Lhey had Lo loo|
lo| expandinq ma||eL ove|ea. 0u|inq Lhe T|aniLional
Fe|iod (Io20-B), poLLe| had c|eaLive l|eedom and new
hape and deco|aLion combined wiLh an imp|oved body
and qlaze. Eu|opean inluence can be een in hape uch
a candleLic| and Lable alL. The Empe|o| Kanqxi
(Ioo2-I722) |eo|qanized Lhe |iln in IoB and Lhe|e
lollowed a qolden aqe lo| Chinee expo|L wa|e.
The inLe||oqaLion
include na||aLive cene (ome La|en l|om liLe|aLu|e) and
landcape, which olLen leaLu|e idealized L|ee, iland,
paqoda, and lhe|men in ampan. Flowe| and planL
q|owinq amonq |oc|, animal, and lh a|e popula|. The
deco|aLion eem c|owded in compa|ion Lo ea|lie| wa|e.
0etal ef Hsh
The painLinq i ol
hiqh qualiLy. Each
cale ha been
individually
painLed and
haded and
Lhe waLe|weed
a|e epa|aLely
pic|ed ouL.
0etal ef back
0|anqe i|on oxide on Lhe looL |im
uqqeL an ea|ly daLe. Molded
deLail a|e ha|ply pic|ed ouL and
pleainqly haped, uqqeLinq a
hiqhe|-qualiLy ea|ly piece.
Kangx plate
Fand-painLed auce|, wiLh
deco|aLion ol lh, Lapled. cI700,
0. 5
I
/4in (I.5cm), $I50-200
0etal ef mark
The ac|ed lunqu ma||, a ymbol
ol qood luc|, i common on Kanqxi
po|celain. Thi alo indicaLe LhaL
Lhe piece i lnely poLLed.
Foc/ j/ / J/jje/ent
T/e //onc/ on t/e
/oc/ / co/eja//,
o/nteJ a/nq o
vo//et, oj //a/
t/o/e
85
0eram cs: 0hi nese export porcel ai n
0eed-qualty Kangx cepy
By Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y, many
people who owned dinne| o| Lea
e|vice p|oduced in Lhe ea|ly
IBLh cenLu|y needed
|eplacemenL piece. They
would have Lhe piece
copied in China.
AlLhouqh Lhi i a qood
example, Lhe|e i le
deLail in Lhe painLinq
and Lhe auce| i mo|e
cluLLe|ed. The qlaze i
mo|e Lhic|ly applied,
which mean Lhe molded
deLail i le p|onounced.
The lh have le individualiLy.
STAPLE0 WAkES
Before the invention of epoxy and polyester resins,
ceramic restoration was the work of jewelers and
silversmiths. 0eramics were expensive and valued
and they were repaired rather than disposed of.
The staple method used, also called metal clamp
repair, has its origins in the Ancient World. By the
I8th century, china menders were active in many
towns. Using a small "string" or "bob" hand drill
with diamond tips the jeweler would drill two
small holes to insert a rivet or wire lace. The
repair was only visible from the back and is
remarkably strong. 5tapling was the preferred
method of repair in Europe from the Io00s until
well into the 20th century. 5tapled wares are
now a collectable in their own right.
Kangx cepy
Fand-painLed auce|
wiLh lh deco|aLion.
LaLe ILh cenLu|y, 0. 5
I
/4in
(I.5cm), $20-40
Staplng Two |iveL, o| Laple, a|e ued Lo mend
a Kanqxi auce|.
T/e /o/Je/ / o /n/e /eeoteJ
otte/n w/t/ naJq/nq
Peer-qualty fake Kangx
Foo|-qualiLy la|e a|e quiLe
eay Lo poL. The qualiLy ol
painLinq i poo|. 0oL implily
Lhe waLe|weed deiqn and
ome ove|lap Lhe lh.
The|e i liLLle va|iaLion in
Lone and Lhe ove|all
deiqn i cluLLe|ed.
The|e i liLLle delniLion
Lo Lhe moldinq Lo Lhe
inLe|io| and Lhe ove|all
hape i laLLe|. The
peLal Lo Lhe bac| a|e
mo|e c|ude. 0n Lhe o|iqinal,
a c|ab i painLed in Lhe cenLe|,
buL he|e Lhe lh i |epeaLed.
Kangx fake
Fand-painLed auce|
wiLh lh deco|aLion.
LaLe ILh cenLu|y,
0. 5
I
/4in (I.5cm), $I0-20
0eceraten
The lh ha been
painLed wiLh a
laL wah, Lhen
Lhe cale
pic|ed ouL.
0eceraten
The lh i a
imple ove|all
wah wiLh
liLLle deLail on
Lhe cale.
8
Kakemen dsh
Roc|, /ana bloom, and
lowe|inq planL a|e a||anqed
aymmeL|ically and colo|ed wiLh
Lhe Ka|iemon |ed, blue, and
Lu|quoie paleLLe. cIo0-I7I0,
0. 5in (I2.5cm), $I,500-2,000
Kakemen and mtatens
The ha|d-paLe po|celain, |nown a n/qo//Je, p|oduced aL
Lhe A|iLa poLLe|ie Lypically wa painLed in an
aymmeL|ical Lyle. Ka|iemon deco|aLion leaLu|e delicaLe,
well-balanced deiqn. SubjecL maLLe| include bi|d,
lyinq qui||el, Lhe quail and pa|L|idqe, /ana (che||y
L|ee lamily) bloom, bamboo-Lhe naLional lowe| ol
Japan-Lhe ch|yanLhemum, and lqu|e ubjecL. All
deco|aLive enameled elemenL we|e pa|ely applied Lo
emphaize Lhe lne mil|y-whiLe po|celain body.
KAKIEM0N WARE WAS p|oduced aL Lhe |iln aL A|iLa in
Lhe Fizen p|ovince ol Japan uinq a diLincLive paleLLe ol
olL i|on |ed, deep |y blue, yellow, eqqplanL, Lu|quoie
q|een, and blac|. IL wa named alLe| Lhe celeb|aLed poLLe|
Sa|aida Ka|iemon, who leqend c|ediL wiLh inL|oducinq
enamel deco|aLion on po|celain Lo Japan in Lhe Io40. The
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
The mil|y-whiLe po|celain body i ha|d paLe.
0ve|qlaze enamel include i|on |ed, |y blue, Lu|quoie, yellow,
blac|, and omeLime pu|ple.
Small dihe, bowl, boLLle, and vae we|e
painLed wiLh aymmeL|ical paLLe|n.
ouLLandinq qualiLy ol Ka|iemon deco|aLion wa p|ized in
Lhe WeL, imiLaLed by Lhe new olL-paLe po|celain
lacLo|ie LhaL p|anq up ac|o Eu|ope in Lhe IBLh cenLu|y,
includinq ChanLilly, Mennecy, and SainL Cloud in F|ance,
and Chelea and Wo|ceLe| in Enqland. Meien in
Ce|many copied Ka|iemon, Loo, in ha|d-paLe po|celain.
Kakemen
JAk00N
B0STEk
The unique
milky-white porcelain body
of Japanese porcelain. It
was covered with an
almost colorless
glaze.
Mo/JeJ
/onJ/e
T/e /oe co/e
o t/oJ/t/ono/
onc/ent Joonee
//onze jo/n
Kakemen elephant
Japanee deco|aLo| painLed
po|celain animal in Ka|iemon
Lyle. F|om Lhe mid-IBLh cenLu|y,
Lhee we|e hiqhly p|ized by
collecLo|. I7Lh cenLu|y,
$250,000-00,000
Japanese Arta vase
The Ka|iemon colo| paleLLe ol i|on |ed, blue,
and Lu|quoie enhance Lhe Lypical Japanee
deco|aLion on Lhi vae, leaLu|inq
ch|yanLhemum, |oc|, and wave. cIoo0-
B0, F. o

/4in (I7cm), $25,000-5,000

Poc/ onJ wove
Jeco/ot/on
87
0eram cs: Kaki emon and i mi tati ons
Wast-shaped vase
A ho-ho bi|d pe|ched on a pie|ced
|oc|wo|| bae and lan|ed by
lowe|inq b|anche deco|aLe Lhi
ea|ly bea|e| vae. cI755, F. 5
I
/2in
(I4cm), $I5,000-20,000
Messen vase
The deco|aLive moLil on Lhi
double-qou|d vae include
bamboo, /ana bloom, and a
vib|anL Liqe|. cI740, F.
I
/2in
(cm), $I,500-2,000
Lebed beaker
FainLed in Lhe Lypical Ka|iemon
paleLLe wiLh a Japanee-inpi|ed
bi|d, |oc|wo||, and lowe|inq
b|anche, Lhi bea|e| i ma||ed
wiLh Lhe Chelea |ed ancho|.
cI750, $4,000-o,000
Messen
F|om I72, AuquLu Lhe SL|onq commiioned Lhe
Meien lacLo|y painLe| Lo ma|e copie ol hi 0|ienLal
po|celain. They adapLed Japanee Ka|iemon deiqn Lo
c|eaLe a new Lyle ol deco|aLion |nown a InJ/on/c/e
8/anen (Indian lowe|).
The maqnilcenL a||ay ol Japanee Ka|iemon po|celain
aembled by Lhe F|ince de Cond inpi|ed Lhe loundinq ol
Lhe ChanLilly lacLo|y in F|ance in I725. IL p|oduced uelul
and deco|aLive wa|e and lqu|e in Lhe Ka|iemon Lyle,
laiLhlully copyinq many ol Lhe o|iqinal in hi collecLion.
0hantlly
KEY 0L0ES
The olL paLe ha an opaque, c|eamy Lin qlaze.
0eco|aLive paLLe|n appea| laL and linea| a Lhe
enamel in| inLo Lhe qlaze.
Blac| ouLline diLinquih
ChanLilly l|om L|ue Ka|iemon
and oLhe| F|ench lacLo|ie.
Wercester
The popula| Ka|iemon-painLed deco|aLion loo|ed Lo
Meien lo| inpi|aLion |aLhe| Lhan Lo Japanee po|celain.
Wo|ceLe| conLinued Lo p|oduce Ka|iemon-Lyle Lea and
collee wa|e and deco|aLive vae and lqu|e inLo Lhe
I770, lonq alLe| Lhe lahion had laded elewhe|e.
0helsea
Made ol a mil|y-whiLe olL paLe wiLh impu|iLy pec|,
Chelea po|celain loo| wa|m and c|eamy, in conL|aL Lo
L|ue ha|d-paLe Ka|iemon. Shape we|e olLen inpi|ed by
Enqlih ilve|. The looL-|im ol hollow veel we|e q|ound
down alLe| l|inq Lo |emove Lhe Lh|ee po|celain pu|.
Par ef wne ceelers
Thi pai| ha Lhe ChanLilly
ma|| ol a |ed hunLinq ho|n.
cI75-40, 0. Bin (20cm),
$50,000-70,000
KEY 0L0ES
Thin and qlay c|eamy-whiLe qlaze.
The paleLLe dille| l|om Lhe Japanee,
wiLh clea| yellow and a mil|y
q|ayih-blue Lu|quoie.
FainLed deco|aLion can be exL|emely
cloe Lo auLhenLic Ka|iemon.
KEY 0L0ES
The q|een-Linqed body i cove|ed
wiLh a q|eenih o| bluih qlaze.
Include jon///e /oe and jon///e
ve/te a well a Ka|iemon colo|.
Ka|iemon deiqn olLen minqled
wiLh Eu|opean deco|aLion.
Na||ow, unqlazed ma|qin appea|
a|ound Lhe inLe|io| ol Lhe looL-|im.
KEY 0L0ES
Inpi|ed by Meien deiqn LhaL ued a olL
auLumnal paleLLe leaLu|inq b|own, puce, and a
diLincLive q|eenih Lu|quoie.
Rim a|e edqed in da||
chocolaLe b|own.
Japanee hape may be
deco|aLed wiLh Eu|opean paLLe|n.
Enamel colo| in| inLo Lhe qlaze.
In/tote /oe
joanJ /n
conteno/o/,
//ve/
8/a/wo//
/ //q//,
Jeto//eJ
T/e /oe oj /ott/e onJ voe
we/e j/eaent/, co/eJ j/on
Joonee o//q/no/
88
Satsuma ware
Kgh-qualty Satsuma
An excepLional piece daLinq l|om Lhe ea|ly Meiji pe|iod
(IBoB-II2) Loo| monLh Lo ma|e, o SaLuma wa|e wa
p|ohibiLively expenive aL home and ab|oad. EenLially a
painLinq in miniaLu|e, iL wa ca||ied ouL by a|LiL who
e|ved a lonq app|enLicehip. MoL SaLuma a|LiL
bouqhL qlazed blan| l|om poLLe| and deco|aLed Lhem
l|eehand wiLh L|adiLional Japanee moLil and paLLe|n
TFE TERM SATSuMA ha come Lo mean a lne
ea|Lhenwa|e wiLh a diLincLive c|eam-colo|ed q|ound and
delicaLely c|azed qlaze deco|aLed wiLh ove|qlaze enamel
and qildinq |nown in Japan a Sotano n/////Je. F|om
Lhe IB70, Japanee c|alLmen we|e encou|aqed Lo ell
Lhei| wa|e Lo Lhe WeL and SaLuma wa|e wa exhibiLed
aL inLe|naLional exhibiLion. The exoLic expo|L wa|e
c|eaLed a WeLe|n c|aze lo| all Lhinq Japanee includinq
a demand lo| mo|e allo|dable, qaudie| SaLuma. The Lime-
conuminq |ill |equi|ed Lo deco|aLe SaLuma wa|e a|e
now loL. The Lechnical b|illiance ol piece l|om Lhe mid-
ILh cenLu|y will neve| be |e-c|eaLed.
The inLe||oqaLion
uch a loliaqe and lowe| (olLen ch|yanLhemum,
hyd|anqea, loLu lowe| and leave, /ana bloom, and
bamboo), landcape (d|aqon, lion, and unico|n), |eal
and myLhical bi|d, and human lqu|e enqaqed in
ce|emonial, miliLa|y, o| domeLic acLiviLie. The cene a|e
uually u||ounded by bo|de| ol lowe| uch a peonie
o| diape| (cheque|wo||) o| l|eLwo|| deiqn.
Enamel and gldng
The enamel and qildinq i applied
on Lop ol Lhe qlaze o LhaL iL
Land p|oud ol Lhe u|lace.
The c|azinq ol Lhe olL, c|eamy
qlaze i Lypical.
0etal
The lneL deLail we|e
painLed uinq a inqle |aL'
hai|. Thi allowed Lhe
painLe| Lo c|eaLe lileli|e
exp|eion on lace
and exquiiLe deLailinq
on |obe.
Shaped and perced rm
The |im leaLu|e imaqe ol
d|aqon and human lqu|e ove|
wave. The d|aqon i an impo|LanL
ymbol ol impe|ial powe| in Japan.
Satsuma plate
F|oceion cene we|e popula|
wiLh SaLuma a|LiL and qave
Lhem cope Lo how Lhei| |ill a
painLe|. cIB70, 0. B
I
/4in (2Icm),
$20,000-0,000
Marks en base
Two panel (ca|Louche) dec|ibe
how Lhe plaLe wa made and a|e
evidence LhaL Lhi i an example ol
Lhe hiqheL-qualiLy SaLuma wa|e.
89
0eram cs: 5atsuma ware
Peerer-qualty Satsuma
SaLuma c|alLmen howed example ol Lhei| wo|| aL
exhibiLion ac|o Eu|ope and Lhe uS l|om IBo2 onwa|d.
AlLhouqh Lhe Lop SaLuma c|alLmen caLe|ed lo| Lhe
a|iLoc|acy, many beqan Lo ma|e piece lo| eve|al
dille|enL ma||eL, while oLhe| Loo| Lhe wo|| ol Lhe beL
c|alLmen and imiLaLed iL, ma|inq SaLuma wa|e available
Lo a wide| audience. The |eulL wa olLen inexpenive and
TKE 1NFL0EN0E 0F JAPAN
The impact of the Japanese ceramics, metalware,
and furniture at international exhibitions in
London, Paris, and Philadelphia was so great that
designers throughout Europe and the U5 were
soon making pieces in the Japanese style. 0ften
referred to as Japonism or Japonaiserie, it
features Japanese-infuenced glazes and simple,
rectilinear shapes. While some craftsmen applied
Japanese motifs to Western forms, others tried to
blend Japanese infuences with their own. British
designer 0hristopher 0resser traveled to Japan in
the early I880s and on his return published Joon.
Its Arc//tectures. Art onJ Art Monu[octures. It
was a cornerstone of the Aesthetic Movement.
deco|aLed wiLh ove|c|owded deiqn in qa|ih polych|ome
enamel and plenLy ol qildinq-a qliLzy inLe|p|eLaLion ol
L|adiLional Japanee deiqn. WeLe|n Lechnoloqy uch a
plaLe| mold and meLal Lencil allowed Lhe Japanee Lo
inc|eae p|oducLion wiLh q|eaLe| unilo|miLy. Mechanically
made piece Lend Lo be ubLanLially le valuable Lhan Lhe
mo|e ubLle, hand-deco|aLed wa|e.
0ved Satsuma vase
0eco|aLed wiLh a L|adiLional
Japanee cene ol lqu|e on a
Le||ace in a |ive| landcape, Lhi
vae i deiqned Lo appeal Lo
WeLe|n LaLe. cIB0, F. o

/4in
(I7cm), $00-400
Mnten plate 0eco|aLo| William Muil combined a
Japanee-Lyle c|oll-haped panel wiLh a Eu|opean
painLinq. IB7, 0.
I
/2in (24cm), $400-500
Fleral berder
A band ol lowe| deco|aLe
Lhe nec| ol Lhe vae. Flowe|
uch a peonie we|e popula|
wiLh Japanee and WeLe|n
buye| ali|e.
Artst's sgnature
The bae ol Lhe vae ha been
iqned by Lhe a|LiL buL Lhei|
idenLiLy i no lonqe| |nown. Many
we|e qiven a Landa|d iqnaLu|e.
0audy celers
LaLe| ma-p|oduced SaLuma
wa|e leaLu|e bold colo| LhaL
we|e popula| wiLh le dice|ninq
buye| and la| |emoved l|om
L|adiLional deco|aLion.
W
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it
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90
CFINA AN0 JAFAN have one ol Lhe
lonqeL ce|amic L|adiLion, daLinq
bac| Lo 7000. Chinee wa|e had a
p|olound inluence ove| Lhoe made
Lh|ouqhouL Lhe Fa| EaL, Middle EaL,
and Eu|ope. They we|e Lhe l|L Lo ue
qlaze in c2000 and, by 00
we|e ma|inq |elned poLLe|y. Fine
po|celain wa p|oduced by Lhe I4Lh
cenLu|y and, du|inq Lhe Minq dynaLy
I00 yea| laLe|, Chinee poLLe| we|e
ma|inq ome ol Lhe lneL wa|e eve|.
By Io50 Lhe Japanee had
eLablihed a uccelul ma||eL in
expo|L blue and whiLe wa|e wiLh
0uLch L|ade|. LaLe|, Ka|iemon and
Ima|i po|celain boaLed diLincLive
deco|aLion in colo|lul enamel.
0rental
ceramcs
The lineup
Yuan 0ynasty double gourd vase. Mid-I4th century,
H: I8
3
/4in (47.5cm), $5,000,000-7,000,000
Mng blue and whte
0u|inq Lhe Yuan dynaLy, Chinee poLLe| ued
cobalL blue Lo deco|aLe Lhei| wa|e.
Fiqh-qualiLy blue and whiLe Minq po|celain
ha a Lhic| qlaze wiLh Liny ai| bubble.
MoL hollow veel we|e made in Lwo pa|L.
Ea|ly Minq ha paciou, balanced deiqn.
Ma|| we|e ued |equla|ly l|om cI42o and
uually comp|ie lou| o| ix cha|acLe|.
Horseman. I8th century, H: II
I
/2in (29cm), $8,000-I4,000
Blanc de chne
8/onc Je c//ne wa made l|om Lhe laLe Minq
dynaLy onwa|d.
Wa|e include BuddhiL deiLie uch a
Cuanyin, and cup and boLLle deco|aLed wiLh
plum bloom, maqnolia, and pine.
The unpainLed, L|anlucenL body i cove|ed in
a Lhic|, L|anpa|enL, c|eam o| ivo|y qlaze.
0uandi fgure. H: I0in (25.5cm), $20,000-25,000
Kangx famlle verte
The mainly q|een L|anlucenL enamel colo| ol
jon///e ve/te i dominaLed by apple q|een and
wa inL|oduced in Lhe 0inq dynaLy (Ioo2-I722).
Colo| |eemble wucai, and Lhe qlaze can
appea| Lo be Lhin and qlay.
The paleLLe include blue, yellow, eqqplanL,
i|on |ed, and blac|, a well a qildinq.
0eiqn include |oc|cape and lowe|.
0ne of pair of pugs. cI7o0, H: 7in (I8cm), $35,000-50,000
0hnese expert percelan
Expo|L wa|e, made l|om cI500, a|e deco|aLive
buL lac| Lhe ophiLicaLion ol Impe|ial wa|e.
F|om Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, poLLe| beqan Lo
ma|e piece Lo Eu|opean pecilcaLion, uinq
enq|avinq a a quide. Thi |eulLed in Lhe
developmenL ol new hape and moLil.
Ma|| include L|ipod, lozenqe, loLu and
a|Lemiia leave, and ea|lie| |eiqn ma||.
Horse with rider. c234-58I, H: I5in (38cm), $2,000-2,500
Early 0hnese
F|om Lhe IL cenLu|y Chinee ce|amic
included lune|a|y lqu|e Lo accompany Lhe
deceaed inLo Lhe alLe|lile.
Fine, whiLe-bodied ea|Lhenwa|e lqu|e a|e
c|iply modeled.
Fiqu|e we|e lelL unqlazed, deco|aLed wiLh
piqmenL o| L|aw-colo|ed qlaze, o| cove|ed
wiLh a Lh|ee-colo|ed polych|ome qlaze.
T/e jne
noJe//nq oj t/e
/o/e /eoJ
/e/ to Jote
t/e /ece
0aonJ/ o/ 0aon
Ya wo o
n///to/, /e/o
cJ00
T/e jqa/e /
noJe/eJ o o
Fa/oeon non
weo//nq o w/Je-
///nneJ /ot
Paq o/e /e
connon t/on
on/e/ onJ t/e
anc//eJ eo/
o/e /o/e
0ne oj t/e
j/t 0//nee
vee/ w/e/e
/oe onJ
Jeco/ot/on
o/e Je/qneJ
to notc/
9I
0eram cs: 0ri ental cerami cs
JAk00N
B0STEk
A 0utch word for the
type of Portuguese ship called
a carrack that transported
0hinese porcelain export wares
featuring panels decorated
with fowers, animals, birds,
and fgures.
5aucer. Early I8th century, 0: 7
I
/4in (I8.5cm), $250-350
Japanese 1mar
Named alLe| Lhe po|L ol Ima|i nea| A|iLa, Lhi
po|celain wa made l|om Lhe laLe I7Lh cenLu|y.
The paleLLe i da|| unde|qlaze blue wiLh i|on
|ed, qold, yellow, q|een, and occaionally
Lu|quoie and pu|ple.
LaLe| wa|e we|e denely painLed.
La|qe diplay piece we|e deco|aLed wiLh
paLLe|n baed on LexLile deiqn.
Baluster vase. cIo50, H: IIin (28cm), $2,500-3,500
Transtenal wuca
0eveloped in Lhe |eiqn ol Jiajinq (I522-oo), Lhe
wucai paleLLe ha lve colo|. IL wa a le
|elned ve|ion ol Lhe I5Lh-cenLu|y doucai
Lyle, and wa|e we|e olLen ca|elely painLed.
0eco|aLion i in unde|qlaze blue a an ouLline
o| wah, wiLh an ove|qlaze i|on |ed, q|een,
b|own, yellow, and blac|.
The unde|qlaze blue ha a pu|ple Linqe.
Hunting bowl. cI7o5, 0: I5
3
/4in (40cm), $8,000-I2,000
Famlle rese wares
In Lhe ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y, jon///e /oe (mainly
pin|) enamel colo|, made opaque wiLh whiLe
and includinq |oe pin|, we|e developed.
MoLil include b|anche, |oc|wo||, lowe|,
bi|d, landcape, and inLe|io| cene.
F|om Lhe mid-ILh cenLu|y, deco|aLion wa
omeLime ol cene o| moLil eL wiLhin
medallion, u||ounded by inL|icaLe bo|de|.
Armorial charger. cI755, 0: I4in (3ocm), $5,000-7,000
Armeral wares
In Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, Eu|opean and No|Lh
Ame|ican commiioned la|qe dinne| e|vice
deco|aLed wiLh Lhei| c|eL and coaL ol a|m
l|om Chinee poLLe|ie.
Lavih painLinq in polych|ome enamel
embellihed wiLh qildinq a|e Lypical.
LaLe example olLen inco|po|aLe a mall c|eL
in blue and whiLe.
0eco/ot/on /
w/t/ 0atc/
cono/ /oae
onJ 8o/oae
woq to/en
j/on o 0atc/
enq/ov/nq
Inte//o/ o/nteJ w/t/
o j//eze /ow/nq
/antnen onJ /oanJ
enc//c//nq o jox
Kutani fgure. I9th century, H: II
3
/4in (30cm), $800-I,400
Japanese Kutan
F|om Lhe IBB0, Lhe poLLe| ol KuLani
p|oduced cheap po|celain lo| expo|L.
The po|celain i Lypically eqqhell Lhin wiLh
poo|-qualiLy moldinq.
MoL KuLani po|celain i deco|aLed wiLh
ove|qlaze colo| omeLime dominaLed by
i|on |ed wiLh lavih qildinq, o| wiLh deLailinq
in blac| o| blac| and q|ay.
Vung Tau 0argo 0anal House vase. cIo90-I700, H: I0
I
/4in
(2ocm), $800-I,200
Shpwrecked percelan
In Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, many L|ade hip |eLu|ninq
l|om China wiLh 0|ienLal po|celain an|, and
ome ca|qoe have ince been |edicove|ed.
The Chinee aw Lhe po|celain in Lhe hip a
liLLle mo|e Lhan ballaL. To Lhem, Lhe |eal value
lay in Lhe Lea, il|, and pice pac|ed wiLh iL.
A lew a|e deco|aLed wiLh Eu|opean Lheme.
Po/nteJ
c//,ont/enan
/o,
0oot oj o/n o/nteJ
ove/ /onne/
I/on-/eJ onJ q//t
c/o// /o/Je/
Pone/ oj /ota on
on //on-/eJ q/oanJ
Mo/JeJ /oeJ //n
92
S0FT-FASTE F0RCELAIN wa l|L
uccelully p|oduced in F|ance in
Lhe Io0 aL Lhe SL. Cloud
lacLo|y nea| Fa|i. In Lhe IBLh
cenLu|y, eve|al lacLo|ie,
noLably Sev|e, p|oduced
olL-paLe Lablewa|e and
lqu|e. The Lu|die| ha|d-
paLe po|celain wa
inL|oduced in I7o wiLh Lhe
dicove|y ol |aolin and, alLe|
IB0, Lhe lacLo|y ceaed p|oducLion
ol olL paLe. In Lhe ILh cenLu|y,
dozen ol lacLo|ie p|anq up in Fa|i
and Limoqe, p|oducinq ha|d paLe
LhaL wa heavily inluenced by Lhe
ea|lie| deiqn ol Sev|e and Meien.
French percelan
The lineup
Urn-shaped vase. cI800, H: 23in (58cm), $2,000-2,500
Lmeges
A lacLo|y wa eLablihed in Limoqe in I77I
lollowinq Lhe dicove|y ol |aolin (a |ey
inq|edienL lo| ha|d-paLe po|celain) nea|by.
Fund|ed ol lacLo|ie a|ound Limoqe
p|oduced ha|d-paLe Lablewa|e, dinne| e|vice,
Lea eL, and deco|aLive objecL.
SLyle olLen lac| imaqinaLion, copyinq deiqn
l|om Sev|e and oLhe| F|ench lacLo|ie.
Urn. Early I9th century, H: I4
3
/4in (37.5cm), $2,500-3,500
Pars
Fa|i had aL leaL I5 lacLo|ie l|om Lhe I7B0
unLil Lhe IB40, wo||inq in Renaiance, Rococo,
Neoclaical, and Empi|e |evival Lyle.
WhiLe ha|d-paLe po|celain ha a ha|d qloy
qlaze impe|viou Lo qildinq and enamelinq -
Lhe deco|aLion eem Lo iL on Lhe u|lace.
MoL po|celain wa lelL unma||ed.
Flowe| moLil and Claical cene popula|.
0ustard cup. I7o5, H: 3
I
/2in (9cm), $500-700
Mennecy
ELablihed in Fa|i in I74 unde| Lhe
paL|onaqe ol Lhe 0uc de ville|oy, Lhe olL-paLe
lacLo|y moved Lo nea|by Mennecy in I74B.
0eco|aLion wa 0|ienLal-Lyle o| Rococo, in
pin|, |y blue, Lu|quoie, yellow, and q|een.
A c|eamy whiLe, qlay L|anlucenL qlaze
cove| Lhe mellow, ivo|y-colo|ed po|celain.
0v ma||, lo| 0uc de ville|oy, i uually incied.
Bagpipe player. cI7o0-I780, H: 9in (23cm), $2,500-3,500
Ndervller
Nide|ville| wa ma|inq po|celain by I7oB. In
Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y, Lhe lacLo|y ued Lhe
o|iqinal mold Lo copy IBLh-cenLu|y wa|e.
uelul Lablewa|e and deco|aLive lqu|e
adopLed Lhe Neoclaical Lyle in Lhe I770.
BeL lqu|e include Claical nude by
Lemi|e and weeL |uLic lqu|e by Cylle
alLe| I7B0.
Fopula| painLed deco|aLion include
landcape and Jeco/ /o/-imiLaLion wood.
Plate decorated with fowers. cI780, W: I7
I
/4in (44cm),
$I,000-I,500
Teurna
Founded in Lhe Low CounL|ie in I75I, Tou|nai
made olL-paLe Lablewa|e and lqu|e.
FlaLe may have molded ba|eL-weave
bo|de| o| pi|al paLLe|n a|ound Lhe |im.
IniLially oll-whiLe wiLh a q|ayih Linqe, laLe|
paLe i ivo|y wiLh a olL, L|anlucenL qlaze.
MoLil include landcape and lowe| p|ay.
Po/nteJ w/t/
qo//onJ oj
jowe/ onJ
////on
/onJ/e o/e
/n t/e jo/n
oj ot,/
/eoJ
T/e /no / /n
t/e /oe oj o
c/e//,
8o/Je/ oj
q//JeJ woq
Po/nt/nq oj t/e
0/oteoa Je
ve/o///e
0//t /onJ/e
w/t/ /eo/JeJ
no/ te/n/no/
//o/o/
Jeco/ot/on
co/eJ j/on
v/ncenne
9J
0eram cs: French porcel ai n
Teapot. I770, H: 7
I
/4in (I8.5cm), $I,700-2,500
Svres
The Royal Fo|celain ManulacLo|y moved l|om
vincenne Lo Lhe villaqe ol Sev|e in I75o. IL
p|oduced ha|d-paLe po|celain l|om I7o.
Rococo moLil include lowe| and att/.
B|illianL q|ound colo| include //ea /o/,
q|een, |y blue, |oe pin|, and lemon yellow.
Inide Lhe ma|| ol inLe|laced L lo| Loui
Xv i a daLe leLLe|, inL|oduced in I75?.
Potpourri holder. cI750, H: 5
I
/2in (I4cm), $I,500-2,000
Vncennes
The naLional po|celain lacLo|y wa eLablihed
in I7?B aL vincenne nea| FonLainebleau. IL
employed accomplihed a|LiL and wa Lhe
leadinq Rococo po|celain-ma|e|.
The po|celain i lne, whiLe olL paLe cove|ed
wiLh a qlay, L|anlucenL qlaze.
0eco|aLion i olLen wiLh delicaLe lowe| and
lnely deLailed bouqueL.
Lobed plate. I8th century, 0: 9in (23cm), $200-250
0rlans
The Monajocta/e Po,o/e Je o/ce/e,ne Je
0//eon wa lounded in I75?. 0Lhe| lacLo|ie
ope|aLed in Lhe a|ea in Lhe laLe IBLh and ea|ly
ILh cenLu|ie.
0|lan p|oduced wa|e in boLh ha|d- and
olL-paLe po|celain.
Small Mennecy-Lyle lqu|e include 0|ienLal
and |uLic cha|acLe| and child|en.
IL p|oduced mainly lo|al deco|aLed wa|e
copyinq Sev|e.
SAMS0N 00P1ES
Established in Paris in I845, 5amson et
0ie was the most prolifc imitator of early
ceramics. It copied 0riental and European
porcelains, which bear a striking
resemblance to the originals. When
copying soft paste, 5amson cannily added
chemicals to the recipe to make their hard
paste look creamy.
Svres cepes Samon wa|e a|e ma||ed
wiLh an enLwined double S plu imiLaLion
ma|| ol Lhe lacLo|y copied. F. o
I
/2in
(Iocm), $700-I,000
0ane handle. Early I8th century, H: I
I
/2in (4.5cm), $500-700
St. 0leud
SL. Cloud nea| Fa|i wa Lhe l|L F|ench
lacLo|y Lo p|oduce po|celain comme|cially.
Clay ivo|y qlaze wiLh Liny blac| lec|
cove| Lhe q|ayih-whiLe olL paLe.
Ea|ly wa|e had molded deco|aLion ol /ana
bloom inpi|ed by Chinee //onc Je c//ne,
o| we|e painLed in unde|qlaze blue wiLh
lamb|equin bo|de| o| wiLh Japanee
Ka|iemon-Lyle deiqn (ee pp7o-77).
Many piece have ilve| o| ilve|-qilL mounL.
The ma|| i an incied SL C ove| a T.
Reclining fgure. cI740, L: I2
I
/2in (32cm), $I00,000-I50,000
0hantlly
An enLhuiaLic collecLo| ol Ka|iemon, Lhe
F|ince de Cond wa Lhe paL|on ol Lhe ChanLilly
lacLo|y, eLablihed nea| Fa|i a|ound I725.
The olL paLe ha a c|eamy opaque qlaze.
Wa|e a|e in Ka|iemon Lyle wiLh lowe|-
baed moLil painLed in Lhe Japanee paleLLe
ol i|on-|ed, Lu|quoie, blue, and yellow.
The lacLo|y ma|| i a mall |ed hunLinq ho|n.
0eco/ot/on /n
vo//oa tone
oj one co/o/ /
/nown o en
camaieu
8/ae leuille-de-choux
(co//oqe-/eoj /o/Je/
a//oanJ t/e jowe/
Po/nteJ w/t/
//q oj jowe/
0eco/ot/on /
/n t/e /o//enon
t,/e
0//J/nq / ojt
t//c//, o//eJ
onJ jne/, too/eJ
94
Messen
I8th-century Messen
Meien aLiled Lhe demand lo| Lea, collee, and chocolaLe
wa|e wiLh lnely modeled deiqn. The po|celain i
exquiiLely painLed in Lhe paleLLe ol b|iqhL enamel colo|
developed by Lhe b|illianL Lechnician Johann C|eqo| Fo|oldL
and hiqhliqhLed wiLh modeL qildinq. The deiqn how an
0eceraten
0|ienLal lqu|e and
cene we|e lavo|iLe ubjecL lo|
Lhe deco|aLion ol IBLh-cenLu|y
Meien wa|e LhaL wa |illlully
painLed in a wide |anqe ol colo|
and enhanced wiLh qildinq.
0emplex handle
Cup handle a|e uually imple
loop. BuL Lhe complex conL|ucLion
he|e how how advanced Lechnical
|ill developed aL Meien.
TFE FIRST EuR0FEAN F0RCELAIN FACT0RY opened aL
Meien in I7I0 lollowinq Lhe dicove|y ol Lhe lo|mula lo|
pu|e whiLe, ha|d-paLe po|celain by Ce|man alchemiL
Johann F|ied|ich BoLLqe|. F|om Lhe I720, Lhe lacLo|y
p|oduced po|celain wa|e and lqu|e ol unu|paed
Lechnical innovaLion, o|iqinaliLy, and a|LiLic |ill. vi|Luoo
modele| Johann Joachim Kandle| and Johann C|eqo|
Fo|oldL, who developed a new paleLLe ol polych|ome
colo|, di|ecLed ope|aLion. They inL|oduced Lhe now well-
|nown ma|| ol blue c|oed wo|d. A Lime paed, Lhe
painLed deco|aLion became mo|e Eu|opean and Rococo
and modelinq played an inc|eainq |ole.
0hecelate cup and saucer
Thi |a|e la|ed cup and auce| i lnely painLed in enamel in
Fo|oldL Lyle. Much ol Lhe body wa undeco|aLed Lo how oll
Lhe qualiLy ol Lhe po|celain. I7, $I5,000-20,000
The inLe||oqaLion
0|ienLal-Lyle qa|den wiLh a|chiLecLu|e, exoLic bi|d and
lowe|, and lqu|e d|eed in lowinq |obe. Thee cene
we|e inpi|ed by moLil lound on Chinee and Japanee
po|celain. The lacLo|y' q|eaL paL|on, AuquLu Lhe SL|onq,
enLhuiaLically collecLed 0|ienLal wa|e.
Marks
AlLe| I725 Lhe common
Meien ma|| wa Lhe
c|oed wo|d painLed
in unde|qlaze blue,
l|om Lhe Saxony
coaL ol a|m. IL i
occaionally
accompanied by
a qilde|'
nume|al.
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95
0eram cs: Mei ssen
I9th-century Messen
0u|inq Lhe ILh cenLu|y, Lhe |epuLaLion ol Lhe Meien
lacLo|y lo| po|celain wa|e and lqu|e ol ouLLandinq
qualiLy wa enhanced by conLinuou imp|ovemenL and
|elnemenL Lo boLh modelinq and p|oducLion p|ocee.
Thi lamboyanL piece |evive |omanLic and |uLic IBLh-
J0KANN Fk1E0k10K B0TT0Ek
Imprisoned in the castle laboratory at 0resden,
alchemist Bottger was charged by Augustus the
5trong (patron of Meissen) with fnding the
arcanum-the magical compound that would turn
base metals into gold. Bottger collaborated with
von Tschirnhaus, who longed to unlock the secret
of making the pure white, hard-paste porcelain
produced in the 0rient. By I708, Bottger and von
Tschirnhaus had successfully managed to produce
a red stoneware. A year later, Bottger produced his
frst specimen of glazed white porcelain using a
high-fring clay from 0olditz to create a white
porcelain body. In I7I0, he was appointed the frst
director of the Meissen factory.
Faces
Compa|ed Lo IBLh-cenLu|y
Meien lqu|e, laLe| copie Lend
Lo have weeL and |aLhe|
enLimenLal lace.
0eler
The L|onq colo| paleLLe and ha|h,
hiny qlo qildinq ued on ILh-
cenLu|y Meien i much mo|e
qa|ih Lhan on ea|lie| example.
Colo| a|e olLen applied in a
haphaza|d manne|.
Elements jug
Rep|eenLinq Ai|, Lhe
looL and lip ol Lhe juq
a|e deco|aLed wiLh
leaLhe| and att/
(che|ub). IBIB-o0,
F. 2oin (o5cm),
$7,000-I0,000
cenLu|y Rococo-Lyle deiqn. unli|e Lhe delicaLe and pa|e
deco|aLion ol Lhe o|iqinal Rococo, piece made in Lhe
popula| Rococo Revival Lyle a|e ove|ly o|naLe. The lavih
deco|aLion, expanded colo| paleLLe, umpLuou qildinq, and
complex hape we|e meanL Lo imp|e.
0eceraten
Eve|y pa|L i painLed and
enc|uLed wiLh |ichly modeled
lqu|e, lowe|, bi|d, and oLhe|
o|namenL. The lyinq bi|d
conL|ibuLe Lo Lhe elemenLal
Lheme ol ai|.
kedware MoL ol Lhe |ed Lonewa|e and po|celain
made unde| BoLLqe| imiLaLed ilve| in lo|m and
deco|aLion. cI7I0, F. 4

/4in (I2cm), $2,000-2,500

Mo/JeJ c/oaJ
T/e wonon /o/J o
cet/e onJ c/own
onJ /t o/ove o
eococ/
T/e /onJ/e / /oeJ to
/een//e ////ow/nq jo///c onJ
Jeco/oteJ w/t/ puLLi
0/e/a/ /o/J/nq
o ///J
9
The lineup
Figure of Autumn from a set of the Four 5easons. cI775,
H: o
3
/4in (Io.5cm), $I,500-2,000
Lmbach
Limbach wa econd in impo|Lance Lo
CloLe|-veildo|l. Ea|ly wa|e a|e in Lhe
Lyle ol Meien.
The ea|ly paLe ha a liqhLly yellow Linqe.
Cha|minq, naive lqu|e ol peaanL, ciLizen,
and |oyalLy in Lill poe a|e Lypical.
A L|eloil |eplaced Lhe ea|ly Meien-Lyle
ma|| ol a pai| ol c|oed L and a La|.
0offee pot. cI770, H: 5
3
/4in (I4cm), $I,500-2,000
Kchst
Well-painLed deco|aLive Lheme included
landcape and Chinee-inpi|ed deiqn, alonq
wiLh |uLic, baLLle, and hunLinq cene.
Fu|e whiLe, ha|d-paLe body cove|ed wiLh a
qlay whiLe o| c|eamy qlaze |eemble a
hiqhly |elned laience.
The ma|| i a wheel, unLil I7o5 painLed in
ove|qlaze |ed, puce, o| pu|ple and Lhe|ealLe|
in a q|ayih unde|qlaze blue.
Rare Print 5eller fgure modeled by J.J. Louis. cI7oo, H: oin
(I5cm), $4,000-o,000
Ludwgsburg
SpecialiLie included Lablewa|e deco|aLed wiLh
bi|d, l|uiL, lowe|, and landcape and lqu|e.
The q|ayih whiLe, cloe-q|ained paLe i
cove|ed wiLh a mo|y qlaze.
Yellow, i|on |ed, and b|own wiLh q|ay-Linqed
q|een, puce, and cobalL and qildinq i Lypical.
MoL common ma|| i a ducal c|own above
Lwo inLe|laced C, Lhe ciphe| ol iL paL|on.
TFE 0ISC0vERY 0F TFE F0RMuLA lo| p|oducinq ha|d-paLe po|celain
by Johann F|ied|ich BoLLqe| in I70 led Lo Lhe
eLablihmenL ol Lhe Meien enLe|p|ie nea| 0|eden
one yea| laLe|. WiLhin a lew decade, Lhe coveLed
|ecipe had p|ead Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope. By Lhe mid-IBLh
cenLu|y, a handlul ol compeLinq po|celain lacLo|ie had
p|unq up ac|o Ce|many, includinq Lhe p|olilc F|an|enLhal,
Ludwiqbu|q, FochL, and Nymphenbu|q lacLo|ie, alonqide Lhe
le p|oducLive wo|| aL Fulda and Fu|Lenbe|q. Each lacLo|y
developed a unique Lyle and diLincLive ha|d paLe. BuL Lhey all
p|oduced a |anqe ol Lablewa|e, lqu|e, and o|namenLal deiqn LhaL
la|qely Loo| inpi|aLion l|om Lhe lahionable hiqh-qualiLy Meien wa|e
and, laLe|, l|om Lhe F|ench lacLo|y aL Sev|e. By Lhe laLe
ILh and ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|ie, counLle po|celain
wo||hop copyinq Lhe Meien Lyle had been
eLablihed a|ound 0|eden.
0erman percelan
Bullet-shape teapot and cover. cI770, $I,000-I,500
Frstenberg
Fu|Lenbe|q beqan ma|inq po|celain in I75.
Cove|ed wiLh an oll-whiLe, qliLLe|y qlaze, Lhe
cloe-q|ained ha|d paLe |eemble Lhe
po|celain body aL Meien and Be|lin.
FaleLLe dominaLed by da|| |eddih b|own,
muddy q|een, and q|ayih blue, wiLh lavih
b|ay qildinq.
Exaqqe|aLed C-c|oll handle.
//qa/e we/e
ononq t/e not
acceja/ l/n/oc/
o/ce/o/n /oJact
T/e ot /
/o/ate/
/oeJ
0///, noJe/eJ
jqa/e we/e o
ec/o//t,
lonJcoe onJ
jowe/ o/e t,/co/
Jeco/ot/on
97
0eram cs: 0erman porcel ai n
0up and saucer. cI770
Berln
EleqanL Lablewa|e, deco|aLive objecL, and
colo|lul lqu|e numbe| amonq Lhe pecialiLie.
The ha|d-paLe body i q|ayih whiLe cove|ed
wiLh an opaque, blue-Linqed qlaze.
Ea|ly deco|aLion ha WaLLeau-Lyle lqu|e,
landcape, lowe|, and boLanical ubjecL.
Colo| olLen how mall paLche ol la|inq.
Ea|ly ma|| i a cepL|e, alLe| IB?2 chanqe
Lo an o|b wiLh KFM in unde|qlaze blue.
Rare pear-shaped jug. cI785, H: oin (I5cm), $2,000-2,500
Fulda
In I7o4, Fulda La|Led p|oducinq lawle ha|d-
paLe po|celain lqu|e and wa|e.
Followinq Meien, Fulda pecialized in
landcape, lqu|e, and caLLe|ed naLu|aliLic
lowe| p|ay |nown a Jeatc/e 8/anen.
Fo|celain i cove|ed in a wa|m, c|eamy qlaze.
Colo| include q|een, yellow, b|own, o|anqe,
i|on |ed, puce, q|ayih blue, and blac|
hiqhliqhLed wiLh qildinq.
Plate. I758, 0: I2
3
/4in (32.5cm), $I,500-2,000
Frankenthal
Fa|d-paLe Lablewa|e and lqu|e d|ew
inpi|aLion l|om ilve|wa|e and Sev|e.
Theme include landcape wiLh Claical
|uin, lowe|, bi|d, c//no/e//e, and lqu|e.
The qlaze i opaque, c|eamy, liqhLly q|ay,
and q|ainy. IL abo|b Lhe enamel colo|.
0ominanL colo| a|e q|een and pu|ple, wiLh
puce, ulL|ama|ine, q|ayih blue, b|own,
yellowih q|een, and q|ay-Linqed yellow.
Needlecase. cI770, H: 5
I
/2in (I4cm), $I,I00-I,500
0lester-Velsderf
Founded in Thu|inqia in Lhe Lhi|d qua|Le| ol Lhe
IBLh cenLu|y, iL p|oduced a mooLh, mil|y-
whiLe, almoL lawle ha|d-paLe po|celain.
The Lypical paleLLe include pale puce, i|on
|ed, yellow, q|een, and q|ayih blue.
Fopula| deco|aLive Lheme include
landcape, bi|d, lowe|, and lqu|e ubjecL
in Lhe Lyle ol Tenie|, Bouche|, and WaLLeau.
The moL common lacLo|y ma|| coniL ol
Lhe leLLe| C and v in unde|qlaze blue.
0kES0EN
0uring the I9th and early 20th centuries,
the area near Meissen around the city of
0resden became a center of porcelain
production. More than 40 workshops such
as 0arl Thieme's factory at Potschappel
produced hard-paste wares. They made
tea and dinner services in the style of
Meissen and 5evres, as well as vases,
candelabra, and mirror frames encrusted
with scrolls, shells, or fruit and fower
garlands painted in bright enamel colors.
0ne ef par ef jardnres Fanel a|e
painLed in WaLLeau Lyle. LaLe ILh cenLu|y,
W. I4
I
/2in (?7cm), $2,000-2,500 (pai|)
Mo/JeJ
/o/etweove
Molded plate. cI7o5, 0: 9in (23cm), $500-700
Nymphenburg
Nymphenbu|q p|oduced hiqhly |elned wa|e
and lqu|e in Lhe Lyle ol Meien.
WhiLe, cloe-q|ained, lawle ha|d paLe
wiLh a wa|m, weL-loo|inq opaque o|
L|anlucenL qlaze olLen wiLh a q|ayih LinL.
0che|, puce, |y blue, |eddih b|own, and
yellow a|e lavo|ed, alonq wiLh ample qildinq.
0eco|aLion include landcape wiLh Claical
|uin, lowe| bouqueL, bi|d, Chinee lqu|e,
and 0onneJ/o Je//A/te cha|acLe|.
T/e jocto/,
wo ce/e//oteJ
jo/ t/e noot/
w//tene oj
/t o/ce/o/n
InJ/on-t,/e
jowe/ o/nt/nq
T/e o/nteJ nonoc//one
Jeco/ot/on /eject
Pococo tote
Po/nteJ w/t/
//q oj jowe/
98
0ansbereugh lady
Be|lin plaque bea|inq hiLo|ical
po|L|aiL inpi|ed by Lhe Enqlih
painLe| Cainbo|ouqh a|e cu||enLly
ouL ol lavo|. LaLe ILh cenLu|y, F.
7in (I7.5cm), $I,000-I,500
0ypsy grl
The lnely painLed po|L|aiL ol a qi|l
holdinq a luLe add Lo Lhe cha|m ol
Lhi KFM po|celain plaque. cIBB0,
F. Iin (2.5cm), $o,000-B,000
Yeung weman
0epiLe iL popula| ubjecL maLLe|,
Lhe qualiLy ol Lhe painLinq on Lhi
KFM Be|lin plaque i noL a hiqh
a oLhe|. cIBB0, F. in (2cm),
$,500-5,000
I9th-century percelan plaques
The Be|lin lacLo|y pionee|ed Lhi Lyle ol picLo|ial
po|celain. The po|celain i ellecLively a canva lo|
painLinq on, and none ol Lhe whiLe body i viible on
Lhe lnihed piece. Example ol Be|lin' ouLpuL a|e
hiqhly ouqhL alLe|. Flaque hould be exquiiLely
painLed wiLh naLu|al |in Lone and hadinq. Fo|L|aiL
ol aLL|acLive younq women a|e Lhe moL popula|
ubjecL maLLe|, and a|e even mo|e dei|able il
p|eenLed nude o| pa|Lially cloLhed.
F0RCELAIN FA0 BEEN MA0E by va|iou lacLo|ie in
Be|lin ince Lhe mid-IBLh cenLu|y. F|om Lhe ea|ly ILh
cenLu|y, Be|lin became celeb|aLed lo| upe|b po|celain
deco|aLed wiLh umpLuou po|L|aiL and landcape LhaL
imiLaLed oil painLinq. Such painLed po|celain pea|ed
a|ound IB40 wiLh Lhe developmenL ol po|celain plaque.
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
Loo| lo| even |in Lone wiLh painLa|inqly deLailed lace.
hai|, and b|eaL. 0ualiLy ol painLinq i pa|amounL Lo collecLo|.
Fold in cloLhinq and oLhe| lab|ic hould be |ealiLic.
Fo|L|aiL a|e mo|e popula| Lhan landcape and |eliqiou ubjecL.
Be|lin plaque a|e imp|eed KFM.
The |ecLanqula| blan| we|e moLly old Lo independenL
deco|aLo| |nown a , who iniLially c|eaLed
copie o| deLail ol 0ld MaLe| painLinq in exL|avaqanL
qilL l|ame. LaLe|, a|ound IB70, Lhe ubjecL maLLe|
included exoLic maiden, canLily clad nymph, and
|eliqiou Lopic. The plaque we|e widely imiLaLed.
Berln plaques
"Seltude" panted by 0rener
The qualiLy ol Lhe painLinq and Lhe lemale ubjecL ma|e Lhi
plaque hiqhly dei|able. IL wa painLed by one ol Lhe lacLo|y'
beL a|LiL. cIBB0, I0x7
I
/2in (25.5xIcm), $o,000-7,500
Pertrat n preHle
Thi well-execuLed copy ol a wo||
by ALi i iqned by Waqne| and
wa painLed aL Lhe FuLchen|euLhe|
lacLo|y. cIBB0, F. 7in (IBcm),
$,500-5,000
99
0eram cs: I9th- century porcel ai n pl aques
Sprngtme
Thi F|ench plaque, deco|aLed by
M. N. Shea|man l|om a painLinq by
CoL, wa made lo| Lhe IB7B Fa|i
ExhibiLion. cIB7B, I5
I
/2x
I
/2 in
(.5x24cm), $I2,000-IB,000
Frut and Hewers
Royal C|own 0e|by plaque painLed
by Albe|L C|eqo|y. IL ha a
deLailed viqneLLe ol l|uiL and
lowe|. cII0, W. 5

/4in (I4.5cm),
$2,000-2,500
0KAN01N0 P0P0LAk1TY
KEY 0L0ES
FainLinq va|ie l|om compeLenL Lo excellenL and Lhi i
|elecLed in Lhe dei|abiliLy ol each piece.
Fo|L|aiL a|e Lhe moL popula| ubjecL maLLe|.
Landcape command le aLLenLion, alLhouqh Royal Wo|ceLe|
Fiqhland cene painLed by Lhe SLinLon a|e hiqhly collecLable.
The Biblical scenes and local
landscapes popular with many
I9th-century collectors do not
strike a chord with buyers
today, no matter how well
painted. Modern buyers look
for attractive female subjects.
5tatic fgures and dull colors
decrease desirability.
Bblcal scene The ubjecL
maLLe| ol Lhi plaque ma|e
iL le popula| wiLh
collecLo| Loday, and Lhi i
|elecLed in Lhe p|ice. IL i
p|obably made by KFM
Be|lin. LaLe ILh cenLu|y,
I0

/4xin (27x22.5cm),
$2,500-,500
0ty vew Wahed-
ouL colo| and a lac|
ol animaLion in Lhe
lqu|e deL|acL l|om
Lhe appeal ol Lhi
KFM Be|lin plaque.
I0B, F. 5
I
/2 in (I4
cm), $2,000-2,500
0ther Eurepean plaques
Many Eu|opean lacLo|ie alo p|oduced painLed
po|celain plaque. Some, uch a vienna and Lhe
lacLo|ie in Limoqe, F|ance, alo deco|aLed Lhe plaque
wiLh copie ol popula| painLinq and |omanLicized lol|
cene. In B|iLain, Royal Wo|ceLe| ued local a|LiL Lo
painL plaque wiLh ubjecL uch a qa|den cene.
Meanwhile, Royal C|own 0e|by p|oduced iLem
deco|aLed wiLh a va|ieLy ol deiqn, includinq animal,
l|uiL, and lowe|.
"Autumn Tnts, Berks" panted by k kushten
The ubjecL ol Lhi Royal Wo|ceLe| plaque ha
lallen ouL ol lavou| wiLh collecLo|. cI24,
W. I0
I
/4in (2ocm), $2,000-2,500
T/e o/nt/nq oj o /o/e
/e,onJ t/ee / /e
oa/o/ w/t/ co//ecto/
t/on o/t/o/t
Fertune teller
The qualiLy ol Lhi vienna plaque i
excepLional. IL how a qypy in a
b|iqhLly b|ocaded |i|L |eadinq a
boy' palm. cIB42, 22

/4xI7
I
/4 in
(5Bx44 cm), $I4,000-I7,000
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Arts & 0rafts vases
keekweed pettery
Ce|amic p|oducLion beqan in ea|neL in CincinnaLi, 0hio, a
lew yea| alLe| Lhe Fhiladelphia ExhibiLion. IniLially
impo|Linq blan| l|om Eu|ope, CincinnaLi' lemale poLLe|
uch a Ma|ia Lonqman Nichol and Ma|ia McLauqhlan
beqan china-painLinq clae. F|om Lhi q|ew Roo|wood,
a|quably Lhe beL and moL uccelul Ame|ican a|L
ALTF0uCF TFE ARTS & CRAFTS movemenL had iL |ooL
in Enqland, iL wa in Lhe uniLed SLaLe LhaL iL lou|ihed.
Ame|ican poLLe|ie we|e inpi|ed by Lhe Eu|opean wa|e
exhibiLed aL Lhe Fhiladelphia CenLennial ExhibiLion in IB7o.
The induL|y aw an oppo|LuniLy Lo aLily Lhe demand ol
Lhe newly alluenL ciLizen who wanLed Lo deco|aLe Lhei|
home in Lhi new Lyle. The New Enqland, SouLhe|n, and
Calilo|nian chool concenL|aLed on handc|alLed and
modeled wa|e. The 0hio valley School, whoe moL
lamou and impo|LanL lacLo|ie a|e Roo|wood and
Roeville, ued Lhe vae a a canva on which Lo exhibiL
wonde|lul painLinq and complex qlaze.
The inLe||oqaLion
poLLe|y. Roo|wood' l|L majo| line wa Lhe SLanda|d
B|own wa|e, deco|aLed in b|own wiLh bu|L ol o|anqe,
yellow, and qold. The b|ea|Lh|ouqh came in IB4 wiLh
Lh|ee new line. A|iel Blue, Sea C|een, and I|i. Roo|wood
anLicipaLed Lhe Eu|opean A|L Nouveau movemenL wiLh iL
phoLo-|ealiLic ma|ine cene and boLanical Ludie.
Smeeth tenal transtens
Roo|wood i |nown lo| Lhe ubLle
q|adaLion ol Lone ol Lhe
bac|q|ound colo|.
keekweed mark
The lame ma|| wiLh Roo|wood
monoq|am wa ued l|om IBBo
wiLh an exL|a lame added each
yea|-by I00 Lhe|e we|e I4
lame. In I0I, Lhe Roman
nume|al I wa added below and
chanqed acco|dinqly wiLh each
yea|. Fe|e, X i imp|eed
below-II0. I27BC i Lhe
hape numbe|. LA i Lhe a|LiL'
monoq|am. The incied W i Lhe
a|LiL' inL|ucLion lo| whiLe
(I|i) qlaze.
keekweed 1rs glaze
bulbeus vase
I|i qlaze lo|al Ludie |emain
ome ol Lhe moL vib|anL ol
Roo|wood' wo||. Thi vae i
deco|aLed by Leno|e Abu|y
wiLh b|anche ol whiLe
hollyhoc|. II0, F. I2in
(0cm), $7,000-,000
Pant
The qlaze i unu|paed lo| Lhe
cla|iLy, |ichne ol colo|,
pe|pecLive, and depLh iL impa|L
Lo Lhe hiqh-qualiLy painLinq.
I// q/oze wo
/oJaceJ ant// II?
w/en t/e //q/ /eoJ
content neeJeJ jo/ t/e
ve/, //n, a/joce wo
/ecoqn/zeJ o o /eo/t/
/ozo/J
I0I
0eram cs: Arts & 0rafts vases
kesevlle
The Roeville lacLo|y wa builL in Zaneville, I50 mile
l|om CincinnaLi. IL p|oduced a|L wa|e l|om IBB.
AlLhouqh neve| a uccelul a Roo|wood, Roeville Lill
conL|ibuLed, wiLh lellow poLLe|ie Welle| and 0wen, Lo
ma|e Zaneville Lhe ce|amic capiLal ol Lhe wo|ld-in
quanLiLy il noL qualiLy. Roeville wa conciou ol whaL
MASS Pk0000T10N
As with many ranges of art pottery this design
was mass produced in a mold with embossed
decoration that a decorator would then embellish
with appropriate colors. What collectors are
looking for is crisp defnition with good hand
painting, as seen in the example of Roseville blue
Falline on the right. As the mold was re-used, the
defnition became "mushy" and the outline
indistinct (left).
Roo|wood wa up Lo. When Roo|wood inL|oduced
SLanda|d B|own, Roeville counLe|ed wiLh Royal 0a|| and
Louwela. When Roo|wood had ucce wiLh I|i,
Roeville inL|oduced Royal LiqhL, Eocean, and Azu|ean.
AlLhouqh in Roo|wood' hadow, Roeville did LempL
Enqlih poLLe| F|ede|ic| Rhead Lo Zaneville lo| a Lime.
kesevlle Azurean bulbeus vase
The vae i painLed by W Mye|. The|e i ome
|eLo|aLion. F. Bin (20cm), $2,000-2,500
kesevlle blue
Fallne vase
Thi example
ha qood, c|iply
delned ouLline.
Pantng qualty
The painLinq ha none ol Lhe
ubLleLy, depLh, and |ealim ol
Roo|wood. IL i one-dimenional.
0laze defects
The u|lace how c|azinq and
peppe|inq (blac| doL), which a|e
common wiLh inle|io| wa|e.
Twe examples
ef the same
vase Thi
example, made
l|om a much-
ued mold, ha
poo| delniLion.
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Tenal transtens
The q|adaLion ol Lone ol Lhe
bac|q|ound colo| a|e clumily
execuLed and lac| lnee.
T/e q/oze /
//n, /at /o no
o//t/cot/on
I02
//a/J
J,non/c
jo/n
T0WAR0 TFE EN0 ol Lhe ILh
cenLu|y, Lhe A|L & C|alL movemenL
La|Led in B|iLain and p|ead Lo Lhe
uS. IL ouqhL Lo move Lhe ce|amic
induL|y away l|om ma-p|oduced
poLLe|y baed on ea|lie| Lyle Lo
hiqh-qualiLy, handc|alLed wa|e LhaL
celeb|aLed Lhe c|eaLiviLy ol Lhe
individual poLLe|. In Lhe uS, lacLo|ie
olLen employed deiqne|, poLLe|,
and a|LiL Lo wo|| in Lu|n on a |anqe
|aLhe| Lhan expecLinq one pe|on Lo
be an expe|L in all leld.
Arts & 0rafts ceramcs
The lineup
Propeller vase. I890s, H: I3in (33.5cm), $2,000-2,500
0hrstepher 0resser fer Ault, 0K
AulL in 0e|byhi|e wa one ol a numbe| ol
companie Lo employ Lhe mulLi-LalenLed
Ch|iLophe| 0|ee| Lo deiqn a|L poLLe|y.
Fi wo|| Loo| inpi|aLion l|om many ce|amic
L|adiLion, includinq Ilam and Japan.
The imp|eed lacimile ol 0|ee|'
iqnaLu|e appea| on Lhe bae ol hi deiqn.
Florianware vase. cI900, H: Ioin (40.5cm), $2,500-3,500
Meercreft, 0K
The SLallo|dhi|e-bo|n ce|amiciL William
Moo|c|olL c|eaLed diLincLive a|L poLLe|y.
Shape we|e inpi|ed by Fe|ian, Tu||ih,
Claical Roman, and Fa| EaLe|n ce|amic.
SLylized lowe| and landcape painLed |ed,
blue, and yellow, olLen Lube-lined lo| LexLu|e.
Ma||ed Moo|c|olL Bu|lem and imp|eed
wiLh eiLhe| WM o| W Moo|c|olL.
0void vase. cI9I0, H: 7in (I8cm), $7,000-I0,000
Marblehead, 0S
The Ma|blehead poLLe|y in MaachueLL
pecialized in qualiLy handc|alLed ce|amic.
FainLed o| incied Lylized lowe|, animal,
bi|d, lh, ailinq hip, qeomeL|ic paLLe|n,
and NaLive Ame|ican moLil.
MaLLe qlaze in olL, muLed colo|.
The ma|| i Lhe imp|eed ouLline ol a hip
wiLh Lhe iniLial MF in a ci|cle.
0uenca tile. cI905, oxoin (I5xI5cm), $3,500-5,000
0rueby, 0S
C|ueby' Faience Company in BoLon,
MaachueLL, p|oduced awa|d-winninq hand-
Lh|own ea|Lhenwa|e veel.
InnovaLive maLLe q|een qlaze.
Claze Lend Lo be Lhic|, opaque, and piLLed
li|e a waLe|melon |ind.
NaLu|e-inpi|ed moLil olLen hand-ca|ved.
Alo Spanih Cuenca Lechnique-imp|eed
|idqe p|evenL colo|ed qlaze inLe|minqlinq.
Tulip-shaped vase. I903-I0, H: I2 in (30cm), $5,000-7,000
Tece, 0S
The Teco A|L FoLLe|y in Illinoi p|oduced
ce|amic in clean, qeomeL|ic line championed
by Lhe A|L & C|alL Lyle, and loo|ed lo|
inpi|aLion Lo Lhe MidweL' F|ai|ie School.
A|chiLecLu|al hape wiLh Lhic|ly poLLed
wall, loop o| buLL|eed handle, and
emboed deco|aLion ol lowe| o| loliaqe.
Ma|| a|e a lonq-Lemmed T wiLh Lhe
leLLe| e c o a||anqed beneaLh each oLhe|.
St,//zeJ
Je/qn oj
/ont o/e
t,/co/
//o//on /onqe
o/nteJ w/t/
otte/n /nc/aJ/nq
jowe/ onJ jo//oqe
S//nne//nq
oventa//ne
q/oze
//q/-ao//t,
notte q/oze /n
//ve/, q/een
/ t,/co/
I0J
0eram cs: Arts & 0rafts
5peckled owls vase. I9I0, H: IIin (28cm), $I,000-I,500
kuskn, 0K
The Ru|in FoLLe|y lounded by William Fowon
Taylo| aL SmeLhwic| in IBB |elied only on
innovaLive qlazinq ellecL lo| deco|aLion.
Shape we|e inluenced by Chinee ce|amic.
Rich paleLLe ol vib|anL colo|.
Clazinq Lechnique include luLe|, c|yLalline,
and Lhe Chinee-inpi|ed blue oull and
lamb. c|imon wiLh L|ea| ol Lu|quoie.
Bulbous vase. cI920, H: I2
I
/2in (3Icm), $700-I,000
Fulper, 0S
Fulpe| in New Je|ey added a line ol A|L &
C|alL ce|amic called vae||alL Lo iL wa|e. IL
pionee|ed va|iou qlazinq Lechnique.
vae||alL wa|e have maLLe, qlo, meLallic,
o| c|yLalline qlaze in ubdued colo|.
Combined qlaze Lechnique on inqle veel.
A|L ce|amic a|e ma||ed wiLh a ve|Lical
imp|eed o| p|inLed Fulpe|.
Bulbous vase. I890s, H: 5
I
/2in (I4cm), $5,000-9,000
0eerge 0hr, 0S
0ubbed Lhe Mad FoLLe| ol Biloxi, Ceo|qe E. 0h|
made hiqhly o|iqinal poLLe|y.
Red ea|Lhenwa|e poL Lend Lo be liqhLweiqhL,
poLLed Lo eqqhell Lhinne, and b|iLLle.
Rich luL|ou qlaze combined wiLh moLLled,
pec|led, meLallic, and c|yLalline ellecL.
Imp|eed CE 0h| Biloxi Mi ma||
|eplaced wiLh an incied lacimile iqnaLu|e.
Vase. cI90o, H: 8
I
/2in (2Icm), $I,000-I,500
Newcemb, 0S
TalenLed lemale New 0|lean LudenL c|eaLed
a |anqe ol hiqhly p|ized Ame|ican a|L poLLe|y.
Shape inpi|ed by Lhe olL, cu|vaceou line
lound in peaanL poLLe|y and 0|ienLal wa|e.
0eiqn include moonliL cene, Lobacco and
coLLon planL, liza|d, and abL|acL Japanee.
Ma|| include Lhe l|m' ymbol, a|LiL'
ciphe|, poLLe|' ma||, and a daLe.
Vase by Edith Lupton. I888, H: I2in (30cm), $I,500-2,000
0eulten steneware, 0K
0oulLon & Company aL LambeLh in ouLh
London collabo|aLed wiLh A|L & C|alL
deiqne| by eLablihinq an a|L poLLe|y Ludio.
SLonewa|e in imple, clean hape deco|aLed
by hand wiLh incied, modeled o| hand-
ca|ved moLil leaLu|inq animal, bi|d,
beaded bo|de|, lowe|, and leave.
0oulLon Lonewa|e i iqned by Lhe deiqne|
and ma||ed by Lhe deco|aLo|.
5toneware bird. cI900, H: IIin (28cm), $38,000-42,000
Martn Brethers, 0K
The A|L & C|alL docL|ine ol individualiLy
lound voice wiLh Lhe wiLLy alL-qlazed
Lonewa|e ol Lhe eccenL|ic Ma|Lin B|oLhe|.
They c|eaLed a menaqe|ie ol lancilul beaL.
The Lypical paleLLe ha muLed hue ol c|eam,
q|ay, b|own, blue, and yellow.
Ea|ly ma|| i Ma|Lin, |eplaced IBB2-II4
wiLh RW Ma|Lin & B|oLhe| London &
SouLhall wiLh a numbe| and daLe.
/ovo//te
a//ect
/nc/aJe jne/,
noJe/eJ ///J
w/t/ /anon
jeota/e
Mo//e 0e /oo
le8/onc co/veJ
t/e voe
Inoq/not/ve
Jeco/ot/on jeota/e
/ont onJ on/no/
not/ve to t/e
Ane//con Soat/
/onJ-t//own vee/
we/e /nc/eJ onJ
tw/teJ /nto //zo//e
ca/ta/o/ /oe
I04
0ancer
A b|onze lqu|e by Joel Lo|enzl
wa ued Lo ma|e Lhe mold lo|
Lhi dance|. F.
I
/4in (2.5cm),
$I,200-I,B00
Weman wth berze heund
Thi model by Clai|e Fe|czeq (laLe|
Wei) wa alo made in a |ed d|e.
Bo|zoi we|e a lahionable acceo|y.
F. I7in (4cm), $2,500-,500
Art 0ece fgures
MeLiculou aLLenLion Lo deLail wiLh elabo|aLe mold and
complex a||anqemenL ol elemenL a|e Lhe hallma|| ol a
Coldcheide| lqu|e. The AuL|ian company employed
leadinq a|LiL uch a Joel Lo|enzl and SLelan 0a|on Lo
c|eaLe exp|eive women in mode|n o| exoLic d|e. MoL
piece we|e made l|om a |elned ea|Lhenwa|e in
ecLion. An inLeq|al body and bae
would have deLail uch a
limb added laLe|, and any
impe|lecLion we|e
ca|elully |emoved.
C0L0RFuL, ELECANT, AN0 0RESSE0 in Lhe laLeL
lahion, A|L 0eco lqu|e embody Lhe emancipaLed
women ol Lhe Lime. Fand painLed and olLen lnely modeled,
Lhey we|e an up-Lo-daLe ve|ion ol Lhe po|celain lqu|e
Eu|opean lacLo|ie had been ma|inq lo| 200 yea|.
Foweve|, Lhe q|and old manulacLu|e| uch a Meien
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
vivid buL ympaLheLic ue ol colo|,
pa|Licula|ly in deLailed a|ea.
Fiece modeled by leadinq deiqne| may
have imp|eed iqnaLu|e on Lhe bae.
ScanLily d|eed dance| a|e mo|e
common Lhan eleqanL lahion model.
we|e noL Lhe leade|-Lhey p|ele||ed Lo conLinue Lo ma|e
Lhei| pe|ennially popula| IBLh-cenLu|y lqu|e. InLead, iL
wa newcome| uch a Coldcheide|, RoenLhal, and Lenci
who made Lhe lo|m Lhei| own. Inpi|ed by Flappe|, by
women now La|inq pa|L in po|L, and by b|onze lqu|e,
Lhee colo|lul ce|amic we|e allo|dable wo|| ol a|L.
0eldscheder
Lady n red
C|acelully poed dance| wea|inq |evealinq
cloLhe we|e a popula| A|L 0eco ubjecL
inpi|ed by Lhe Flappe| Ci|l. F. in (22.5cm),
$I,700-2,000
//qa/e noJe j/on
eve/o/ no/JeJ
/ece
Se/ene onJ
e/eqont oe
S///t //t to
t/e t//q/
0/eon,-w//te
//n tone
8atte/j,
w/nq J/e
I05
0eram cs: Art 0eco fi gures
Alpne walker
The new l|eedom lo| women Lo La|e pa|L in
aLhleLic pu|uiL uch a hi|inq wa celeb|aLed in
ce|amic. F. I7in (4cm), $2,500-,500
Lenc
The lqu|e ol ILalian l|m Lenci olLen
lac| Lhe lowinq lo|m ol Ce|man
ma|e| buL we|e eleqanL and Lylized.
The beL example ol Lenci lqu|e
depicL pa|Lially d|eed younq women
in mode|n poe. unbaLhinq o|
applyinq ma|e-up.
Poe q/ve
ene oj
novenent
0rewn 0even
In Lhe I0, co|e ol B|iLih
lacLo|ie made inexpenive A|L 0eco
lqu|e inpi|ed by conLinenLal
lacLo|ie. C|own 0evon wa|e wa
one ol Lhe |anqe made by Lhe
SLallo|dhi|e l|m ol S. Fieldinq & Co.
Many ol Lhe lqu|e we|e modeled by
KaLhleen Fa|on.
KEY 0L0ES
Fiqu|e Lend Lo appea| Lill and poe
may loo| uncomlo|Lable.
The colo| may be le vib|anL Lhan on
Ce|man counLe|pa|L o| alLe|naLively
u|p|iinqly b|iqhL.
kesenthal
The Bava|ian l|m RoenLhal depicLed
mode|n ubjecL o| exoLic dance|
l|om Lale ol T/e A/o//on A/q/t l|om
I24 unLil I.
Modele| included
0o|oLhea Cha|ol and
Clai|e Wei, who
inL|oduced an A|L
0eco e|ie ol
Fou| Seaon
in I2.
KEY 0L0ES
Modelinq and deco|aLion a|e hiqh qualiLy.
The bae ol lqu|ine may leaLu|e Lhe
molded iqnaLu|e ol Lhe modele|.
Fo|celain i eiLhe| La|| whiLe o| ha an
ivo|y Linqe.
KEY 0L0ES
EleqanL, deLailed lqu|e uch a BaLhinq
Ci|l and Beach Ci|l.
A e|ie ol nude lqu|e by KaLhleen
Fa|on i hiqhly collecLable.
Many piece a|e iqned by Lhe a|LiL.
Snake charmer
The RoenLhal lacLo|y p|oduced nume|ou
lqu|e ol na|e cha|me| du|inq Lhe I20 and
0. F. I0
I
/2in (2o.5cm), $B00-I,200
ke kta
KaLhleen Fa|on' lqu|e celeb|aLe Bebe 0aniel'
pe|lo|mance in Lhe LiLle |ole ol one ol Lhe hiL llm
ol I2. F. IIin (2Bcm), $I,000-I,500
Fxot/c oe
onJ cotane
//ne w//te
o/ce/o/n
I0
TFE CLEAN, ANCuLAR LINES,
mode|n qeomeL|ic hape, and
hiqhly Lylized moLil ol A|L 0eco
we|e epecially well uiLed Lo poLLe|y
and po|celain. Championed by Lhe
bold, b|iqhL deiqn ol Cla|ice Clill,
Lhe I20 L|end lo|qed a paLh in
B|iLain LhaL challenqed convenLional
LaLe. In F|ance, poLLe| uch a Jean
Mayodon c|eaLed Lylized Claical
Lheme wiLh painLe|ly p|eciion. The
popula| LaLe wa noL loL on
lacLo|ie uch a Wedqwood in
SLallo|dhi|e and Sev|e nea| Fa|i,
which commiioned celeb|aLed
conLempo|a|y deiqne| Lo c|eaLe
wa|e in Lhe laLeL lahion. In Lhe
uniLed SLaLe, lacLo|ie uch a
Cowan and Roeville p|oduced
limiLed-ediLion A|L 0eco wa|e
conceived by independenL deiqne|.
Art 0ece ceramcs
The lineup
T/e q/oze Jeco/ot/on
//q///q/t t/e
qeonet//c /oe
Bizarre 5tamford 0range Roof 0ottage pattern teapot. H: 5in
(I2.5cm), $2,500-3,500
0larce 0lff
F|olilc B|iLih poLLe| and deco|aLo| Cla|ice
Clill wa celeb|aLed lo| he| A|L 0eco deiqn.
Biza||e |anqe ue qeomeL|ic hape and
b|iqhL abL|acL paLLe|n ouLlined in blac|.
B|iqhLly colo|ed bicuiL-l|ed wa|e cove|ed
wiLh a diLincLive honey-colo|ed qlaze.
Mo|e Lhan 500 hape p|oduced.
Wa|e olLen ma||ed wiLh imp|eed daLe,
paLLe|n name, and Cla|ice Clill' iqnaLu|e.
Jazz bowl. I93I, H: 8
I
/2in (22cm), $o0,000-80,000
0ewan
The Cowan SLudio wa aL Lhe lo|el|onL ol
Ame|ican A|L 0eco poLLe|y l|om I2.
Ea|Lhenwa|e vae, lamp, nuL dihe, lowe|
bowl, candleLic|, and compoLe in a |ich
colo| paleLLe we|e ma p|oduced.
MoL piece a|e ma||ed wiLh an imp|eed
o| p|inLed name o| monoq|am ol Lhe a|LiL.
The |a|e Jazz bowl by vicLo| Sch|ec|enqoL
a|e hiqhly collecLable
Rare Roseville Futura Arches vase. H: I4
I
/4in (3ocm),
$3,000-4,000
kesevlle
By Lhe laLe I20, Lhe company wa p|oducinq
wa|e in Lhe lahionable A|L 0eco Lyle.
AnimaLed and colo|lul deiqn, includinq Lhe
deco|aLive FuLu|a |anqe.
Well-ma||ed example include anqula|
handle o| |yc|ape| Leppinq.
B|iqhL, vividly colo|ed qlaze a|e Lypical.
AlLe| I0 Lhe imp|eed ma|| ol Roeville
wa ued.
Myott fan vase. I930s, H: 9in (23cm), $o00-800
Myett
In Lhe lace ol compeLiLion poed by Cla|ice Clill
and Suie Coope|, Lhe SLo|e-on-T|enL lacLo|y
hand-painLed A|L 0eco wa|e in Lhe I0.
CeomeL|ic vae, juq wiLh c|imped |im, and
wall poc|eL we|e colo|ed in a paleLLe
dominaLed by o|anqe and b|own.
0eiqn naive, and almoL c|ude in execuLion.
Ma|| include MyoLL' and MyoLL Enqland.
FainL la|inq and qlaze c|azinq i common.
Earthenware vase, with Leaping 0eer pattern, designed by
Truda 0arter. I934-37, H: 8
I
/4in (2Icm), $I,500-2,000
Peele
In 0o|eL, Lhe Foole FoLLe|y made a plah in
Lhe I20 and 0 wiLh A|L 0eco Lablewa|e.
Amonq Lhe moL ouqhL-alLe| deiqn a|e
Lylized lemale lace by 0live Bou|ne and Lhe
lo|al and animal paLLe|n ol T|uda Ca|Le|.
Lavende|, pin|, and yellow olLen dominaLed
by blue o| ued in Lwo-colo| qlaze.
Anqula| handle lo| SLudland line, Eve|eL
|anqe handle in olid diamond hape.
Aatanno/
co/o/ o/ette
0o/veJ w/t/ /enJe//nq oj Aew Yo//
/,c/oe/ onJ n/q/tc/a/ /n Pe//on 8/ae
onJ //oc/ q/oze
8/a/t/o/e
v////e /n t/e
q/oze
T/e /eo/nq Jee/ / o
t,/co/ A/t 0eco not/j
I07
T// /aq / /n
t/e Po// /oe
0eram cs: Art 0eco cerami cs
Motte q/oze
t,/co/ oj
Ma//o,
MoJe/n/t A/t
0eco wo/e
0//J/nq cont/ot w/t/
nott/eJ v/v/J //ae onJ
q/een q/ozeJ q/oanJ
Tutankhamen pattern tomb jar. I920s, H: I2
I
/2in (32cm),
$7,000-I0,000
0arlten
Ca|lLon aL SLo|e-on-T|enL enjoyed iL heyday
wiLh A|L 0eco wa|e in Lhe I20 and ?0.
vae in qeomeL|ic o| 0|ienLal hape we|e
hand-painLed in vivid conL|aLinq colo|.
LuLe|wa|e had a pea|lized i|idecenL qlaze.
Enameled deco|aLion and qildinq applied
alLe| qlazinq a|e liqhLly |aied.
0eiqn include c//no/e//e, buLLe|lie, and
EqypLian and ilve|-luLe| liqhLninq moLil.
Box and cover, with an 0deonesque-style plaque. cI925,
0: o
I
/2in (Io.5cm), $I,000-I,500
Svres
Sev|e p|oduced ome ol Lhe lneL ce|amic in
Lhe A|L 0eco Lyle du|inq Lhe I20 and ?0,
wiLh deco|aLion deiqned by eminenL a|LiL.
T|adiLional IBLh-cenLu|y hape elabo|aLely
deco|aLed wiLh L|i|inq A|L 0eco moLil.
SLylized leave, lowe|, qeomeL|ic, and
EqypLian paLLe|n we|e lavo|ed deco|aLion.
MoLil a|e l|equenLly hiqhliqhLed o| ouLlined
wiLh |eL|ained qildinq.
Keith Murray for Wedgwood Etruscan white-lined green tall
vase. cI934, H:8 in (20.5cm), $o00-800
Wedgweed
In Lhe I20 and ?0, Wedqwood commiioned
|ey a|LiL Lo deiqn A|L 0eco wa|e.
FuLu|iLic, Mode|niL wa|e leaLu|e imple
paLLe|n uch a laLhe-Lu|ned band.
Flain deiqn by KeiLh Mu||ay in bold,
qeomeL|ic hape wiLh celadon, q|ay, o| ivo|y
emi-maLLe qlaze.
0eiqne| wa|e have p|inLed iqnaLu|e o|
name, Wedqwood ma||, and leLLe| daLe.
Vase decorated with Adam and Eve with three snakes.
I930s, H: 22
3
/4in (57cm), $35,000-50,000
Jean Mayeden
The ce|amiciL and painLe| wa made A|LiLic
0i|ecLo| ol Sev|e in I4I. Mayodon c|eaLed
o|namenLal wa|e a well a la|qe lounLain,
culpLu|e, and Lile panel.
0eco|aLed in |ich colo|, deiqn inpi|ed by
Claical anLiquiLy and Findu moLil.
Cildinq l|equenLly hiqhliqhL paLLe|n.
ued a |nile Lo c|eaLe deco|aLive deiqn in
Lhe Lhic| ea|Lhenwa|e paLe.
0void faence vase, decorated with stylized fying pelicans.
H: I3
3
/4in (34.5cm), $2,500-4,500
Bech Frres
The Ke|ami lacLo|y owned by Boch F|e|e led
Lhe leld ol Belqian A|L 0eco ce|amic.
vae deco|aLion imiLaLe c/o/onne enamel
and include animal in naLu|al landcape,
Lylized lowe|, and planL.
Simple ovoid hape cove|ed wiLh Lhic|
enamel qlaze LhaL c|eaLe a |eliel paLLe|n.
Typical paleLLe ol Lu|quoie, blac|, q|een, and
b|own on ivo|y c|ac|le-qlazed bac|q|ound.
Moon and Mountains pattern jug. I928, H: 4
3
/4in (I2cm),
$I,000-I,200
Suse 0eeper
B|iLih-bo|n Suie Coope| c|eaLed new hape,
includinq KeL|el and W|en, deco|aLed wiLh
paLLe|n uch a 0|eden Sp|ay and Noeqay.
Incied and liLhoq|aphic deco|aLion a well a
hand-painLed lo|al and qeomeL|ic deiqn.
B|iqhL, abL|acL qeomeL|ic deiqn uch a
pol|a doL, band, and exclamaLion ma||.
MoL wo|| ma||ed wiLh a lacimile
iqnaLu|e and e|ial numbe|.
S,nnet//co/ onJ j//eze
otte/n o/e t,/co/
P//nteJ w/t/
//e/oq/,//c /n
q//t onJ enone/

II0
0att/nq onJ
enq/ov/nq
en/once t/e
ejject oj t/e
co/o/
Clama|inq i an ancienL a|L, lacinaLinq lo| Lhe many developmenL
LhaL have haped iL hiLo|y ove| Lhe laL 2,000 yea|, l|om Lhe l|L
qlablowinq Lechnique Lo Lhe luxu|y qla ol I5Lh-cenLu|y venice
and Lhe Ludio a|L qla ol Lhe mode|n aqe.
0LASS
keman glass
Ea|ly Roman qla ha inpi|ed
qlama|e| down Lhe cenLu|ie. LaLe
IBLh-cenLu|y deiqne| ouqhL Lo |e-c|eaLe
Lhe hape ol Roman piece, while A|L
Nouveau deiqne| expe|imenLed wiLh
i|idecenL lnihe. F. o

/4in (I7cm)
TFE ANCIENT FF0ENICIANS made qla bead a ea|ly
a 5,000. By 2,000 Lhe EqypLian had La|Led Lo
|elne Lhe p|oce, alLhouqh Lechnique we|e |udimenLa|y
and involved dippinq a molded hape inLo molLen qla and
windinq qla Lh|ead a|ound iL. The mold wa uually
made ol a mixLu|e ol mud, L|aw, and clay lo|med a|ound
a meLal |od, and p|oduced a c|ude, hollow veel.
Favinq adopLed Lechnique l|om Lhe EqypLian, Lhe
ancienL Roman wenL on Lo |evoluLionize Lhe a|L ol
qlama|inq when Lhey inL|oduced qlablowinq
Lechnique in Lhe IL cenLu|y BCE. uinq a meLhod LhaL
|emain |elaLively unchanqed Lo Lhi day, Roman
qlablowe| inlaLed a lump ol molLen qla (Lhe meLal),
qaLhe|ed aL one end ol a lonq Lube (a blowinq i|on). They
could Lhen manipulaLe Lhe blown qla Lo lo|m a va|ieLy ol
hape. AlLe|naLively, Lhey blew Lhe qla inLo a p|e-
lo|med mold. In uinq Lhee Lechnique Lhe Roman we|e
able Lo p|oduce la|qe| veel, mo|e va|ied in hape. NoL
only LhaL, buL Lhey could alo ma|e qla piece on an
unp|ecedenLed cale.
0fferent types ef glass
Clablowinq Lechnique p|ead Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope wiLh
Lhe q|owLh ol Lhe Roman Empi|e and, dependinq on Lhe
maLe|ial available Lo qlama|e|, dille|enL Lype ol qla
we|e p|oduced. Cla i made by melLinq and and eiLhe|
odium o| poLaium aL ve|y hiqh Lempe|aLu|e o LhaL
Lhey lue. Soda qla wa made p|edominanLly in EqypL
Beheman glass
Ea|ly ILh-cenLu|y Bohemian qlama|e| expe|imenLed
wiLh colo|ed qla, p|oducinq a wide |anqe ol piece in
Lhe Neoclaical Lyle. Thi piece by Eqe|mann ha
mulLicolo|ed deLail. cIB5, F.
I
/2in (24cm)
III
0e//cote otte/n
c/eoteJ /n t/e no/J
and ILaly, whe|e Lhe odium
elemenL ol Lhe mix came l|om
ahe ol bu|ned eaweed (odium
ca|bonaLe). FoLah qla o|iqinaLed in F|ance and
Ce|many, whe|e Lhe poLaium elemenL ol Lhe mix came
l|om ahe ol wood o| b|ac|en. Thi qla wa |nown a
ve//e Je joaqe/e (le|n qla) in F|ance and Wo/Jq/o
(lo|eL qla) in Ce|many. While oda qla wa liqhLly
colo|ed and malleable, poLah qla Lended Lo be mo|e
q|een in colo| and mo|e du|able.
Venetan expertse
Clama|inq had become inc|eainqly ophiLicaLed by Lhe
beqinninq ol Lhe I5Lh cenLu|y, wiLh venice aL Lhe cenLe| ol
all acLiviLy. Than| Lo Lhe inlux ol a numbe| ol immiq|anL
qlawo||e| l|om Lhe Middle EaL, Lhe iland ol Mu|ano
had been Lhe cenLe| ol Lhe veneLian luxu|y qlama|inq
induL|y ince Lhe ILh cenLu|y. Clama|e| beqan Lo
expe|imenL wiLh boLh new and old Lechnique, ma|inq a
b|ea|Lh|ouqh wiLh Lhe developmenL ol c//to//o, a colo|le
oda qla LhaL wa pe|lecL lo|
ma|inq elabo|aLe hape. The
|eulLinq qlawa|e wa
un|ivaled in qualiLy and va|ieLy,
|anqinq l|om colo|le qla
qobleL wiLh applied enamel
and qilL deco|aLion Lo exquiiLe
mulLicolo|ed n///ejo// (liLe|ally,
Venetan glass
Amonq Lhe va|iou |evival Lyle ol Lhe laLe
ILh cenLu|y wa an ILalian |evival ol ea|ly
veneLian piece. Thi dolphin piLche| i
|eminicenL ol I7Lh-cenLu|y example.
cIB0, F.
I
/2in (24cm)
Lhouand lowe|) vae. venice dominaLed Lhe cene lo|
Lhe nexL 200 yea| and qla wa made in Lhe veneLian
Lyle (joon Je ven/e) Lh|ouqhouL Eu|ope.
New develepments
In Io7o, a new Lype ol qla eme|qed in B|iLain-lead
c|yLal, developed by Ceo|qe Ravenc|olL (Io2-B). By
addinq lead oxide Lo molLen qla, Ravenc|olL had a
p|oducL LhaL wa heavie| and hinie|. IL wa hiqhly
|el|acLive, which meanL LhaL iL wa uiLed Lo cuLLinq. A
lahion q|ew lo| cuL qla ol all Lype LhaL laLed well inLo
Lhe ILh cenLu|y and, Lo ome exLenL, Lole Lhe limeliqhL
l|om venice. AL Lhe ame Lime, Bohemian qlama|e|
F|ied|ich Eqe|mann developed liLhyalin-an opaque
colo|ed qla-in imiLaLion ol emi-p|eciou Lone.
The end ol Lhe ILh cenLu|y aw a |evival ol ea|lie|
Lyle l|om Renaiance Lo Rococo, and a numbe| ol qla
manulacLu|e| |eponded by p|oducinq |oc| c|yLal wa|e
o| piece in Lhe veneLian Lyle. MechanizaLion Lowa|d Lhe
end ol Lhe ILh cenLu|y had a laLinq impacL, noL leaL in
Lhe uniLed SLaLe, whe|e Lhe developmenL ol p|e-
moldinq Lechnique ea|lie| in Lhe cenLu|y conL|ibuLed Lo
ma|inq qla an eve|yday iLem lo| moL houehold.
Clama|e| in Lhe 20Lh cenLu|y p|oduced a wide |anqe
ol a|L qla, expe|imenLinq wiLh a hoL ol Lechnique.
InnovaLion included Lhe cameo qla ol Emile Call, Lhe
i|idecenL qla ol Johann LoeLz, and Lhe o|qanic lo|m ol
mid-cenLu|y Scandinavian qla.
0aum brethers camee glass
Cameo qla wa popula| du|inq Lhe A|L
Nouveau e|a. Thi piece ha applied pin|
bleedinq hea|L, o| dicenL|a, deco|aLion.
cI05, F. Bin (20.5cm)
0epressen handled dsh
0ep|eion qla i o named
becaue iL wa p|oduced in Lhe uS
du|inq Lhe C|eaL 0ep|eion
(I0). IL wa molded qla, ma
p|oduced aL ve|y
low coL. I0
JAk00N
B0STEk
The mixture of raw
ingredients such as sand,
fuxing agents, and coloring
agents melted together
to make glass.
II2
/no (/a/qe
8ow/
W
A
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0
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I
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t
h
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la
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it
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t
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fe
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s
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o
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, t
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, fo
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s
h
a
p
in
g
. 0
n
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a
r
ly
p
ie
c
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s
t
h
is
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s
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p
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ff, le
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.
Sten
0EC0RATIvE AN0 FuNCTI0NAL qla ha been made lo|
Lhouand ol yea|. Since blowinq a qaLhe| (a blob ol
molLen qla) Lh|ouqh a hollow i|on blowinq |od wa l|L
dicove|ed by Lhe Roman in Lhe IL cenLu|y , Lhe
meLhod ol p|oducLion ha chanqed ve|y liLLle.
To ae Lhe aqe and naLionaliLy ol any qla,
iL i l|L necea|y Lo ae Lhe maLe|ial
iLell (|nown, conluinqly, a Lhe
meLal), how iL ha been haped,
how iL ha been colo|ed, il aL all,
and how iL ha been deco|aLed.
0 BaluL|oid I725-55
0I BaluLe| IoB5-I725
Stem shapes
The b|ielnq
02 Molded pedeLal I7I5-o5
0leser nspecten
To olve Lhe qla cae, Lhe deLecLive need Lo handle Lhe qla, chec| lo|
impe|lecLion, wo|| ouL how iL i made, and poL LellLale colo| va|iaLion.
Englsh heavy baluster geblet
The qobleL ha a conical bowl, an inve|Led baluLe| Lem wiLh a la|qe Lea|
incluion, and a lolded conical looL. cI700-I0
0o//o/
(w/e/e /ow/
/o/n /no
onJ ten
Most glasses are grouped by stem type in a system devised by
E. Barrington Haynes in his book 0/oss T/rouq/ t/e Aqes (Penguin
Books). The dates are a guide to periods of popularity.
Leekng at glass
04 LiqhL (NewcaLle) I75-o5
0B Follow I750-o0
0o Flain I740-70 05 CompoiLe I740-70
07 Ai|LwiL I740-70
/oot
Teo/
/nc/a/on
IIJ
0l ass: The bri efi ng
Bewl shape
Chec| Lhe hape ol Lhe bowl
ol a d|in|inq qla a LhaL
can help Lo daLe iL. (AlLhouqh
|emembe| LhaL eve|y hape
ha been |ep|oduced laLe|-iL
i only one clue.) MoL ea|ly
IBLh-cenLu|y bowl hape
we|e eiLhe| conical o| lunnel.
By Lhe mid-IBLh cenLu|y,
Lhe|e we|e alo bell, LhiLle,
and L|umpeL hape. MoL
plain Lem qlae (oppoiLe)
have d|awn L|umpeL bowl.
The celer
Much can be deduced l|om
liqhL va|iaLion in Lhe colo|
ol Lhe qla. Even il iL i clea|
doe iL have a Linqe ol q|ay,
q|een, o| ambe|` I Lhe qla
liqhLly mo|y in Lone and
doe iL how c|izzlinq (in
which Lhe u|lace ol Lhe qla
ha a neLwo|| ol mall
c|ac|)` Thi could indicaLe
I7Lh-cenLu|y Anqlo-0uLch
qla. A liqhL q|eenih Linqe
could indicaLe ea|ly lead
qla. LaLe| lead qla ha a
bluih Linqe unde| ulL|avioleL
liqhL. Cla LhaL ha an ambe|
Lo b|own Linqe may well be
20Lh cenLu|y.
What te leek at
Flaws and marks
Loo| and leel lo| any
impe|lecLion in Lhe qla.
Impe|lecLion could be one
clue Lo an ea|ly qla. A|e
Lhe|e bubble viible in Lhe
meLal` Thi could indicaLe an
ea|ly qla buL be awa|e LhaL
moL qlae wiLh nume|ou
bubble in Lhem daLe l|om Lhe
20Lh cenLu|y. MoL qla LhaL
i ma||ed i l|om Lhe laLe ILh
o| 20Lh cenLu|y. See ?I4-I5
jo/ no/e on q/o no//
The stem
Loo| aL Lhe Lem Lo ee il iL i plain o| deco|aLed. Il
deco|aLed, i iL molded o| laceLed` Can you ee Lhin line
ol oLhe| qla inide Lhe Lem` A|e Lhey colo|ed`
0oe Lhe Lem have a deco|aLive |nop-a wellinq-and
i iL olid o| hollow` See /ox oo/te jo/ /ow ten
/oe /e/ ,oa to Jote t/e q/o
The feel
Feel and loo| lo| any join
Lo ee il Lhe qla ha
been made in mo|e Lhan
one piece. 0oe Lhe piece
have a llaL o| lolded
looL-can you leel a |idqe
aL Lhe edqe ol Lhe looL` I
Lhe bae Lhic| o| Lhin`
Feel in Lhe cenLe| ol Lhe
looL-i Lhe|e a |ouqh
a|ea LhaL ha been b|o|en
oll` 0| i iL mooLh` I
Lhe piece liqhL o| heavy`
Il Lhe d|in|inq qla ha
noL been made in ecLion
and Lhen joined, iL daLe
l|om Lhe 20Lh cenLu|y.
II4
The b|ielnq
1dentfyng glass deceraten
Acd etched
A deiqn i l|L ma||ed ouL on Lhe u|lace uinq an acid-
|eiLanL maLe|ial uch a wax, which p|oLecL Lhe
unde|lyinq qla. Then a Lh|ee-dimenional paLLe|n i
c|eaLed by imme|inq Lhe qla in acid, which eaL iL away.
The lonqe| Lhe body |emain in Lhe acid, Lhe mo|e qla i
eaLen away, and Lhe deepe| Lhe deiqn become.
Cla ha been deco|aLed ince iL wa l|L made. The|e i
ve|y liLLle new in qlama|inq, wiLh moL Lechnique
havinq been p|acLiced lo| cenLu|ie. 0eco|aLion can be
divided up inLo ellecL achieved by hoL wo||inq
Lechnique, execuLed when Lhe body i Lill hoL and nea|ly
molLen, and Lhoe achieved by cold wo||inq Lechnique,
ca||ied ouL alLe| Lhe body ha cooled. AlLhouqh hoL
wo||inq Lechnique a|e p|acLiced all ove| Lhe wo|ld,
ce|Lain counL|ie have become |enowned lo| pecilc Lype
ol deco|aLion. Fo| inLance, Bohemia (now Lhe Czech
Republic) i lamou lo| cuLLinq and enq|avinq. Mu|ano in
ILaly i |enowned lo| iL ue ol applied colou| Lechnique.
Enameled
Enamel colo| i made up ol meLallic oxide and lnely
q|ound qla upended in an oily medium. IL i applied Lo
Lhe body wiLh a b|uh o| by L|anle|. The colo| a|e
i||evocably bonded Lo Lhe u|lace and olidiled in Lhe heaL
ol Lhe |iln. A dille|enL colo| |equi|e dille|enL l|inq
Lempe|aLu|e, Lhe p|oce i olLen Lime conuminq.
0lded
The moL common way ol applyinq qold Lo Lhe inide o|
ouLide u|lace i mixinq qold leal o| powde| wiLh an oily
medium and painLinq iL on. IL i olidiled and lxed Lo Lhe
body Lh|ouqh l|inq. 0Lhe| meLhod a|e uinq an adheive
Lo Lic| qold leal Lo Lhe u|lace, and andwichinq qold leal
beLween Lwo laye| ol qla, |nown a Zw/c/enqo/Jq/o
Appled
A epa|aLe, malle| ma ol molLen qla i applied Lo Lhe
body when iL i Lill hoL and beinq lo|med. Thi ma i
Lhen haped inLo handle, p|unL, |im, o| a looL, which
may omeLime have paLLe|n imp|eed inLo Lhem uinq a
Lamp. The molLen qla may alo be d|ipped onLo Lhe
body Lo lo|m a L|ail in a paLLe|n.
II5
0l ass: 0ecorati on
End ef day
A Le|m ued Lo dec|ibe Lypically mulLicolo|ed qla
made l|om Lhe |emain ol qla lelL in Lhe poL alLe| Lhe
day' p|oducLion ha ended. Made by Lhe qlama|e| in
Lhei| pa|e Lime, hape can be whimical a well a
luncLional. Colo| and deiqn a|e uually |andom and
each piece i unique.
WKEEL 00TT1N0 AN0 EN0kAV1N0
A design is engraved or cut into
a glass body by holding it
against a spinning wheel or
disc. A number of factors,
including the size, material, and
shape of the edge of the wheel
affects the result. Fine
engraved work is often done
with a thin copper disc. Thicker
0amend pent & stpple engraved
A ha|p Lylu wiLh a diamond a a poinL i ued Lo
c|aLch a ve|y lne, hallow line inLo Lhe u|lace. Line a|e
builL up and ued in combinaLion Lo lo|m a deiqn. The
Lechnique wa olLen ued on exL|emely Lhin qla LhaL
could noL be cuL. SLipplinq i a va|iaLion whe|e Lhe poinL i
qenLly Lapped onLo Lhe u|lace, leavinq a hallow doL.
ZanHrce 0palne
TwiLed L|and ol whiLe o| colo|ed qla a|e embedded in
|od ol clea|, colo|le qla. Thee |od can Lhen be
aembled and lued LoqeLhe| Lo c|eaLe a lo|m, o| lued
Lo Lhe ouLide ol a qla body and lued and melLed Lo
lo|m a unilo|m u|lace. IL i alo |nown a vet/o o /eto/t/
o| /ott/c/no when whiLe L|and a|e ued.
A liqhLly L|anlucenL qla Lypically lound in paLel Lone
ol pin| and blue, buL alo in oLhe| L|onqe| colo| and an
oll-whiLe. IL i made by addinq q|ound calciled bone Lo
Lhe qla mix. 0paline qla i olLen blown o| p|eed inLo
mold, and can be lu|Lhe| embellihed Lh|ouqh cuLLinq,
qildinq, o| enamelinq.
wheels with a V-shaped edge
produce mitre and bevel cuts,
which can be deep.
0ut glass The deco|aLive ellecL i
c|eaLed by deep cuL inLo Lhe qla
Engraved glass A deLailed
deiqn i made by |emovinq
Lhin ecLion ol qla.
II
Beheman glass
I9th-century Beheman geblet and cever
Thi Bohemian |uby-lahed qobleL and cove| may have
been enq|aved by Ka|l Flohl, who i one ol Lhe q|eaLeL
and moL ouqhL-alLe| ILh-cenLu|y Bohemian enq|ave|.
BoLh he and AuquL Bohm we|e well |nown lo| Lhei|
enq|avinq ol A|ab on ho|ebac|. The qobleL wa l|L
enLi|ely cove|ed wiLh Lhe |uby colo| and Lhen cuL Lo |eveal
CLASS FAS BEEN FR00uCE0 in Lhe a|ea |nown a
Bohemia (mode|n-day Czech Republic) ince Lhe IoLh
cenLu|y. IniLially a diLincLive da|| blue qla wa made by
addinq cobalL oxide Lo Lhe baLch. AL Lhe end ol Lhe I7Lh
cenLu|y, Johann Kunc|el made a deep pin|-|ed qla by
addinq qold chlo|ide. F|ied|ich Eqe|mann wa |nown lo|
hi expe|imenL wiLh colo|ed qla. Fe invenLed Laininq,
an inexpenive Lechnique lo| colo|inq qla in which Lhe
iniLial qaLhe| wa painLed wiLh a Lain ol colo| and l|ed aL
a low Lempe|aLu|e Lo lx Lhe colo|. Fe alo invenLed
lahinq, whe|e Lhe l|L qaLhe| ol qla (olLen clea|) wa
cove|ed in a dille|enL colo| and l|ed Lo lue Lhe laye|.
The inLe||oqaLion
Lhe clea| qla beneaLh. AlLhouqh Lhe piece i uniqned, iL
qualiLy and excellence a|e evidenL. The depLh and powe| ol
Lhe cuLLinq and enq|avinq can be lelL by |unninq a Lhumb
ove| Lhe u|lace. The cove| i enq|aved Lo Lhe ame
hiqh Landa|d a Lhe qobleL, i in pe|lecL p|opo|Lion,
and lL nuqly.
Kerse's head
The ho|e' lace ha q|eaL
exp|eion, wiLh iL LeeLh ba|ed,
ea| p|ic|ed, and noL|il la|inq.
0eLail uch a Lhe w|in|led |in
unde| Lhe nec| add Lo Lhe L|onq
ene ol |ealim.
The back ef the geblet
The |educinq len Lo Lhe |ea| i
alo ol a hiqh qualiLy, wiLh qood
enq|avinq on Lhe lah |eiL.
Kerse and rder
The enq|avinq i o lne on Lhe
lqu|e you can clea|ly ee hi
bea|d, eye, hand, and Lhe lold ol
hi cloLhe. The ho|e' mucula|
body, mane, Lail, and |ein a|e
eniLively enq|aved.
0eblet and cever
Thi Bohemian po|al i
deco|aLed wiLh an A|ab on
ho|ebac|. CobleL wiLh
cove| a|e wo|Lh 25
pe|cenL mo|e Lhan Lhoe
wiLhouL. cIBo0, F. Ioin
(40cm), $50,000-55,000
Attenten te detal
The lahinq i exL|emely well
execuLed and Lhe deLail on Lhe
vine, includinq Lhe veininq,
i naLu|aliLic.
8ot/ /o/e onJ
//Je/ /ove
v///onc, onJ
aqqet
novenent
T/e cove/
notc/e
t/e qo//et
JAk00N
B0STEk
A glass goblet with
stem and cover designed to
be decorative rather than
practical.
II7
TkA0E
SE0kETS
When examining any piece
of cut glass, do the
"thumb test" to help
check quality. 0lose your
eyes and run your thumb
over the surface. Feel
how deep and complex
the cut surface is. 0heck
how many types of
cut and engraving have
been used. Feeling the glass
will also help you to detect
any chips, which are often less
obvious on colored glass.
0l ass: Bohemi an gl ass
20th-century Beheman geblet
The a|ea ol Bohemia ha lonq been |nown lo| Lhe
excellence ol iL qlama|e| buL iL alo p|oduced
qlawa|e lo| Lhe eve|-inc|eainq Lou|iL induL|y.
AlLhouqh ome Lou|iL, 0ueen vicLo|ia, lo| example,
bouqhL lne-qualiLy example, many piece we|e p|oduced
lo| Lhe qene|al Lou|iL a a mall memenLo ol a vacaLion.
0VEkLAY 0LASS
Another technique characteristic of
Bohemian glassmakers was
overlaying glass. As this technique
was perfected, it was combined with
enameling and gilding. Flashing is
often confused with overlay, and in
the I9th century the glassworks
tended to interchange the terms.
With overlay glass the layers are
Such piece how none ol Lhe qualiLy, |ill, and
c|alLmanhip ol Lhe hiqh-end piece. Clawa|e uch a
Lhi qobleL i much cloe| in appea|ance Lo ma-p|oduced
example. The clea| qaLhe| i caed in |ed and blown inLo
a mold. The wheel-cuL deco|aLion i laL Lo Lhe Louch and
Lhe execuLion i mechanical.
1nferer geblet
Thi |ed and clea| qla
qobleL i much c|ude| Lhan
Lhe ea|lie| example. LaLe
20Lh cenLu|y, F.
I
/2in
(24cm), $0-50
T/e Je/qn on
t/e /ow/ /
not cente/eJ
on t/e ten
0etal CuL |oundel a|e
deco|aLed wiLh enameled
lowe|, inecL, and bi|d.
The deceraten
The wheel-cuLLinq LhaL ha been
ued Lo p|oduce Lhe enq|avinq ha
no vib|ancy o| movemenL and Lhe
deiqn i uninpi|inq.
Varyng qualty
The|e i, howeve|, ome delniLion
in Lhe enq|avinq ol Lhe eaqle'
leaLhe| and Lhe c|own buL iL i
Lill imply execuLed wiLh no lile.
Attachment
The bowl ha been imply
aLLached Lo Lhe Lem by a mall
qaLhe| ol |ed qla and ha been
|elaLively c|udely done.
thicker, and between the colors
there is often shading, rather than
the sharp line that denotes fashing.
Beheman deuble everlay beaker
The clea| qla ha a blue and enamelled
ove|lay and qildinq. cIB40, F. 4
I
/2in
(II.5cm), $I,200-I,B00
T/e ten onJ
joot /oc/
e/eqonce
T/e /ow/ onJ
ten o/e not
/n /oo/t/on
v
II8
Lthyaln beaker by Fredrch
Egermann
The hiqhly polihed opaque qla i
deco|aLed wiLh oval panel and qildinq.
cIB0, F. 4
I
/4in (IIcm), $,500-5,000
0elered glass
In Lhe ILh cenLu|y, Bohemian qlama|e| expe|imenLed
wiLh new chemical Lo develop new Lype ol qla. CounL
Ceo|q F|anz AuquL Lanqueval von Buquoy wa Lhe l|L
Lo ma|e an opaque blac| o| da|| |ed qla |nown a
hyaliLh in IBI. Ten yea| laLe|, F|ied|ich Eqe|mann
paLenLed liLhyalin, anoLhe| deep |ed Lo blac| qla. The
u|lace wa L|eaLed wiLh meLal oxide Lo c|eaLe Lhe
appea|ance ol vein and ma|blinq. LiLhyalin wa
omeLime ove|laid on da|| q|een hyaliLh qla. Such
example command a p|emium Loday.
C0L0RE0 EFFECTS CAN BE ACFIEvE0 by uinq
inq|edienL LhaL colo| qla all Lhe way Lh|ouqh, by
laye|inq clea| and colo|ed qla, o| by |ollinq molLen qla
in powde|ed qla (enamel). MeLallic oxide have been
ued Lo colo| qla ince Lhe ancienL EqypLian and
Roman made da|| blue, Lu|quoie, whiLe, and yellow
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
FyaliLh wa uually deco|aLed wiLh qildinq.
MoL liLhyalin wa cuL and polihed. IL wa occaionally
deco|aLed wiLh qildinq and enamelinq.
FyaliLh and liLhyalin we|e moLly ued lo| juq, vae,
cenL boLLle, and bowl, buL diplay cup and auce|
we|e alo made.
ILem deco|aLed wiLh qilL c//no/e//e deiqn a|e le common.
qla. Expe|imenL conLinued in venice whe|e, in Lhe mid-
I5Lh cenLu|y, qlama|e| ued Lin oxide Lo ma|e opaque
whiLe /ott/no qla. Clama|e| in Bohemia ued cobalL
oxide Lo ma|e da|| blue qla in Lhe IoLh cenLu|y. By Lhe
end ol Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, Lhey had c|eaLed a deep pin| qla
called qold-|uby by addinq qold chlo|ide.
Kyalth and lthyaln glass
0lded mark
The bae ol Lhe bea|e|
i ma||ed wiLh a qilL
buLLe|ly.
Kyalth jug wth ld
Thi blac| juq by Buquoyche
ClahuLLen i deco|aLed wiLh
qilded lo|al and o|namenLal
moLil. The |nob on Lhe lid and Lhe
handle a|e alo qilded. cIB0,
F. Bin (20cm), $2,000-2,500
TkA0E
SE0kETS
Red glass is usually more
expensive than any other color
because it was diffcult to make
and it contained gold-an
expensive ingredient.
II9
0l ass: 0ol ored gl ass
0eblet
Thi qobleL wa made by Ca|l
CunLhe|, SLeinchonau. The |ed
laye| i enq|aved wiLh a ma|e
and loal. cIB55, F. o
I
/2in
(Io.5cm), $2,000-2,500
Beheman ruby-Hashed geblet
The LhiLle-haped bowl ha alLe|naLe
lahed and clea| luLe a well a a
haped |ecLanqula| |aied panel LhaL i
enq|aved wiLh lqu|e in a landcape.
cIB75, F. o
I
/2in (Io.5cm), $50-400
Flashed glass
AnoLhe| Lechnique developed by Eqe|mann, clea| qla
wa dipped inLo colo|ed qla and heaLed o Lhe laye|
bonded a Lhey cooled. IL wa employed lo| le expenive
iLem uinq lowe|-qualiLy maLe|ial. Foweve|, wiLh hiqhe|-
qualiLy oxide iL wa poible Lo
c|eaLe inL|icaLe deiqn.
T/e /eJ oate/ /o,e/ /o
/een cat to /eveo/ t/e
c/eo/ q/o /eneot/
To ma|e ove|laid colo|ed qla (alo |nown a caed o|
onne/o in ILalian), a piece ol clea| qla i dipped inLo
one o| mo|e dille|enLly colo|ed baLche ol qla Lo lo|m
Lhic| laye|. SomeLime Lhe
qlama|e| cuL Lh|ouqh Lhe
laye| lo| deco|aLive ellecL.
0verlad glass
KEY 0L0ES
The|e may be hadinq o| Lhinninq
beLween Lhe dille|enL laye|
whe|e Lhe Lhic|e| laye| ol qla
ha been cuL.
IL i heavie|, Lhic|e|, and hinie| Lhan
lahed o| Lained qla.
Staned glass
SLaininq qla i an inexpenive Lechnique LhaL F|ied|ich
Eqe|mann developed lo| colo|inq qla. A clea| objecL wa
dipped inLo o| painLed wiLh a Lhin laye| ol meLal
oxide while cool and Lhen heaLed aL a low Lempe|aLu|e
Lo lx Lhe colo|.
ked everlay geblet
Thi qla by FF Zach ol Munich i
enq|aved wiLh lo|al moLil and a
hunLinq cene. cIB50, F. B

/4in
(22cm), $5,000-,000
KEY 0L0ES
IL i olLen deco|aLed wiLh cuLLinq o|
enq|avinq. The|e hould be a ha|p line
beLween Lhe colo|.
SomeLime conlued wiLh ove|laid qla,
laye| ol lahed qla a|e uually Lhinne|
Lhan ove|laid.
KEY 0L0ES
SLained qla ha a |ich, olid
colo| LhaL wa olLen only applied
Lo pecilc a|ea ol an iLem.
The qla i uually cuL o|
enq|aved, buL Lhi deco|aLion
Lend Lo be hallow.
Bewa|e blue Lained qla becaue
iL lade eaily, lowe|inq value.
Experiments during the I9th century
included adding uranium to the batch
(mixture) to make new yellow and green
shades that fuoresced under ultraviolet
light. In I830s Bohemia, Josef Riedel
created transparent glass called Annagrun
(yellow-green) and Annagelb (green-
yellow). A similar glass was developed at
the Whitefriars glassworks in London. In
the I840s, Baccarat in France made a
uranium glass named chrysoprase. Vaseline
glass-transparent glass that looks like
petroleum jelly-also contains uranium.
In the I9th century, many
glassblowers working with uranium
glass died relatively young of lung
cancer. It was believed that this
was caused by contact with molten
uranium glass. This is now thought
unlikely because uranium tends to
affect the thyroid gland rather than
the lungs.
Beheman glass decanter
The yellow-q|een Linqe come
l|om u|anium. IB40, F. Iin
(cm), $500-700
0kAN10M 0LASS
T/e /eJ jo/n o
j/one jo/ t/e c/eo/
q/o on t/e ten
onJ joot
kmer wth prunts
Thi Ce|man d|in|inq qla ha
been deco|aLed wiLh p|unL. Thee
have been imp|eed wiLh a Lamp
Lo ma|e |apbe||ie. IBLh cenLu|y,
F. oin (I5cm), $500-I,000
Traled snake vase
Spi|al L|ail deco|aLion i a quic|
and eay lo|m ol deco|aLion. Fe|e,
a q|een qla vae i deco|aLed
wiLh a L|ailed blue qla na|e.
cI00, F. 4

/4in (I2cm), $B0-I00

0erman Schnapps Hask
MolLen qla ha been applied Lo
Lhe blown qla body ol Lhi doq-
haped la| Lo ma|e leq and a
Lail. IBLh cenLu|y, L. 5
I
/4in
(I.5cm), $500-I,000
Appled and panted deceraten
In Lhe I5Lh cenLu|y, veneLian qlama|e|
|elned a Lechnique |nown a lampwo|| Lo
c|eaLe mall, complex hape l|om Lube ol qla.
The Lube we|e heaLed Lhen LwiLed in a mall lame Lo
c|eaLe ophiLicaLed hape uch a myLhical beaL and
na|e and paLLe|n |nown a Lh|eadinq. Lampwo|| wa
Lypically ued Lo lo|m Lem lo| wine qlae and Lazza
(Lemmed dihe). The Lechnique wa copied in Lhe Low
CounL|ie whe|e iL wa called joon Je ven/e (veneLian
Lyle, ppI2o-27) and |evived in Lhe ILh cenLu|y.
AFFLIE0 0EC0RATI0N coniL ol p|unL (blob) o|
L|ail ol molLen qla. Enamel colo| in Lhe lo|m ol meLallic
oxide a|e painLed onLo Lhe qla and heaLed. Cildinq ue
qold leal o| painL. BoLh enamel and qildinq we|e ued in
ancienL Rome buL iL wa Ilamic qlama|e| who l|L
combined Lhee deco|aLive Lechnique. veneLian
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
Complex hape, blown o| manipulaLed, ued a
o|namenLaLion.
IoLh- and I7Lh-cenLu|y joon Je ven/e i uually a combinaLion
ol clea| and blue qla.
IL can be ha|d Lo dille|enLiaLe beLween o|iqinal and copie.
qlama|e| in Lhe I5Lh cenLu|y we|e Lhe l|L in Eu|ope
Lo ue Lhe Lechnique and Lhey inpi|ed Ce|man and
Bohemian qlama|e|. Ce|man deco|aLo| developed
new Lype ol enamelinq in Lhe I7Lh and IBLh cenLu|ie,
includinq Sc/wo/z/ot (oppoiLe) and Zw/c/enqo/Jq/o
(ee ppII0-II).
Appled deceraten
T/e /onwo// /o
/een a//eJ to q/ve
o /oce-///e eJqe
o/oanJ t/e /oe oj
t/e /ow/
I20
Sweetmeat dsh
Thi veneLian Revival
weeLmeaL dih by SalviaLi &
Co. i made in Lhe L|adiLional
veneLian Lyle. Lampwo||
deco|aLe Lhe Lem. cIB0, F.
5

/4in (I4.5cm), $500-700

A q/o t/o//
/o /een aeJ
to c/eote o
/ajje ejject
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0l ass: Appl i ed and pai nted decorati on
Pertrat beaker
Thi example i qilded and alo
leaLu|e an enamel po|L|aiL ol
F|anz I ol AuL|ia. cIB00, F. 5in
(I2.5cm), $4,000-5,000
Swedsh beaker
Enamel have been ued Lo c|eaLe
Lhi po|L|aiL ol Kinq Ca|olu (Ka|l)
XII ol Sweden wiLh a lion aL hi
leeL. cI7I5, F. in (2.75cm),
$20,000-25,000
Lght and shade
0oL and haLchinq have been ued
Lo c|eaLe hadow on Lhe lace.
EASTEkN 1NSP1kAT10N
KEY 0L0ES
Cold enamelinq and qildinq-in which Lhe enamel o|
qold i noL heaLed Lo lx iL-a|e vulne|able Lo wea|.
They a|e uually |ee|ved lo| deco|aLive iLem.
Enamel Land liqhLly p|oud ol Lhe qla u|lace.
Me|cu|y qildinq appea| Lhinne| and b|aie| Lhan
honey qildinq.
The I878 Paris Exhibition saw
a plethora of "Islamic"
glassware inspired by the
designs of I3th- and I4th-
century mosque lamps. Prize-
winning glassmakers included
Frenchmen Philippe-Joseph
Brocard and I. J. Imerton and
the Austrian frm of J. & L.
Arab Seres vase J. & L.
Lobmey| copied moLil uch a
a|abeque, c|oll, and Lylized
lowe| l|om Ilamic lamp.
cIB75, F. I0
I
/4in (2ocm),
$B,000-I0,000
Enamelng and gldng
Enamel i a mixLu|e ol meLal oxide and q|ound qla in
oil, painLed onLo Lhe qla Lhen heaLed Lo lx iL. 0ille|enL
colo| |equi|e dille|enL Lempe|aLu|e o Lhe p|oce ha
Lo be |epeaLed eve|al Lime. To qild a piece ol qla,
qold i applied uinq omeLhinq Lic|y uch a honey, o|
by mixinq iL wiLh me|cu|y belo|e heaLinq Lo lx iL. Many
ILh-cenLu|y Ce|man d|in|inq qlae we|e deco|aLed
wiLh Lhin, L|anpa|enL enamel. Thic|e|, opaque enamel
we|e ued on Bohemian qla l|om a|ound IB25.
MulLiple laye| ol enamel c|eaLe hiqh-|eliel enamelinq.
JAk00N
B0STEk
Jewe//nq Applying drops of
colored glass onto a piece of
glass so the "jewels" stand
proud. It is often
combined with
gilding.
Schwarzlet wne glass
Sc/wo/z/ot (blac| lead) deco|aLion
beqan in Lhe laLe I700 uinq
blac| o| b|own enamel. cI70, F.
B

/4in (22.5cm), $I,000-I,500

Lobmeyer. They all combined the techniques
of enameling, jeweling, and gilding to
produce glass decorated with vividly
colored designs, which could resemble
c/o/sonne work in their intricacy.
Each decorative technique needed to be
heated to a different temperature, which
meant that cracking was a constant hazard
during the decorative process.
I2I
Vennese 0upd beaker
The numbe| ol colo| and Lhe
qildinq on Lhi bea|e| would have
|equi|ed eve|al l|inq. cIB25, F.
4
I
/4in (IIcm), $B,000-I4,000
//ne //a/wo//
c/eote Jeto///nq
on t/e c/ot/e
8/oc/
t/ono/ent
enone/ / o/nteJ
on j/ee/onJ to
c/eote o /ant/nq
cene
0//J/nq wo ojten aeJ
to Jeco/ote t/e //n oj
o J//n//nq q/o
T/e no|ve o/nt/nq /
t,/co/ oj t/e e//oJ
Kand-werkng
The dolphin-haped Lem i lo|med
by Lhe qlama|e| manipulaLinq
and hapinq Lhe molLen qla a iL
i d|ipped onLo Lhe looL.
Alpne bettle
The hape wa lo|med uinq
paddle and pad, Lhen deco|aLed
wiLh whiLe band. cIB40-cIBo0,
F. 4
I
/2in (II.5cm), $500-700
Englsh bennet glass
AlLhouqh a mold wa ued Lo
c|eaLe Lhe paLLe|n, Lhe i||equla|
lo|m how Lhi wa handmade.
cI70, F.
I
/4in (Bcm), $400-500
Englsh water glass
A mold wiLh a low-|eliel diamond
paLLe|n inide wa ued Lo lo|m
Lhi qla. cI770, $I50-200
Kandblewn and melded glass
AlLe| Lhe qla ha been blown inLo a bubble, iL i
manipulaLed uinq wooden paddle, hollow mold, pad,
and meLal Lool Lo lo|m iL inLo Lhe dei|ed hape.
Complex lo|m uch a Lhi qobleL will be made up ol
a numbe| ol epa|aLely made componenL, which a|e
joined and lued LoqeLhe| while Lhe qla i Lill hoL.
Smalle| mae ol qla can be laLLened Lo ma|e a looL,
L|eLched inLo hape uch a Lem, o| d|ipped onLo
a lo|m and manipulaLed lu|Lhe|.
CLASS CAN BE F0RME0 uinq a va|ieLy ol Lechnique.
0nce Lechnique lo| blowinq qla had been dicove|ed by
Lhe ancienL Roman o| Fhoenician, Lhe va|ieLy ol lo|m
LhaL could be p|oduced wa d|amaLically inc|eaed. To
blow qla, Lhe qlama|e| exL|acL molLen qla l|om a
poL uinq a hollow i|on |od. Fe blow ai| Lh|ouqh Lhe |od
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
Lo expand Lhe ma inLo a bubble, and Lhen hape iL uinq
a va|ieLy ol Lool. Thi Lechnique i Lill p|acLiced Loday
buL, ove| Lhe paL Lwo cenLu|ie, oLhe| meLhod have been
inL|oduced. Thee include blowinq Lhe qla bubble inLo a
mold by hand o| machine, and injecLinq o| p|einq molLen
qla inLo a mold by machine.
Kandblewn and fermed glass
I22
Murane glass geblet
AlLhouqh made |ecenLly, Lhi
handmade piece wa p|oduced
uinq cenLu|ie-old Lechnique and
Lyle. 2004, F. I0

/4in (27cm),
$400-o00
JAk00N
B0STEk
The iron rod onto
which a hot piece of glass is
attached at the base while the
top is fnished. When the
glass is snapped off the
rod, a rough mark is
left.
0lLen a liqhLly i||equla| lo|m, wiLh a|ea on Lhe ame pa|L
ol Lhe body ol dille|enL Lhic|nee.
The p|eence ol a ponLil ma|| on Lhe bae, alLhouqh Lhi
may have been polihed away.
0eiqn wiLh applied elemenL LhaL cannoL be molded, o|
LhaL loo| Lhe ame buL va|y liqhLly upon cloe| inpecLion.
8onnet wo on
o/co/o//c J//n/
Seo c/eota/e
o/e o c/o/c
venet/on not/j
Mo/ten w//te
q/o wo J//eJ
o/oanJ t/e /oJ,
0l ass: Handbl own and mol ded gl ass
Walter ButterHy vase
Thi Ce|man vae i Lypical ol
p|e-molded qla ol Lhe Lime,
wiLh deLail on Lhe exLe|io|. I20-
0, F. B

/4in (22cm), $250-450

khmk melded vase
The Finnih company pun mold
mechanically aL hiqh peed Lo
enu|e Lhe qla p|ead evenly.
F. I0in (25.5cm), $50-I00
0epressen glass bewl
F|oduced Lo imiLaLe coLly cuL
qla, Lhe |ounded edqe how Lhe
paLLe|n i molded. F. in (7.5cm),
$20-0
KEY 0L0ES
Melded glass
The IB20 aw Lhe developmenL ol mechanized Lechnique
LhaL allowed qla Lo be p|eed inLo mold, and Lhe laLe
ILh and 20Lh cenLu|ie aw advancemenL made in Lhe
mechanical and manual Lechnique ol blowinq qla inLo
mold. All Lhee developmenL allowed qla Lo be ma-
manulacLu|ed aL low economic coL. The qla wa alo
coniLenLly |equla| in lo|m and ize. Ren Lalique
maLe|ed p|e-molded Lechnique, combininq Lhem
wiLh A|L 0eco deiqn.
Lalque melded vase
AlLhouqh much Lalique qla wa p|eed
inLo mold, iL wa alo blown inLo Lhem, a
wiLh Lhi Fo|moe vae. cI24, F. o
I
/2in (IBcm),
$I0,000-I4,000
I2J
An enLi|ely |equla| lo|m LhaL pe|hap cannoL be made eaily
by hand.
An even, Lhin diL|ibuLion ol qla ac|o a|ea ol Lhe body.
InLe|io| wiLh dep|eion LhaL maLch Lhe ouLide deco|aLion.
Rounded deLailinq, which i Loo mooLh Lo have been modeled
by hand. 0eLail may alo olLen be le lne.
Meld lnes
Low |eliel line how whe|e Lhe
Lwo pa|L ol Lhe mold we|e joined
LoqeLhe|.
0LASSMAK1N0 TE0KN1q0ES
A piece of handmade glass may
be made up of a number of
sections, which are assembled
at the last stage. The
traditional Venetian goblet on
pI22 requires three
components: the bowl, stem,
and foot. Multicolored glass
canes are melted together to
Shapng the bewl
The bae ha been
deco|aLed wiLh a l|ill
ol qla and Lhe |im i
L|eLched by hand o
LhaL iL la|e ouLwa|d.
make a striped gather, which is
blown to make the separate bowl
and foot. The stem is made by
dribbling molten glass onto the
foot and shaping it into a dolphin
with fns and a curled tail. Finally,
the bowl is joined to the stem.
For a skilled glassmaker the
process takes about 45 minutes.
T/e j/ oeo/ to w/n oat
oj t/e wote/ q/v/nq o ene
oj novenent onJ e/ect/ve
I24
The lineup
JAk00N
B0STEk
A design that has
been cut into the glass and
lies beneath the surface.
0ased and intaglio bowl and stand. cI920, H: o
I
/4in
(I5.75cm), $200-250
0K, Stevens and Wllams
ELablihed in IB47 and |nown lo| a|L qla
and qualiLy enq|aved and cuL Lablewa|e.
CuLLinq, enq|avinq, acid eLchinq, caed, and
cameo qla we|e all lacLo|y pecialiLie.
The I0 bold, abL|acL cuL-qla deiqn by
a|chiLecL KeiLh Mu||ay lo| decanLe|, vae,
and Lablewa|e a|e epecially valuable.
Flower holder attrib Libbey. Late I9th century, $700-I,000
0S, Brllant cut
In Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y, Ame|ican
qlawo||e| developed B|illianL qla. IL wa
cuL in bold, elabo|aLe paLLe|n and wa hiqhly
polihed.
The hiqh lead conLenL ha a qemli|e qualiLy.
MoLil include La|, diamond, and callop.
When L|uc| qenLly, Lhe qla ol a qood-
qualiLy piece hould |inq li|e a bell.
Bowl by Ludwig Kny. I930s, 0: I2in (30cm), $700-I,000
0K, Stuart
SLou|b|idqe-baed SLua|L & Son made ome
ol Lhe beL B|iLih A|L 0eco qla, by deiqne|
uch a Ludwiq Kny and E|ic Raviliou.
SL|onq hape combine wiLh mode|n deiqn.
MoL deiqn we|e clea| qla buL l|om Lhe
I0 ambe| and q|een we|e |einL|oduced.
0elicaLe enq|avinq i I20, abL|acL o|
qeomeL|ic, deep-cuL paLLe|n a|e I0.
Pickle jar. cI8I5, H: 7in (I7.5cm), $700-900
1reland
To ecape Lhe heavy Laxe l|om I745, B|iLih
and I|ih qlama|e| eLablihed qlahoue
in BellaL, Co||, 0ublin, and WaLe|lo|d.
IBLh-cenLu|y piece have imple qeomeL|ic
paLLe|n wiLh hallow, laLe|al band.
0iLincLive I|ih lo|m uch a canoe-haped
bowl wiLh calloped edqe and heavy, qua|e
lemon queeze| leeL |eplaced Enqlih Lyle.
0o/o/eJ q/o w/t/
jo/o/ Jeco/ot/on /
t,/co/ oj Steven
onJ W////on
TFE ANCIENT TECFNI0uE ol deco|aLinq qla by cuLLinq inLo iL u|lace wa
|evived in Ce|many and Bohemia in Lhe laLe IoLh cenLu|y. MoL
qla Lhe|e had Lhin wall, which limiLed deiqn Lo
imple, hallow-cuL paLLe|n. In Io7o, B|iLih
qlama|e| Ceo|qe Ravenc|olL developed a olL,
heavy-bodied lead c|yLal. IL wa ideal lo| deep-
cuLLinq elabo|aLe deiqn and p|im. The Lechnique
became lahionable lo| deco|aLinq qlawa|e du|inq Lhe
laLe IBLh and ILh cenLu|ie aL SLou|b|idqe in Enqland, ac|o
I|eland, and in Lhe uniLed SLaLe. 0eiqned Lo |elecL Lhe liqhL, Lhe
p|oce ol cuLLinq wiLh Lool allowed Lhe qla Lo be deco|aLed wiLh
ha|p-edqed complex paLLe|n in eiLhe| |eliel (Landinq ouL) o| inLaqlio
(incied). Thee could Lhen be polihed Lo p|oduce a mooLh, |elecLive hine.
The |epeal ol Lax on qla in B|iLain in IB45 led Lo a u|qe in Lhe p|oducLion ol
cuL qla. Fo|ced Lo compeLe wiLh B|iLih and I|ih wa|e, qlama|e| in
Bohemia, F|ance, and Belqium copied Lhe Lechnique ol cuLLinq qla, while
ac|o Lhe ALlanLic, Ame|ican qlawo||e| developed
B|illianL qla. Eu|opean qlama|e| conLinued ma|inq
L|adiLional cuL-qla deiqn in Lhe
20Lh cenLu|y buL alo inL|oduced
A|L 0eco and mode|niL Lyle.
0ut glass
T/e //q/ /eoJ content
q/ve t/e t//c/ q/o o
//////ont jn//
T/e Jee onJ /o/
catt/nq oj t/e c/eo/
/eov, q/o ex/o/t
/t /ej/oct/ve ao//t,
T/e /eov,
/eoJ c/,to/
/o o
J/t/nct/ve
q/o, t/nt
0/ononJ-
cat /oJ,
PoanJ /oJ/o//,
no/JeJ joot
I25
0l ass: 0ut 0l ass
0ased glass vase. I930s, $I2,000-I8,000
Belgum, Val St Lambert
F|om Lhe mid I20 unLil Wo|ld Wa| II, Lhe
Belqian qlahoue val SL. Lambe|L combined
L|adiLional deiqn and mode|n LaLe.
Technique include lahinq a colo|ed laye|
ol qla onLo a clea| body, which wa cuL in
|epeaLinq A|L 0eco moLil o| window laceL.
The hiqh-qualiLy lead c|yLal i deeply cuL in
bold linea|, anqula|, and qeomeL|ic paLLe|n.
Albany vase, Farquharson. I940s, H: 9
3
/4in (24.5cm), $700-900
0K, Walsh Walsh
ELablihed in Bi|minqham in IB5I, Lhe John
Walh Walh qlawo|| loo|ed Lo updaLe iL
imaqe in Lhe I?0 by employinq William Clyne
Fa|quha|on Lo deiqn in Lhe A|L 0eco Lyle.
Fiece by Clyne Fa|quha|on a|e iqned in
diamond poinL on Lhe bae.
Fopula| mode|n deiqn Kendal, Leal, and
Albany combine cuL and enq|aved qla.
0ecanter. I830-35, H: I0in (25.5cm), $250-350
0K
0epiLe Lax |eL|icLion, by Lhe ea|ly ILh
cenLu|y, many B|iLih qlama|e| we|e ma|inq
lne-cuL Lablewa|e in Lhe Lypical Reqency Lyle.
AlLe| Lhe IB45 Lax |epeal, deco|aLive
Lablewa|e uch a decanLe| became heavie|
in weiqhL wiLh elabo|aLe, deepe| cuLLinq.
0eco|aLion include |eliel, L|awbe||y
diamond, ve|Lical luLinq, and pilla| cuLLinq.
PkESSE0 0LASS
Introduced in the U5 in I827 at the New
England 0lass 0ompany near Boston,
Massachusetts, pressed glass was
mechanically made using a plunger to
press molten glass into a mold. Because it
was designed as a cheaper alternative to
cut glass, many typical cut-glass styles
and patterns were copied, including
hobnails, fans, and diamonds. Pressed
glass is usually
lighter than cut
glass.
Ldded dsh Thi Canadian dih i deco|aLed
wiLh a hobnail paLLe|n LhaL copie cuL qla.
cIBB0, F. Bin (20.5cm), $50-70
0overed beaker. I83o, H: 7
3
/4in (I9.5cm), $2,000-3,000
Beheman
Bohemian qlama|e| combined colo| and
vi|Luoo cuLLinq in Lhei| caed and Lained qla
l|om mid-ILh cenLu|y inLo Lhe 20Lh cenLu|y.
CuL qla wa olLen combined wiLh enq|aved
deco|aLion, a well a qildinq and colo|.
Fo|m and cuLLinq become mo|e qeomeL|ic
and anqula| in Lhe I?0 when A|L 0eco-
Lyle Czech cuL qla wa widely expo|Led.
Mon, J//o, /ece /ove
jon/o,ont cat Jeco/ot/on
ac/ o t// t,//zeJ /oote/
0isplay plate. I950s, 0: I4in (3ocm), $2,000-2,500
0zech
IndependenL in IIB, Czecholova|ia conLinued
Lhe Bohemian L|adiLion ol colo|lul, heavy-cuL
qla while alo inL|oducinq new loo|.
F|e Wo|ld Wa| II Czech qla diplay a
complexiLy and vi|LuoiLy ol deiqn builL up
ove| cenLu|ie ol expe|ience and L|adiLion.
AlLe| Wo|ld Wa| II, Lhe ame Lechnique
we|e ue Lo c|eaLe |adically mode|n deiqn.
T/e voe / Jee/,
cat w/t/ toqqe/eJ
e///t/co/ one/ //n/eJ
/, jne/, enq/oveJ
neonJe//nq //ne
0/o vee/
o/e j/eaent/,
cat /ot/ oat/Je
onJ /n/Je to
/eveo/ co/o/
T/e /o/J //////ont
oto/ q/o oj
8o/en/o wo /Jeo//,
a/teJ to Jeee/ no/e
e/o/o/ote catt/nq
ve/t/co/ jat/nq
//q/-ao//t,
/eoJ c/,to/
Aotc/eJ
nec/ //n
St/ow/e//,
J/ononJ
catt/nq
I2
CLASS FAS BEEN uSE0 F0R 0RINKINC veel ince anLiquiLy. The mode|n
wine qla-wiLh bowl, Lem, and looL-evolved l|om boLh Ce|man veel
embellihed wiLh blob ol hoL qla (|nown a p|unL) and IoLh- and I7Lh-
cenLu|y ophiLicaLed veneLian qobleL. 0n Lhe whole, Eu|opean counL|ie
p|oduced naLionally diLincLive Lyle, omeLime deco|aLed wiLh enamelinq o|
enq|avinq. A wide va|ieLy ol Enqlih wine qlae we|e made l|om lead qla
l|om Lhe ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y and Lhee inluenced qlama|e| ac|o Eu|ope.
The demand ol a mo|e ophiLicaLed and alluenL clienLele aw Lhe c|eaLion ol
hiqh-qualiLy qobleL wiLh diLincLive deco|aLion. La|qely in |epone Lo Lhe I745
Excie Tax on qla, Enqlih qlama|e|
|eplaced Lhe heavy baluLe| (Lhic|-
Lemmed) qla popula| in Lhe ea|ly pa|L
ol Lhe cenLu|y wiLh a malle|, liqhLe| lo|m
wiLh complex LwiL o| laceLed Lem o|
lnely enq|aved bowl.
The lineup
JAk00N
B0STEk
Kno The decorative bulge
on the stem of a drinking glass.
It takes a variety of
forms, including an egg, tear,
cylinder, cone, drop, cushion,
ball, or acorn.
0paque twist glass. cI7o5, H: oin (I5cm), $2,000-2,500
Belby glass
F|om Lhe ea|ly I7o0, William and Ma|y Beilby
ued Lhe Lechnique ol painLinq opaque whiLe
enameled deco|aLion on clea| qla.
0elicaLe deiqn ol lowe| and l|uiLinq vine,
landcape, and hunLinq and po|Linq cene.
A double e|ie opaque LwiL Lem wiLh a
conical looL i moL common.
A|mo|ial and commemo|aLive o|namenL in
colo|ed enamel i |a|e and hiqhly p|ized.
0olor twist stem glass. cI7o5, $3,500-5,000
0eler twst stem glass
F|om Lhe I7o0, qlama|e| La|Led deco|aLinq
Lem wiLh colo|ed pi|al Lh|ead. Enamel cool
aL va|yinq |aLe o Lhe colo| |od a|e l|aqile.
colo| LwiL Lend Lo be |a|e| Lhan opaque one.
Red and q|een a|e Lhe moL common colo|
ued lo| LwiL, yellow and blue a|e ve|y |a|e.
ConLinenLal copie ol Enqlih colo| LwiL a|e
made ol oda qla and have no q|ay LinL.
Pan-top glass. cI7o5, H: oin (I5cm), $800-850
0K, 0paque twst
WhiLe Lh|ead we|e encloed inide clea| qla.
0paque o| coLLon LwiL Lem lou|ihed in
Enqland l|om I7o0 Lo I7B0.
MoL opaque-LwiL Lem a|e double e|ie
(one pi|al wiLhin anoLhe|), inqle e|ie
LwiL a|e ve|y |a|e.
Made in Lh|ee piece, join a|e viible whe|e
Lhe Lem meeL Lhe looL and bowl.
Knop a|e unuual.
FA0N 0E VEN1SE
Meaning "in the style of Venice," [oon Je
Ven/se describes the ornate, quality
glassware that fourished throughout
Europe from the mid-Ioth until the early
I8th century. Typical shapes included
ornamental serving
dishes and distinctive
winged or serpent-
stemmed drinking
glasses. Most goblets
were made of a
combination of colorless
thin soda glass and blue
glass. The stems were
tooled into ornate shapes
such as mythical
beasts, loops, snake-
like patterns, and
complex geometrical
designs.
0ecerated geblet
Thi piece wa made
in Lhe Lyle ol I5Lh
cenLu|y veneLian
qla. cIo0,
F. I2
I
/4in (Icm),
$2,500-,500
I8th-century wne glasses
Fnone//nq / t//n/,
o//eJ onJ oj //q/
ao//t,
Pon to /ow/
S/nq/e e//e
ooae tw/t
co//c/ew
co//e ten
PeJ co//c/ew
co/e entw/neJ
/, //ooJ
ooae //o/
PoanJ
janne/
/ow/
0on/co/ joot
T/e o/note no/e-
///e otte/n on t/e
ten / o t,/co/
jeota/e
0oae Joa//e
e//e ten
0on/co/ jo/JeJ
joot
PoanJ janne/ /ow/
I27
0l ass: I8th- century wi ne gl asses
Molded bowl wine glass. cI730-40, $500-700
French wne glass
unLil Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, moL piece we|e made
in Lhe veneLian Lyle l|om a local qla called
ve//e Je joaqe/e (lo|eL qla). F|om Lhe ea|ly
IBLh cenLu|y, No|mandy qlahoue made
mall, liqhL wine qlae l|om qualiLy oda qla.
LaLe|, Lhe Compaqnie de C|iLalle|ie de
Bacca|aL and Lhe Loui Clawo|| beqan Lo
ma|e lead c|yLal and wenL on Lo c|eaLe
diLincLive F|ench Lyle.
Light baluster goblet. cI750, H: 7
I
/2in (I9cm), $4,000-5,000
0utch wne glass
WiLh a lonq L|adiLion ol qualiLy qlama|inq,
The Low CounL|ie we|e |enowned lo|
enq|aved qlawa|e. In Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, Lhe
0uLch adopLed Lhe Lechnique ol wheel-
enq|avinq. Lead c|yLal wa ued, which wa
well uiLed Lo wo|| on Lhe wheel.
Enq|aved deiqn include a|mo|ial, cene
celeb|aLinq baLLle, ma||iaqe, and poliLic.
Facet-stem glass. cI7o5, H: 5
I
/2in (I4cm), $500-550
Facet-stem wne glass, 0K
In |epone Lo Laxe impoed on qla l|om
I745, Enqlih qlacuLLe| |educed Lhe weiqhL
ol qlae by cuLLinq Lhe Lem wiLh complex
diamond, hexaqonal, o| plain laL paLLe|n.
A |elaLively lonq Lem i Lypical.
Towa|d Lhe end ol Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, Lhe laL
looL upe|eded Lhe conical lolded looL.
0lLen enq|aved wiLh lowe|, bi|d, inecL,
and c//no/e//e paLLe|n.
Engraved wine glass. cI730, H: 9
I
/2in (24.5cm), $7,000-I0,000
0erman wne glass
In Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, ea|ly Ce|man d|in|inq
qlae developed inLo a mo|e ophiLicaLed
Eu|opean qobleL |nown a Lhe Fo|al.
Clama|inq cenLe| developed Lhei| own Lyle.
BaLLle cene, Claical |uin, hunLinq cene,
and commemo|aLive a|mo|ial a|e Lypical.
Folihed hiqhliqhL olLen enhance Lhe
culpLu|al ellecL ol Lhe enq|avinq.
Bohemian goblet. H: 8
I
/2in (2Icm), cI700, $I,500-2,000
Beheman glass
Favinq pionee|ed Lhe lo|mula lo| a colo|le,
eay-Lo-cuL qla by addinq lime Lo Lhe |ecipe,
Lhe hiqhly accomplihed qlama|e| ol
Bohemia pe|lecLed Lhe wheel-enq|avinq.
Typically enq|aved wiLh po|L|aiL, a|mo|ial
c|eL, hunLinq cene, and landcape.
CuLLinq meLhod included culpLu|al hiqh
|eliel o| deep enq|aved inLaqlio o| a |ich
combinaLion ol boLh.
Engraved glass. cI750, o
I
/4in (Iocm), $2,000-2,500
Jacebte glassware, 0K
Clawa|e ued Lo p|omoLe Lhe caue ol Bonnie
F|ince Cha|lie we|e embellihed wiLh omeLime
ec|eLive ymbolim includinq po|L|aiL, moLLoe,
oa| leave, and Lhe ScoLLih |oe and LhiLle.
0eiqn include a|mo|ial, lowe| and
loliaqe, and poliLical loqan-uually
diamond-poinL o| wheel-enq|aved.
SLem hape include baluLe|, ai|-LwiL,
opaque-LwiL, and a mixLu|e ol Lhe Lh|ee.

Sno// /oanJeJ
janne/ /ow/
8o///n-
/noeJ
ten
8o/ate/-
/oeJ ten
S/oa/Je/-/noeJ
ten j//eJ w/t/
//o/ t//eoJ
Po/e cat joot
Fnq/ov/nq
oj coot oj
o/n
0on/co/ jo/JeJ
joot
8ow/ / enq/oveJ
w/t/ jo//oqe onJ
on /nc//t/on
0/een onJ /eJ
t//eoJ
8e//-/oe /ow/
MoJe j/on
oto/-//ne
q/o
Mo/JeJ
Jeco/ot/on
wo connon
/n t/e n/J-
I8t/ centa/,
Sgnature
A wiLh all Call vae, hi
u|name i included on Lhe body,
wiLhin Lhe deiqn.
0e Vez vase
T|ee olLen l|ame a landcape
deiqn. cII5, F. I0
I
/2in (2o.5cm),
$2,000-2,500
0aum vase
Landcape a|e common deiqn.
cII0, F. I0

/4in (27.5cm),
$,000-4,000
Themas Webb vase
WhiLe i a common colo| ued lo|
Lhe ouLe| laye|. IBB, F. I0
I
/2in
(2o.5cm), $4,500-5,000
0amee and faux camee glass
Cameo qla i made by coaLinq a qaLhe| ol qla wiLh one
o| mo|e laye| ol dille|enLly colo|ed qla. The ouLe| laye|,
and any unde|lyinq laye|, a|e Lhen |emoved in a|ea by
ca|vinq, cuLLinq, o| oLhe| hand-execuLed meLhod, Lo leave
a deiqn ma||ed ouL in Lhe dille|enLly colo|ed qla laye|.
Runninq a lnqe| ove| Lhe u|lace allow you Lo leel LhaL
Lhe deiqn and deLail a|e modeled in low |eliel.
CAME0 CLASS FAS BEEN MA0E ince ancienL Roman
Lime. IL unde|wenL a |evival du|inq Lhe ILh cenLu|y,
alLe| Lhe 0u|e ol Fo|Lland lenL Lhe Roman Fo|Lland vae
Lo Lhe B|iLih Mueum in IBI0, whe|e iL wa puL on public
diplay Lo q|eaL acclaim. IL inpi|ed B|iLain' J&J
No|Lhwood Lo p|oduce an exacL copy, a La| LhaL Loo| 20
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
yea| and aw Lhe inL|oducLion ol a |anqe ol cameo qla.
0Lhe| companie uch a Thoma Webb & Son lollowed
uiL. F|om Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y, A|L Nouveau cameo qla
wa made by F|ench maLe| Emile Call and 0aum
F|e|e, who |eached new a|LiLic heiqhL. Soon oLhe|
companie uch a Fonedale in Lhe uS joined Lhem.
0amee glass
T/e o/qon/c Je/qn /
t,/co/ oj t/e A/t Aoaveoa
novenent
Schneder vase
Thi P/vo/ne vae ha lou| laye| ol
colo|. cI2o, F. I

/4in (50cm),
$,000-4,000
I28
0all camee vase
The|e a|e lou| laye| ol colo|, wiLh
Lhe lowe|inq o|chid hown in pu|ple.
cI00, F. Bin (20cm), $I5,000-20,000
T/e /et /onJcoe
/ove o ene oj
e/ect/ve jne
Jeto// onJ tone
aqqet/nq //q/t
onJ /oJow
T/e /o,e/ /ove /een cat /oc/ onJ
/enoveJ a/nq o /nn/nq w/ee/
w//c/ /ea//e q/eot ////
T/e jo/n / con/ex
onJ t/ne conan/nq
to c/eote
T/e /ne cone
not/j on t/e nec/
ec/o t/e w/nt/,
cene /e/ow
W//te /o /een
o/t/o//, /enoveJ
to /ow /n/ tone
Two o| mo|e dille|enL colo| ol qla.
SliqhLly |aied leel Lo Lhe deiqn on Lhe u|lace.
Complex deiqn, olLen inco|po|aLinq Lheme l|om naLu|e,
a Claical ubjecL, o| Lhe human lqu|e.
SubLle Lone in colo|, achieved by pa|Lially |emovinq
a laye|.
St,//zeJ
eon,
jowe/
0l ass: 0ameo and faux cameo gl ass
Kenesdale vase
Fonedale olLen applied qilL
deco|aLion Lo Lhei| deiqn. II5-
20, F. I0in (25cm), $2,000-,000
Webb 0amee Fleur vase
The Cameo Fleu| |anqe combined
acid-eLchinq and cuLLinq. cI5,
F. I0in (25cm), $500-I,000
Stevens & Wllams camee
Thi decanLe| i pa|L ol Lhe
unuual L|anpa|enL |anqe. cIB7,
F.

/4in (24cm), $700-I,000

KEY 0L0ES
Faux camee glass
T|ue cameo qla i execuLed by hand, buL laux cameo
qla ue acid Lo |emove Lhe qla laye| and p|oduce Lhe
deiqn. The a|ea LhaL a|e Lo |emain a|e coaLed wiLh an
acid-|eiLanL laye|. The body i Lhen expoed Lo acid LhaL
eaL away aL Lhe uncoaLed qla
unLil iL i |emoved. Laye| a|e
Lhinne| Lo leL Lhi happen
laLe|. The Lechnique wa
inL|oduced Lo inc|eae
p|oducLion and cuL coL,
buL almoL became an a|L
lo|m in iL own |iqhL.
Baccarat faux camee vase
Thi looLed vae ha an acid-
eLched paLLe|n ol a 0aLu|a planL.
cI00, F. I4
I
/4in (ocm),
$I,000-I,500
T/e joot onJ
//n o/e q//JeJ
I29
0ldng
The qildinq add viual appeal and
a leelinq ol depLh.
T/e /onqe
cone /n
ene/o/J q/een
o/ onet/,t
TKE 1NFL0EN0E 0F EXK1B1T10NS
0ompanies exhibiting at the
international exhibitions
popular in the late I9th century
displayed their best, often
largest, work to showcase their
products. In I878, British
glassmaker Joseph Locke also
produced a copy of the
Portland Vase, which he
Themas Webb vase Thi complex cameo
ca|ved and Lained qou|d-haped vae i ol
exhibiLion qualiLy. Many uch wa|e we|e o
complex and labo| inLenive Lhey we|e neve|
made comme|cially. cIBBB, F. in (22.5cm),
$70,000-0,000
exhibited at the Paris Exhibition
that year. Four years later, he
emigrated to the U5 and
introduced his cameo techniques
to American glassmakers. 0ther
makers such as the 0aum
brothers were inspired to create
cameo work after seeing 0all's
display at the I889 Exhibition.
T/e /o,e/ o/e t//n /nJ/coteJ
/, t/e// t/ono/enc, onJ
jee/ jot to t/e toac/
0n/, two /n//o//, co/o/eJ
/o,e/ /ove /een aeJ
Fewe| lne deLail upon cloe| examinaLion, a Lhe p|oce
cannoL |eplicaLe hand-execuLed deLailinq.
Le ubLle Loninq o| q|adaLion Lo Lhe colo|,
o| no hadinq aL all.
The deiqn i le complex ove|all.
Fewe| dille|enL laye| ol qla.
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T/e/e / /e Jeto// on t/e /eove
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JAk00N
B0STEk
From the French word
for false, a technique or
material that copies or
fakes another such
as faux cameo or
ruby.
T/e jo/n onJ
otte/n o/e /n//eJ
/, 0//nee exon/e
IJ0
The lineup
0old Favrile vase. Early 20th century, H: oin (I5cm),
$2,000-2,800
Tffany
Fiqhly collecLable and valuable, Tillany' |anqe
ol i|idecenL qla daLe l|om IB4. 0eiqn
a|e painLed on Lo Lhe qla uinq meLal oxide.
Blue and qold a|e Lhe moL common colo|.
Typical hape a|e planL inpi|ed (lo|ilo|m).
Su|lace deco|aLion include peacoc| paLLe|n,
leaLhe|inq, L|ailinq leal, and lowe| hape.
0old iridescent vase. cI9I0, H: 9
I
/4in (23.5cm), $I,500-2,000
quezal
Fo|me| Tillany employee eL up 0uezal in
I02 and p|oduced hiqh-qualiLy qla made Lo
imiLaLe Fav|ile wa|e.
0eco|aLion mo|e |equla| Lhan on Tillany
piece, diLincLive pulled-leaLhe| paLLe|n.
Ea|ly piece we|e unma||ed and many have
been qiven lale Tillany iqnaLu|e. LaLe|
piece we|e enq|aved 0uezal in bloc| leLLe|.
undeco|aLed blue o| pu|ple piece a|e |a|e.
5teuben Aurene vase, cI9I5, H: 9in (23cm), $2,000-2,500
Steuben
SLeuben Clawo|| La|Led p|oducinq iL
Au|ene |anqe in I04, challenqinq Tillany.
Fiece have a olL, even heen.
vae, dihe, and bowl we|e made in qold
o| in blue, |ed, b|own, opaline, and q|een.
Cla wiLh u|lace deco|aLion in conL|aLinq
colo| i Lhe moL valuable.
Fiece a|e uually ma||ed Au|ene
o| SLeuben.
lonq ten
va/ne/o//e to
//eo/oqe
Clama|e| we|e l|L inpi|ed Lo c|eaLe i|idecenL qla alLe| Lhe dicove|y ol
i|idecenL Roman qla in Lhe ILh cenLu|y (ee |iqhL). Loui Comlo|L Tillany in
Lhe uS and LoeLz in AuL|ia pe|lecLed Lhe Lechnique aL a|ound Lhe ame
Lime. in IB, LoeLz exhibiLed a |anqe ol i|idecenL qla aL Lhe Chicaqo
Wo|ld' Fai|, a yea| laLe|, Tillany paLenLed hi qla, which he named Fav|ile.
BoLh Lhee A|L Nouveau |anqe we|e a q|eaL
ucce and copied by ma|e| ac|o Lhe uS
and Eu|ope. Technique va|ied. expenive a|L
qla wa made by addinq meLallic alL Lo
Lhe qla baLch. Inexpenive iLem we|e
molded and Lhen p|ayed wiLh alL while
hoL, belo|e beinq p|ayed wiLh hyd|oluo|ic
acid and dipped in vineqa|. The p|ocee
va|ied dependinq on Lhe lnih. SLeuben'
Au|ene qla |elied on alL in Lhe baLch,
which lo|med a meLal llm when heaLed, and
oLhe| chemical p|ayed on laLe| LhaL
chanqed colo| when heaLed.
1rdescent glass
Loetz vase. cI900, H: o
3
/4in (I7cm), $2,000-3,000
Leetz
LoeLz qla i dillculL Lo idenLily becaue iL wa
olLen uniqned and wa widely copied.
Finched lo|m a|e hiqhly Lypical.
Rich colo|, Lypically blue-q|een, ocaionally
wiLh |ed, qold, o| ilve| Lh|ead o| paLche
(ilve| paLche a|e |nown a oil poL).
BeL-|nown ma|| i LoeLz AuL|ia, Lhic|ly
enq|aved. Acid-eLched ma|| a|e lo|qed.
Pa//eJ-jeot/e/
Jeco/ot/on /n qo/J
onJ q/een on /vo/,
q/oanJ
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IJI
0l ass: Iri descent gl ass
0urand platinum vase. cI930, H:I4in (35.5cm), $2,500-3,000
0urand
0u|and La|Led by copyinq Tillany deiqn in
IB7. Soon alLe| Lhey made Lhei| own imple
hape uinq an ambe| qla called Ambe|q|i.
0eco|aLion included EqypLian-inpi|ed Kinq
TuL wi|l, |andom L|ail ol qla
(pide|webbinq), and peacoc| leaLhe|.
Ea|ly piece we|e uually uniqned. LaLe|
piece we|e uually ma||ed 0u|and,
omeLime ac|o Lhe leLLe| v.
0ugan diamond "0uestion Marks" compote. I9I0-20, W: o
I
/2in
(Iocm), $80-I00
0arnval glass
Ma manulacLu|ed in Lhe uS and laLe| Eu|ope
and |nown a Lhe poo| man' Tillany.
Fopula| colo| we|e ma|iqold, blue, q|een,
and pu|ple, paLel le popula|, |ed i |a|e.
FaLLe|n include 0|ienLal moLil, l|uiL, lowe|.
0eeply molded elabo|aLe paLLe|n a|e ouqhL
alLe|.
MoL ea|ly piece we|e unma||ed.
0ourd-shaped vase. cI9I0, H: I0in (25.5cm), $400-700
Kew Blas
Thi |anqe ol a|L qla wa inluenced by
0uezal. Cha|acLe|iLically, iL ha a mooLh
opalecenL (mil|y) lnih.
0eiqn Lend Lo be d|amaLic.
SymmeL|ical hape a|e deco|aLed wiLh
clea|ly delned leaLhe|ed deco|aLion in
L|onq, b|illianL colo|.
Enq|aved ma|| Kew Bla on Lhe bae.
ELched ma|| have been lo|qed.
5olifeur bud vase. cI920, H: o
3
/4in (I7cm), $350-450
1mperal
0ne ol many manulacLu|e| Lo c|eaLe i|idecenL
qla in |anqe ol dille|inq qualiLy and p|ice.
A|L qla made alLe| IIo wa olLen wo||ed
l|eehand Lo c|eaLe a L|eLched ellecL.
BeLLe| piece mimic A|L Nouveau deiqn
wiLh pulled and L|ailed paLLe|n.
Fiece may be ma||ed NuART.
k0MAN 0LASS
The ancient Roman glass unearthed at
sites around the Mediterranean in the
I9th and early 20th centuries had become
iridescent as a result of a chemical
reaction with the damp soil or sand it had
been buried in. Roman glass was of a very
high quality and so its years underground
resulted in corrosion rather than
destruction. 0lassmakers re-created its
iridescent and pitted surface, using
various chemical techniques. 5ome
glassmakers also copied
0lassical glass shapes such as
fasks and water sprinklers.
keman bettle Hasks Thee
Lwo anqaento//an (Lea| boLLle)
la| daLe l|om a|ound IL-?|d
cenLu|y .
St/onq ///Jecence /
oaq/t ojte/ /, 0o/n/vo/
q/o co//ecto/ toJo,
Fq,t/on-
/n//eJ //nq
Tat w///
0o/J eJeto/
joot
0o/J t/o///nq
v/ne Jeco/ote
t/e ///Jecent
//ae q/oanJ
Malesherbes vase
The clea| opalecenL body ha a
q|een Lain Lo hiqhliqhL Lhe A|L
0eco Lylized leal paLLe|n. cI27,
F. in (22.5cm), $2,500-,500
Perruches vase
The caed qla ha a whiLih
paLina. Thi vae i exL|emely |a|e
in |ed. cII, F. I0
I
/4in (2ocm),
$I2,000-IB,000
Melded detalng
The molded deLail a|e c|ip,
lne, and |ealiLic, and how a
va|ieLy ol depLh.
Lalquereal, fake, er cepy7
Many ol Lalique' deiqn ue moLil La|en l|om Lhe
naLu|al wo|ld uch a animal and leave, a well a
exoLically poed women. All a|e Lylized, olLen wiLh pa|ed-
down, qeomeL|ic line Lypical ol Lhe A|L 0eco Lyle. Fe
alo inco|po|aLed abL|acL qeomeL|ic paLLe|n. The baic
lo|m he ued a|e imple and unluy, aiminq Lo diplay
Lhe complex molded paLLe|n Lo iL beL advanLaqe.
AlLhouqh hi deiqn we|e p|oduced uinq
mechanical meLhod, oLhe| Lechnique uch a
Laininq and l|oLinq we|e done by hand.
FRENCF 0ESICNER REN LALI0uE (IBo0-I45) i Lhe
beL-|nown ma|e| ol molded, opalecenL qla. Fe beqan
hi ca|ee| by deiqninq jewel|y, expe|imenLinq wiLh qla
in Lhe IB0 when he alo c|eaLed deiqn lo| pe|lume
boLLle. Thi p|oved uccelul and by III he
concenL|aLed only on qla, p|oducinq moL ol hi beL
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
deiqn du|inq Lhe I20 and 0. Fi company p|oduced
p|e-molded o| mold-blown vae, bowl, pe|lume
boLLle, and lqu|ine LhaL have become hiqhly dei|able
and valuable Loday. Fi Lylized A|L 0eco deiqn Lend Lo
be Lhe moL ouqhL alLe|. 0ue Lo iL popula|iLy, hi wo||
ha been copied and la|ed eve| ince iL wa l|L made.
Authentc Lalque
JAk00N
B0STEk
0u/escent 0lass with a
soft, milky blue sheen that
emulates the opal gemstone.
It is created by adding
metal oxide chemicals
to the glass mix.
IJ2
Bacchantes vase
Thi ameLhyL qla vae ha a
epia paLina (b|own Lain) and i
molded wiLh dancinq women,
each in a dille|enL and lile-li|e
poe. cI27, F. I0in (25cm),
$B,000-I2,000
At//et/c wonen
/n ext/ovoqont
oe o/e o
/eca///nq A/t
0eco t/ene
Mo/JeJ o// oj o/o/eet
(pe||uche /n //enc/ on o
jowe//nq //onc/
Sto/n/nq t/e a/joce w/t/
onot/e/ co/o/ /e/ to
//q///q/t t/e no/JeJ Je/qn
Lalique' deiqn we|e molded, wiLh Lhe molLen qla beinq
p|eed o| blown inLo a mold.
SLylized moLil l|om Lhe naLu|al wo|ld a|e Lypical.
RepeaLed moLil qene|ally cove| Lhe enLi|e piece.
Clea| opalecenL qla i Lypical (Lhouqh he alo ued many oLhe|
L|anpa|enL colo|).
0l ass: Lal i que-real , fake, or copy?
Peer deHnten
The molded deLail a|e noL a
c|ip o| a lnely modeled a on
auLhenLic example.
Fake Bacchantes
Thi la|e vae ha an
acid-eLched Lalique ma||
Lo Lhe bae. IL i Loo mall
Lo be a |eal Lalique vae.
I0, F. oin (I5cm),
$50-70
LAL1q0E S10NAT0kES
KEY 0L0ES
Virtually all Lalique glass is
marked on the base with a
variation on the name
"R. Lalique," which may be
molded, etched, engraved, or
sandblasted using a stencil. It
can give a clue to the period a
piece was produced in, how it
was made, and if it is authentic.
Engraved
sgnature
Enq|aved ma||
we|e uually ued on
mold-blown piece.
The incluion ol Lhe
iniLial R daLe Lhi
Lo belo|e I45.
0epes and fakes
Lalique' deiqn have been copied and la|ed ince Lhe
I0. While a la|e i made Lo delibe|aLely deceive, a copy
i imply in Lhe Lyle ol Lalique. Many copie and la|e
we|e p|oduced in Czecholova|ia. F|ench lacLo|ie alo
copied hi deiqn, buL ome uch a ELlinq and Sabino
we|e inpi|ed by Lhem and p|oduced deiqn ol Lhei| own
LhaL imiLaLe Lalique. Copie and la|e a|e Lypically noL
a well molded, wiLh le p|onounced deLailinq.
Colo| and hape may alo be dille|enL l|om Lhoe
ued on auLhenLic deiqn.
Bacchantes style
Thi uniqned Czecholova|ian
clea| a|L qla vae i in Lhe Lyle
ol Ren Lalique. I0, $I00-I50
A molded name uses simple,
blocky capital letters and was
usually used on pressed pieces.
From the late I920s, the words
"France" or "Made in France"
were often included, but not
"Paris." His forename "Ren" was
never used and, after his death in
I945, only his surname was used.
IJJ
TkA0E
SE0kETS
Examine signatures carefully
for consistency-an
initial "R" is often added to
make a later piece appear
as if it is earlier and therefore
more desirable. If a signature
includes the symbol, that piece
was made after I980. 0lear,
colorless Lalique glass
produced before I945
tends to fuoresce under
ultraviolet light.
The molded deLail a|e noL a lne, wiLh wea|e|, le
p|eciely delned modelinq.
Colo| ol qla a|e noL Lhoe ued by Lalique.
The hape and ize ol Lhe body i olLen dille|enL.
The Lalique ma|| can be in a Lyle o| poiLion noL ued on
auLhenLic piece.
lo//ae J/J not ae t//
/ec/e jo/n o/ Je/qn w//c/
/ /oeJ on // 8occ/onte
voe (ee /ejt
lo//ae J/J not
ae t// co/o/
oj q/o
1ntarse vase by Barever
T|ianqula| tee/oe a|e applied Lo
clea| qla and Lhe vae blown Lo
expand iL. IoI, F. I2
I
/4in (Icm),
$,500-5,000
Pezzate vase by Fulve
Bancen fer Venn
Flaylul ezzoto (paLchwo||) i
c|eaLed wiLh qua|e ol qla. cI50,
F. Bin (20.5cm), $B,000-I0,000
Vase by Ansele Fuga
fer AVEM
ve|Lical colo|ed cane in a
paLLe|n |nown a a conne a|e
combined wiLh a band ol mu||ine.
cIo0, F.

/4in (25cm),
$,500-5,000
Murane glass
Many L|adiLional Lechnique we|e |evived in innovaLive
way Lo c|eaLe a new loo| in Mu|ano qla. Mu||ine -
mall colo|ed tee/oe ued Lo deco|aLe Lhe u|lace ol a
piece ol qla-we|e ued in mode|n colo| combinaLion
LhaL exp|eed poLwa| exube|ance. 0eiqn
exaqqe|aLed Lhe viual ellecL ol Lechnique uch
a lampwo||, Lhe ue ol colo|ed cane (j//q/ono
qla), and caed and colo|ed qla (onne/o).
A lew deiqne| combined mu||ine wiLh Lhe
Lechnique ol j//q/ono and zonj//co-|od
conLaininq lace-li|e LwiL ol colo|ed qla Lh|ead.
F0ST W0RL0 WAR II 20TF-CENTuRY qla l|om
Lhe veneLian iland ol Mu|ano ha an un|ivaled va|ieLy,
conldence, and lai|. F|om Lhe laLe I40, innovaLive
qlama|inq made a |eu|qence on Mu|ano alLe| decade
ol LaqnaLion. Clama|inq lamilie, who had been conLenL
Lo c|eaLe qla in ale, hiLo|ical Lyle, collabo|aLed wiLh
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
Exube|anL and Lylih deiqn ue a combinaLion ol
vib|anL colo| and abL|acL deco|aLion.
Thic|ly blown vae ol imple, mode|n lo|m olLen
have elabo|aLe colo|ed deco|aLion.
Fiece may be iqned on Lhe bae by Lhe a|LiL o|
Lhe lacLo|y.
inLe|naLional a|LiL who had L|ained a painLe|, culpLo|,
and a|chiLecL. The |eulL wa imaqinaLive deiqn
inLe|p|eLed by |illed qlama|e|, which |evoluLionized
ILalian qla deiqn. Named deiqne| p|oduced one-oll and
limiLed-p|oducLion piece lo| Lhe majo| lacLo|ie, which, in
Lu|n, inpi|ed ma-p|oduced piece l|om malle| ma|e|.
Murane art glass
Margherta and Kku Vase
In Lhi piece by E|manno Too,
mu||ine a|e a||anqed inLo a
n///ejo// paLLe|n. Io0, F. B
I
/2in
(22cm), $7,000-000
IJ4
T/e J/oqono/ //n
///nq on o,nnet//co/
a/// to o t/oJ/t/ono/
voe /oe
W
A
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, t
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V
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in
i

(h
a
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d
k
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r
c
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f
)
v
a
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id
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v
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e
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q
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a
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it
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.
Murrnes
The qla cane and mu||ine
a|e eL on clea| qla.
0o/, onJ
c//,ont/enan
na///ne
IJ5
0l ass: Murano gl ass
Sculptural ashtray
The qlama|e| inL|oduced
bubble inLo Lhe qla belo|e
pullinq and cu|linq Lhe |im. I50,
W. B
I
/2in (2I.5cm), $50-0
Semmerse vase
The L|onq colo| aociaLed wiLh
Mu|ano can be een he|e. IL bea|
Lhe |emain ol iL o|iqinal label.
I50, F. 4
I
/2in (II.5cm), $B0-I20
Kandkerchef-style vase
Thi ma-p|oduced vae lac| Lhe
delicaLe, naLu|aliLic lold ol Lhe
laLe I40 /ozzo/ett/ vae. cIo0,
F. oin (I5cm), $200-00
Table lamp base
In Lhi piece, colo|ed qla |ibbon
we|e LwiLed inLo a pi|al and
caed in clea| qla. cIo0, F.
IB
I
/2in (47cm), $400-500
q0AL1TY M0kAN0 0LASS
KEY 0L0ES
Simple hape and L|onq, conL|aLinq colo|.
SLylized deiqn a|e mo|e cone|vaLive Lhan Lhei|
a|L-qla counLe|pa|L and lac| individual lai|.
Sonne/o piece may be laceL-cuL Lo add
viual inLe|eL.
The qla i olLen uniqned o| bea| a pape| label
idenLilyinq iL only a a piece ol Mu|ano qla.
0eed: A onne/o L|iple-
caed wan. AlLhouqh noL
aLL|ibuLed, Lhi i hiqh-qualiLy
Lou|iL wa|e. I50, F. I5
I
/2in
(7cm), $200-250
Murane factery glass
Many malle| Mu|ano lacLo|ie adapLed Lhe new
Lechnique and qla Lyle ued by Lhei| la|qe| neiqhbo|
Lo c|eaLe a |anqe ol qlawa|e uch a ahL|ay, lqu|e,
and o|namenL-many ol Lhem aimed aL venice' q|owinq
Lou|iL L|ade. Fo| example, Lhe onne/o Lechnique (ee
ppIIB-II) pe|lecLed by venini in I4 wa oon beinq
exploiLed by malle| wo||hop. Becaue Lhee piece
had Lo be manulacLu|ed in la|qe numbe| and ell lo|
modeL p|ice, Lhe deiqn we|e |epL |elaLively
imple Lo ma|e even Lhouqh Lhey |equi|ed
Lechnical |ill.
Semmerse vase
Fo| a |illed qlama|e| Lhe
o|qanic aymmeL|ic hape
ol Lhi L|iple-caed
onne/o vae wa eay
Lo p|oduce. cI50, F. IIin
(2Bcm), $250-50
Better: Aleand|o
Fianon encaed Lhi
a/c/no (chic|) in
LexLu|ed qla. IL eye
a|e mu||ine. IoI-o2,
F. B

/4in (22cm),
$,500-5,000
lo,e/ oj /n/ a//e
onJ //ae o/e coeJ /n
c/eo/ q/o
T/e /oe ec/oe
t/e jow/nq ao//t,
oj no/ten q/o
Best: Thi blown-qla
piqeon l|om E|cole
Ba|ovie|' F|imave|a
e|ie i one ol lou|
|nown example.
I2, F. I2
I
/2in
(Icm), $I4,000-
I7,000
IJ
The lineup
0inosaur. 2003, H: I5in (38cm), $35,000-50,000
Lne Taglapetra, 1taly
0eiqne| and qlama|e| Lino TaqliapieL|a wa
app|enLiced Lo Mu|anee qlama|e|
A|chimede Sequo aL Lhe aqe ol II.
Combine claic and conLempo|a|y-
veneLian lliq|ee on a vae o| culpLu|e pulled
o| blown inLo an exaqqe|aLed hape.
The opLical ellecL ol expandinq Lhe lliq|ee
deco|aLion i enhanced by cuLLinq Lhe qla.
Fazzoletto vase by Fulvio Bianconi, made by Venini. cI950, H:
5
3
/4in (I4.5cm), $2,000-3,000
Fulve Bancen, 1taly
The /ozzo/etto (hand|e|chiel) vae i an icon ol
poLwa| ILalian qla. IL wa developed by
Faolo venini and Fulvio Bianconi in I4B-4.
IL ha been made in a va|ieLy ol Lype ol
qla, colo|, ize, and deco|aLion.
AuLhenLic piece a|e upe|b qualiLy wiLh an
acid-eLched venini Mu|ano ma||.
0riente jug made by Aureliano Toso. cI954, H: I3in (32.5cm),
$I0,000-I5,000
0ne Martens, 1taly
A|LiL-deiqne| 0ino Ma|Len deiqned lo|
Au|eliano Too and lo| SalviaLi.
Focu i on colo| and deco|aLion noL lo|m.
AL SalviaLi, Ma|Len deiqned veel wiLh
elabo|aLe handle and pouL LhaL made an
i||eve|enL |ele|ence Lo L|adiLional veneLian
e|penL-Lemmed d|in|inq veel.
TFR0uCF0uT TFE 20TF cenLu|y, qlama|e| combined L|adiLional
Lechnique and inpi|inq idea Lo c|eaLe innovaLive deiqn. The
ucce ol cameo and i|idecenL qla in Lhe ea|ly yea| ol Lhe
20Lh cenLu|y wa lollowed by LhaL ol Lalique wiLh p|eed and
mold-blown qla. In Scandinavia, L|apped ai| and enq|avinq
Lechnique we|e La|en Lo new level ol ophiLicaLion in Lhe
cool, eleqanL qla p|oduced aL KoLa Boda, 0||elo|,
Folmqaa|d, and Riihima|i. Scandinavian alo made
LexLu|ed qla. Thei| qla inpi|ed B|iLih lacLo|ie uch
a WhiLel|ia| in Lhe Io0. 0n Lhe veneLian iland ol
Mu|ano, L|adiLional Lechnique we|e updaLed in bold
colo| and new hape by 0ino Ma|Len, Fulvio
Bianconi, and Lino TaqliapieL|a. The inluence ol Lhi
l|eh wave ol qla deiqn can be een in Lhe wo||
ol Ludio a|LiL uch a Lhe Ame|ican 0ale
Chihuly, whoe qla culpLu|e and chandelie|
|ep|eenL a new a|L lo|m.
20th-century glass
Vase by Vicke Lindstrand, for Kosta. cI9o0, H: o
3
/4in
(I7.5cm), $500-o00
Kesta, Sweden
The Lyle LhaL came Lo epiLomize I50
Scandinavian qla wa popula|ized by vic|e
LindL|and aL KoLa. KoLa me|qed wiLh Lhe
Boda and Alo| lacLo|ie in Io4 and wiLh
0||elo| in I0.
LindL|and' heavy, blown, clea|-caed a|L
and domeLic qla uually leaLu|ed imple,
Lhic|-walled, cu|vilinea|, o|qanic hape.
InLe|nal deco|aLion included pi|al and
ve|Lical L|ipe, L|apped-ai| Lechnique, and
paLLe|n c|eaLed by L|apped ai| bubble.
0eco/ot/on
oj co/o/eJ
/nte/no/
t//eoJ /
/onJon/,
o//eJ
I//eqa/o//,
/oeJ /onJ
oj co/o/eJ
q/o
lo/qe owJe/
/nc/a/on
lo/qe na///ne
/o/J o/e
Je/qneJ to /oo/
///e o jo///nq
/onJ/e/c//ej
0/o et w/t/
j//q/ee
Jeco/ot/on
/ a//eJ /nto
o //o/
IJ7
0l ass: 20th- century gl ass
0arnival Persian 5et comprising I2 pieces. 2000, W: 22in
(5ocm), $35,000-50,000
0ale 0hhuly, 0S
Chihuly i |nown lo| hi complex, culpLu|al lo|m,
which a|e made by a Leam ol qlablowe|.
Known lo| deiqn leaLu|inq inLene, vib|anL
colo|ed qla enhanced wiLh qla Lh|ead.
Wo|| |anqe l|om inqle veel Lo maive
chandelie| made up ol many componenL
and aembled on a meLal l|ame.
"0exel-Ei" (egg) Ikora-Kristall vase by Walter 0exel. I937, H:
5
I
/2in (I4cm), $200-350
WMF, 0ermany
The Wu|LLembe|qiche MeLallwa|enlab|i|
(WMF) i beL |nown lo| iL A|L Nouveau
meLalwa|e buL alo p|oduced Lwo uccelul
qla |anqe. My|a-K|iLall and I|o|a-K|iLall.
I|o|a wa made in many hape, colo|, and
deco|aLion, much ol iL Lhic|, caed qla.
0eco|aLion wa olLen complex.
0enie Bottle designed by Wayne Husted for Blenko. cI9o0,
$500-I,000
Blenke, 0S
William John Blen|o beqan by pecializinq in
Lained qla in I22. When demand lell
Lowa|d Lhe end ol Lhe decade, he developed a
|anqe ol b|iqhLly colo|ed domeLic qlawa|e.
MoL qla wa made in vivid, inqle colo|.
In Lhe I50, Wayne FuLed beqan a e|ie
ol la|qe, haped decanLe|. The la|qe| and
mo|e vib|anL piece in mo|e ouL|aqeou
hape command a p|emium.
0raal vase with aquarium design. cI950, H: 7
3
/4in (20cm),
$I,000-I,500
0rrefers, Sweden
InnovaLive deiqne| and a |illed wo||lo|ce puL
0||elo| aL Lhe lo|el|onL ol C20Lh qla deiqn.
The C|aal Lechnique coniL ol colo|ed
deco|aLion held beLween Lwo clea| laye|.
0||elo| alo pionee|ed Lhe A|iel Lechnique
whe|e andblaLed channel o| hole L|ap ai|
when Lhe ouLe| laye| ol qla i applied.
"0runken Bricklayer" vase. cI970, H: I3in (33.5cm),
$2,000-2,500
Whtefrars, 0K
In Lhe Io0, Ceoll|ey BaxLe| eLablihed a
new loo| wiLh Scandinavian-inpi|ed deiqn,
many in |elaLively L|onq colo|.
BaxLe|' expe|imenL wiLh LexLu|e Lo c|eaLe
piece uch a Ba|| and Banjo vae a|e now
een a quinLeenLial Io0 deiqn.
WhiLel|ia| qla wa unma||ed and
uniqned, alLhouqh iL i poible Lo lnd piece
bea|inq Lhe o|iqinal pape| label.
0rain Barn vase by Helena Tynell. cI970, H: 8
I
/4in (2Icm),
$200-250
khmk, Fnland
In Lhe I?0, Lhe Riihima|i lacLo|y o|qanized
deiqn compeLiLion lo| qood, mode|n piece.
In Lhe I50 and o0, Felena Tynell, Nanny
SLill, and Tama|a Aladin
dominaLed iL deiqn.
0uLpuL include mold-
blown boLLle vae,
caed vae in
undulaLinq hape,
and LexLu|ed qla.
JAk00N
B0STEk
0roups of air
bubbles accidentally caught
in a piece of glass are
referred to as seeds.
0on//not/on oj
/o/J /oe onJ
co/o/ onJ
texta/eJ
a/joce
T/e otte/n
ec/oe t/e
ca/voceoa
/oe
0/onqe-/eJ
q/o w/t/ jne
/onJon /nte/no/
o// /a///e
T/e J/t/nct/ve
o,nnet//co/
0/an/en
8//c//o,e/ / o
8oxte/ c/o/c
T// co/o/ /
/nown o
//nqj/e/
T// co/o/ /
/nown o
Tonqe//ne

I40
Renaiance meLalwa|e, olLen lavih qold o| ilve| piece,
wa p|ohibiLively expenive and uually Lhe p|ee|ve ol Lhe
Chu|ch o| mona|chy. F|om Lhe ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y, howeve|,
ilve|wa|e became Leadily mo|e allo|dable.
The ea|lieL lo|m ol ilve|wa|e lo| domeLic ue we|e Lhe
imple, cylind|ical bea|e| in Lhe I5Lh cenLu|y and Lhe olid
ilve| Lan|a|d wiLh hinqed cove|, de|ived l|om ea|lie|,
wooden example and made Lowa|d Lhe end ol Lhe IoLh
cenLu|y. Spoon we|e Lhe ea|lieL lo|m ol laLwa|e. Fo||
we|e only ued lo| eaLinq weeL lood unLil Lhe IoLh
cenLu|y in Eu|ope and Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y in B|iLain.
Early slverware
0u|inq Lhe I700, new paLime ol La|inq Lea, collee, and
chocolaLe c|eaLed a demand amonq Lhe wealLhy lo| Lylih
veel l|om which Lo e|ve and d|in| Lhem. Silve|miLh
|eponded Lo Lhi by c|eaLinq LeapoL, collee poL, and
chocolaLe poL, alonq wiLh nume|ou acceo|ie uch a
uqa| bowl, c|eam juq, and Lea caddie. AnoLhe| popula|
paLime wa wine d|in|inq, which led Lo Lhe developmenL
ol Lhe ilve| wine coole| and Lhe MonLeiLh-a ilve| bowl
wiLh a noLched |im ued lo| holdinq Lhe
Lem ol wine qlae while Lhe
bowl we|e upended in iced
waLe| lo| chillinq.
Ea|ly candleLic| Lended Lo
be imple allai| |aied
(hamme|ed) l|om heeL ilve|.
Towa|d Lhe end ol Lhe I7Lh
cenLu|y, FuquenoL c|alLmen
METALWAkE
JAk00N
B0STEk
The process of
shaping hollow silverwares
by hammering sheet metal
rotated on a stake or
anvil.
Kelmet-shaped ewer
Silve|miLh lound ilve| Lhe
pe|lecL maLe|ial lo| enq|avinq
wiLh a|mo|ial (coaL ol a|m).
Thi Loui XIv F|ench ewe|
leaLu|e a coaL ol a|m and
applied leave a|ound Lhe bae.
Jesef Lerenzl Hgure
A|L 0eco deiqne| in
pa|Licula| wo||ed wiLh
b|onze, epecially lo|
modellinq Lhe eleqanL
lemale lqu|e LhaL came
Lo epiLomize Lhe Lyle.
I4I
inL|oduced meLhod ol ma|inq olid ilve| candleLic| by
caLinq Lhe componenL-bae, Lem, and conce-
epa|aLely and olde|inq Lhem LoqeLhe|. Thee caL
candleLic| we|e heavie| and mo|e du|able and could
La|e mo|e elabo|aLe lo|m ol deco|aLion.
Technoloqical advance meanL LhaL, by Lhe end ol Lhe
IBLh cenLu|y, candleLic| could be ma p|oduced-wiLh
la|qe| numbe| Lamped l|om |olled heeL meLal and
loaded (weiqhLed wiLh bae meLal) lo| LabiliLy.
CandleLic| and candelab|a we|e uually in maLchinq
pai|. Ea|ly candelab|a-l|om Lhe mid-I7Lh Lo laLe IBLh
cenLu|y-we|e imple, wiLh juL one o| Lwo b|anche.
LaLe|, mo|e b|anche we|e added. The IBLh cenLu|y alo
aw Lhe inL|oducLion ol maLchinq eL ol cuLle|y.
Prevalng styles
AL Lhe Lu|n ol Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, ilve|wa|e Lended Lo be
imple in deiqn, wiLh minimal deco|aLion. A Lhe cenLu|y
p|oq|eed, howeve|, deiqn |elecLed Lhe Rococo Lyle
l|om F|ance, epiLomized by Lhe wo|| ol JuLe-Au|ele
Meionnie|, who p|oduced lavih wa|e deco|aLed wiLh a
ma ol c|ollwo||, ca|Louche, and hell. Towa|d Lhe end
ol Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, wiLh L|end movinq Lo Lhe |eL|ained
Neoclaical Lyle, deiqn we|e imple| and mo|e eleqanL.
0eiqne| lavo|ed plain u|lace wiLh Lhe minimum ol
enq|aved o| applied o|namenL. 0eiqn ol Lhe ea|ly ILh
cenLu|y |elecLed Lhe q|andeu| ol Lhe Empi|e and Reqency
Lyle, while Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y aw ilve|wa|e in a
|anqe ol |ival Lyle, p|edominanLly Rococo.
20th-century metalware
Towa|d Lhe end ol Lhe ILh cenLu|y, |eiLance Lo ma
p|oducLion encou|aqed a |eLu|n Lo hand p|oducLion. Thi
|eulLed in hiqh-qualiLy piece made in Lhe A|L and C|alL
Lyle, Lhen in Lhe A|L Nouveau and A|L 0eco Lyle.
Wo||inq wiLh coppe|, b|a, and b|onze a well a ilve|,
deiqne| p|oduced candleLic|, d|in|inq veel, eleqanL
vae, boxe, alve|, and liqhL lLLinq.
0ominanL name a|e Joel Follman ol Lhe Wiene|
We||LaLLe, who p|oduced |ecLilinea| piece pie|ced wiLh
qeomeL|ic hape, Libe|Ly & Co. in Enqland, inpi|ed by
CelLic a|L, and Lhe Royc|olLe| in Lhe uS, wiLh Lhei| hand-
hamme|ed coppe| wa|e. A numbe| ol companie,
includinq Lhe Ce|man lacLo|y Wu|LLembu|qiche
MeLallenwe|| Fab|i| (WMF), ma-p|oduced deiqn.
Foibly Lhe name moL aociaLed wiLh 20Lh-cenLu|y
ilve|wa|e i 0anih company Ceo|q Jenen. Founded in
I04, Lhe name Ceo|q Jenen i ynonymou wiLh Lhe A|L
Nouveau deiqn he c|eaLed in Lhe ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y. Fi
company conLinue Lo p|oduce ilve| ol excepLional qualiLy.
Slver-plated bex
A manulacLu|inq p|ocee advanced,
deiqne| expe|imenLed wiLh hape and combined
ilve| piece wiLh oLhe| innovaLive maLe|ial uch
a Ba|eliLe.
Art Neuveau cup
and cever
Thi ilve| and enamel
pedeLal cup and cove| by
Euqene FeuillaL|e illuL|aLe Lhe
L|end lo| enamelinq ilve|wa|e
LhaL a|oe du|inq Lhe A|L
Nouveau e|a.
Jehn Emes teapet
London ilve|miLh John Eme wa well |nown
lo| piece in Lhe Empi|e Lyle. Typical deLail
he|e include Lhe C|ee| |ey paLLe|n and
exaqqe|aLed deiqn ol Lhe handle.
I42
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Fn/oeJ
Jeco/ot/on
FRECI0uS METALS SuCF AS SILvER a|e valued lo| Lhei|
inL|inic wo|Lh alLhouqh Lhe lnihed deiqn may be la|
mo|e valuable Lhan Lhi. Many piece have been melLed
down Lo ma|e coin in Lime ol c|ii. Much ilve| i
ma||ed, yeL Lhee ma|| cannoL alway be |elied
on a Lhey may have been la|ed o| alLe|ed Lo
enhance Lhe value ol a piece. So, iL i
impo|LanL Lo |now whaL ele Lo loo|
lo|, Lo ma|e u|e Lhe ma|| a|e
Lellinq Lhe L|uLh o| Lo help Lo
idenLily an unma||ed piece.
Engne turnng
Fa|allel line, uually cu|ved, a|e cuL inLo
ilve| uinq a machine-d|iven laLhe.
InL|oduced in Lhe laLe IBLh cenLu|y, iL wa
moLly ued Lo deco|aLe mall iLem uch
a nullboxe and vinaiq|eLLe.
Brght cut engravng
A paLLe|n i cuL inLo Lhe u|lace ol a piece
ol ilve|. The cuL a|e made aL an anqle Lo
c|eaLe laceL LhaL |elecL Lhe liqhL. CuL
a|e eaily wo|n Lh|ouqh ove|polihinq,
which will |educe value.
0eceraten
The b|ielnq
0hasng
The oppoiLe Lechnique Lo emboinq. a
|eliel deiqn i c|eaLed on Lhe l|onL
u|lace uinq a hamme| and punch Lo
puh Lhe ilve| bac|wa|d. Chainq leave
blu||ed ma|| on Lhe bac| ol Lhe ilve|.
0leser nspecten
Examine Lhe ove|all hape ol Lhe piece and iL deLail, includinq Lhe
unde|ide whe|e all o|L ol clue may have been lelL by Lhe ma|e|.
0eerge 111 Samuel 0eurtauld Lenden ceffee pet
The poL ha a baluLe| hape, emboed deco|aLion, an ivo|y handle, and
ma|| Lo Lhe bae and cove|. I7o, F. II
I
/2in (2cm)
Soat
Embessng
Alo called |epou, a |eliel paLLe|n i
c|eaLed on Lhe l|onL ol a Lhin piece ol
ilve| by hamme|inq iL l|om Lhe bac|,
leavinq deep indenLaLion.
Leekng at slver
Enamelng
Colo|ed q|ound qla bound inLo a paLe
i placed on a meLal bae and heaLed Lo
eL iL. IL can be painLed on uinq a b|uh
o| eL inLo q|oove o| compa|LmenL. The
Lechnique wa |evived in Lhe ILh cenLu|y.
0oJ/oon/nq
I4J
S l verware: The bri efi ng
Marks
Loo| Lo ee wheLhe| Lhe
piece ha any ma||. A
B|iLih piece will Lypically
have lou|. Each ma|| e|ve a
dille|enL pu|poe. iL Lell you
whe|e Lhe piece wa made,
who by, when, and wiLh whaL
Landa|d ol ilve|. Chec| lo|,
lo| inLance, a |ooLe|, lion,
c|owned ha|p, c|own, o|
oLhe| ymbol-each ha iL
own meaninq. See ?I8-
?I jo/ no/e /njo/not/on
Ld er cever
Il Lhe|e i mo|e Lhan one pa|L Lo a piece, uch a a lid o| cove|,
chec| Lo ee wheLhe| LhaL Loo i hallma||ed, qivinq you mo|e clue
Lo idenLiLy. See ?I8-?I jo/ no/e /njo/not/on on //ve/ no//
What te leek at
Kandle
Il Lhe|e i a handle chec|
whaL iL i made l|om. iL
may be olid ilve| o| ol
anoLhe| maLe|ial uch a
wood, bone, o|, a he|e,
ivo|y. The hape ol Lhe
handle may alo qive a clue
Lo Lhe aqe ol Lhe piece. Thi
c|ollinq hape i Lypical ol
Lhe Rococo Lyle in Lhe mid-
IBLh cenLu|y, which La|Led
in F|ance and inluenced
Ceo|qian ilve|. See ??0-
??J jo/ no/e on //ve/ onJ
neto/wo/e /oe
0eceratve style
Loo| aL Lhe moLil ued and
Lhei| L|eaLmenL. The
aymmeL|ical hellwo|| he|e
and loliaqe paLLe|n above a|e
Lypical ol Lhe lively cu|ve and
naLu|aliLic Lheme LhaL
cha|acLe|ize Rococo. The
qad|ooninq on Lhe bae and
lid, on Lhe oLhe| hand, i a
Claical moLil, olLen ued
Lo edqe ilve|. See ?0-?0
jo/ not/j
Jents and seams
Chec| all u|lace lo| eam line LhaL Lell you Lhe piece
ha caL componenL. Il Lhe u|lace i |ubbed and you
can ee a coppe| qlow iL i plaLe |aLhe| Lhan olid ilve|.
0eceratve technque
Il Lhe piece i deco|aLed, L|y
Lo wo|| ouL whaL Lechnique
ha been ued. Thi poL i
emboed, qivinq iL a |eliel
paLLe|n. Emboinq i olLen
ued in conjuncLion wiLh
chainq. See /ox oo/te
KEY FA0TS
Marc Auguste Lebrun pet
Thi wan-nec|ed ovoid collee poL
i inpi|ed by Lhe impliciLy ol
Enqlih Ceo|qian ilve|. cIBI0,
F. I
I
/2in (4cm), $,500-4,500
0ressand sweetmeat dsh
Raied on lou| claw leeL, Lhi boaL-
haped dih i ado|ned wiLh Claical
ea nymph amid eaweed. cIB25,
L. I0in (25cm), $I0,000-I5,000
Neeclasscal slver
The hape and deco|aLive vocabula|y
ol C|ee| and Roman anLiquiLy we|e adopLed
by ilve|miLh in inca|naLion l|om Lhe ea|ly
qoat q/ec Lo mo|e |eL|ained and eleqanL
deiqn. Thee leaLu|ed moLil uch a c|ollinq
acanLhu leave, luLinq, and ma| head. The
Empi|e LaLe lo| L|onq, heavy lo|m and opulenL
culpLu|al deco|aLion mi||o|inq anLique
p|oLoLype enjoyed a |evival in F|ance in Lhe mid-
ILh cenLu|y. Royal a well a hiqhly placed
paL|on and inLiLuLion ac|o Eu|ope o|de|ed
maqnilcenL ilve| lo| Lhe dininq Lable l|om celeb|aLed
ilve|miLh, includinq Jean-BapLiLe Claude 0dioL
and Ma|c Jacqua|L.
TFE NE0CLASSICAL STYLE l|L developed in F|ance in
Lhe I750, wiLh deiqne| and ilve|miLh adopLinq
Claical u|n and lanLe|n hape lo| eve|yLhinq l|om
LeapoL Lo Lwo-handled vae, Co|inLhian column lo|
candleLic|, and L|ipod lo|m lo| candelab|a and pe|lume
bu|ne|. Thee we|e embellihed wiLh o|namenLal moLil
The p|ime upecL
copied l|om C|ee| and Roman a|chiLecLu|e. In B|iLain, Lhe
Lyle wa inluenced by Lhe laLeL paLLe|n boo| a well a
impo|L l|om ab|oad and Lhe neaL and lo|mal |ende|inq ol
Lhe EL|ucan anLique championed by ScoLLih a|chiLecL
Robe|L Adam. In Lhe uS, Lhe Fede|al Lyle inLe|p|eLed
Neoclaical wiLh a diLincLive Ame|ican lavo|.
French
Marc Jacquart cruet stand
FalmeLLe and a column Lopped
wiLh a pha|oah' head a|e Lypical
EqypLian moLil. cIB00, F. I2
I
/4in
(Icm), $2,000-,000
I44
0enHturer
Made by Jean-BapLiLe Claude 0dioL,
Lhi conlLu|ie| wa lo| e|vinq jam
and Lewed l|uiL. The luLed pedeLal
hold I2 ilve|-qilL poon. IBIB-,
F. IIin (2Bcm), $B,000-I2,000
Neeclasscal mask
SymmeL|ical ma| (lace) we|e a
common deco|aLion, inpi|ed by
|ecenL a|chaeoloqical dicove|ie.
Perre Beurgugnen dsh
Ram' head, a lion lnial, and
waq combine wiLh an openwo||
qalle|y on Lhi weeLmeaL dih.
cIB00, $,500-4,500
/onJ/e o/e /n t/e
jo/n oj j,/nq /ee
,n/o//c oj t/e
weet content oj
t/e /ow/
CaL, chaed, and emboed deco|aLion included palm
and acanLhu leave, anLhemia, waq ol lowe| and
loliaqe, and ma| alonqide EqypLian moLil.
Silve| i olLen combined wiLh ilve| qilL.
Many piece have die-Lamped deiqn p|ompLed by Lhe
F|ench adopLion ol Shelleld plaLinq.
Po/nette
0/oqonj,
T/e //JJeJ /ow/ to/e t/e
jo/n oj on ont/ae a/n o/
e/jane /a/ne/
0//ca/o/ woq
0e//cote
oenwo//
qo//e/,
I45
Jehn 0arter taperstck
Smalle| ve|ion ol candleLic|,
Lape|Lic| mi||o|ed Neoclaical
Lyle in hape and o|namenL. I77I,
F. 7in (IBcm), $2,000
E0YPT1AN kEV1VAL
KEY 0L0ES
0uring the frst quarter of the I9th century,
Egypt became a powerful source of
inspiration for artists in Europe and North
America. The robust Empire style promoted
during Napoleon's reign favored Egyptian
ornament. Many motifs featured in the
illustrations of antiquities that were made by
artists. The most famous was 0ominique
Vivant-0enon, who accompanied Napoleon
Brtsh
In Lhe eleqanL deiqn ol Robe|L Adam, Lhe
hape and o|namenLal vocabula|y ol Claical
anLiquiLy we|e che||y-pic|ed and l|eely
inLe|p|eLed, bea|inq liLLle
|eemblance Lo Lhei| anLique
anceLo|. veel inLended Lo hold
weeLmeaL Loo| Lhe hape ol
ancienL a|cophaqi, while cup, collee
poL, and LeapoL echoed Lhe lo|m ol
anLique vae and u|n. All we|e
deco|aLed wiLh |eL|ained o|namenL
inpi|ed by C|ee| and Roman paLLe|n,
includinq qa|land and hu|, beadinq, L|ailinq
loliaqe, palmeLLe, and anLhemion lowe|.
Twe-handled cup
A lavo|iLe Enqlih hape, Lhi ilve|
Lwo-handled Ceo|qe II cup wa
deiqned by Cha|le W|iqhL ol
London. I77B, F. I2
I
/4in (Icm),
$,500-4,500
Feeted bewl
Made by R&W
Wilon ol
Fhiladelphia, Lhi bowl
wa deiqned a a Lable
cenLe|piece in Lhe
EqypLian |evival Lyle.
cIB25, F. 7in (I7.75cm),
$2,000-,000
on his military campaigns in North
Africa. 5ilversmiths decorated
vessels with distinctive Egyptian
birds, snakes, lions' masks, sphinxes,
lotus leaves, obelisks, and pharaohs.
5imilar Egyptian motifs were used a
century later by designers inspired
by the discovery of Tutankhamen's
tomb in I922.
Engravng
Swaq ol ha|ebell and
oLhe| lowe| a|e
enq|aved a|ound Lhe cup.
Themas Jeanes ceffee jug
The eleqanL line and acanLhu-
w|apped pouL ol Lhi pea|-haped
juq how F|ench inluence. I7o7,
F.
I
/2in (24cm), $I,B00-2,000
James Tatt slver water
Thi ScoLLih waiLe| anLicipaLe Lhe
Neoclaical wiLh hooled leeL and a
molded piec|uL bo|de|. I74,
0. 7
I
/2in (Icm), $700-I,000
TkA0E SE0kET
From the I770s, mechanization
meant candlesticks could be
stamped out from thin sheets of
silver, then weighted (loaded)
internally for support. A loaded
candlestick feels as heavy as a
cast one, but when turned upside
down a cast candlestick is
hollow while a loaded one has a
metal plate and inset wooden
base to contain the flling. Unlike
the cast version, the hallmarks of
a loaded candlestick are usually
in a straight line on the outer
edge of the base rather than
under it.
The hape ol Claical vae and u|n wa adopLed lo| Lwo-
handled cup and dininq ilve|.
CaL, chaed, and enq|aved deco|aLion ol anLique moLil.
0pulenL luLinq, bold c|olled handle, and |obuL caL and
chaed medallion olLen deco|aLed L|adiLional Enqlih hape.
u/n-/oeJ jn/o/
ec/oe /oe oj ca
8eoJeJ /onJ/e
w/t/ ocont/a
/eoj enJ
Metal ware: Neocl assi cal si l ver
Sten
/oeJ o
0/o/co/
0o//nt//on
co/ann
0oJ/oon/nq
I4
Slver-plated candelabra
0ld ShefHeld plate candelabra
CandleLic| and candelab|a, pa|Licula|ly in ilve| wiLh iL
|elecLive qualiLie, we|e in demand in Lhe IBLh cenLu|y.
WiLh Lhe newlound 0ld Shelleld plaLe p|oce, la|qe
numbe| could be made mo|e cheaply. Candelab|a lound a
new ma||eLplace wiLh Lhe bu|qeoninq middle clae.
IBLh-cenLu|y candelab|a olLen have Lwo liqhL, wiLh a
SILvER WAS FuCELY EXFENSIvE in Lhe IBLh cenLu|y.
The demand lo| ilve| wa uch LhaL cheape| alLe|naLive
we|e ouqhL. In I742, Thoma Boulove| dicove|ed Lhe
Lechnique ol luinq coppe| and ilve| wiLh heaL. Fe |olled
ouL Lhe lued meLal inLo a heeL, which could Lhen be
lo|med inLo objecL. 0ld Shelleld plaLe wa widely ued
l|om Lhe I750 Lo Lhe IB40. A well a in Shelleld, iL
wa made in Lhe ciLy ol Bi|minqham, and in Ruia,
AuL|ia, and F|ance. ElecL|oplaLinq wa inL|oduced by
El|inqLon and Co. in Lhe IB0. IL involved depoiLinq a
Lhin laye| ol ilve| onLo bae meLal by elecL|olyi. WiLhin
a decade iL had |eplaced Lhe 0ld Shelleld plaLe Lechnique.
The inLe||oqaLion
Lhi|d dummy liqhL o| |nop in Lhe cenLe| Lo balance Lhe
appea|ance. AlLe| IB05, Lh|ee liqhL we|e much mo|e
common. Belo|e I7B0, candleLic| we|e olLen caL. AlLe|
Lhi Lime, hollow meLal wa held LoqeLhe| by a meLal pi|e.
0ne ol Lhe beL way Lo idenLily 0ld Shelleld plaLe i Lo
loo| lo| join. NoL all piece will have a ma|e|' ma||.
Seams
Il you b|eaLhe heavily on Lhe
deco|aLive ball (|nop) you may
be able deLecL a eam dividinq Lhe
Lwo halve.
0andle seckets
The componenL pa|L we|e made
in a numbe| ol ecLion, wiLh
eam |unninq down Lhe middle.
kell-ever edges
Loo| lo| |oll-ove| edqe-whe|e
Lhe heeL ol ilve| ha been |olled
ove| Lo hide Lhe coppe| edqe.
T/e a/n-/oeJ
we///nq on t/e
co/ann o/e
ec/oeJ /n t/e
conJ/e oc/et
0ld ShefHeld candelabra
Ceo|qe II 0ld Shelleld plaLe
candelab|a. LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
T/e a/n /oe
onJ ove/o//
,nnet/, o/e
t,/co//,
Aeoc/o/co/
0eco/ot/on / /et to o
n/n/nan /ett/nq t/e q/oceja/
/oe eo/ jo/ t/ene/ve
T/e a/joce /o o
wo/n ot/no onJ
/ not o/t/ca/o//,
//n,
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I47
Metal ware: 5i l ver- pl ated candel abra
Electreplated candelabra
The demand ol Lhe ma ma||eL led companie Lo L|y Lo
dicove| an even cheape| way Lo c|eaLe ilve| plaLe.
ElecL|oplaLinq wa aLL|ibuLed Lo couin Fen|y and Ceo|qe
El|inqLon in Lhe IB0, alLhouqh oLhe| invenLo| may have
L|ied Lhe p|oce ea|lie|. A piece made ol a bae meLal
uch a b|a o| nic|el wa imme|ed in a Lan| ol ilve|
WEAk AN0 TEAk
0ld 5heffeld plate candlesticks
are unlikely to have their
original I8th-century plate.
5ervants in the I8th century
cleaned energetically and often
because candles, open fres,
and pollution dulled the plate.
Plated ware has usually been
replated because it wears
and an elecL|ic cu||enL wa paed Lh|ouqh iL Lo bind Lhe
ilve| Lo Lhe u|lace. ElecL|oplaLed wa|e uch a Lhe ILh-
cenLu|y candelab|a below a|e olLen le valuable Lhan 0ld
Shelleld plaLe. Foweve|, Lhi will depend on Lhe qualiLy ol
Lhe deiqn. Cene|ally, elecL|oplaLed a|Licle a|e b|iqhLe| in
colo|, a Lhey a|e cove|ed in a laye| ol pu|e ilve|.
0eceratve ram's head
Becaue Lhe candelab|a i made
l|om caL bae meLal |aLhe| Lhan a
laL heeL iL i poible Lo c|eaLe an
inL|icaLe deiqn.
keHectve patterns
The b|iqhL, hiny u|lace ol
elecL|oplaLed ilve| lenL iLell Lo
|epeaLed paLLe|n LhaL lic|e|ed in
Lhe candleliqhL.
0eceratve elements
A c|oll ol acanLhu leave above
beadinq imiLaLe Lhe deco|aLion ol
a Claical column. A Lylized lion
conLinue Lhe animal Lheme.
Electreplated candelabra
Thi vicLo|ian Mappin B|o
candelab|a ha a |am' head lo|
deco|aLion. IB70, $2,000
Beneath the
plate An 0ld
Shelleld FlaLe
candleLic| wo|n
bac| Lo coppe|.
cI75, F. II
I
/2in
(2cm)
easily, exposing the copper. This
can be seen with the late I8th-
century candlestick, right, where
the stick has worn right down to
the copper base. Because it
tended to wear, silver was often
added to the most vulnerable
areas such as joins and sconces,
as on this worn copper
candlestick. Pieces that have
been recently replated, as well as
new pieces, can look extremely
shiny and white. This is because
I00 percent silver has to be used
to attach it to the copper
effectively. In the I9th century,
plating of about 92 percent silver
was more commonly used.
Int//cote Jeto//
o/e o///e w/t/
e/ect/o/ot/nq
T/e //ve/ even/,
cove/ t/e o//ect o
t/e/e o/e no /o/n
8eoJ/nq oJJ
t/enqt/ onJ
Jeco/ot/on to
t/e eJqe
I48
The lineup
French gilt tui. Early I9th century, $700-I,000
tus
An Lui conLained iLem deemed necea|y lo|
|unninq a houehold. IL wa olLen deiqned Lo
hanq l|om a c/ote/o/ne-a clap wo|n aL Lhe
waiL wiLh Lwo o| mo|e chain o| clip.
Lui we|e made in many hape and olLen
deco|aLed wiLh chainq, enamel, and qildinq.
Tiny ewinq acceo|ie uch a needle,
Lweeze|, and pencil may be inide Lhe Lui.
5ilver box and cover by Alwyn 0arr. I92I, $5,000-9,000
Arts & crafts bexes
WiLh Enqlih ilve|miLh 0ma| Ramden, Alwyn
Ca|| pecialized in deiqninq handmade ilve|.
Boxe uch a Lhi could be ued on d|einq
Lable Lo hold powde|.
In Lhe L|adiLion ol handmade wa|e loLe|ed
by Lhe A|L & C|alL movemenL, Lhe
hamme|ed ma|| on Lhe u|lace we|e noL
polihed mooLh, buL we|e lelL a deco|aLion.
Birmingham match case. cI890, $I,500-2,000
Match cases
Cae made lo| l|icLion maLche we|e |nown
l|om Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y a veLa, l|om Lhe
Roman qodde ol Lhe hea|Lh. In B|iLain,
Bi|minqham wa Lhe main cenLe| ol p|oducLion.
Enq|aved, chaed, o| enameled deco|aLion i
Lypical.
NovelLy bi|d and animal lo|m, well-loved
cha|acLe|, and e|oLica we|e hiqhly popula|.
Rare Jacobite snuffbox. cI700, $I5,000-20,000
Snuffbexes
Silve| boxe Lo hold |eady-q|aLed null we|e
made l|om Lhe beqinninq ol Lhe IBLh cenLu|y.
Some we|e imple, oLhe| lavihly deco|aLed.
Many have enq|aved iniLial, coaL-ol-a|m,
emblemaLic inc|ipLion, o| poliLical moLLoe.
Snullboxe can be diLinquihed l|om oLhe|
mall boxe by Lhe lip Luc|ed unde| Lhe lid on
Lhe inLe|io|, which help Lo |eep Lhe null d|y
and p|evenL pillaqe.
T/n, ew/nq
occeo//e /nc/aJe
c/o/ neeJ/e
onJ t//n//e
FR0M TFE I7TF CENTuRY, ilve| boxe we|e |ichly embellihed
wiLh caL, chaed, o| enq|aved deco|aLion leaLu|inq elabo|aLe
coaL-ol-a|m, landcape and hunLinq cene, Claical
ubjecL, and inc|ipLion. Silve| and ilve|-qilL boxe
we|e made Lo ado|n Lhe d|einq Lable ol a lahionable
lady, wiLh eenLial a|Licle, includinq LoileL boxe lo|
powde|, paLche, oap, and loLion LhaL omeLime
leaLu|ed enameled deco|aLion o| exoLic maLe|ial uch
a Lo|Loiehell and moLhe|-ol-pea|l. Silve| boxe we|e
alo made in Lhe lo|m ol nuLmeq q|aLe|, null holde|,
and ewinq |iL. The developmenL ol mechanical Lechnique
in Lhe laLe IBLh cenLu|y qua|anLeed a plenLilul upply ol heeL
ilve| l|om which boxe could be manulacLu|ed Lo meeL Lhe q|owinq
demand ol Lhe |iinq middle clae.
Slver bexes
v/qnette oj
qo/Jen cene
o/nteJ on
not/e/-oj-eo//
one/
T/e coe / /n t/e
jo/n oj M/ Panc/
Joq To/,
T/e /ox / enq/oveJ w/t/
en//en t/ot /e/ote J//ect/,
to t/e Stao/t
S//ve/ en/e////eJ w/t/
en/-/ec/oa tone
I49
Metal ware: 5i l ver boxes
JAk00N
B0STEk
PomunJer 0erived from
omme J'umbre (French for
apple of amber or "ambergris"),
a strong-smelling secretion of
the sperm whale widely
used in perfume.
Russian silver cigarette case. cI870, $I,000-I,500
0garette cases
In Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y, boxe lo| conLaininq
ciqa| and ciqa|eLLe |elecLed Lhe inc|eae in
mo|inq. Lac|inq llLe|, ciqa|eLLe belo|e I00
we|e ho|L and ea|ly cae olLen mall.
Ciqa|eLLe cae a|e uually oblonq wiLh
|ounded co|ne|, lim enouqh lo| a poc|eL.
Emboed, enq|aved, o| enameled hunLinq
and baLLle cene, animal, landcape, o|
inc|ipLion we|e popula| deco|aLion.
Tea caddy by Hodd & Linley. I8o7, $2,000-2,500
Tea caddes
Tea wa impo|Led in la|qe cheL and old
looe, Lo be Lo|ed in boxe called caddie.
0eco|aLion olLen |elecL Lhe Eu|opean LaLe
lo| Chinee and Japanee wa|e and
c//no/e//e.
RelecLinq Lhe hiqh coL ol Lea, IBLh-cenLu|y
example we|e lLLed wiLh loc| Lo Lop LhelL
by e|vanL. By Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y, p|ice
had lallen and loc| we|e no lonqe| needed.
Box with hinged lid. Late I8th century, $700-I,000
French telet bexes
F|om Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, elabo|aLe LoileL e|vice
meL Lhe lahion lo| d|einq-Lable ilve|.
IBLh-cenLu|y F|ench boxe we|e olLen
lavihly deco|aLed in Lhe Rococo Lyle wiLh
leLoon ol lowe|, luLinq, and c|ollwo||.
The hinqed lid ol LoileL boxe lLLed LiqhLly Lo
p|evenL Lhe powde| l|om d|yinq ouL and
l|equenLly leaLu|ed mi||o| on Lhe inide.
0astletop card case by Nathaniel Mills. I842, $I,800-2,000
Vcteran card cases
Lavih cae lo| p|eenLinq callinq ca|d we|e
l|L p|oduced in Lhe IB20. Bi|minqham wa
Lhe cenLe| lo| manulacLu|e in B|iLain.
0ie-Lamped view ol monumenL, caLhed|al,
o| LaLely home, |nown a caLleLop, a|e
moL popula|, epecially by NaLhaniel Mill.
Ea|ly example leaLu|e a cene on boLh ide,
laLe| one a cene on one ide only.
V1NA10kETTES
Inspired by pomanders and made from the
late I8th until the late I9th century,
vinaigrettes are small, hinged boxes with
pierced, hinged silver grilles that concealed
sponges soaked in perfume,
vinegar, or aromatic
salts. Tucked
away in
pockets,
vinaigrettes were sniffed to combat
unpleasant smells or "fainting fts." Early
vinaigrettes were small and simple, but by
the I830s, they were larger, with more
elaborate decoration and fanciful grilles.
The interiors were always gilded to protect
the silver from corrosion caused by the
aromatic perfume oil.
A 0eerge 111
vnagrette The ubjecL,
Lhe Enqlih naval he|o
Nelon, add value. By
MaLLhew Linwood ol
Bi|minqham. IB0o,
$5,000-,000
v/ew oj St Poa/
cot/eJ/o/
Pe//ej Jeco/ot/on
oj /on /eoJ
onJ woq
l/J Jeco/oteJ
w/t/ o/t/o/t oj
o coa/t/e/
S/na/oteJ
/on/oo
S//ve/ q////e /
en/oeJ w/t/
/noqe oj /MS
v/cto/,
/o//ote c/o//
Po/t/o/t oj
AJn//o/ Ae/on
I50
The lineup
0offee service. cI9o0, H (coffee pot): 9
I
/2in (24cm),
$3,500-4,500
Wllam Spratlng
William Sp|aLlinq L|ained a an a|chiLecL and
moved Lo Taxco, Mexico, in I2. Fi wo||
inco|po|aLed Mexican ymbol and moLil,
alLhouqh he alo wo||ed in a Mode|niL Lyle.
Fi Mode|niL wo|| how Lhe A|L 0eco
lahion lo| L|eamlininq.
Simple qeomeL|ic hape.
Minimal o|namenL.
5ilvershade silver-plated candlesticks by Ettore 5ottsass for
5wid Powell. I98o, H: I3
I
/2in x (I3
I
/2in), $2,000-3,000
Swd Pewell
The lee| deiqn ol SoLLa' wo|| lo| Swid
Fowell conL|aL La||ly wiLh Lhe boldly colo|ed
plaLic wa|e he alo made.
Simple, qeomeL|ic lo|m.
0elibe|aLe lac| ol o|namenL.
FuncLion ol Lhe piece i pa|amounL.
SaLiled L|end lo| a|chiLecL-deiqned piece.
Postmodern goblet designed by Angelo Mangiarotti for 0ieto
Murani. I98I, H: 8in (20cm), $I,800-2,500
0ete Muran
Towa|d Lhe end ol Lhe Io0, Lhe Mode|niL
d|eam LhaL iL wa poible Lo c|eaLe a beLLe|
wo|ld uinq machine and Lechnoloqy came Lo
an end. 0eiqne| loo|ed Lo Lhe paL, combininq
Lheme and moLil wiLh wiL and i|ony.
Fu|iLy ol lo|m.
Flain, uno|namenLed u|lace.
Re-inLe|p|eLaLion ol hiLo|ical lo|m.
To// toe//nq
ten
0EvEL0FMENTS IN MANuFACTuRINC Lechnique l|om Lhe
end ol Lhe ILh cenLu|y made iL poible Lo p|oduce ilve|wa|e
on an unp|ecedenLed cale. In Lhe l|L hall ol Lhe 20Lh
cenLu|y, domeLic ilve|wa|e in Lhe laLeL Lyle included
o|qanic A|L Nouveau piece l|om Lhe Wu|LLembe|qiche
MeLallwa|enlab|i| (WMF) in Ce|many and L|eamlined A|L
0eco piece by Ch|iLole in Fa|i. AL Lhe
ame Lime, a numbe| ol inluenLial
ilve|miLh, includinq Ceo|q Jenen and
Jean Fuilo|caL, we|e handc|alLinq wa|e ol
excepLional qualiLy and deiqn.
The econd hall ol Lhe 20Lh cenLu|y aw
inc|eaed ma p|oducLion, olLen in maLe|ial
oLhe| Lhan ilve|, uch a Lainle Leel and
aluminum. Leadinq ma|e| commiioned well-|nown deiqne|
Lo develop new Lyle, many lnihed by hand. Thee included
0avid Mello| lo| El|inqLon in B|iLain and Fenninq
Koppel lo| Ceo|q Jenen in 0enma||.
20th-century slver
5ilver-plated teapot and creamer for 0hristofe. cI900, H:
II
I
/2in (29cm), $3,500-5,000
Paul Fellet
SculpLu|al deiqn wiLh inuou, weepinq line
we|e a hallma|| ol A|L Nouveau. The deiqne|
Faul FolloL, alo |nown lo| hi laLe| A|L 0eco
lu|nihinq and inLe|io|, c|eaLed ilve|wa|e
LhaL wa da|inqly innovaLive in iL day.
0|qanic, cu|vaceou lo|m.
Exaqqe|aLed pouL and handle.
FluLed deco|aLion Lo emphaize hape.
T/e neto/ /een//e
t/etc/eJ jo///c
MoJe /n Mex/co t// cojjee
e/v/ce / no/e Fa/oeon
A/t 0eco /n t,//nq
Pen/n/cent oj
o neJ/evo/
Je/qn t/e
qo//et / noJe
oj //ve/ w/t/ o
q//t-wo/eJ
/nte//o/
JAk00N
B0STEk
This term is
used to describe a shape
that is abstract but
nevertheless suggests an
organic life form.
I5I
S l ver: 20th- century si l ver
0oblet. Mid-20th century, H: 4
I
/2in (II.5cm),
$700-I,000
Petersen
Favinq e|ved a an app|enLice unde| Ceo|q
Jenen, 0anih-bo|n ilve|miLh Ca|l Foul
FeLe|en moved Lo Canada in I2.
Fandc|alLed deiqn uinq L|adiLional
Lechnique.
Simple, qeomeL|ic hape.
SLyle |eminicenL ol Jenen'.
Spa|e, naLu|aliLic o|namenLaLion.
0offeepot and milk jug, part of the Bascule range designed
by Lino 5abattini. I9o0, H (pot): 4
3
/4in (I2cm), $500-900
0hrsteHe
The inluenLial ILalian deiqne| Lino SabaLLini'
Mode|niL Lyle lavo|ed impliciLy. A deiqn
di|ecLo|y ol Lhe F|ench l|m Ch|iLole, he
c|eaLed a numbe| ol piece LhaL leaLu|e lee|,
abL|acLed, o|qanic hape.
Simple qeomeL|ic hape.
FuncLion i pa|amounL.
CompleLe abence ol o|namenL.
Art 0eco powder boxes. I934, H: 4-5in (I0-I2.75cm),
$I,300-I,800
Elel Saarnen
Finnih-bo|n a|chiLecL Eliel Saa|inen deiqned
piece lo| InLe|naLional Silve| a well a A|L
0eco lu|niLu|e. Fe wa p|eidenL ol Lhe
C|anb|oo| Academy ol A|L in Michiqan.
Tall, linea| lo|m.
CeomeL|ic o|namenL Lo emphaize lo|m.
Flain, laL u|lace.
FuncLion ol Lhe piece i pa|amounL.
0rape tazza. cI9I8, H: 7
I
/2in (I9cm),
$3,500-5,000
0eerg Jensen
Jenen eLablihed a Ludio in I04 and hi
company p|oduce ilve|wa|e Lo Lhi day. Fi
ea|ly deiqn we|e in Lhe A|L Nouveau Lyle.
Jenen wa hailed a Lhe q|eaLeL ilve|miLh ol
Lhe laL ?00 yea| when he died in I?5.
Clean, |ounded hape.
NaLu|e-inpi|ed deco|aLion, includinq q|ape
and lowe|.
5alt shaker. I994, H: 2
I
/2in (ocm), $500-750
Ettere Settsass
In IBo, SoLLa lelL Lhe Memphi deiqn
q|oup he had lounded in IBI. Fe wo||ed lo|
hi own company, SoLLa AociaLi, and oLhe|
l|m. In Lhe mid-I0, ELLo|e SoLLa'
poLmode|n deiqn included piece LhaL we|e
imply a collecLion ol qeomeL|ic lo|m.
No o|namenL.
Ta|e |ele|ence l|om hiLo|ical Lyle.
Fo|m mo|e impo|LanL Lhan luncLion.
uno/nonenteJ /ow/
//ot J/c-/oeJ to /o/neJ
w/t/ o con/co/ ten to o
ao/e //nt/-///e /oe
S0AN01NAV1AN S1LVEk
In the years immediately after World War
II, silver was a luxery item. The arrival of
the sculptor Henning Koppel at 0eorg
Jensen in 0enmark signaled a change in
fortune for the company and silver design.
Koppel is best known for his biomorphic
forms with strong, fuid lines and sinuous
curves. They helped to revolutionize silver
design in 5candinavia and as a result the
region's silversmiths were the leaders in
their feld in the middle of the century.
0eerg Jensen bewl desgned by Keppel
Koppel wa a maLe| aL balancinq pu|iLy ol
lo|m wiLh Lhe luncLion ol a piece. I50,
0. I5in (?Bcm), $I5,000-20,000
F/eqont
ca/ta/o/
ten
0/oe not/j
/n//o/ to Jenen
0eonet//c o/nonent
en/o/ze to//
//neo/ jo/n
I52
The lineup
Bird bath. cI900, H: 30
3
/4in (78cm), $700-I,000
Lead
In ue lo| aL leaL 7,000 yea|, Lhe applicaLion
ol lead a|e b|oad-l|om Roman pipewo|| Lo
Loy oldie|.
SolL, heavy, and malleable, lead i ideal lo|
caLinq lqu|e.
A olL, blue-whiLe meLal, lead Lu|n dull q|ay
on expou|e Lo ai|.
No lonqe| ued in Loy-ma|inq becaue Loxic.
A //q/
/e/tonce to
co//o/on
no/e /eoJ
a/to//e jo/
qo/Jen
totao/,
0/v/nq t/n q/jt jo/ o I0t/ weJJ/nq
onn/ve/o/, wo o t/oJ/t/on /n /ote
I8t/- onJ It/-centa/, uSA
FuRE METALS-coppe|, i|on, Lin, and lead-and
va|iou alloy, includinq b|a, b|onze and pewLe|,
have been ued ac|o Lhe qlobe lo| Lhouand ol
yea|. A naLu|al and abundanL |eou|ce, meLal a|e
boLh malleable and exL|emely du|able, which ma|e
Lhem uiLable lo| all manne| ol p|acLical pu|poe.
MeLal have played a iqnilcanL |ole in Lhe developmenL ol
human civilizaLion. b|onze and i|on a|e inexL|icably lin|ed Lo
Lhe p|oducLion ol ea|ly Lool and weapon, while coppe| and
lead have been ued in plumbinq ince ancienL Lime. FewLe|
and pelLe| p|oved uccelul a inexpenive alLe|naLive Lo
mo|e p|eciou meLal. 0ve| Lhe cenLu|ie, d|in|inq and
eaLinq veel, muical inL|umenL,
jewel|y, and coin have been
lahioned l|om meLal. MeLal
have lonq been a mainLay ol Loy-
ma|inq and Lhe deco|aLive a|L.
0ther metals
0oll's cradle, Pennsylvania. Mid-I9th century, L: I0in (25cm),
$2,000-2,500
Tn
Tin-mininq daLe bac| Lo Claical Lime when
L|ade developed beLween mine in B|iLain and
ouLhe|n Eu|ope. The meLal wa alloyed wiLh
coppe| Lo p|oduce b|onze.
Tin i eay Lo mold and hamme| inLo hape.
IL i |eiLanL Lo oxidizaLion and co||oion.
IL can be polihed Lo qive a hiny u|lace.
Kettle, France. I9th century, H: IIin (28cm),
$400-500
0epper
Thi olL, dene, |ed-b|own meLal ha been ued
p|olilcally, in iL pu|e LaLe and a an alloy.
ve|y malleable and ducLile, iL i ideal lo|
moldinq, hapinq, and hamme|inq.
ReiLance Lo co||oion ma|e iL pe|lecL lo|
jewel|y and coin.
Fiqh conducLiviLy ol heaL ma|e coppe|
uelul lo| coo|inq veel.
0offee pot, New England. cI820, H: I0
I
/4in (2ocm),
$I4,000-I8,000
Tele ware
The p|acLice ol painLinq on meLal (Lole) daLe Lo
laLe IBLh-cenLu|y Eu|ope. T|adiLion q|ew in
CenL|al Eu|ope and Scandinavia in pa|Licula|,
and we|e La|en Lo Lhe uS by immiq|anL.
MeLal ol choice we|e Lin and pewLe|.
Time-conuminq Lechnique, o olLen |ee|ved
lo| qilLwa|e.
FuncLional, buL mainly ued lo| diplay.
0ooe nec/
oat
T// / o /o/e
/ece /nce not
exon/e o/e
//oc/
I5J
Metal ware: 0ther metal s
Toasting frame. Late I9th century, H: I8
I
/4in (4o.5cm),
$350-450
Wreught ren
ued ince Lhe Middle Aqe, w|ouqhL i|on ha a
lowe| ca|bon conLenL Lhan piq i|on, which
ma|e iL mo|e malleable. IL wa popula| wiLh
laLe ILh- and ea|ly 20Lh-cenLu|y deiqne|.
IL i eaily lo|qed and welded, o pe|lecL lo|
la|qe-cale iLem.
RuL lowly, o uiLable lo| ouLdoo| ue.
French candlesticks. I9th century, H: II
I
/4in (29cm),
$400-500
Brass
B|a i an alloy ol coppe| and zinc and i
yellowih in colo|. Since Lhe Middle Aqe, iL ha
been a popula| choice lo| houehold wa|e.
Fiqhly du|able and |eiLanL Lo La|nihinq, iL
i ideal lo| lu|niLu|e mounL and inlay.
Small hole a|e Lhe |eulL ol ove| polihinq
and Lhi will lowe| value.
Pewte/ ox/J/ze to o
Ja// q/o, ove/ t/ne
Bust of Lloyd 0eorge. cI9I0, H: I0in (25cm),
$I80-220
Spelter
An alloy compoed moLly ol zinc (wiLh lead o|
aluminum), pelLe| wa popula| in Lhe laLe ILh
cenLu|y, when iL wa ued Lo |eemble b|onze.
ve|y malleable, pelLe| wa ued lo| caLinq
lqu|e and candleLic|.
ued a cheap ubLiLuLe lo| b|onze.
IdenLilable by c|aLchinq Lhe u|lace Lo
|eveal ilve| inLead ol b|onze.
Tankard, Philadelphia. Late I8th century, H: 7
3
/4in (I9cm),
$35,000-45,000
Pewter
FewLe| i an alloy ol Lin and lead. ued
Lh|ouqhouL Lhe Middle Aqe lo| domeLic
wa|e, pewLe| enjoyed a |evival wiLh Lhe A|L
and C|alL movemenL ol Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y.
Malleable and olL, iL i ideal lo| caLinq.
0u|able and inexpenive, iL i an obviou
choice lo| houehold wa|e.
Many piece Lamped wiLh ma|e|' ma||.
0ot-//on /oJ,
WEATKEk VANES
Weather vanes are thought to have
derived from the medieval banners that
gave archers an instant indication as to
which way the wind was blowing. Later
fashioned from metal, similar devices
were used to help farmers, who needed
0eckerel Thi moLil i LhouqhL Lo |ep|eenL
Lhe coc| LhaL c|owed Lh|ee Lime aL Jeu'
beL|ayal. F. 2?in (5B.5cm), $B,000-I0,000
MoJe j/on
coe/ t/e jqa/e
/ noanteJ on on
o//ow /oJ w/t/ o
cot z/nc t/
wind power for grinding wheat. When
Europeans frst landed in the U5, they
mounted weather vanes on their churches
and meeting halls, and American colonial
communities began to make their own for
rural and domestic use.
Natve Amercan archer MoLil l|om
Ame|ica' ocial hiLo|y we|e noL uncommon.
L. 45in (II2.5cm), $?00,000-?50,000
T/e /at /o
/een ot/noteJ
to /na/ote
//onze
0ot onJ
enq/oveJ w/t/
jo//ote c/o//
onJ jowe/
W/oaq/t //on / o
qooJ neJ/an jo/
/nt//cote wo//
S/eet-//on to//
I54
//on/o,ont cotane
oj exot/c Jonce/
/ove /nt//cote
otte/n o/nteJ /n
t/onq ///q/t co/o/
on t/e //onze
IN TFE I20 AN0 0, Lhe demand lo| deco|aLive mall-cale culpLu|e LhaL
had lou|ihed l|om Lhe econd hall ol Lhe ILh cenLu|y in conLinenLal Eu|ope
conLinued. They we|e ca|ved in ivo|y, o| caL in b|onze, which wa olLen qilded,
ilve|ed, o| cold painLed, o| made l|om an expenive amalqam ol b|onze and
ivo|y called ch|yelephanLine LhaL loo|ed bac| Lo anLique culpLu|e lo|
inpi|aLion. Sell-poeed and Lylih younq women wiLh eleqanL, elonqaLed
limb we|e Lhe lavou|iLe ubjecL ol A|L 0eco
culpLo| l|om Fa|i Lo Be|lin. Thee
Lylized lqu|e, p|oduced aL well-
eLablihed meLal lound|ie, a|e
expenive and widely la|ed. Alonq
wiLh child|en and cha|acLe| l|om
Claical myLholoqy o| diLanL land,
lee| animal culpLu|e we|e alo popula|.
Commonly po|L|ayed eiLhe| a na|ed o|
canLily clad e|oLic lanLaie, bold and
mucula| Amazon, o| enuou younq women
enqaqed in Jazz Aqe pu|uiL uch a dancinq,
baLhinq, o| aLhleLic acLiviLie.
Art 0ece brenze fgures
The lineup
The hoop girl. H: I9in (48.5cm), $I7,000-25,000
0emtre 0hparus
Romanian-bo|n Chipa|u wo||ed in Fa|i
culpLinq LheaL|ical ubjecL a well a dance|
l|om Lhe Laqe in eleqanL poe and coLume.
0eLail we|e cold painLed and hiqhliqhL qilL.
Inpi|ed by ancienL EqypL and Lhe BalleL Rue.
SiqnaLu|e a|e caL in Lhe b|onze o| enq|aved
on a bae ol aL leaL Lwo colo|ed ma|ble.
0ancer. H: I3
I
/2in (34.5cm), $I0,000-I5,000
0erda 1re 0erdage
AuL|ian-bo|n Ce|da I|o Ce|daqo c|eaLed
ouL|aqeouly Lylized culpLu|e.
FuLu|iLic Folie Be|qe|e-Lype lqu|e ol
dance| a|e modeled in b|onze and ivo|y.
Blac| enamel wa olLen applied Lo Lhe lnely
ca|ved ivo|y hai|, which i omeLime viible
beneaLh an elabo|aLe headd|e.
Janie. H: I2
I
/2in (32cm), $I,500-2,000
Max Le Verrer
F|ench culpLo| and ivo|y ca|ve| Max Le ve||ie|
eLablihed hi c|alL company in I2o.
Lamp, wall b|ac|eL, and ahL|ay we|e
embellihed wiLh enuou lemale lqu|e.
0uLpuL ol iqned b|onze culpLu|e included
male aLhleLe uch a a|che| and Claical
ubjecL uch a Roman wa||io|.
Aphrodite. 9in (23cm), $4,000-o,000
Ferdnand Press
Favinq lounded Lhe l|m F|ei & Kale| wiLh
WalLe| Kale| in Be|lin in I0o, Ce|man a|LiL
Fe|dinand F|ei wa p|olilc and uccelul.
NaLu|aliLically modeled culpLu|e a|e
exquiiLely ca|ved in ivo|y, b|onze, o|
ch|yelephanLine.
Fiqu|e a|e iqned wiLh a lull iqnaLu|e
o| FK lo| F|ei and Kale|.
0/o/co/ ,et
e/ot/c oe
le ve///e/
ec/o//zeJ /n naJe
jeno/e Jonce/
e/ot/c noto//nq
nocot onJ
on/no/
8/onze onJ /vo/,
Jonc/nq jqa/e
weo/ t/q/t /ewe/-
enc/ateJ cotane
onJ /eoJJ/e
Fxoqqe/oteJ
oe
I55
STYL1ZE0 AN1MALS
Art 0eco sculptors produced a range of animal fgures with
simplifed curvilinear forms and geometric planes. Artists,
including Max Le Verrier, Maurice Prost, and 0aston Le Bourgeois,
emulated the pioneering sculptor Franois Pompon by depicting
the elegance and dynamism of animals such as deer,
doves, and horses. Refecting the Art 0eco allure of
the exotic, they also sculpted African and tropical
wildlife, including antelopes, monkeys, and angelfsh.
Panthers were the most popular, as well as other
predators such as foxes, eagles, and cobras.
Stag and Keund Thi
|a|e i|on culpLu|e by
Wilhelm FunL 0iede|ich
depicL Lhe animal in a
dynamic poe.
Metal ware: Art 0eco bronze fi gures
JAk00N
B0STEk
0/ryse/e/unt/ne 0riginally
a term for gold and ivory
statues, it also denotes Art
0eco objects made of ivory
and another material,
usually bronze.
0ancer on points. $I7,000-20,000
Je 0escemps
F|ench culpLo| Jo 0ecomp pecialized in
mall-cale lemale lqu|e in ivo|y and b|onze.
AlLhouqh a numbe| ol hi ch|yelephanLine
lqu|e a|e eclecLic o| de|ivaLive, oLhe| uch
a BeauLy ol Fa|i a|e hiqhly o|iqinal.
Small lemale nude in ca|ved ivo|y a|e
epecially cha|minq and well execuLed.
Exotic dancer. cI925, H: I5in (38cm), $700-I,000
Perre Le Faguays
Fay|al wa Lhe peudonym ued by celeb|aLed
F|ench culpLo| Fie||e Le Faquay.
SL|onq, aLhleLic emi-clad o| nude lemale
lqu|e a|e Lypical ol hi wo||.
B|onze, ivo|y, wood, and Lone ued.
SculpLu|e bea| Lhe iqnaLu|e F Le Faquay,
Lhoe example |ep|oduced l|om Lhe Io0
a|e iqned Fay|al o| Fav|al.
0ancing girl. cI920, H: IIin (28cm), $2,500-3,500
Jesef Lerenzl
AuL|ian-bo|n culpLo| Joel Lo|enzl had a
d|amaLic and diLincLive Lyle. Fe depicLed
lively lqu|e in aLhleLic o| ac|obaLic poe.
LiLhe lemale dance| wiLh elonqaLed limb
and lim boyih bodie a|e nude o| canLily
d|eed.
SculpLu|e a|e iqned wiLh an imp|eed
iqnaLu|e aL Lhe bae o| Lo| o| Enzl.
The Russian dancer. cI925, H: Ioin (40.5cm), $5,000-7,000
Paul Phlppe
A LalenLed Ce|man culpLo| wo||inq in Fa|i,
Faul Fhillippe pecialized in lemale dance|,
pie||oL, and mannequin in b|onze and ivo|y
LhaL echo Lhoe ol Belqian culpLo| ColineL.
0elicaLely ca|ved lemale lqu|e a|e Lypically
lonq and lean wiLh lahionably bobbed hai|.
SubLly LinLed ivo|y head and hand- and cold-
painLed caL-b|onze coLume a|e Lypical.
//qa/e oj Jonce/
o/e j/eaent/,
cota/eJ o /j
execat/nq o e//e oj
con/ex Jonce te
/o,/o/ wo
joneJ jo/ t/e
o//q/no//t, oj
// oe
Sone /ece
jeota/e /nt//cote
Jeto///nq on t/e
//onze
T/e a/joce oj
t/e //onze /
aao//, //ve/eJ
o/ co/J o/nteJ
0/een on,x
/oe o/e
ojten joceteJ

I58
Comme|cially made doll l|om Lhe mid-ILh cenLu|y onwa|d, Leddy
bea| l|om Lhe ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y, ivo|y and wood ca|vinq, quilL,
ample|, and coLume jewel|y a|e all iLem once |eqa|ded a
collecLible, buL Lhey a|e now viewed a collecLible anLique.
0FTEN, A 00LL, Leddy bea|, o| piece ol coLume jewel|y
i ma||ed wiLh Lhe ma|e|' name, La|inq ouL a loL ol Lhe
deLecLive wo||. Even Lhen, iL i impo|LanL Lo be able Lo Lell
qenuine l|om la|e and decide wheLhe| omeLhinq i |a|e.
unde|Landinq and idenLilyinq Lhe pecialiLie ol dille|enL
ma|e| and how Lhee allecL value and dei|abiliLy a|e
eenLial. The lou| lacLo| Lo bea| in mind when evaluaLinq
an iLem a|e CondiLion, Aqe, Ra|iLy, and 0ei|abiliLy-Lhe
eaieL way Lo |emembe| Lhee i CAR0. You can add
Lhe Lwo F. F|ovenance and F|eLLy.
CondiLion i alway impo|LanL. MinL condiLion,
when omeLhinq i a qood a new, i |a|e and hiqhly
p|ized. unle omeLhinq i excepLionally |a|e, a chip,
Lea|, o| |epai| conide|ably |educe value. Some wea| i
accepLed on iLem uch a Leddy bea| LhaL have been
played wiLh (playwo|n), and quilL LhaL have been ued.
While condiLion i impo|LanL, Lhe |ey lacLo| i dei|abiliLy.
Wea| can be a iqn ol qenuine aqe. a Japanee neLu|e
LhaL ha hunq on a co|d will have been wo|n when Lhe
co|d |ubbed aqainL Lhe ivo|y, and a Leddy bea| may have
|eceived many lovinq cuddle LhaL have mooLhed iL lu|.
ConnecLion wiLh an o|iqinal owne| add dei|abiliLy.
Age and rarty
When iL come Lo aqe, Lhe Lheo|y LhaL Lhe olde| omeLhinq
i Lhe mo|e valuable iL muL be doe noL alway bea|
c|uLiny. While an IBLh-cenLu|y ample| o| L|een nullbox
may be mo|e valuable Lhan a laLe ILh-cenLu|y one, many
20Lh-cenLu|y iLem a|e qaininq in value and collecLibiliLy.
Fo| example, coLume jewel|y only decade old ha come
00LLE0T1BLES
May Frres dell
Fine po|celain doll we|e ma p|oduced buL yea| ol
play and Lhei| l|aqile naLu|e mean example in qood
condiLion, li|e Lhi F|ench Bb MacoLLe in o|iqinal
coLume, a|e ca|ce. cIBB5, F. IBin (45.75cm)
1very carvng ef Napeleen
Ivo|y, bone, and wood have been ca|ved Lo ma|e deco|aLive and
p|acLical iLem lo| cenLu|ie. Ivo|y i pe|lecL lo| deLailed ca|vinq uch
a Lhi F|ench lqu|e ol Napoleon Bonapa|Le in lull miliLa|y d|e. ILh
cenLu|y, F. 4

/4in (I2cm)
I59
Fo| example, il you can lnd a phoLoq|aph ol Lhe o|iqinal
owne| ol an anLique doll o| Leddy wiLh Lhei| Loy, LhaL will
inc|eae iL value-epecially il Lhe picLu|e how Lhe owne|
a a child. Foweve|, Lhe moL valuable p|ovenance i p|ool
LhaL omeLhinq once belonqed Lo a lamou pe|on.
Il beauLy i in Lhe eye ol Lhe beholde|, Lhen p|eLLine can
be juL a ha|d Lo delne becaue iL i a maLLe| ol pe|onal
LaLe. Foweve|, a a qene|al |ule, il you have Lwo IBLh-
cenLu|y po|L|aiL, boLh well painLed buL wiLh no |nowledqe
ol Lhe a|LiL, a po|L|aiL ol a p|eLLy qi|l will leLch much mo|e
Lhan LhaL ol an uqly old man.
Fo| many people, Lhe appeal
ol collecLible i LhaL iL i olLen
Lhe iLem leaL popula| aL Lhe
Lime iL wa new LhaL i Lhe moL
dei|able-and will ell lo| Lhe
moL money-Loday. So in Lhi
collecLinq a|ea a Lho|ouqh
|nowledqe ol Lhe ma||eL i eenLial.
Lo be app|eciaLed lo| iL deiqn and qualiLy ol
manulacLu|e, even Lhouqh Lhe maLe|ial do noL have Lhe
inL|inic value ol Lhe |eal Lhinq. Many piece we|e made
uinq Lhe ame Lechnique a p|eciou jewel|y and can
have Lhe ame-ome miqhL ay mo|e-W0W lacLo|. Ten
yea| aqo, aL valuaLion, owne| we|e olLen diappoinLed
Lo hea| LhaL, while beauLilul and ol q|eaL enLimenLal
value, Lhee piece had no comme|cial wo|Lh. Thoe day
a|e qone. An aucLion houe in Indianapoli |ecenLly old
a T|ila|i pin ol a c|ane on a lily pond deiqned by All|ed
Fhilippe lo| $7,000.
Ra|iLy muL alway be La|en inLo accounL. Aqain, juL
becaue omeLhinq i old doe noL necea|ily mean iL
i |a|e. Roman qla wa made in vaL quanLiLie. The
InduL|ial RevoluLion b|ouqhL abouL ma manulacLu|e
on an unp|ecedenLed cale, and ce|amic have u|vived
in huqe numbe|. BuL iLem made by hand o| in qenuine
limiLed ediLion may be |a|e becaue lew we|e made. Il
demand i Lhe|e, Lhei| value will |ie and |ie.
0bjects ef desre
IL i dei|abiliLy LhaL ha Lhe q|eaLeL ellecL on value,
alLhouqh Lhi i ha|d Lo pin down. Fine c|alLmanhip
may inc|eae dei|abiliLy, epecially when combined wiLh
exquiiLe maLe|ial. Fahion can dicLaLe whaL people
collecL and add boLh value and dei|abiliLy. F|ovenance can
help Lo idenLily Lhe aqe ol an iLem and inc|eae iL value.
Pennsylvana qult
TexLile uch a Lhi
handmade SLa| ol
BeLhlehem quilL, a
well a younq qi|l'
ample|, appeal boLh
a colo|lul objecL and
piece ol lamily hiLo|y.
ILh cenLu|y
Steff bear
A SLeill bea|-uch a
Lhi cinnamon pluh-
alway command a
p|emium, buL oLhe|
bea|, even by
un|nown ma|e|,
a|e hoLly collecLed
Loday. cI0B,
F. Iin (cm)
Trfar fur clp
CoLume jewel|y lollowed Lhe laLeL
lahion and can |ival p|eciou piece
lo| Lhe qualiLy ol iL deiqn and
manulacLu|e. I40, L.
I
/2in (cm)
JAk00N
B0STEk
Provenunce Verifable proof
of an item's origins or history.
An interesting provenance, or
one linking a piece to a famous
maker, owner, or event, adds
signifcant value.
I0
0ells
Jumeau dell
Fie||e F|anoi Jumeau beqan manulacLu|inq doll in
MonL|euil-ou-Boi in F|ance, a|ound IB42. Jumeau doll
a|e Lhe zeniLh ol Lhe F|ench doll L|ade. They we|e hiqhly
|eqa|ded lo| Lhei| beauLilul lace and couLu|e d|ee,
many c|eaLed by E|neLine Jumeau. In IB72, Lhe company
beqan Lo p|oduce iL own po|celain head. In IB7B,
00LLS FAvE BEEN MA0E l|om clay, lu|, and wood ince
ancienL Lime. China and pa|ian (made ol unqlazed
unLinLed po|celain) doll we|e l|L made in Thu|inqia,
ouLhe|n Ce|many, and we|e popula| l|om Lhe end ol Lhe
IB40 Lo Lhe IB0. Thee doll a|e |a|e and expenive. In
Lhe IB50, Ce|man doll-ma|e| inL|oduced bique head
and expo|Led Lhem all ove| Eu|ope. F|om cIBo0, Lhe hiqh-
qualiLy F|ench doll we|e coveLed, pa|Licula|ly lahion doll
and /e/e. The moL expenive we|e p|oduced by Rohme|,
Maion Fu|eL, B|u Jeune & Cie, and Jumeau. Ce|man
ma|e| concenL|aLed on p|oducinq cheape| doll, which
impacLed on Lhe F|ench ma||eL by Lhe end ol Lhe cenLu|y.
The inLe||oqaLion
Jumeau won Lhe Cold Medal aL Lhe
Fa|i ExhibiLion. Thi wa adve|Lied
on Lhe doll' bodie, boxe, hoe,
and even d|e label. Jumeau'
Colden Aqe laLed l|om Lhe laLe
IB70 Lo Lhe laLe IB0.
The eyes
Blown qla pape|weiqhL eye
a|e lxed and phe|ical. They
exLend bulbouly l|om Lhe oc|eL.
The Lhic|, heavy eyeb|ow a|e
almoL |niLLed LoqeLhe| qivinq Lhe
doll an inLene, inquiiLive loo|.
Marks
The head i ma||ed 0F0S
wiLh a ize numbe| and a |ed
ma||. The lowe| bac| ha a
Lamped blue ma||.
The head
The head i cuL away on Lhe
diaqonal |evealinq Lhe co|| paLe
(maLe|ial). The paLe (hidden by Lhe
wiq) i made ol co||. The bique
head wa made l|om a mold.
Large early Jumeau dell
viual appeal i hiqhly impo|LanL when aeinq Lhe
value ol a doll. The o|iqinal couLu|e lahion ouLlL and
|a|e ma||ed hoe ol Lhi doll add Lo Lhe dei|abiliLy.
cIBo0-70, F. 2in (BIcm), $B,000-I0,000
Lmbs
The body ha eiqhL ball joinL. The
chun|y leq a|e olid and Lable o
LhaL Lhe doll can Land up.
JAk00N
B0STEk
Unglazed, tinted
porcelain, commonly used in
dolls from the mid-I8th
century onward.
/oce /
/eoat/ja//,
jo/neJ
Moat/ /
c/oeJ
T/e jnqe/ onJ /onJ o/e
/eo//t/co//, no/JeJ w/t/
eo/ote jnqe/ onJ
J/n/e /n t/e //n
T/e w//t
o/e jxeJ
II
0el l ect bl es: 0ol l s
Armand Marselle dell
A|mand Ma|eille lounded hi doll company in IBB5 in
Thu|inqia in ouLhe|n Ce|many. Ce|man doll in Lhe IB0
we|e cheape| Lhan Lhe F|ench. BuL Lhey we|e Lill well
made and popula| wiLh liLLle qi|l, even il Lhey we|e by no
mean a eleqanL o| q|acelul a Lhe beL Jumeau doll.
F|om IB0, A|mand, wiLh hi on alo called A|mand,
ASSESS1N0 VAL0E
Various factors can infuence the value of a doll.
The one shown here once belonged to the 0ueen of
Romania and has authentic documentation and
letters relating to the provenance. 5he also has her
original crown in gold metal and lapis lazuli, and
the original traditional Romanian dress. These
factors make her more desirable and valuable.
However, the doll has a crack on her forehead.
Any hairline crack or damage to the face of a doll
can reduce the value by at least 70 per cent.
Always check a bisque head for hairlines. 0arefully
remove the wig and the pate. Place a black light or
fashlight in the head. Any cracks will show though
as black lines. A Bru in perfect condition will sell
for around $25,000. Thanks to the provenance
and the fact that the crack is not within the mask
of the face (the eyes, nose, and mouth) the
decrease in value is held at just over 50 per cent.
we|e p|olilc p|oduce| ol bique doll' head. F|om I00
Lo I0, Lhey we|e Lhe la|qeL upplie| ol doll' head Lo
oLhe| manulacLu|e|, p|oducinq up Lo I,000 pe| day. The
moL common A|mand Ma|eille doll i Lhe 0 e|ie
made l|om cI00. The moL popula| ol Lhe A|mand
Ma|eille |anqe a|e Lhe 0|eam Babie made in Lhe I20.
Armand Marselle J90 dell
The doll wea| a beiqe d|e wiLh a lace lab|ic hawl
and haL. cII0, F. 2
I
/2in (5.5cm), $B0-I00
0en noat/
w/t/ teet/
Bru Jeune dell
She ha a c|ac|
above Lhe
eyeb|ow. cIBo0,
F. 2Iin (5cm),
$I2,000
T/e w/q /
qooJ ao//t,
The face
The moldinq ol Lhe leaLu|e i noL
pa|Licula|ly lne. The doll ha
b|own qla lxed eye LhaL a|e
laLLe| Lo Lhe head. The eyeb|ow
a|e liqhLe|. The|e i no cha|acLe|
Lo Lhe lace.
The bedy
The doll ha a imple joinLed
compoiLion (a mixLu|e ol qlue and
awduL o| wood pulp) body, wiLh
lende| leq. The Lo|o i ouL ol
p|opo|Lion-Loo la|qe lo| Lhe leq.
Marks
The doll i lully ma||ed on Lhe
bac| ol Lhe head wiLh Lhe name ol
Lhe ma|e| and numbe|.
The head
Ma|eille doll' head have a
malle| openinq poiLioned aL Lhe
Lop. The paLe i uually ca|dboa|d.
The ea| a|e noL pie|ced.
0ell n Scettsh unferm
Thi doll wa made lo| Lhe Enqlih
l|m Eienmann & Co. who L|aded
unde| Lhe name Einco, and laLe|
became ChilLe|n Toy. cII5,
F. I2in (0cm), $4,B00-5,000
0erman scheelbey
The liqhLly chubby body and
hiqhly deLailed lace wiLh open
mouLh and LeeLh a|e exL|emely
|ealiLic. cI00, F. Ioin (40.5cm),
$I,500-I,o00
0haracter chld
Thi |a|e doll ha a
Lypical bique oc|eL
head, painLed inLaqlio
(hollowed-ouL) eye, lully
joinLed compoiLion
body, and o|iqinal
cloLhinq. cIB0-II0,
F. Iin (4B.5cm),
$2B,000-0,000
0erman dells
The Feubach b|oLhe| concenL|aLed Lhei| po|celain lacLo|y
p|oducLion on lqu|ine and doll' head l|om abouL IB40.
In abouL II0, Lhe lacLo|y beqan Lo p|oduce whole doll.
They ued a|LiL and culpLo| l|om a local a|L chool Lo
wo|| on Lhe doll' head and c|eaLe Lhei| hiqh-qualiLy
|ealiLic and amuinq cha|acLe| doll. The |ill, aLLenLion Lo
deLail, and pe|onaliLy ol Lhe doll all conL|ibuLed Lo Lhe
p|ice Lhey commanded aL Lhe Lime and now. Some ol Lhe
doll we|e la|qe, which alo inc|eae Lhe value.
BY AB0uT I00, Lhe demand lo| Ce|man doll Loo| ove|
l|om Lhe F|ench. Ce|man l|m dominaLed Lhe doll ma||eL
up Lo Lhe I0. While F|ench doll we|e upe|b Lo loo| aL,
child|en all ove| Eu|ope and Lhe uS could acLually play
wiLh Ce|man doll, which we|e well made and cheape|.
AL Lhe ame Lime, Lhe qualiLy ol Lhe F|ench doll wa
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
The cha|acLe| doll a|e hiqhly ouqhL alLe| lo| Lhei| viual appeal.
Much ello|L wa devoLed Lo Lhe head, wiLh well-painLed molded
hai|, |oy chee|, and lace lull ol pe|onaliLy.
Thei| eye we|e |ealiLic wiLh an indenLed pupil and an i|i
hiqhliqhLed wiLh a whiLe doL. Many we|e leve|-movinq.
0|iqinal bodie can be a liLLle c|ude. Bique (unqlazed, maLLe
po|celain) i beLLe| Lhan ove|-hiny |ep|oducLion.
dec|eainq. Some ol Lhe moL uccelul Lype we|e
|ealiLic cha|acLe| /e/e, Cooqly doll, and lahion doll,
wiLh diLincLive Lhin waiL. Much ol Lhe cu||enL value i
baed on cuLene, condiLion, eniLiviLy ol painLed
exp|eion, and poeion ol o|iqinal cloLhe. Feubach
and Simon & Falbiq a|e Lwo impo|LanL Ce|man ma|e|.
0ebrder Keubach dells
I2
0rl dell
Wea|inq hiqhly dei|able o|iqinal
cloLhinq, Lhi doll ha a houlde|
plaLe (allowinq Lhe head Lo wivel)
aLLached Lo a cloLh body. cI00,
F. 20in (5Icm), $400-o00
TkA0E
SE0kETS
Many factors, in addition to the
state of the bisque head, infuence
the value of a doll. A body in very
poor condition can reduce the value
by 40 percent. A replaced body can
reduce the value by 50 percent.
However, a doll in mint condition,
with original clothes and original
trunk containing additional
dresses and accessories can
add 200-250 percent.
0//q/no/ c/ot/e
o/e /n exce//ent
conJ/t/on
T/e Scott//
an/jo/n onJ t/e
qooq/, /eve/-
nov/nq e,e no/e
t// Jo// Je//o//e
/eov//, no/JeJ
/o//
0el l ect bl es: 0erman dol l s
0haracter bey
Thi male doll ha all Lhe dei|able
qualiLie. a pou|ed bique oc|eL head,
inLaqlio blue-painLed eye, lully joinLed
compoiLion body, and blonde mohai| wiq.
IL i ma||ed S&F I50/2. I0B, F. 2Iin
(5.5cm), $27,000-0,000
0000L1ES
KEY 0L0ES
Kid-bodied houlde| head (doll wiLh head, nec|, and houlde|
molded in one piece) l|om Lhe IBB0 cloely lollowed Lhe F|ench.
Sleep (open and cloe), pape|weiqhL (blown qla), li|Ly (move l|om
ide Lo ide), o| inLaqlio (hollowed-ouL) blue-painLed eye.
ve|y |oy-chee|ed baby o| Loddle| doll.
0oogly dolls were inspired by
the drawings of an American
illustrator called 0race 0ebbie
0rayton. They were an
immediate success, particularly
in the U5, thanks to their cute
bisque faces, large sideways
glancing eyes, tiny snub noses,
and closed smiling watermelon
Kertel, Schwab
& 0e She ha
ideway-
loo|inq eye,
melon mouLh,
and o|iqinal
hi|L. cII5,
F. I5in (Bcm),
$5,000-o,000
Smen & Kalbg dells
Simon & Falbiq beqan ma|inq doll in Lhe IB70 and
p|oducLion oon became p|olilc. They made many china
and bique doll Lhemelve and alo upplied doll' head,
olLen wiLh lne wiq, Lo Lhe F|ench Jumeau lacLo|y and
Kamme| & Reinha|dL. Kamme| & Reinha|dL bouqhL Simon
& Falbiq in I20. Simon & Falbiq doll a|e lully ma||ed.
The ampe|and wa added Lo Lhe ma|| in I05 and iL i
qene|ally accepLed LhaL doll ma||ed wiLhouL Lhe
ampe|and we|e made belo|e LhaL daLe.
Fashen dell
Thi doll i lo| Lhe F|ench ma||eL
and i d|eed in eleqanL F|ench
cloLhe, includinq a lahionable |ed
jac|eL wiLh buLle. cIB0, F. Iin
(4cm), $2,000-2,500
mouths. Bodies tended to be of
jointed composition. They are
still especially popular in the U5.
0ooglies were produced from
cI9I2 to cI938 by many 0erman
makers, including Armand
Marseille, Kammer & Reinhardt,
0ebruder Heubach, and Hertel,
5chwab & 0o.
IJ
Lady dell Ne. II59
Thi cha|acLe| doll ha a qood wiq
and qla eye. 0|iqinal cloLhe in
qood condiLion add Lo Lhe value.
cII0, F. I2in (0cm),
$I,200-I,500
Smen & KalbgJAdelf
Wslzenus teddler dell
Wilizenu bouqhL Lhe head l|om
Simon & Falbiq and ued a joinLed
compoiLion body made in hi own
lacLo|y. Ea|ly I00, $I,500-2,000
Kertel,
Schwab & 0e
geegly bey
Thi Loddle| boy
doll I7-o i in
laLe| cloLhe.
cII5, F. I5in
(Bcm),
$4,000-o,000
Smen & KalbgJKmmer
& kenhardt I2 dell
The |oy-chee|ed loo| ol Lhi doll
|elecL Lhe imp|ovemenL in healLh
in babie l|om I00. cI20,
F. I7in (4cm), $o00-B00
/a//, /o/nteJ
//n/
0/oeJ oat,
noat/
T/e //oc/ co w/t/
I08 8oe/o// /on
/n / o /eo/ co//ecto/
/ten
A/wo, c/ec/ to
ee /j t/e /oJ,
no// notc/ t/e
/eoJ-t// Jo// /
/, two no/e/
////t, q/o
e,e
I4
FR0M TFE LATE ILh cenLu|y, doll-ma|e|
c|eaLed a |anqe ol Lyle Lo appeal Lo
dille|enL LaLe. Many doll a|e ma||ed
buL ma|| a|e noL alway a quide Lo
qualiLy, a a p|opo|Lion ol Lhe dei|abiliLy
ol an ea|ly doll lie in iL deco|aLion,
eye, and hai|, which can va|y on Lhe
ame model. FlaLic doll l|om Lhe
I0 onwa|d hould be boxed
and in minL condiLion.
The lineup
0ells
II7n Mein Liebling (My 0arling) with firty eyes. cI890,
H: 25in (o3.5cm), $4,000-5,000
Kmmer & kenhardt, 0ermany
Founded in IBBo and Lhe l|L company Lo
p|oduce cha|acLe| doll, iL made qi|l o| boy
doll wiLh benL-limb o| joinLed bodie.
MoL have painLed eye, painLed cloed
mouLh, and mohai| wiq.
Mein Lieblinq doll have li|Ly (move ide Lo
ide) o| leepy (move up and down) eye.
//J-/eot/e/
/oJ, J/eeJ
w/t/ o//q/no/
oatjt
8/onJe
no/o// w/q
Le Petit Parisien. cI890, H: I9in (42.5cm), $o,000-7,000
Jules Stener, France
The lacLo|y made qood-qualiLy doll l|om IB55
Lo I0B. Many have eye LhaL can be opened
and huL uinq a leve| aL Lhe ide ol Lhe head.
Finqe| a|e Lubby and Lhe mouLh i alway
cloe Lo Lhe noe.
Bodie a|e uually papie| mach (|ele||ed Lo
a compoiLion) and joinLed.
"0" fashion doll. cI880, H: 22in (55.8cm), $2,000-3,000
Kestner, 0ermany
J. 0. KeLne| beqan ma|inq doll in IB20, and
La|Led p|oducinq po|celain child doll in IBo0.
Cha|acLe| doll we|e inL|oduced in I0.
KeLne| wa one ol Lhe lew companie Lo ma|e
iL own head and bodie. The company cloed
in IB.
Fead a|e hiqh qualiLy and in many Lyle.
Bodie a|e leaLhe|, compoiLion, o| wood.
Bb. H: 2Iin (53.5cm), $70,000-90,000
Thuller, France
Thullie| made Lop-qualiLy doll l|om IB75 Lo
IB. They a|e hiqhly ouqhL alLe| Loday.
0oll have enchanLinq po|celain lace wiLh
pape|weiqhL eye made l|om blown qla
wiLh |ealiLic depLh ol colo|.
The bodie a|e wood, |id leaLhe|, o|
compoiLion, wiq a|e mohai|, and Lhe qualiLy
cloLhinq i acceo|ized wiLh jewel|y.
Bb, mold 30I. cI900, H: 30in (7ocm), $2,500-3,000
SFBJ, France
The SociL F|anaie de Fab|icaLion de Bb
eL JoueL wa a q|oup ol F|ench doll-ma|e|
who joined lo|ce Lo challenqe Lhe Ce|man
induL|y. They we|e acLive l|om IB Lo cI50.
IniLial qualiLy wa hiqh buL Lailed oll.
0oll Lend Lo be lim, wiLh hiqh-cuL leq and
compoiLion o| wooden bodie.
Cha|acLe| doll, made l|om III, we|e beL.
Jo/nteJ /oJ/e
we/e oa/o/ o
t/e, eno//eJ
Jo// to tonJ
onJ oe
S/oe w/t/
T/a///e/
no//
Po/ce/o/n
/owe/ o/n
Po/ce/o/n /eoJ
w/t/ et o/
/ee, e,e
Pe//oJ oatjt
oJJ to t/e
vo/ae
//xeJ //ae q/o
e,e w/t/
o/nteJ //ow
onJ e,e/o/e
P/e/ceJ eo/
t/// /ove t/e
qo/J onJ oo/
J/o eo///nq
I5
0el l ect bl es: 0ol l s
TW0-FA0E0 00LLS
Bru, Jeune & 0e 0n Lhi |a|e Lwo-laced
doll, ma||ed No. 4, Lhe bonneL lip Lo |eveal
a econd lace ol a c|yinq |ed-laced child.
F. I5in (?Bcm), $20,000-22,000
0//q/no/ oatjt
/n e/ject
conJ/t/on
A//eJ eo/
Introduced by Jumeau, two-faced dolls
feature a knob, concealed in the hair, which
turns the head around. 0ne face is smiling,
the second crying. Bru Jeune & 0ie
produced a number of high-quality and
unusual bb dolls, now highly sought after.
The best examples have a porcelain head,
shoulders, and hands on a kid-leather body.
"Indestructible" baby. H: I8
I
/2in (47cm), $3,500-4,000
Alabama, 0S
Alabama doll we|e made by Ella SmiLh 0oll
Co, ol Roano|e, Alabama, l|om IB Lo I25.
Made l|om cloLh wiLh molded lace, Lhe hai|
and leaLu|e a|e applied wiLh oil painL.
A liLLle wea| will noL allecL Lhe value buL
|epainLinq and |epai| will |educe iL.
Ea|ly ve|ion have applied, noL molded ea|.
LaLe| doll have a bobbed hai|Lyle.
5hirley Temple vinyl doll. cI9o0, H: I2in (30.5cm), $200-250
1deal, 0S
Ideal NovelLy & Toy Co. made doll modeled on
child La| Shi|ley Temple l|om I?4 Lo Io?.
IniLially doll we|e made l|om papie| mach
buL in I57 Lhe l|L vinyl doll appea|ed.
Made in lve ize.
MoL wo|e I50 lahion, buL ome had
ouLlL l|om Shi|ley Temple' llm. AddiLional
ouLlL we|e available.
No. 7534 cloth child. cI930, H: 20in (5Icm), $2,000-2,500
Kthe Kruse, 0ermany
KaLhe K|ue made cloLh-bodied doll III-
I5o and plaLic doll l|om Lhe laLe I40.
The head a|e made l|om molded mulin wiLh
hand-painLed leaLu|e.
Ea|ly doll have Lh|ee hand-LiLched eam on
Lhei| head and leLch a p|emium.
The bodie a|e joinLed aL houlde| and hip.
Clean lab|ic and inLacL painL inc|eae value.
"At The Beach" doll. I950s, H: I3in (33cm), $500-700
Mary Keyer, 0S
In I?B, doll we|e made by Ideal NovelLy &
Toy Co. Lo howcae Ma|y Foye|' doll' cloLhe.
A yea| laLe|, compoiLion doll we|e l|L made,
moL Lamped on Lhe bac| ol Lhe nec|.
F|oducLion ended in Lhe laLe Io0 buL ince
I0 new doll have been made.
Fa|d plaLic doll made l|om I4o have
mohai| wiq, leepy eye, and cloed mouLh.
"Morocco" bent knee doll. cI970, H: 8in (20cm), $250-350
Madame Alexander, 0S
The company made doll l|om lab|ic in I2?,
compoiLion in Lhe I?0, plaLic l|om I4B,
vinyl l|om Lhe laLe I50. IL conLinue Loday.
0oll a|e collecLed lo| Lhei| hiqhly deLailed
and well-made coLume (|aLhe| Lhan lo| Lhe
doll iLell), made in ove| o,500 va|iaLion.
0oll we|e made Lo be diplayed on a hell
|aLhe| Lhan played wiLh.
Po/nteJ /oe
onJ toc//nq
A/t/oaq/ not /n
o//q/no/ c/ot/e /e
/ /n qooJ conJ/t/on
w//c/ oJJ vo/ae
0//q/no/ eo//
nec//oce /o//
//Je onJ /ot
Po/nteJ
/oze/ e,e
0o// o/e ja//,
oo//e
0o// we/e o/J
J/eeJ o/
otte/n we/e
ovo//o//e to no/e
,oa/ own c/ot/e
I
Steff teddy bears
0enune Steff teddy bears
SLeill ma|| iL Leddy bea| and oLhe| olL Loy wiLh a
meLal buLLon in Lhe ea|. Ea|ly buLLon had an elephanL
loqo o| we|e lelL blan|, laLe| one bea| Lhe wo|d SLeill.
Even il Lhe buLLon ha noL u|vived iL i olLen poible
Lo ee Lhe hole iL made. Ea|ly bea| we|e Lulled wiLh
wood havinq and Lhe lu| wa commonly beiqe o|
qold mohai| pluh. Li|e many ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
bea|, ea|ly Leddie hould have a p|onounced nouL
and a Lhinne|, mo|e elonqaLed lace Lhan a mode|n
bea|. Cood condiLion i impo|LanL, buL moL bea| will
have |eceived a loL ol huq. Loo| lo| wea| LhaL i
coniLenL wiLh cuddle.
AMERICAN FRESI0ENT TFE000RE Teddy RooevelL'
|elual Lo hooL a bea| on a hunLinq L|ip in I02 La|Led a
c|aze LhaL conLinue Lo Lhi day. A newpape| ca|Loon
commenLinq on Lhe incidenL inpi|ed enL|ep|eneu| Mo||i
MichLom Lo p|oduce a Loy bea|, named Teddy Bea|, Lo
commemo|aLe Lhe evenL. The Loy wa old l|om hi Lo|e
in B|oo|lyn, New Yo||. 0Lhe| copied hi idea and Lhe
Leddy bea| wa bo|n. AlLhouqh Lhe l|L boom in bea|
wa in Lhe uS, Ce|many p|oduced Lhe moL, and a|quably
Lhe beL. The Ce|man l|m SLeill (lounded in IBBo) i
conide|ed Lhe lneL ma|e| and i Lhe beL |nown. IL
bea| command hiqh um and have been la|ed.
The p|ime upecL
Steff center seam bear
The eam down Lhe cenLe| ol Lhe
noe appea|ed on one in even
bea|. cI07, F. 20in (5Icm),
$7,000-I0,000
0ark brewn Steff bear
The hape ol Lhe bea| and iL qla
eye a|e clue LhaL iL daLe l|om
Lhe I20. cI20, F. IBin
(45.5cm), $5,000-7,000
KEY 0L0ES
Lonq, cu|ved limb wiLh la|qe, ouL-Lu|ned paw cove|ed wiLh lelL
pad and na||ow w|iL and an|le. Replaced pad lowe| value.
Seam ac|o Lhe Lop ol Lhe head l|om ea| Lo ea|.
BuLLon in one ol Lhe ea| o| a hole lelL behind.
A p|onounced, humped bac|.
Ea| a|e o|iqinal and in co||ecL poiLion. il Lhey have been moved o|
|eplaced Lhe|e will be |epai|ed hole in Lhe head eam.
Butten n ear
The Lyle ol buLLon help Lo daLe
Lhe bea|. Thi one i l|om a|ound
I20 Lo Lhe I50.
Bear wth kapek stufHng
Thi ea|ly SLeill bea| ha a buLLon
in iL ea| and i Lulled wiLh a loL
ol |apo|, daLinq iL Lo I05-I0o.
F. I7in (4cm), $o,000-B,000
Steff whte mehar bear
Thi ea|ly bea| ha a |a|e blan| buLLon in
iL ea|, booL-buLLon eye, and a LiLched
noe and mouLh. cI04, F. 20in (5Icm),
$7,000-I0,000
T/e o/e //own
t/tc/eJ noe /
o//q/no/ onJ /ntoct
0o/o/eJ ja/ (/n t//
coe w//te / /o/e onJ
/n qooJ conJ/t/on-
oJJ/nq to Je//o////t,
I7
TkA0E
SE0kETS
Rarity and condition are
all-important when valuing
a bear. 0riginal tags, labels,
and buttons increase value -
however, safety-conscious
parents often removed
buttons. 0onversely,
being nibbled at
by moths and faded
by the sun will decrease
desirability and value.
0el l ect bl es: 5tei ff teddy bears
Fake Steff teddy bears
Ea|ly SLeill bea| a|e o valuable LhaL many la|e have
been made. Bewa|e example LhaL appea| Lo be made in Lhe
old hape, a|e wo|n and well Lulled. AlLhouqh Lhe Lullnq
in old bea| wa ha|d, yea| ol love and aLLenLion hould
have olLened and |ediL|ibuLed iL. Wea| i olLen la|ed uinq
a d|ill wiLh a andinq aLLachmenL, o loo| ouL lo| wo|n
paLche whe|e Lhe pile ol Lhe lu| ha been mooLhed inLo
ci|cle. Wea| hould be all ove| and coniLenL wiLh Lhe
bea| beinq played wiLh-epecially noLable on Lhe Lop
ol Lhe head, bac|, a|m, and cheL. Fa|e bea| a|e
olLen made in |a|e and unuual colo|, which
hould a|oue upicion, epecially il Lhe bea|
ha no label, o| |emnanL ol Lhem.
K0MPE0-BA0K BEAkS
Like real grizzly bear cubs, early 0erman bears,
and some American ones too, had a pronounced
humped back. A grizzly's hump is a mass of muscle
needed to help it dig holes or pack a punch. Its toy
counterpart's hump was made of the soft mixture
of long, thin wood shavings used as stuffng and
known as excelsior or wood wool. This feels
crunchy when the bear is squeezed. British bears
were stuffed with a mixture of kapok and
excelsior, making them lighter in weight. Although
5teiff bears became chunkier during the I9I0s
and 20s, the humped back remained. It was
not until the launch of the 0riginal Teddy in
I95I that the hump all but disappeared.
0endten ef the face
IL would be ha|d Lo wea| Lhe
lu| a|ound Lhe eye Lhi much
Lh|ouqh play.
Wern n patches
The miinq lu| on Lhe Lop ol Lhe
houlde| i noL coniLenL wiLh
beinq huqqed eve|y niqhL.
Early Steff bear The p|onounced hump on
Lhi SLeill blonde bea| i Lypical ol a bea| made
in abouL I05.
KEY 0L0ES
MoL la|e a|e ol bea| made l|om I02 Lo cI0.
Be cauLiou ol old-Lyle haped bea| made in
mode|n lab|ic.
Wea| LhaL doe noL lL wiLh beinq qiven yea| ol
lovinq huq hould immediaLely a|oue upicion.
ue you| noe. old bea| have Lhei| own mell
l|om yea| ol play and houe duL. A mode|n
bea| doe noL.
0ark cnnamen
teddy bear
Thi colo| ol lu| i hiqhly
unuual and i Lhe l|L clue LhaL
Lhe bea| may noL be whaL iL
eem. LaLe 20Lh cenLu|y, F. I7in
(4cm), $50-70
Stajjnq t/onq
onJ /o/J
Je/te weo/
to ja/
/oot oJ o/e /ntoct
Je/te o nac/
weo/ to t/e ja/
To oj /eoJ
/oa/J /ow
no/e weo/
I8
BY I0o, TFE TE00Y BEAR c|aze wa in lull winq and new
companie p|anq up ac|o No|Lh Ame|ica and Eu|ope. The
ma||eL lo| bea| wa o L|onq LhaL SLeill Loo| on 2,000
mo|e wo||e| Lo aLily o|de|, which inc|eaed B0-lold
in lve yea|. In B|iLain, J. K. Fa|nell & Co, ChilLe|n,
Me||yLhouqhL, and Chad valley we|e amonq Lhe new
Leddy bea| ma|e|. Thei| bea| Lended Lo have
L|aiqhLe| limb and laLLe| lace Lhan Lhei| Ce|man
couin. Few Ame|ican ma|e| u|vived lonq in Lhe
0ep|eion, wiLh Lhe excepLion ol Lhe Ideal NovelLy
and Toy Company and Cund. Ce|many, wiLh iL
hiLo|y ol Loy-ma|inq, la|ed beLLe| wiLh Ceb|ude|
Binq, Schuco, and, ol cou|e, SLeill. F|ench bea|
can be diLinquihed by Lhei| imple joinL, colo|lul
ea| lininq, and ho|L b|iLle mohai|. IL i noL alway
eay Lo idenLily Lhe ma|e|, alLhouqh M. FinLel Fil and
Fadap (boLh cloed in Lhe I70) a|e amonq Lhe beL |nown.
The lineup
Hugmee teddy bear. cI930, H: I5in (38cm), $I20-I80
0hltern, England
The ChilLe|n Toy Co. l|L made bea| in II5.
Chad valley Loo| ove| ChilLe|n in Lhe Io0.
The l|L bea| wa qooqly-eyed MaLe| Teddy
who wo|e a hi|L, panL, and bow Lie.
In Lhe I20, ChilLe|n inL|oduced Fuqmee, a
mohai| bea| wiLh olL |apo| Lullnq, coLLon
o| velveLeen paw pad, and a haved nouL.
In Lhe I0, bea| LhaL conLained quea|e|
and muical boxe we|e made.
0olden mohair bear. I930s-40s, H: 23in (58.5cm), $500-700
Merrytheught, England
Me||yLhouqhL wa lounded in I0 and i Lill
ma|inq bea| Loday.
Bea| made in Lhe I0 have a celluloid
buLLon in Lhe ea| a well a a lab|ic label.
unLil Lhe I50 noe we|e LiLched
ve|Lically. The ouLe|moL LiLche on each
ide we|e elonqaLed and L|eLched down.
Faw pad omeLime have webbed LiLchinq.
Belo|e Lhe Io0, nouL we|e haved.
Brown mohair bear. cI930, H: IIin (28cm), $350-450
0had Valley, England
Chad valley beqan ma|inq bea| in II5. Ea|ly
example we|e made ol mohai|, uually qold,
and Lhe limb we|e Lulled wiLh olL |apo|.
Ea|ly bea| had ve|Lically LiLched, L|ianqula|
noe. LaLe|, Lhe muzzle wa haved.
LaLe| bea| have la|qe, laL, wide-apa|L ea|
and oval paw pad wiLh ca|dboa|d ine|L.
Teddy bears
Tumbler bear. cI9I0, H: II
I
/2in (29cm), $2,000-2,500
Bng, 0ermany
Ceb|ude| Binq beqan Lo ma|e hiqh-qualiLy,
mechanical Loy in Lhe IB0. IL p|oduced iL
l|L bea| in I07 and oon inL|oduced
mechanical elemenL.
Tumblinq bea| have lonq, meLal-l|amed
a|m and a cloc|wo|| mechanim LhaL lilL
Lhe body ove| Lhe a|m.
Bea| we|e made l|om qolden mohai| pluh
wiLh a LiLched woollen noe and claw.
8oJ, / noJe
j/on /axa//oa
no/o//
0a//nq t/e IJ0
t/e /oveJ nazz/e
/econe q/oJao//,
/onqe/
T/e 0/oJ vo//e,
/o/e/ wo t/tc/eJ
anJe/ t/e joot
St/tc/eJ
woo//en noe
Mec/on/n
o//ow t/e /oJ,
to /e //jteJ ove/
t/e o/n
/o///c
/o/e/
I9
0el l ect bl es: Teddy bears
White mohair bear. I920s, H: I9in (48.5cm), $2,500-3,500
Farnell, England
J. K. Fa|nell & Co wa lounded in I0B and i
|nown a Lhe Enqlih SLeill lo| iL hiqh
qualiLy bea|. The lacLo|y cloed in Lhe Io0.
Ea| Lend Lo be anqled.
Li|e moL ma|e|, Lhey ued blac| booL
buLLon eye belo|e Wo|ld Wa| I. In Lhe
I20, Fa|nell wa one ol Lhe l|L companie
Lo ue qla eye.
0old mohair bear. cI905, H: 24
I
/2in (o2cm), $2,500-3,500
Amercan bears
Many Ame|ican companie La|Led up Lo meeL
Lhe demand lo| Leddy bea|, only Lo cloe a a
|eulL ol Lhe 0ep|eion.
The majo|iLy ol bea| we|e noL ma||ed and
o iL i impoible Lo ay who made Lhem.
Many a|e baed on Lhe SLeill hape.
0lLen have |ound ea| eL low in Lhe head.
Lonq, poinLed leeL a|e Lypical.
White 5teiff bear. I920s, H: I8in (45.5cm), $7,000-9,000
0elered bears
Many companie made colo|ed bea|, includinq
SLeill, Me||yLhouqhL, ChilLe|n, and Fa|nell.
WhiLe, pin|, and blue a|e ve|y dei|able.
Colo|ed bea| Lend Lo be mo|e valuable Lhan
bea| in Lhe le common da||e| and liqhLe|
hade ol b|own.
SLeill and Fa|nell made a limiLed numbe| ol
blac| bea| Lo commemo|aLe Lhe T/ton/c
5teiff gold plush bear. I950s, H: oin (I5cm), $500-o00
Pest Werld War 11 bears
FoL-wa| bea| a|e becominq mo|e dei|able a
p|e-wa| bea| diminih in numbe|.
Rounde| lace wiLh a le p|onounced muzzle
and ea| cloe| LoqeLhe|.
Bodie a|e plumpe| and a|m ho|Le| and
L|aiqhLe| Lhan p|e-wa| bea|.
LimiLed-ediLion bea|, made ince Lhe I70,
hould q|ow in value, epecially il Lhey a|e in
minL condiLion wiLh Lhei| box and pape|wo||.
N0VELTY BEAkS
The 0erman frm of 5chuco is renowned for its range
of miniature toys, including bears, monkeys, and
rabbits, which were produced between the I920s and
I970s. 0old is the most common color, with unusual
colors such as red and green rare and highly sought
after. Bears were made from mohair. They had swivel
heads and were jointed at the shoulder and hip. Many
of its miniature bears had a novelty use and may
conceal a perfume bottle or manicure set, for example.
The company also made mechanical toys and produced
miniature tumbling bears and a "yes/no" bear that
nodded or shook its head depending on how its tail
was moved. The company was sold in I97o.
Schuce A Schuco cenL boLLle Leddy bea|.
The head lilL oll Lo |eveal a qla boLLle
concealed in Lhe body. cI50, 5
I
/2in (I4cm), $200-?00
T//onqa/o/ /eoJ
/eet /ove
o//q/no/ je/t
oJ w/t/
co/J/oo/J
/ne/t
lonq /an
o/n
So//J
jo/n
T/e o//q/no/
toq oJJ to
t/e vo/ae
S/oveJ noat
I70
The lineup
Prisoner-of-war bone spinning jenny. cI800, H: oin (I5cm),
$750-850
Prsener-ef-war carvngs
0u|inq Lhe RevoluLiona|y and Napoleonic Wa|
aqainL F|ance (I7-IBI5), ome F|ench
p|ione| ol wa| we|e |epL in loaLinq p|ion.
To pa Lhe Lime-and ea|n money-many
p|ione| made bone ca|vinq.
Ship we|e a popula| ubjecL, buL wo||inq
model ol machine uch a Lhe pinninq
jenny and Lhe quilloLine we|e alo made.
American pair of miniatures on ivory. cI845, H: 3
I
/4in
(8.5cm), $800-I,200
1very mnatures
In Lhe laLe I7Lh cenLu|y, ivo|y joined Lhe
lavo|ed maLe|ial ol vellum and enamel a Lhe
ideal bae lo| painLed miniaLu|e po|L|aiL.
The ivo|y hine Lh|ouqh Lhe piqmenL
ma|inq Lhe painL loo| luminou.
In Lhe ILh cenLu|y, ivo|y miniaLu|e in la|qe|
lo|maL we|e Lu|ned inLo mall imiLaLion ol
oil painLinq lo| diplay on a de| o| wall.
Horn snuff mull, in the shape of a seal. I8th century, H: 3in
(7.5cm), $I,000-I,200
Kern snuff mulls
ScoLLih lo| a nullbox, a mull o|iqinally
inco|po|aLed a mill lo| q|indinq Lhe null.
Snull mull we|e l|equenLly lahioned l|om
Lhe ho|n ol |am and deco|aLed wiLh ilve|
mounL, which a|e uually unma||ed.
Made in a va|ieLy ol imaqinaLive hape,
mull olLen had a deco|aLive lid and we|e
meanL Lo Land on a Lable.
0on/ex
co/v/nq
/nc/aJe two
w/ee/ onJ
two jqa/e
FAR0, FINE-CRAINE0 CREAMY-WFITE Iv0RY
ha been ued lo| cenLu|ie lo| uelul wa|e and
novelLie, epecially in miniaLu|e. valued lo| iL
LacLile u|lace and adapLabiliLy Lo ca|vinq, ivo|y
lend iLell Lo a hiqh deq|ee ol deLail. Chinee
c|alLmen l|L made ivo|y ca|vinq cI500. In
Japan, c|alLmen did noL La|L Lo ca|ve ivo|y unLil Lhe
I7Lh cenLu|y, buL Lhey oon became |enowned lo| Lhei|
neLu|e (ee ppI72-7). In Lhe WeL, ivo|y wa ued a
a lu|niLu|e inlay l|om Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y and laLe| ca|ved inLo lqu|e,
che piece, and ca|d cae. ElephanL Lu| we|e Lhe p|ima|y ou|ce, buL
wal|u, pe|m whale, na|whal, |am, and wild boa| Lu| have all been ued.
All ivo|y objecL muL leqally conlo|m wiLh Lhe ConvenLion on InLe|naLional
T|ade in Endanqe|ed Specie (CITES). Foweve|, Lhe illiciL L|ade conLinue o
chec| Lhe o|iqin ol iLem olle|ed a anLique ivo|y belo|e buyinq and
obLain a w|iLLen LaLemenL l|om Lhe elle| (ee oppoiLe).
1very and bene
Indian ivory workbox. cI780, W: I2
I
/2in (32cm),
$4,500-o,000
1ndan bexes
Indian deco|aLive objecL we|e impo|Led inLo
Eu|ope l|om Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y. By Lhe laLe IBLh
cenLu|y, many deiqn |elecLed p|evailinq
Eu|opean Lyle uch a Lhe Neoclaical.
Ivo|y wa olLen combined wiLh ebony.
In Lhe IBLh and ILh cenLu|ie, c|alLmen in
Lhe Indian Lown ol vizaqapaLum p|oduced
boxe and lu|niLu|e inlaid o| cove|ed wiLh
panel ol ivo|y, mainly lo| Lhe B|iLih ma||eL.
I7I
0el l ect bl es: Ivory and bone
5hibayama (Japanese inlay technique) visiting card case
cI880, L: 4in (I0cm), $5,000-7,000
Vstng card cases
F|eenLinq callinq ca|d wa widep|ead in
poliLe ocieLy in Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, buL iL wa noL
unLil Lhe IB20 LhaL cae we|e made lo| Lhem.
In Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y, many ca|d cae
we|e made in Lhe Fa| EaL Lo aLily Lhe
Eu|opean lahion lo| 0|ienLal wa|e.
Shibayama cae had ca|ved Lo|Loiehell and
ivo|y eL inLo a qold lacque| o| ivo|y q|ound.
5ilver-mounted beaker recording an incident when a lioness
attacked a mail coach. cI8Io, H: 3
I
/4in (8.5cm), $I,500-I,o00
Kern drnkng vessels
0e|ived l|om Lhe ho|n ol animal uch a |am
and qoaL, ho|n wa ued lo| d|in|inq veel
and laLe| |nile handle and poon. In Lhe IBLh
cenLu|y, London wa a cenLe| lo| hapinq ho|n.
Bea|e| l|equenLly mounLed wiLh ilve|.
Fo|n wa alo ued Lo lahion nullboxe,
medallion, b|ooche, comb, and in Lhin
heeL lo| lanLe|n a an alLe|naLive Lo qla.
French ivory snuff rasp. I8th century, L: 7
3
/4in (I9.5cm),
$3,500-5,000
French very snuff rasps
By Lhe ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y, Lhe lahion in Eu|ope
lo| La|inq null had p|ead Lo Lhe nobiliLy and
Lhen Lhe middle clae. Snull |ap we|e ued
lo| q|indinq Lhe LiqhLly LwiLed |ope Lobacco.
Made in lavih maLe|ial includinq ivo|y.
Ivo|y i olLen ca|ved in Lhe |ound and lollow
Lhe hape ol Lhe o|iqinal Lu|.
Eaily ca|ved, ivo|y allowed lo| delicaLe
deco|aLive moLil and complex a|mo|ial.
French carved ivory Napoleon Bonaparte fgure. I9th
century, H: 4
3
/4in (I2cm), $500-700
1very Hgures
Eaily ca|ved, ivo|y ha alway been a popula|
maLe|ial lo| ma|inq lqu|e.
Fiqu|e made l|om Lhe ha|d, lne-q|ained and
c|eamy-whiLe maLe|ial de|ived l|om Lhe
LeeLh o| Lu| ol va|iou animal |eemble
bicuiL o| //onc Je c//ne po|celain.
Fopula| ubjecL include poliLician, acLo|
and acL|ee, L|eeL elle|, and animal.
S///o,ono
cene oj to//
/n o qo/Jen
S0k1MSKAW
From the I9th century, decorative
objects from the teeth and tusks of
whales and walruses were
fashioned by craftsmen and
sailors on both sides of the
Atlantic, as well as in Australia
and New Zealand. Using simple
tools, the surface of a tooth or
piece of bone was scraped smooth.
Pictorial designs were pricked out
with a needle through a paper
image, then scratched,
engraved, or lightly carved.
5oot, tar, or black India ink and
sealing wax were used to join up the
pricked-out dots to reveal decorative
pictures such as whaling scenes or ships.
There are many replicas on the market-
they are often heavier, milkier, and have a
whiter fnish and a highly polished base.
Scrmshaw Thi whale' LooLh i
enq|aved on boLh ide wiLh a hip.
Ea|ly Lo mid-ILh cenLu|y,
L. B
I
/4in (20.5cm),
$70,000-0,000
0/owneJ w/t/
o coot oj o/n
onJ /e//
MoJe/eJ /n ja//
n///to/, J/e
onJ noanteJ
on ao/e
//nt/ /oe
/eno/e jqa/e
/e/eent/nq
anne/ w/t/
/c//e onJ
co/naco/o
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KEY FA0TS
The vein in Lhe ivo|y will be viible upon
cloe inpecLion.
Ivo|y i uually cold Lo Lhe Louch and leel heavy.
The deLail hould be lnely ca|ved.
Sepia Laininq i appa|enL.
Wea| and di|L will be viible in Lhe place whe|e iL i expecLed.
Kwangu en herse
The ca|ve| ha cleve|ly adapLed
Lhe hape ol a Laq anLle| Lo
c|eaLe Lhi neLu|e. $20,000-
25,000
Menkey and baby
The ca|ve| ol Lhi whimical
neLu|e, Kaiqyo|uai MaaLuqu, i
ve|y well |nown. cIB70, $0,000-
5,000
Menkey traner
All pa|L ol Japanee lile and
culLu|e we|e capLu|ed by neLu|e
a|LiL. IBLh cenLu|y, L.5cm (2in),
$2,000-,000
Netsuke
Loo| cloely aL a neLu|e Lo lnd i||equla|ly
placed lne vein, which occu| naLu|ally in ivo|y.
Il iL i ivo|y, conide| Lhe ize and ubjecL maLLe|,
becaue Lhey can allecL dei|abiliLy. Impo|LanL
lacLo| alo include how well Lhe lo|m ha been
conceived, and how lnely Lhe deLail have been
ca|ved and hiqhliqhLed wiLh Laininq. Il Lhe
piece i cha|minq, o| pe|hap whimical, Lhi
can alo inc|eae dei|abiliLy, a can Lhe
p|eence ol an a|LiL' iqnaLu|e. NeLu|e we|e
luncLional objecL, o loo| lo| wea| on
p|onounced o| p|oL|udinq a|ea and a|ound
Lhe hole, and conide| whe|e di|L and q|ime
would have builL up Lh|ouqh ue.
NETSuKE WERE MINIATuRE culpLu|e lo| ue a
Loqqle in L|adiLional Japanee d|e. They we|e aLLached
Lo Lhe o// (ah) a|ound a |imono, l|om which hunq a
pouch, pipe cae, o| e|ie ol boxe on a co|d. F|oduced
l|om Lhe IoLh cenLu|y, neLu|e we|e ca|ved l|om ivo|y,
bone, o| wood in many hape, includinq peaanL,
The p|ime upecL
qod, and myLhical o| |eal beaL, omeLime humo|ou.
NeLu|e had no ha|p o| p|ojecLinq a|ea LhaL would caLch
on Lhe cloLh, and Lhe beL example we|e lnely ca|ved
wiLh deLail. Many a|LiL iqned Lhei| neLu|e uinq
Japanee ymbol, and Lhe wo|| ol ome ol Lhe beL
|nown i hiqhly ouqhL alLe|.
Authentc netsuke
Shsh deg
ued Lo wa|d oll evil pi|iL, hihi
doq a|e Lypical ol Lhe myLhical
animal po|L|ayed. IBLh cenLu|y,
L.4.5cm (I

/4in), $2,500-,500
I72
0enune netsuke
Thi neLu|e wa ca|ved and
iqned by Rio (Kawa|a). The ivo|y
ha a qood paLina and Lhe deLail
a|e coniLenLly lnely ca|ved.
cIB50, $B,000-I2,000
Netsuke heles
The co|d wa Lh|eaded Lh|ouqh
mall hole, o| pace beLween
a leq o| Lail, which a|e |nown
a //noto//.
T/e co/ve/
/qnota/e
/ v////e
FimoLohi
Sto/n/nq /o /een ///ja//,
o//eJ to //q///q/t Jeto//
I7J
kesn ewl
AlLhouqh Lhe Lain i applied
beLLe| Lhan on Lhe Lu|Lle (|iqhL),
Lhe colo| how Lhi Lo be a |ein
la|e. F. I
I
/4in (.5cm), $4-o
kesn turtle
The poo| Lain applicaLion
indicaLe LhaL Lhi i a laLe| la|e.
L. in (7.5cm), $4-o
0K1M0N0
KEY 0L0ES
unilo|m pale c|eamy colo| wiLh no iqn ol a paLina.
Lac| ol Lhe lne line een on ivo|y.
Whe|e line a|e een, Lhey a|e unilo|mly pa|allel, indicaLinq
an ea|ly plaLic.
Wa|m Lo Lhe Louch, and olLen a liqhL weiqhL.
Netsuke became sought after as souvenirs,
and then as works of art, after Japan was
opened to the West during the mid- to late
I9th century. This demand led many netsuke
carvers to produce similar, larger wood and
ivory sculptures, known as . These
were also displayed in the , the
display alcove in a traditional Japanese
home. Themes used were the same as for
Fake netsuke
A value and demand l|om Lou|iL q|ew Lowa|d Lhe
end ol Lhe ILh cenLu|y, neLu|e beqan Lo be la|ed.
Well-ca|ved ivo|y o| wood mode|n example have a
value ol Lhei| own, buL moL la|e a|e made ol molded
|ein. Thee Lypically have poo|ly delned deLail, wiLh a
|ounded, noL c|ip, leel. SLaininq o| di|L may have been
applied, buL Lhi may be in Lhe w|onq place and noL
coniLenL wiLh Lhe deLail o| wea| and Lea|. MoL do
noL have hole, and whe|e hole do appea|, Lhey a|e
d|illed in a unilo|m ize and how no iqn ol wea|
Lh|ouqh ue.
Melded resn netsuke
Thi la|e neLu|e bea| many hallma|| ol |ein
example, moL obviouly a unilo|m pale
c|eamy colo|. cI5, F. in (7cm), $4-o
T/e Jeto///nq / oo/ onJ
/ncon/tent onJ / not
aqqet/ve oj /oe/ weo/
Japanese
Thi ivo|y lhe|man i
well ca|ved wiLh plenLy
ol deLail. cI00, F. I4in
(5cm), $,500-5,000
netsuke, with many illustrating traditional
Japanese myths, characters, or activities.
Values are based on the artist, age, and size
of the sculpture, and on the complexity of
the carving. 0hisel marks have the same
appeal to the collector as brushstrokes in a
painting, although made for export
are usually smooth.
Stanng
The Laininq i a di|Ly b|own colo|
and ha been applied haphaza|dly.
The Lu|Lle' leeL a|e c|udely
|ende|ed.
Flat base
Line on Lhe bae a|e pa|allel, a
iqn ol an ea|ly plaLic.
TkA0E SE0kET
If you own a netsuke that you
think might be a resin fake,
heat the point of a needle until
it is red hot and gently stick it
into the base. The needle will
melt the resin quickly as it
enters the body. If it is ivory,
this will not happen. You can
only do this if you are the
owner, though!
0eerge 1 sampler
Thi Enqlih ample| leaLu|e
he|aldic imaqe|y and Lhe biblical
Lo|y ol Elijah and Lhe |aven.
I720, $7,000-I0,000
Scettsh sampler
ImaqinaLive and unuual deLail,
li|e Lhe hip Aeto/n he|e, which
|elecL Lhei| ma|e|' lile Lo|ie a|e
in demand. cIB00, $2,500-,500
Early I9th-century sampler
F|om iL enchanLinq ve|e Lo Lhe
cha|minq houe, Lhi ample| conLain
Lhe claic componenL. Siqned Lucy
Fa|ham IB22, $20,000-25,000
Samplers
Ideally, ample| hould include Lhe name and
aqe ol Lhe emb|oide|e| and Lhe daLe he
compleLed Lhe p|ojecL. They hould be
emb|oide|ed wiLh Lhe leLLe| ol Lhe alphabeL,
numbe| I Lo I0, and a ve|e l|om a |eliqiou
LexL o| a ho|L |hyme. The|e hould be a main
local imaqe-in Lhe mid-IBLh cenLu|y, Lhi wa
uually Adam and Eve, in Lhe ea|ly ILh, Lhe
qi|l' home. Thi hould be u||ounded by
viually exciLinq moLil and a deco|aLive
bo|de| LhaL Lie Lhe compoiLion LoqeLhe|.
uNTIL TFE INvENTI0N 0F Lhe ewinq machine in Lhe
mid-ILh cenLu|y, all cloLh wa ewn by hand. Needlewo||
|ill we|e impo|LanL, and wealLhy women puL example ol
Lhei| lavo|iLe LiLche and moLil LoqeLhe| on a inqle cloLh
|nown a a ample|. Women helped qi|l c|eaLe Lhee
uelul needlewo|| quide and, Lo ma|e Lhe leon mo|e
The p|ime upecL
KEY 0L0ES
SenLimenLal ve|e a|e mo|e dei|able Lhan |eliqiou.
The dille|enL elemenL ol Lhe deiqn hould be
balanced and c|eaLe an aLL|acLive whole.
The name ol a chool o| a Leache| add collecLabiliLy.
Emb|oide|ed LexL LhaL Louche on cu||enL allai| uch
a Lhe aboliLion ol lave|y enhance value.
inLe|eLinq, Lhey a||anqed Lhe LiLche and moLil in
aLL|acLive compoiLion. LeLLe| and numbe| we|e added
Lo ample| deiqn in Lhe I7Lh and IBLh cenLu|ie, cha|Linq
Lhe |ie in educaLion. Ci|l made Lhei| l|L ample| wiLh
Lhe alphabeL and numbe| aL Lhe aqe ol ix. In Lhei| ea|ly
Leen Lhey p|oduced a mo|e complex ample|.
0utstandng samplers
I74
Sephstcated sampler
A hephe|de and he| loc| q|ace
Lhe ma|qin. Fine LiLchinq and
l|eh colo| enhance dei|abiliLy.
I7B, $5,000-50,000
T/e /o/Je/ o/e jo/neJ
/, jowe/ q/ow/nq
j/on o/nonento/ a/n
T/e ve/e /eoJ When youLh' olL eaon hall be ove|/
And cene ol childhood cha|m no mo|e/ My |ipe| yea|
wiLh joy hall ee/ Thi p|ool ol inlanL induL|y
W
A
T
0
K

0
0
T
I
0
o
ld
a
n
d
s
ilv
e
r

t
h
r
e
a
d
w
e
r
e
s
o
m
e
t
im
e
s

u
s
e
d
, e
s
p
e
c
ia
lly
fo
r
ra
is
e
d

s
t
it
c
h
e
s
. 0
n
ly
t
h
e
v
e
r
y
w
e
a
lt
h
y

w
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
a
b
le
t
o
a
ffo
r
d

t
h
e
s
e
t
h
r
e
a
d
s
a
n
d
s
o
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f t
h
e

s
a
m
p
le
r
w
ill b
e
h
ig
h
e
r.
T/e cono/t/on /
we// /o/onceJ
0el l ect bl es: 5ampl ers
BAN0 SAMPLEkS
KEY 0L0ES
F|iLine ample| a|e |a|e buL avoid ove|Lly dicolo|ed o|
damaqed example.
unle Lhe deiqn i excepLional, iL hould lollow Lhe lo|mula ol
an alphabeL, nume|al, ve|e, and picLo|ial elemenL and bo|de|.
Simple ample| wiLh a laLe| daLe Lend Lo be le dei|able
Lhan ea|ly one.
The oldest surviving samplers
from the Ioth and I7th century
are called band samplers (spot
samplers in the U5). Motifs and
stitches were arranged across
the surface-some upside
down. There are no letters or
numbers but sometimes a name
and date. Band samplers were
Englsh band sampler Sample|
Lhi old a|e ca|ce. IniLialled and
daLed ML IoII, $I5,000-20,000
0ull samplers
The|e we|e eLablihed convenLion LhaL ample|-
ma|e| had Lo adhe|e Lo, uch a emb|oide|inq Lhe
leLLe| ol Lhe alphabeL. The dille|ence beLween a dull
ample| and a q|eaL ample| wa Lhe ponLaneiLy and
c|eaLiviLy wiLh which Lhe ma|e| handled Lhee
convenLion. No amounL ol lne needlewo|| will imp|ove
Lhe dei|abiliLy ol a |ouLine compoiLion. Ae Lhe
qualiLy ol a ample| by judqinq iL uinq Lhe ame c|iLe|ia
a a painLinq. Loo| lo| ha|moniou colo| combinaLion,
deliqhLlul deLail, and eye-caLchinq imaqe puL LoqeLhe|
in an imaqinaLive and ca|elully LhouqhL-ouL way.
Md-I9th-century sampler
The laLe| daLe, wea| compoiLion,
|eliqiou ve|e, and poo| condiLion
deL|acL l|om Lhi ample|' value.
Siqned and daLed ElizabeLh
Reame|, IBB, $I,000-I,500
New Jersey sampler
The L|i|inq naive houe moLil lilL
whaL i oLhe|wie an o|dina|y
needlewo|| exe|cie. IB27,
$I,500-2,000
not a pretty show of needlework
and literacy. Professional
needlewomen or rich ladies used
them as a record of stitches and
designs. Many motifs were
adapted from illustrations of
plants and animals. Band
samplers are long and narrow
because they were embroidered
I75
Pennsylvanan sampler
Thi lively and colo|lul ample| i
aLL|acLive buL would leLch a hiqhe|
p|ice il iL included a ve|e. IB07,
$5,000-7,000
Englsh sampler
0eiqn dominaLed by lenqLhy
devoLional LexL a|e le dei|able
Lo collecLo|, |elecLed in Lhe value.
IB2I, $50-450
New England sampler
Expou|e Lo unliqhL ha bleached
Lhe once vivid emb|oide|y Lo
paLel hade, which lowe| iL
value. cIBI0, $2,000-2,500
on linen woven on narrow looms.
5titches were usually in worked
silk-sometimes embellished
with gold and silver thread.
T/e t/tc/e
/ove joJeJ
Pe//q/oa ve/e o/e not o
//q//, //zeJ /, co//ecto/
T/e /ette/ o/e
not o//qneJ
I7
FR0M TFE FAR EAST Lo Eu|ope, quilL have been admi|ed lo| Lhei|
c|alLmanhip and deiqn a well a Lhei| wa|mLh. MoL quilL
combine Lh|ee main Lechnique. In Lhe l|L, quilLinq, Liny LiLche in
elabo|aLe paLLe|n hold laye| ol lab|ic LoqeLhe|. WholecloLh quilL,
wiLh Lhei| olid colo|ed o| inqle paLLe|ned Lop and boLLom, a|e
puL LoqeLhe| wiLh Lhi Lechnique. The econd, appliqu, i whe|e
lab|ic moLil and paLche a|e ewn Lo Lhe Lop ol
quilL. The Lhi|d i piecinq, whe|e piece ol
lab|ic a|e ewn LoqeLhe| Lo lo|m a quilL.
FaLchwo|| paLLe|n li|e loq cabin-L|ip ol
lab|ic LiLched LoqeLhe| Lo lo|m qua|e-
a|e a qood example ol piecinq. 0uilLe| |ele|
Lo uniL ol deiqn on quilL Lop, li|e loq cabin
paLLe|n qua|e, a bloc|.
The lineup
JAk00N
B0STEk
0/euter's c/ot/ Printed to
look like patchwork, cheater's
cloth was used by some as a
backing or border in the
mid- to late I9th
century.
Provenal quilt. Late I8th century, $I,700-2,000
Prevenal qults, France
F|ovence ha been a quilLinq cenLe| ince Lhe
mid-I7Lh cenLu|y, expo|Linq a|ound Eu|ope.
Typical F|ovenal quilL, li|e Lhe one above,
have paddinq beLween Lhe Lop and boLLom.
They we|e made in olid colo| o| chinLz-a
p|inLed coLLon.
IBLh-cenLu|y Eu|opean chinLz wa inpi|ed
by Indian o|iqinal.
Boutis quilt, probably Provenal. cI798, $700-I,000
Beuts qults, France
BouLi quilL a|e a Lype ol wholecloLh quilL
made ol Lwo laye| ol lab|ic wiLh co|d ine|Led
in beLween Lhe bac|inq and Lhe Lop Lo |aie
elecL a|ea ol quilLed deiqn. T|apunLo i
anoLhe| name lo| Lhi quilLinq Lechnique.
BouLi quilL we|e a F|ovenal pecialiLy.
A pecial boxwood needle ued Lo ine|L Lhe
co|d i called a /oat/ in F|ovence.
Wreath quilt made in Ephrata, Lancaster 0ounty,
Pennsylvania. cI900, $5,000-7,000
Mennente wreath qults, 0S
MennoniLe a|e a Ch|iLian ecL who live imply
and piouly. Thei| p|inciple |eqa|dinq d|e,
home deco|aLion, and mode|n Lechnoloqy a|e
imila| Lo Lhoe ol Lhe Amih. Li|e Lhe Amih
Lhey a|e |enowned lo| Lhei| quilL.
CollecLo| p|ize MennoniLe quilL lo| Lhei|
b|illianL colo|.
Thei| lne, deLailed quilLinq i alo dei|able.
qults
Tree of Life quilt. I8th century, $7,000-I0,000
Tree ef Lfe qults, 1nda
In Lhe I7Lh and IBLh cenLu|y Indian chinLz
panel deco|aLed wiLh a L|ee ol lile, alo |nown
a palampo|e, we|e all Lhe |aqe lo| bedcove|.
The L|ee ol lile miqhL be painLed o| hand-
p|inLed.
Thee luxu|iou impo|L we|e o popula| Lhey
inpi|ed appliqu copie made l|om c|ap ol
p|eciou chinLz, called //oJe//e e/e quilL.
M//nq /o/Je/
/eJace vo/ae
//o/o/ c//ntz //nteJ
/n Joa, o/ 8eoat//on
A//ae
/oette q/ve
o ene oj
novenent
//o/o/ c//ntz
/o/o//,
//nteJ /n Joa, MoJ/o cotton
I77
0el l ect bl es: 0ui l ts
Amish crib quilt in 5unshine and 5hadows pattern.
Mid-20th century, $2,000-2,500
Amsh crb qults, 0S
Amih women ued ewinq machine Lo LiLch
Lhe lab|ic LoqeLhe| and bind Lhe edqe ol a
quilL. Foweve|, Lhey alway hand-LiLched Lhe
laye| ol quilLinq LoqeLhe|.
C|ib and oLhe| miniaLu|e quilL a|e |a|e and
command a p|emium.
To Lell a L|ue c|ib o| miniaLu|e quilL l|om one
cuL l|om a la|qe| example, chec| LhaL Lhe
deiqn i Lo Lhe co||ecL cale and LhaL any
bo|de| i in p|opo|Lion.
Mariner's 0ompass quilt probably Pennsylvania 0erman or
from New Jersey. cI845, $I0,000-I5,000
Marner's 0empass qults, 0S
A pinnacle ol Lhe quilLe|' a|L, Lhe Ma|ine|'
Compa paLLe|n i in demand. IL i alo called
Sunbu|L o| Chip and WheLLone paLLe|n.
C|eaL |ill i |equi|ed Lo piece o| appliqu Lhe
main ci|cula| moLil l|om L|ianqula| lab|ic
c|ap and |eep Lhem poinLy.
The compae hould appea| Lo pulaLe-
Lhe hallma|| ol a dei|able quilL.
A Lhi paLLe|n i dillculL Lo ma|e, iL i alo
ha|d Lo lnd.
0uaker album quilt, Patterson/Regester family of 0elaware,
0hester county, Pennsylvania. cI850, $I5,000-20,000
Album qults, 0S
Album quilL a|e pieced LoqeLhe| l|om
individually deco|aLed bloc|. They we|e made
Lo commemo|aLe evenL li|e a ma||iaqe o| a a
la|ewell p|eenL lo| l|iend movinq ouL WeL.
Appliqud wiLh lowe|, omeLime lqu|e,
animal, buildinq, and l|aLe|nal ymbol.
Many we|e wo||ed on by eve|al quilLe| and
emb|oide|ed wiLh Lhei| iqnaLu|e.
Album quilL olLen leaLu|e q|een and |ed
moLil on a whiLe q|ound.
North country strip quilt. cI900, $I00-I50
Strp qults, 0K
SL|ip quilL we|e aembled l|om lonq hape,
and we|e popula| in Lhe No|Lh ol Enqland.
SL|ip quilL we|e olLen Lh|ilLily p|oduced
l|om |ecycled maLe|ial.
They we|e inLended a eve|yday quilL |aLhe|
Lhan a|LiLic hei|loom.
Tu||ey |ed (a widely available dye) wa ued
lo| home dyeinq in Lhe ILh cenLu|y.
Pennsylvania wool quilt. cI880, $7,000-I0,000
0razy qults, 0S
Fahionable in Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y, C|azy
quilL we|e pieced l|om i||equla| paLche ol
lab|ic li|e aLin and velveL and emb|oide|ed.
Fennylvanian quilLe| a|e |nown lo| Lhei|
wool-paLched ve|ion ol C|azy quilL.
In compa|ion wiLh example made ol oLhe|
maLe|ial, paLche on Wool C|azy quilL a|e
le haphaza|dly combined.
0uilt, Barrien 0ounty, Michigan. cI8o4, $o0,000-75,000
0vl War qults, 0S
Ma|qa|eL Fazza|d deco|aLed Lhi Album quilL
wiLh local buildinq and qave iL Lo he| huband
a a |eminde| ol home when he joined Lhe
union a|my in IBo4. WiLhin monLh he wa
dead and Lhe quilL wa |eLu|ned Lo Ma|qa|eL.
The poiqnanL hiLo|y i uppo|Led by evidence
l|om Lhe local hiLo|ical ocieLy.
The deLailed p|ovenance enhance value.
T// otte/n / o/o /nown
o T// A/oanJ t/e Wo//J
T// a//t / /eceJ w/t/
0xjo/J ///t/nq c/o onJ
J,eJ w/t/ Ta//e, /eJ
Woo/ 0/oz, a//t aao//, /ove no/e
/et/o/neJ Je/qn onJ en//o/Je/, t/on
/// onJ ve/vet 0/oz, a//t
8o/Je/ oj woq
onJ owtoot/ 0ono otte/n
I78
The lineup
Fruitwood snuffbox. Mid-I8th century, W: 3
I
/2in (8.5cm),
$3,500-5,000
Englsh snuffbexes
Ea|ly boxe we|e made ol p|eciou maLe|ial.
A null La|inq became mo|e widep|ead, o
Lhe lahion lo| wooden boxe q|ew.
T|een boxe we|e olLen deiqned a a cleve|
jo|e. a box haped a a double-headed man,
depicLinq qood and evil, wa p|ool LhaL Lhe
owne| |new null could be addicLive.
0arved coquilla nut snuffbox. cI790, H: 4in (I0cm),
$I,000-I,500
French snuffbexes
The coquilla i a leaLhe|-leaved planL l|om
B|azil. The nuL ha a Lhic|, ha|d hell, which i
ideal lo| ca|vinq. 0nce ca|ved, Lhe hell
|eemble boxwood.
F|ench c|alLmen we|e |enowned lo| coquilla
nuL ca|vinq, which included nullboxe,
Lhimble holde|, and pe|lume la|.
TKE SKAKEkS
A religious sect renowned for their
craftsmanship, 5hakers based their
designs on function, economy, and
proportion. Their work was executed
to the best of their ability and any
decoration was in the construction:
for example, the joinery was left visible.
5hakers made furniture, wooden boxes,
sewing accessories, and household
items such as brooms. Most pieces
were made from local timber such as
maple or oak.
0val maple and pne feur-Hnger bex
The ch|ome-yellow lnih i o|iqinal, wiLh a
laLe| blue cloLh lLLed inLe|io| wiLh ewinq
iLem. ILh cenLu|y, $20,000-25,000
SINCE ME0IEvAL TIMES, wood ha been ued Lo ma|e domeLic objecL.
Today, Lhee mall iLem a|e called L|een. AlLhouqh moL we|e luncLional, Lhey
we|e alo deco|aLive buL Lhei| beauLy alo lie in Lhei| impliciLy and Lhe
lo|m, leel, and lqu|inq ol Lhe wood. Ca|ved and Lu|ned deco|aLion i
ouqhL alLe|. Loo| lo| well-p|opo|Lioned lo|m and lqu|ed wood.
CondiLion and paLinaLion a|e impo|LanL, a a|e o|iqinal ca|ved
deco|aLion, daLe, iniLial, and moLLoe. Many ea|ly piece we|e
hollowed by hand, and qouqe ma|| can be een. The moL
popula| wood in Lhe ea|ly I7Lh cenLu|y we|e beech,
elm, and cheLnuL, in Lhe laLe I7Lh cenLu|y, yew,
ycamo|e, alde|, and l|uiLwood we|e alo ued.
In Lhe ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y, pine, boxwood, and
maple became popula|. And, by Lhe econd
qua|Le| ol Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, liqnum viLae, ebony,
Lea|, and mahoqany we|e alo p|evalenL.
Treen
5hoe snuffbox. cI7o0, L: 3
3
/4in (9.5cm),
$800-I,000
0utch snuffbex
By Lhe mid-IBLh cenLu|y, null La|inq wa a
q|owinq habiL amonq wealLhy Eu|opean.
The hoe i a ymbol wiLhin F|eemaon|y and
Judaic cuLom. Shoe-haped boxe a|e olLen
deco|aLed wiLh Maonic ymbol.
In Lhe Bible, Lhe hoe ymbolize Lhe ea|Lhly
in conL|aL wiLh Lhe holy-a hoe-haped
nullbox wa a |eminde| LhaL null La|inq
wa a vice.
T/e non exoeJ
/otton oJJ /ano/
0/o e,e onJ
/vo/, /atton
/nJ/cote //q/
ao//t,
0/o e,e
onJ /nt//cote
co/v/nq o/e
o /qn oj
ao//t,
T/e wooJ /
/n/o/J w/t/
ewte/
I79
0el l ect bl es: Treen
JAk00N
B0STEk
Treen Broadly, "treen"
means "from the tree." The
word was created by the
author Edward Pinto for his
I9o9 book Treen unJ ot/er
WooJen 8yqones.
Walnut cake mold, carved with a Hessian soldier with rife
and fower. cI835, L: oin (I5cm), $I,500-2,000
Amercan cake melds
Ca|e uch a ho|Lb|ead we|e made uinq a
l|m mixLu|e, which wa p|eed inLo a mold
and Lu|ned ouL belo|e beinq ba|ed.
The wooden mold we|e ca|ved wiLh moLil,
includinq |eliqiou lqu|e, animal, and bi|d.
MoL ca|e mold we|e uniqned. A mold
iqned by a well-|nown ma|e| i |a|e.
Black Forest nutcracker in the form of a dog cI870, H: 4in
(I0cm), $I,200-I,800
Nutcrackers
NuL we|e a popula| nac| and many people
ca||ied a upply and a nuLc|ac|e| wiLh Lhem.
Ca|ved wooden nuLc|ac|e| we|e made l|om
ha|dwood uch a box and yew and leaLu|ed
a c|ew o| leve| acLion.
They we|e olLen ca|ved in novelLy hape and
miqhL alo be ma||ed wiLh iniLial and a daLe.
5nuffbox carved with image of three Jewish peddlers, made
in Alsace. cI800, L: 4in (I0cm), $I,200-I,800
French snuffbexes
Judaica-iLem made lo| Jewih ce|emonie o|
deco|aLed wiLh ymbol o| imaqe |elaLed Lo
Judaim-a|e hiqhly collecLable.
A well a |iLual objecL, Judaica include
null and oLhe| boxe deco|aLed wiLh
Feb|ew inc|ipLion, cene l|om Lhe 0ld
TeLamenL, o| naLu|aliLic l|uiL, bi|d, and
lowe|.
Peg tankard. Late I8th century, H: 7
I
/2in (I9cm),
$2,000-2,500
Scandnavan tankards
Tan|a|d could be made l|om wood, ho|n,
ce|amic, o| ilve|. In Scandinavia, wood had a
imila| LaLu Lo p|eciou meLal.
Wooden Lan|a|d we|e uually made in
L|adiLional hape wiLh ca|ved deco|aLion.
Feq Lan|a|d a|e communal d|in|inq veel
wiLh a e|ie ol peq inide ma||inq oll equal
meau|e. Each d|in|e| would down a peq
and pa Lhe Lan|a|d Lo Lhe nexL pe|on.
Turned fruitwood goblet. Late I8th century, H: 7in (I8cm),
$500-900
Englsh geblets
Many piece ol L|een we|e ca|ved by
jou|neymen-c|alLmen who had compleLed
Lhei| app|enLicehip buL we|e noL |eady o| able
Lo La|L Lhei| own buine. InLead, Lhey olLen
L|aveled l|om Lown Lo Lown wo||inq lo|
dille|enL employe| Lo qain expe|ience.
0ne ol Lhe |ill c|alLmen lea|ned wa Lo
ca|ve wood by Lu|ninq iL on a laLhe Lo c|eaLe
a ymmeL|ical hape.
5outh 0erman baking mold. I9th century, H: I3
I
/2in
(33.5cm), $200-300
Eurepean cake melds
CenL|al Eu|opean ca|e mold we|e olLen
deco|aLed wiLh L|adiLional lol| a|L moLil.
Fea|L, Lulip, and lowe| we|e love ymbol.
Love Lo|en we|e made by younq men lo| a
weeLhea|L. Il he li|ed him he would how
oll and ue Lhe Lo|en, il noL he |eLu|ned iL.
0nce ma||ied, Lhe couple |epL Lhe Lo|en.
S/qneJ /, Jo/n
0onqe/ on
occon///eJ
co/ve/ w/o
Je/qneJ t/e
Aew Yo// Stote
coot oj o/n
l/J onJ t/an//et
co/veJ w/t/ o //on
I80
The inLe||oqaLion
0estume jewelry settngs
1nvsble
The ophiLicaLed inviible eLLinq
Lechnique wa developed by lne
jewele| van Cleel and A|pel. IL wa
inL|oduced Lo coLume jewele| T|ila|i
by All|ed Fhilippe, who joined Lhe
company a chiel deiqne| in I0.
The Lone a|e eL o LiqhLly LoqeLhe|
LhaL ecLion appea| Lo be made l|om
one la|qe, ca|ved Lone inLead ol
many malle|, laceLed one.
JEWELRY FAS BEEN an ado|nmenL ince Lhe ea|lieL
Lime. In Lhe 20Lh cenLu|y, example made l|om non-
p|eciou maLe|ial became |nown a coLume jewel|y,
p|obably becaue Lhey we|e olLen deiqned Lo qo wiLh Lhe
cloLhe ol one lahion eaon and Lhen be |eplaced. The
eLLinq ued a|e olLen Lhe ame a on p|eciou piece ol
Lhe Lime becaue, lollowinq Lhe Wall SL|eeL C|ah ol I2,
many people we|e unable Lo allo|d |eal jewel|y. Jewel|y-
ma|e| who could noL lnd wo|| wiLh L|adiLional jewele|
La|Led Lo ma|e allo|dable piece. Many eLLinq Lyle
we|e lavo|ed by pa|Licula| ma|e|, which may help Lo
idenLily Lhe ou|ce ol an individual piece.
Peured glass Preng set
unLil Lhe ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y, Lhe
pou|ed qla Lechnique wa mainly
ued Lo ma|e buLLon. Then Maion
C|ipoix and oLhe| manulacLu|e|
La|Led Lo ue iL Lo ma|e jewel|y lo|
clienL uch a Chanel. C|uhed qla
and meLal oxide we|e mixed LoqeLhe|
belo|e beinq molded and heaLed.
0ne ol Lhe moL commonly ued
eLLinq, claw-li|e meLal p|onq hold
each Lone in place. Thi eLLinq
allow a much ol Lhe Lone a
poible Lo be hown. IL wa ued Lo
qood ellecL by coLume jewele| uch
a Fen|y Sch|eine|, who wa |nown
lo| hi unconvenLional combinaLion
ol colo| and Lone.
T/e q/o /t /n
o neto/ w//e
j/one Je/qneJ
o o/t oj t/e
ett/nq
0o////e-cat
joax /a//e
onJ ene/o/J
Schrener
Hewer pn
F|onq-eL laux
moonLone
enci|cle a cluLe|
ol p|onq-eL
inve|Led ambe|
|hineLone. The
claw do noL
deL|acL l|om Lhe
beauLy ol Lhe
a|Lilcial Lone.
I50, $200-250
0hanel
peaceck pn
Fou|ed qla ha
been ued lo| Lhe
peacoc| leaLhe|,
and ove-eL
(cloe-eL) clea|
c|yLal |hineLone
deco|aLe Lhe head
and body. I0,
$,500-5,000
Trfar
carnaten
earrngs
Inviible eLLinq
c|eaLe a upe|b
imiLaLion ol
p|eciou jewel|y
wiLh laux |ubie,
diamond, and
eme|ald. I40,
$200-250
Inve/teJ tone onJ anaao/ co/o/
ac/ o on/e/ onJ no/, q/o, o/e
t,/co/ oj Sc//e/ne/
I8I
0el l ect bl es: 0ostume j ewel ry setti ngs
0//eJ enone/ / v//tao//,
/no///e to /eo//
Kand-wred
Bead a|e L|unq onLo lne meLal wi|e,
which i wound a|ound a meLal l|ame
Lo c|eaLe Lhe deiqn. SLanley Faqle|
ued hand-wi|ed qla bead and laux
pea|l Lo c|eaLe leave and peLal lo|
hi exL|avaqanL, Lh|ee-dimenional
jewel|y made on haped, qold-plaLed
lliq|ee bac|inq. The inL|icacy ol Lhe
hand-wi|ed ecLion balanced Lhe
boldne ol Lhe ove|all deiqn.
000BLE 0L1P ME0KAN1SM
The clip (a pin worn to accentuate a collar
or neckline) was popular in the I920s. In
I927, the French fne jeweler Louis 0artier
developed the double clip mechanism, in
which two clips were fastened together and
worn as a pin. The U5 manufacturer 0oro
created its own version, the 0uette, in I93I.
Early examples were Art 0eco in design and
its later fgural pieces were a great success.
0ere 0uette The Lwo enameled ilve|, |ed
qla, and clea| c|yLal |hineLone bouqueL ol
lowe| can be laLened Lo Lhe l|ame and wo|n
a a pin. I0, $00-500
Enameled 0lued
Fi|L ued in ancienL EqypL, enamel i
a qlay powde| placed onLo a meLal
bac|inq and lued by heaL. The
enamel on coLume jewel|y i olLen
|ele||ed Lo a cold becaue iL wa
lued aL a |elaLively low Lempe|aLu|e.
The |eulL Lend Lo be l|aqile-any
damaqe deL|acL l|om Lhe value.
FlaL-bac|ed Lone a|e qlued onLo a
laL u|lace o LhaL Lhe |eulLinq
deiqn i noL inLe||upLed by Lhe
eLLinq. The Lechnique i olLen ued on
allo|dable |anqe, a iL i quic| and
eay Lo do. Foweve|, manulacLu|e|
uch a A|L ued iL Lo enhance deiqn
ol unuual mulLicolo|ed Lone.
T/e //oce/et / Je/qneJ
to w/nJ o/oanJ t/e w//t
T/e jowe/ oeo/
to q/ow j/on t/e
ten w/t/oat o
ett/nq
Stanley Kagler
bracelet
Five L|and ol
pe|idoL qla bead
lin| Lwo hand-
wi|ed lowe| and
leal moLil, which
a|e made up ol
bead, pe|idoL
qla, and eme|ald
c|yLal |hineLone.
Io0, $200-250
Trfar plant
metf pn
C|een and b|own
enamel a|e lued
onLo Le|linq ilve|
lo| Lhe leave. The
b|ooch i
deco|aLed wiLh
ove-eL clea|
|hineLone. cI40,
$2,000-2,500
Art beuquet-
ef-Hewers pn
Colo|ed and LuciLe
(ac|ylic plaLic)
peLal a|e qlued
onLo qilL caLinq
Lo ma|e lowe|,
hiqhliqhLed wiLh
qlued clea|
|hineLone. Mid-
I50, $I00-I50
Pe//Jot
/eoJ
The bouquets can be
worn separately
The frame has a pin
fastener
Each bouquet has a clip
fastener that attaches it to
clothes and the frame
I82
The lineup
Eisenberg 0riginal fur clip. I940s, L: 3in (7.5cm), $350-450
Esenberg
Eienbe|q La|Led a a cloLhinq company LhaL
made pin Lo acceo|ize iL d|ee. A Lhe
pin p|oved popula| Lhey we|e old epa|aLely.
Fine maLe|ial include Swa|ov|i |hineLone.
La|qe piece a|e made Lo bold deiqn. Ea|ly
I40 lqu|al pin a|e pa|Licula|ly collecLable.
I0-45 piece a|e ma||ed Eienbe|q
0|iqinal and alLe| I45 Eienbe|q Ice.
5tylized fruit pin. I9o2, L: 2
I
/2in (o.25cm), $400-500
0er
Ch|iLian 0io|' New Loo| L|anlo|med
lahion alLe| Wo|ld Wa| II. Jewel|y wa an
inLeq|al pa|L ol hi collecLion.
Ea|ly piece we|e made in mall numbe| lo|
pa|Licula| ouLlL o| clienL.
LaLe| piece made unde| licene in q|eaLe|
numbe|, wiLh unuual paLe and Lone.
MoL piece a|e iqned and daLed.
Enamel and diamant pin. cI930, L: 4
I
/4in (I0.5cm), $250-400
Beucher
Ma|cel Bouche| lea|ned lne jewel|y |ill
wo||inq lo| Ca|Lie|, and hi piece a|e o well
made Lhey a|e olLen miLa|en lo| Lhe |eal Lhinq.
InnovaLive deiqn ue exquiiLe meLalwo||,
|hineLone in cuL and colo| LhaL |eemble
p|eciou Lone, and colo|lul enamelinq.
May be ma||ed MB, Ma|boux, Ma|cel
Bouche|, o| juL Bouche|.
TFE C0STuME JEWELRY
manulacLu|e| wo||inq in Lhe 20Lh
cenLu|y deiqned pin LhaL |elecLed
Lhe lahion and maLe|ial available
a well a Lhei| individual Lyle. Many
piece a|e a beauLilul and a well
made a p|eciou jewel|y. Since Lhey
we|e made in la|qe numbe| and Lo
|elecL Lhe laLeL lahion, Lhe|e a|e
plenLy Lo chooe l|om.
Some deiqne| uch a Coco
Chanel, Ch|iLian 0io|, Mi|iam Fa|ell,
and Ela Schiapa|elli eL L|end lo|
Lhe |eL ol Lhe lahion wo|ld. 0Lhe|,
includinq KenneLh Jay Lane and
Albe|L Wei, made a |anqe ol
allo|dable piece LhaL enabled mo|e
people Lo indulqe in hiqh lahion.
WiLh vinLaqe coLume jewel|y, loo|
ouL lo| damaqe uch a miinq
Lone and chipped enamel.
0estume jewelry
5un god pin. I940s, W: 3in (7.5cm), $400-500
Jeseff ef Kellyweed
Euqene Joell deiqned jewel|y lo| Follywood
llm Ludio and old copie Lo La|-L|uc| lan.
Majo|iLy ol piece leaLu|e Ruian qold-a
emi-maLLe coppe|-qold lnih LhaL minimized
la|e unde| Lhe Ludio liqhL.
MoL piece a|e iqned buL bewa|e b|iqhL
example-value plummeL il polihed.
8/ae /n/ onJ c/eo/
///netone et /n
q//t neto/
Heart-shaped pin. I950s, L: I
I
/2in (4cm), $200-250
Keb
The company wa lounded in New Yo|| by Lhe
on ol a Fa|iian qoldmiLh. Fe ued Lhe hiqh
Landa|d and Lechnique ol p|eciou jewel|y.
MaLe|ial include ve/ne// (qold-plaLed ilve|),
plaLinum, paLe, and emi-p|eciou Lone.
ExoLic deiqn and |ep|oducLion ol hiLo|ic
piece owned by Eu|opean |oyalLy.
T/e co/oa/ oj
t/e enone/ o/e
exe/t/, /oJeJ
0ao//t, oj tone onJ
ett/nq / o/wo,
t////nq
P/oJ/an-
/oteJ neto/
w/t/ /onq
onJ /eze/
ett/nq
T/e ///netone e,e
t/en//e o t/e
weo/e/ nove
I8J
0el l ect bl es: 0ostume j ewel ry
0ragon pin. Late I9o0s, W: 2
I
/2in (o.5cm), $200-250
Kenneth Jay Lane
B|iqhL, bold, eleqanL, and allo|dable deiqn.
Lane beqan ma|inq jewel|y in Io?. Fiece
made up Lo Lhe laLe I70 a|e moL collecLable.
0iLincLive combinaLion ol maLe|ial and
|e-inLe|p|eLaLion ol L|adiLional Lyle.
SLone how excepLional depLh ol colo|.
SiqnaLu|e belo|e I70 i K.J.L., alLe| I70
KenneLh Jay Lane o| KenneLh Lane.
Pearl and rhinestone pin. cI950, L: 3in (7.5cm), $350-450
Kaskell
Mi|iam Fa|ell helped Lo ma|e coLume jewel|y
a p|eLiqiou a and mo|e lahionable Lhan
lne jewel|y.
ComponenL include la|e pea|l and /oe
nontee-laL-bac|ed |hineLone in cluLe|.
InnovaLive and complex hand-wi|ed piece
c|eaLed by a Leam ol deiqne|.
Miinq |hineLone and damaqed pea|l
ubLanLially deL|acL l|om Lhe value.
Topaz & amber rhinestone pin. I950s, L: 2
I
/2in (o.25cm), $I00-I50
Wess
Thi hiqhly uccelul company i |enowned lo|
iL exquiiLe lo|al, loliaLe, l|uiL, o| lqu|al deiqn
uinq AuL|ian c|yLal |hineLone.
Convincinq |ep|oducLion ol Ce|man mo|y
qua|Lz c|yLal |nown a blac| diamond.
SLone eL in qold and ilve| alloy may be
enameled, o| in Io0 japanned (dull blac|).
unde|valued lo| yea|, p|ice a|e qoinq up.
Flower pin. I990s, L: 3
I
/4in (8.25cm), $350-450
Masen 0rpex
The C|ipoix lamily ha made pou|ed qla
jewel|y unde| iL own name and lo| lahion
houe Chanel and 0io| ince Lhe mid-I20.
The company' |ill wiLh Lhe pou|ed qla
Lechnique mean iL can c|eaLe boLh ubLle
and vib|anL colo| wiLh va|yinq deq|ee ol
L|anlucency and opaciLy.
Fiece l|om Lhe ea|ly I0 onwa|d a|e
ma||ed //to//e Je ve//e.
//enc/ /et
co/oc/on
Feather pin. I950s, L: 3in (7.5cm), $200-250
Schaparell
Ela Schiapa|elli lounded a lahion houe in
Fa|i in Lhe ea|ly I20. Fe| |anqe included
coLume jewel|y, which wa qui||y o| hiqhly
Lylized. F|om Lhe I50, he wa baed in New
Yo|| and made abL|acL o| lo|al jewel|y
deiqn uinq colo|lul Lone and qla.
Ea|ly piece a|e uually uniqned, laLe| piece
a|e iqned.
Fa|e have been p|oduced.
0rown pin. I940s, L: 2
I
/4in (5.75cm), $350-450
Mazer
F|om laLe I27, Joeph and Loui Maze| made
allo|dable, convincinq imulaLion ol p|eciou
jewel|y. In I4o, Joeph eL up hi own
company, ma||inq moL ol iL wo|| Jomaz.
Flo|al, loliaLe, o| |ibbon deiqn a|e eL wiLh
laux pea|l and AuL|ian c|yLal |hineLone.
SLone a|e in ophiLicaLed cuL and eLLinq.
Fiece |emain |elaLively allo|dable.
0o/J-/oteJ //o
jo/n o j/one jo/
t/e eto/ onJ
/eove
Anet/,t q/o
co/oc/on et /n
te///nq //ve/
Peo// o/e
ottoc/eJ to o
q//t neto/ c/o/n
0/o/c I50 Je/qn
et w/t/ /na/oteJ
eo// onJ J/ononte
Ant/aeJ qo/J
tone ett/nq
Aa/o/o
/o/eo//
///netone

I8
MANY 0IFFERENT W000S WERE uSE0 Lo ma|e lu|niLu|e, olLen
in combinaLion. 0a|, walnuL, and mahoqany, in ch|onoloqical o|de|
a|e moL common. 0ille|enL wood a|e ued lo| dille|enL pa|L,
dependinq on Lhei| ha|dne, Lhe ize ol Lhe o|iqinal plan|, and even
Lhe o|iqinal coL. Fo| example, box i a low-q|owinq L|ee and yield
malle|, na||owe| ecLion ol wood. Bea| in mind LhaL Lhe colo| o|
appea|ance ol a wood may dille| dependinq on how iL ha been cuL
and lnihed. The paLina ol yea| ol ue will alo olLen chanqe Lhe colo|.
Weed types
CompoiLe phoLo
Amboyna Beech
Elm Ebony Ebony
Flame mahoqany Mahoqany
Sycamo|e WalnuL WalnuL WalnuL
Mahoqany
Co|omandel
Maple Maple
Elm
WalnuL
Fine 0live 0a| Fea|wood Fine
I87
0empes te phetes: Wood types
Bu|| elm
CheLnuL Calamande|
Tiqe| maple
Kinqwood
Yew
Bu|| maple Bi|d' eye maple
WalnuL
Bi|ch Bi|ch Che||y
Fa|ewood (ma|queL|y) Fa|ewood (pa|queL|y) Fa|ewood
vi|qinia walnuL Bu|| walnuL
Tiqe| maple 0a|
Roewood Roewood Roewood SaLinwood SaLinwood
Bu|| yew
I88
FE0IMENTS ARE uSE0 T0 0EC0RATE Lhe Lop ol Lo|aqe lu|niLu|e
uch a hiqhboy, wa|d|obe, and boo|cae. Reqional and naLional
Lyle we|e inluenced by lahion and maLe|ial. Shaped pedimenL
olLen leaLu|e ca|ved deco|aLion, includinq lnial. FlaL-Lopped
pedimenL, wiLh plaine|, molded deco|aLion, we|e olLen ued Lo diplay
ce|amic and oLhe| o|namenL. A pedimenL wiLh a b|ea| aL Lhe Lop ol
Lhe L|ianqle ol Lhe a|ch i called an open pedimenL, one wiLh a b|ea|
in Lhe bae ol Lhe L|ianqle i |nown a a b|o|en pedimenL.
Pedments
CompoiLe phoLo
A|chiLecLu|al
Sweden
LaLe I7Lh cenLu|y
A|chiLecLu|al
Ruia
LaLe I7Lh cenLu|y
Molded ove|hanqinq
Enqland
cI720
Bow-haped molded
Enqland
cI725
0pen-a|ched wiLh ca|ved
buL and c|eLinq
Ce|many
cI725
Sc|olled wiLh ca|ved c|eL
and c|eLinq
0enma||
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Cyma |eve|a a|ch wiLh
ca|ved c|eL
Ce|many
cI7o0-70
Bow-haped
0enma||
cI7o0
0pen-a|ched wiLh lnial
Enqland
cI725
0pen eqmenL wiLh lnial
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Bow-haped wiLh ca|ved
c|eL
SouLh Al|ica
I7B0-0
Swan-nec| bonneL-Lop wiLh
l|eLwo||, ca|ved c|eL, and
lnial, Fhiladelphia
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Swan-nec| bonneL-Lop wiLh
lnial
uS
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
0pen-a|ched wiLh buL
BoLon
Mid-ILh cenLu|y
Fie|ced c|eLinq wiLh c|olled wan-nec|
and pinnacle
Enqland
cI7o5
Renaiance Revival open-
a|ch wiLh lqu|al ca|vinq
F|ance
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
SLepped molded a|ch wiLh
Lowe| lnial
ILaly
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
Medallion wiLh Lepped
c|oll and u|n lnial
B|iLain
cIB0
Ca|ved domed c|eLinq wiLh
myLholoqical beaL lnial
F|ance
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
Ca|ved c|eLinq wiLh lnial
No|Lh Ce|many
Mid-ILh cenLu|y
I89
0empes te phetes: Pedi ments
0qee a|ched wiLh ca|ved
hell
Enqland
cI720
CenLe|-domed wiLh lan|inq
c|oll
AuL|ia
IBLh cenLu|y
0ueen Anne double-domed
Enqland
cI7I5
A|chiLecLu|al
Ce|many
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
0omed
Ce|many
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Swan-nec| bonneL-Lop wiLh
lnial
MaachueLL
cI775
Swan-nec|
Ce|many
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Bow-haped ca|ved
F|ance
cI7?0
0ouble-a|ched wiLh lnial
venice
cI7?5
A|ched and c|olled wiLh
ca|ved c|eL and lnial
Rome
cI740
0ouble-domed
The NeLhe|land
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Swan-nec| bonneL-Lop wiLh
ca|ved c|eL
Fhiladelphia
cI770
0pen-a|ched wiLh lnial
Fhiladelphia
cI775
Swan-nec| bonneL-Lop wiLh
lnial
uS
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Cloed-c|olled wiLh ca|vinq
The NeLhe|land
ILh cenLu|y
Swan-nec| c|eLed wiLh
lnial
B|iLain
Mid-ILh cenLu|y
Molded and Lepped laL-Lop
B|iLain
cIBB0
Cloed and ca|ved c|olled
B|iLain
IB?0-?7
Renaiance Revival ca|ved,
pie|ced ca|Louche wiLh lnial
ILaly
cIBB0
Renaiance Revival ca|ved c|eLinq wiLh
myLholoqical beaL
Ce|many
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
Renaiance Revival a|ched and open-a|ched wiLh
lnial
ILaly
cIBB0
Rhineland ove|hanqinq
molded wiLh lo|al, loliaLe,
and che|ub ca|vinq in |eliel
Ce|many, IBLh cenLu|y
I90
FAN0LES SF0uL0 FIT LyliLically wiLh Lhe piece Lhey a|e on, and o
iL i impo|LanL Lo compa|e Lhe Lyle Lo ma|e u|e Lhey maLch. They
we|e olLen |eplaced Lo lollow lahion. chec| Lo ee wheLhe| Lhey a|e
o|iqinal. A handle LhaL ha been in place lo| decade will be cove|ed
wiLh a laye| ol di|L and q|eae, which will appea| a da||e| paLche in
c|evice and a|ound Lhe edqe. Any movinq |inq o| pull may have
ma||ed Lhe wood. The|e may be ma|| l|om old handle on Lhe l|onL
ol a piece and pluqqed hole whe|e Lhey we|e |emoved on Lhe bac|.
Kandles
CompoiLe phoLo
B|a baluLe| d|op, |ound
bac|plaLe
Enqland, ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
B|a baluLe| d|op, |ound
bac|plaLe
Enqland, ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Rqence Rococo
F|ance
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Rqence Rococo
Fa|i
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Loui XIv Rococo
F|ance
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Swan-nec|
F|ance
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Swan-nec|
F|ance
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
SLi||up
Enqland
LaLe I7Lh cenLu|y
Squa|ed
Ce|many
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Silve|ed waq
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Loui XvI plain qua|ed
F|ance
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Rococo wan-nec|
F|ance
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Rqence Rococo
SouLh-weL F|ance
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Rococo
F|ance
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Swan-nec|
F|ance
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Rqence Rococo
Fa|i
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
B|a wan-nec|
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
La|qe baLwinq b|a
bac|plaLe, Fhiladelphia
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Fie|ced bac|plaLe
Enqland
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Shaped b|a baLwinq
Fennylvania
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
B|a bac|plaLe
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Solid bac|plaLe
Enqland
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
I9I
0empes te phetes:
Loui Xv Rococo loliaLe
double handle
Fa|i, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Loui XIv Rococo wan-nec|
Fa|i
cI7I0
A|L 0eco pliL-Lail ilve|ed
meLal d|op
F|ance, cI25
Enq|aved bac|plaLe
Enqland
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
FoliaLe and pie|ced |ulled
C-c|oll
F|ance, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
B|a un| campaiqn
B|iLain
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Rococo
Sweden
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
FoliaLe cu|ved
Fhiladelphia
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Fede|al b|a wan-nec|
uS
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
William & Ma|y b|a d|op,
haped bac|plaLe
uS, cI7I0
A|L & C|alL b|a d|op,
haped bac|plaLe
B|iLain, cIB5
A|L 0eco ilve|ed meLal d|op
F|ance
cI?0
Loui Xv o|molu loliaLe
F|ance
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
B|a wan-nec|
Enqland
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Colonial Rococo ilve|
Fo|Luqal
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Squa|ed
F|ance
ILh cenLu|y
Neoclaical qua|ed d|op
ILalian LaLe
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Rococo wan-nec|
B|iLain
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
B|a baLwinq bac|plaLe
uS
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
B|a Lamped bac|plaLe
B|iLain
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
B|a Lamped bac|plaLe
B|iLain
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
A|L & C|alL
CuLav SLic|ley, uS
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
A|L & C|alL
CuLav SLic|ley, uS
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
A|L & C|alL
L. & J. C. SLic|ley, uS
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
Squa|ed, luh lLLed
campaiqn, B|iLain
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
I92
Chippendale emboed oval
Fennylvania, uS
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Reqency leopa|d' head and
|inq
B|iLain, cIBI0
Ci|cula| lion' head and |inq
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau b|onze Lend|il
Belqium
cIB4
Ceo|qe III ci|cula| lion'
head and |inq
B|iLain, cIB00
A|L & C|alL qua|ed
Anqlo-Japanee enq|aved
B|iLain, laLe ILh cenLu|y
She|aLon Revival qua|ed,
b|a wan-nec|
B|iLain, laLe ILh cenLu|y
A|L & C|alL qua|ed, i|on
ScoLland
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
T|aniLional Loui Xv/XvI
|inq
F|ance, cI774
Loui XvI |inq
F|ance
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Neoclaical |inq
F|ance
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau qilL-b|onze leal
F|ance
cI00
A|L Nouveau, qilL-b|onze
waLe| lily
F|ance, cI00
Ceo|qe III pull
B|iLain
cIBI0
Tu|ned mahoqany
ScoLland
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n
Ci|cula| b|a
uS, mid-20Lh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco ch|ome buLLon
uS
cI40
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n
b|onze |inq, F|ance
cI4B
Kandles
CompoiLe phoLo
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n
0omed ci|cula| b|a
uS, cI50
She|aLon lo|al emboed
and |inq, ScoLland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Fede|al oval emboed wiLh
lox b|a, Fennylvania, uS
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Fede|al Lu|ned Liqe| maple
uS
cIB20
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n
b|uhed ch|ome and blac|
enameled wood, uS, cI50
A|L Nouveau qilL-b|onze
lo|al
F|ance, cI05
A|L 0eco b|a c|oll,
F|ance
I0
I9J
0empes te phetes:
Ceo|qe II qilL |inq
Enqland
cI7?0
Neoclaical ecuLcheon and
|inq
F|ance, IBLh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau qilL-b|onze
waLe| lily
F|ance, cI00
A|L 0eco py|amidal qilL
b|onze
uS, cI?0
Ceo|qe III Neoclaical oval
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
She|aLon Lepped oval
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Fede|al oval emboed wiLh
buL ol Ceo|qe WahinqLon
uS, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Neoclaical |inq, emboed
Emp|e Ma|ia The|ea buL
Ce|many, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Neoclaical |inq, emboed
F|ince ol Wale leaLhe|
Enqland, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
ConLempo|a|y caL b|onze
ineL inLo wood
B|iLain, c2000
A|L Nouveau qilL-b|onze leal
and be||y
F|ance, cI05
ConLempo|a|y ca|ved wood
uS
c2000
Neoclaical lion' head and
|inq, Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Neoclaical |oeLLe and
|inq, Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Fede|al oval emboed |ope
LwiL moLil
uS, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Reqency LwiLed LexLu|ed
meLal
B|iLain, cIBI0
A|L & C|alL Lamped b|a
wiLh |inq
B|iLain, laLe ILh cenLu|y
Neoclaical Revival |inq
B|iLain
cIB40
Lobed ca|ved mahoqany
ScoLland
cIB40
Loui XvI-Lyle ci|cula|, qilL-
b|onze lo|al
uS, ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco ch|omium plaLed
F|ance
cI?0
A|L 0eco wooden band
F|ance
I?0
A|L 0eco wood and meLal
uS
cI?
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n Leel
uS
cI4o
FoLmode|n ca|ved wood
ILaly
cIo0
I94
Chippendale ladde|
Enqland
cI7B0
Windo| pindle wiLh |am'
ho|n c|eLinq
Enqland, cI750
Chippendale pie|ced vae-
haped L|apwo|| plaL
Enqland, cI7o0
Chippendale CoLhic
Enqland
cI775
CFAIR STYLES have evolved Lh|ouqh Lhe cenLu|ie wiLh hape l|om
p|eviou e|a olLen |evived o| inpi|inq laLe| lahion. Chai| bac| uch
a Lhoe ol Lhe F|ench IBLh-cenLu|y Loui Xv Lyle we|e copied
inLe|naLionally while, in Lhe ea|ly ILh cenLu|y, Lhe F|ench Empi|e Lyle
inpi|ed imila| deiqn in Lhe uS, Ce|many, Ruia, and Sweden. A a
|eulL, iL i impo|LanL Lo be able Lo diLinquih naLional cha|acLe|iLic.
The Lyle |evival ol Lhe laLe ILh cenLu|y exaqqe|aLed ea|lie| hape
o loo| aL p|opo|Lion, wea|, and conL|ucLion Lo help daLe a chai|.
0har backs
CompoiLe phoLo
Ba|ley LwiL Lile wiLh c|oll
wo|| and aco|n lnial
Enqland, I7Lh cenLu|y
Yo||hi|e paLLe|n wiLh lobed
and ca|ved |ail
Enqland, I7Lh cenLu|y
Lancahi|e ladde|
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Windo| pindle wiLh |inq-
and-vae Lile, Fennylvania
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Ceo|qe I cu|ved wiLh vae-
haped plaL and c|olled
Lop |ail, Enqland, cI720
Ceo|qe II pie|ced and ca|ved
qilLwood hell plaL wiLh
c|olled Lile, Enqland, cI740
FepplewhiLe hield-bac|
Enqland
cI7B0
Emboed and painLed
leaLhe|
Fo|Luqal, cI720
Loui Xv-Lyle ladde| wiLh
alamande| laL
Canada, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Ceo|qe II pie|ced plaL wiLh
ca|ved hell moLil
Enqland, cI740
Windo| pindle bow-bac|
Mid-ALlanLic SLaLe
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
FepplewhiLe hield-bac|
wiLh |eeded plaL
Enqland, cI7B0
Chippendale Coc|pen
Enqland
cI7o5
Chippendale vae-haped
plaL wiLh hell c|eLinq
Fhiladelphia, cI770
0ueen Anne vae-haped
plaL wiLh hell c|eLinq
Ma|yland, cI7o5
vae-haped plaL wiLh
hooped and c|olled Lile
Chinee Expo|L, cI70
Chippendale pie|ced and
ca|ved plaL
Enqland, cI7o0
0ueen Anne vae-haped
plaL, No|Lhe|n CoaLal
SLaLe, cI750
I95
0empes te phetes: 0hai r backs
KEPPLEWK1TE
K0kNS
Thee p|oL|uion we|e
a miunde|Landinq ol
FepplewhiLe' d|awinq.
The inlay hould w|ap
a|ound Lhe |ail buL
ome ma|e| LhouqhL iL
wa meanL Lo p|oL|ude.
Windo| hoop pindle wiLh
pie|ced plaL
B|iLain, mid-ILh cenLu|y
LaLe Colonial ladde|
No|Lh Ame|ica
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Colonial baniLe| wiLh pie|ced
and haped c|eL, No|Lh
Ame|ica, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Rococo-Lyle pie|ced vae-
haped plaL
Fe|u, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Ba|oque Revival Looled
leaLhe|, ca|ved a|mo|ial c|eL
Ce|many, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Chinee expo|L olid vae-
haped plaL wiLh a|mo|ial
inlay, China, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Solid vae-haped ma|queL|y
plaL, The NeLhe|land
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
William and Ma|y caned wiLh
S-c|oll and hell c|eLinq
Enqland, I7Lh cenLu|y
Colonial pliL-baniLe| and
c|own c|eL wiLh inve|Led
hea|L, No|Lh Ame|ica, cI7?0
LaLe Colonial pindle
No|Lh Ame|ica
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
0ueen Anne wiLh vae-
haped plaL
Enqland, cI7I0
0ueen Anne wiLh olid plaL
and hell-ca|ved c|eLinq
Fhiladelphia, uS, cI7o0
Solid ca|ved hield-bac|
wiLh pie|ced cenL|e
Ce|many, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Fede|al FepplewhiLe wiLh
FepplewhiLe ho|n (ee box)
Fhiladelphia, uS, cIB00
Colonial olid vae-haped
plaL, Cape ol Cood Fope
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Chippendale wiLh voluLe-
ca|ved L|apwo|| plaL
Fhiladelphia, cI7o0
Chippendale pie|ced plaL
wiLh leal-c|oll ca|vinq
Enqland, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Windo| |od wiLh |aied
comb, Canada
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Chippendale pie|ced plaL
wiLh e|penLine Lop |ail
Fhiladelphia, cI7o5
Chippendale pie|ced vae-
haped plaL
Enqland, cI770
Fede|al hield-bac| wiLh
pie|ced u|n-haped plaL
Fhiladelphia, uS, cI70
Ceo|qe II baluLe| plaL wiLh
acanLhu ca|vinq
Enqland, cI740
LaLe ILalian Ba|oque vae-
haped plaL, caned panel
ILaly, ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
I9
TkAFAL0Ak 0KA1kS
0ne ol Lhe moL idioync|aLic chai| ol Lhe Reqency
pe|iod i Lhe T|alalqa| chai|. IL i cha|acLe|ized by a
bac| |ail wiLh cable- o| |ope-moldinq and appea|ed
abouL Lhe Lime ol Nelon' vicLo|y ove| Napoleon. IL
wa popula| l|om IB05 unLil well inLo Lhe IB20.
0har backs
CompoiLe phoLo
Rococo upholLe|ed qilLwood
ca|Louche
Ce|many, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Loui Xv upholLe|ed
qilLwood ca|Louche
F|ance, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Loui XvI upholLe|ed
qilLwood oval
F|ance, cI7B0
Loui XvI upholLe|ed
qilLwood oval
F|ance, cI775
Loui XvI upholLe|ed
qilLwood oval
F|ance, cI775
CuLavian painLed wiLh
pie|ced ciphe| (CS) plaL
Sweden, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
CuLavian painLed oval wiLh
pie|ced vae-haped plaL
Sweden, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Ceo|qe Iv ca|Louche wiLh
|eeded waq and c|olled
c|eLinq, B|iLain, cIB0
Reqency painLed wiLh
pie|ced diape|-paLLe|n plaL
B|iLain, cIB20
CuLavian painLed
|ecLanqula| wiLh a|chLop
Sweden, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Ceo|qe III upholLe|ed
qilLwood oval
Enqland, cI775
F|ench FepplewhiLe-Lyle
umb|ella wiLh lo|al
medallion, Enqland, cI7B5
Ceo|qe III molded oval wiLh
ca|ved plaL
Enqland, cI7B5
Loui XvI upholLe|ed
|ecLanqula| qilLwood
F|ance, cI7B0
Ceo|qe Iv ca|ved and painLed
c|ecenL above cu|ved Lile
and plaL, B|iLain, cIB0
LaLe Fede|al co|nucopia and
l|uiL ba|eL ca|ved |ail wiLh
c|olled Lile, uS, cIBI5
Reqency painLed poon wiLh
incied qilL deco|aLion
B|iLain, cIBI5
Loui Xv upholLe|ed
qilLwood ca|Louche
F|ance, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
LaLe Ba|oque upholLe|ed
ca|Louche, SouLh Ce|many
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
LaLe Ba|oque upholLe|ed
ca|Louche
ILaly, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Reqency CoLhic a|ched wiLh
lanceL and pie|ced l|ieze
B|iLain, cIBI0
Rope Lop |ail above
inlaid panel
Ba| bac| and |ope LwiL
lowe| |ail
I97
0empes te phetes: 0hai r backs
CuLavian upholLe|ed and
painLed oval
Sweden, cI70
Ceo|qe III upholLe|ed,
painLed, qilded ca|Louche
Enqland, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Loui Xv upholLe|ed
qilLwood
F|ance, cI7o0
Reqency c|ecenL wiLh
ca|ved leLoon and C-c|oll
B|iLain, cIBI0
Neoclaical upholLe|ed,
ca|ved, and painLed oval
ILaly, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
0uLch Colonial loliaqe-
ca|ved cu|ved
The NeLhe|land, IB?0
Neoclaical |ecLanqula|
wiLh inLe|laced oval plaL
ILaly, ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Ceo|qe III pie|ced wheel
B|iLain
cIB00
She|aLon-Lyle ba| bac| wiLh
|oeLLe-cenLe|ed demi-lune
plaL, BoLon, cIB?0
Rococo upholLe|ed qilLwood
ca|Louche
Ce|many, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Rococo caned ca|Louche
ILaly
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Ceo|qe III upholLe|ed
qilLwood oval
Enqland, cI770
CuLavian upholLe|ed and
painLed |ecLanqula|
Sweden, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Loui XvI upholLe|ed
|ecLanqula| qilLwood
F|ance, cI7B5
Loui XvI upholLe|ed oval
qilLwood wiLh c|eLinq
F|ance, cI7B5
William Iv cu|ved and
ca|ved |ail bac| wiLh c|oll
and loliaqe, B|iLain, IB?0
Ceo|qe Iv |ail bac| wiLh
Lwin Lu|ned phe|e
B|iLain, cIB?0
Ceo|qe III S- and C-c|oll
l|amed ca|Louche wiLh
qa|Le| La|, B|iLain, cIB00
Reqency ly|e plaL wiLh
LableL Lop |ail
B|iLain, cIBI0
Reqency LableL Lop |ail wiLh
ball-mounLed C-c|oll mid-
|ail, B|iLain, cIB20
Empi|e-Lyle wiLh Jen/-/ane
plaL
New Yo||, ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Fede|al wiLh u|n-haped
plaL
uS, ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Reqency cu|ved Lop |ail wiLh
ca|ved and pie|ced mid-|ail
B|iLain, cIB20
Reqency c|ollinq yo|e bac|,
lobed lan c|eLinq, palmeLLe
pendanL, ScoLland, cIBI5
Blac| Fo|eL-Lyle c|olled,
waiLed, and pie|ced
Ce|many, mid-ILh cenLu|y
CoLhic Revival a|ch wiLh
blind a|che and ca|ved
|oeLLe, B|iLain, cIB0
0har backs
CompoiLe phoLo
Empi|e pool-Lu|ned X-l|ame
plaL wiLh padded bac||eL
Sweden, mid-ILh cenLu|y
Biede|meie| wiLh ca|ved
leaLhe| plaL and loliaqe
b|ac|eL, Ce|many, cIB25
Chinee ca|ved aymmeL|ical
lqu|al and loliaLe plaL
China, mid-ILh cenLu|y
vicLo|ian lobed, waiLed, and
pie|ced papie| mach wiLh
qildinq, B|iLain, cIB70
vicLo|ian waiLed plaL wiLh
bow-haped c|eL |ail
B|iLain, mid-ILh cenLu|y
LaLe vicLo|ian upholLe|ed
|ecLanqula| wiLh c|olled
c|eL, B|iLain, cIB0
vicLo|ian ca|ved, waiLed
and open wiLh upholLe|ed
plaL, B|iLain, cIB70
Renaiance Revival ca|ved
and pie|ced q|oLeque ma|
B|iLain, cIB70
Claical Revival ca|ved
hield, B|iLain
cIBo0
LaLe vicLo|ian upholLe|ed
hield and columna| Lile
B|iLain, cIB0
0penwo|| c|eL |ail and
bac| plaL
Ce|many, cIB40
vicLo|ian upholLe|ed hield,
a|ched c|eL, and columna|
Lile, B|iLain, cIB70
Chinee yo|e
China
Mid-ILh cenLu|y
Chippendale Revival
L|apwo|| wiLh loliaLe c|eL
B|iLain, cI00
Moo|eque wiLh Lylized u|n
and lowe|
ILaly, laLe ILh cenLu|y
Claical Revival ly|e
B|iLain
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
Ba|oque Revival wiLh leal-
ca|ved and pie|ced plaL and
c|eL |ail, B|iLain, cIB70
Empi|e haped Lop |ail wiLh
o|molu mounL
Ruia, mid-ILh cenLu|y
Empi|e L|ophy-ol-a|m X-
l|ame wiLh elecLive qildinq
Ruia, mid-ILh cenLu|y
Empi|e L|elli plaL wiLh
concave c|eL |ail
F|ance, cIB00
Rococo Revival upholLe|ed
hield, Ce|many
mid-Lo laLe ILh cenLu|y
Empi|e SLyle upholLe|ed
|ecLanqula|
Ce|many, cIBB0
Renaiance Revival lqu|al
and q|oLeque ca|vinq
ILaly, laLe ILh cenLu|y
I98
A|L Nouveau-Lyle pie|ced
and c|olled wiLh ma|queL|y
medallion, B|iLain, cI05
0empes te phetes: 0hai r backs
The Aesthetc mevement The c|edo ol Lhe AeLheLic
movemenL, which lou|ihed in Lhe IB70 and B0, wa
A|L lo| A|L' a|e. LhaL a|L and beauLy hould be
pu|ued lo| Lhei| own a|e. The deiqne| who we|e
inpi|ed by iL had q|own Li|ed ol Lhe ove|-cluLLe|ed
vicLo|ian inLe|io|. A huqe inluence on Lhe movemenL
wa Lhe |e-eme|qence ol Japan l|om yea| ol ell-
impoed exile. 0ne ol Lhe beL-|nown deiqne| in Lhe
Lyle wa E. W. Codwin, who adapLed Japanee
Rococo Revival pie|ced,
ca|ved, and upholLe|ed
ca|Louche, New Yo||, cIB55
Claical Revival c|ollinq
loliaqe X-l|ame wiLh caned
c|eL |ail, Ce|many, cIB40
Biede|meie| wiLh cenL|al
lozenqe plaL
Ce|many, cIB?5
vicLo|ian upholLe|ed
medallion wiLhin leal-ca|ved
oval, B|iLain, cIB70
CoLhic Revival poinLed a|ch,
leu| de ly above, chamle|ed
column, B|iLain, cIB0
LaLe vicLo|ian oval wiLh
pie|ced and ca|ved vae and
winq plaL, B|iLain, cIB0
Biede|meie| F-l|ame wiLh
yo|e c|eL |ail
Ce|many, cIB25
Biede|meie| Lylized and
painLed leaLhe| plaL
Ce|many, cIB?5
Biede|meie| wiLh palmeLLe
plaL
Ce|many, cIB?5
vicLo|ian poon wiLh pie|ced
and c|olled plaL
B|iLain, cIB70
vicLo|ian haped balloon
B|iLain
cIB70
vicLo|ian upholLe|ed oval
wiLh ca|Louche and hu|
c|eLinq, ScoLland, cIB70
CoLhic Revival CoLhic a|che
wiLh pie|ced quaL|eloil
New Yo||, cIB70
CoLhic Revival ca|ved wiLh
c|oc|eL, c|o, and pi|e
lnial, B|iLain, cIBB0
Rococo Revival upholLe|ed,
ca|ved and pie|ced qilLwood
F|ance, laLe ILh cenLu|y
C|oLLo Lyle
ILaly
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
CoLhic Revival upholLe|ed
plaL and oqee-a|ch c|eL
|ail, B|iLain, IB70
I99
deco|aLive and a|chiLecLu|al elemenL inLo hi Anqlo-
Japanee lu|niLu|e, which wa olLen ebonized Lo
|eemble 0|ienLal lacque| lu|niLu|e.
0eiqn we|e mainly ymmeL|ical a||anqemenL ol
ho|izonLal and ve|Lical line, and deco|aLion wa
|eL|ained. Cheape| lu|niLu|e wa p|oduced by applyinq
deco|aLive Japanee l|eLwo|| Lo Landa|d hape.
Fiqhe| qualiLy example leaLu|ed emboed-leaLhe|
panel o| ecLion ol ca|ved boxwood o| ma|queL|y.
loJJe//oc/ w/t/ one/
Ito/, cI80
0/oe/ e/on/zeJ /oc/
8//to/n /ote It/ centa/,
8eoJeJ to /o// a/o/te/eJ
8//to/n /ote It/ centa/,
Joono/e//e /ott/ce /ot
8//to/n /ote It/ centa/,
200
A|L & C|alL ladde|
B|iLain
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
A|L & C|alL inlaid dic ove|
elonqaLed l|eLwo||, Ceo|qe
WalLon, ScoLland, cI00
A|L Nouveau L|ee-lo|m bac|
laL, Cha|le Rennie
Mac|inLoh, ScoLland, I04
A|L Nouveau padded, a|ched
mahoqany l|ame, B|uno Faul
Ce|many, I0I
A|L Nouveau benLwood
J. Follmann lo| J. & J. Kohn,
AuL|ia, ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
FoLmode|n Ca||i|i
Javie| Ma|ical
Spain, IBB
A|L & C|alL lxed bac|
CuLav SLic|ley
uS, cI00
A|L & C|alL wiLh v |ail
CuLav SLic|ley
uS, cI0I
A|L & C|alL pindle
L. & J. C. SLic|ley
uS, cI00
JuqendLil padded wiLh bi|ch
l|ame
Sweden, cI00
A|L Nouveau padded wiLh
ve|Lical plaL
ScoLland, cI00
A|L Nouveau cu|ved Lop |ail
wiLh Lall pindle llled bac|,
Fa||y Nappe|, Enqland, IB0
ConLempo|a|y laminaLed wood
Fowe|play. F|an| 0. Ceh|y,
uS, I0-I2
A|L Nouveau padded, wooden
handle, R. Rieme|chmid,
Ce|many, cI05
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n Jaon
Ca|l Jacob
Enqland, I50
0har backs
CompoiLe phoLo
A|L & C|alL ve|Lical bac|
laL, C. F. A. voyey
Enqland, cIB5
FoLmode|n molded plywood
She|aLon
Robe|L venLu|i, uS, IB4
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n
Cha|le & Ray Eame
uS, ea|ly I50
A|L 0eco laLLiced
Faul F|an|l
uS, I20
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n AnL
A|ne Jacoben
0enma||, I5I-52
FoLmode|n Fi|L
Michele de Lucchi lo|
Memphi, ILaly, IB
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n
lbe|qla hell RAR
C. & R. Eame, uS, I4B-50
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n Fea|L
ve|ne| FanLon
0enma||, I5
A|L Nouveau oa| olid, cuLouL
hea|L, R. Rieme|chmid
Ce|many, cI05
A|L Nouveau benLwood
AuL|ia
cII0
20I
0empes te phetes: 0hai r backs
A|L & C|alL pie|ced
lozenqe panel, Fan 0lne|
AuL|ia, cII0
A|L Nouveau enLwined
whiplah
Ce|many, cI00
A|L 0eco cenL|al ve|Lical
plaL wiLh inlaid medallion
Sweden, I20
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n Swan
A|ne Jacoben
0enma||, I57-5B
A|L & C|alL cu|ved Lop |ail
and inlaid bac| plaL
B|iLain, laLe ILh cenLu|y
A|L & C|alL haped Lop |ail,
ve|Lical plaL, J. M. 0lb|ich
Ce|many, laLe ILh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau o|qanic haped
Ceo|qe de Feu|e
F|ance, cI00
A|L Nouveau Lylized lo|al
ca|ved, Lon JalloL
F|ance, cI0B
A|L Nouveau Lape|ed hiqh
inlaid panel
B|iLain, cI05
A|L & C|alL Lall, ca|ved,
and panelled
B|iLain, cI00
A|L Nouveau padded, pie|ced
lo|al ca|vinq, Lucien Cailla|d
F|ance, cI00
A|L Nouveau ma|queL|y,
Lu|ned pindle, Loui
Majo|elle, F|ance, cI00
A|L & C|alL inlaid Lop |ail
and bac| plaL
B|iLain, laLe ILh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco Lylized aco|n
wiLhin LheaLe| d|ape
cu|Lain, F|ance, I20
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n C|and
F|ix, A|ne Jacoben
0enma||, I55
A|L 0eco oval upholLe|ed
Emile-Jacque Ruhlmann
F|ance, cI20
A|L 0eco cenL|al plaL wiLh
bu|led elm and aLinwood
deLail, Sweden, I20
Mid-cenLu|y Mode|n Cone
ve|ne| FanLon
0enma||, I5B
Phlppe Starck The deiqn ol F|enchman Fhilippe
SLa|c| (bo|n I4) a|e |enowned lo| blendinq
p|imiLive imaqe|y wiLh |ele|ence Lo hiqhb|ow culLu|e
and michievou deLail. The WW Lool leaLu|e a
L|eamlined ho|n moLil, while Lhe Aleph chai| ha only
Lh|ee leq-one le lo| Lhe waiLe| Lo L|ip ove|.
WW Lool Aleph chai|
ConLempo|a|y |einlo|ced
lbe|qla FelL, Ma|c
Newon, AuL|alia/ILaly, I4
ConLempo|a|y Mueum
Chai|, Aleand|o Mendini
ILaly, Io
ConLempo|a|y Fylon
Tom 0ixon
Enqland, II

A|L 0eco lende| Lape|inq,

Emile-Jacque Ruhlmann
Fa|i, F|ance, cI20
A|L 0eco molded ouLwepL
Lazlo Foeniq
London, Enqland, cI0
LECS ARE A uSEFuL IN0ICAT0R ol pe|iod o| daLe, alLhouqh ea|lie|
Lyle we|e copied exLenively in Lhe ILh cenLu|y. The hape and
ca|vinq hould lL wiLh Lhe Lyle ol Lhe looL and Lhe |eL ol Lhe piece.
Some ca|ved ecLion-uch a Lhe ea| piece aL Lhe Lop ol a cab|iole
leq-we|e ca|ved epa|aLely a a maLLe| ol economy and a a |eulL
a|e vulne|able Lo beinq b|o|en. Chec| lo| |eplacemenL by ma|inq u|e
Lhe ca|vinq lL wiLh LhaL on Lhe |eL ol Lhe chai| and compa|inq Lhe
paLinaLion. A b|o|en leq o| leq on a chai| will e|iouly allecL iL value.

CompoiLe phoLo
Ba|ley LwiL
Enqland
I7Lh cenLu|y
Bobbin-Lu|ned, Lape|inq
Indo-Fo|Luquee
LaLe I7Lh cenLu|y
Squa|e cab|iole, wiLh o|molu
mounL and aboL
F|ance, laLe ILh cenLu|y
Cab|iole, wiLh leal ca|ved
|nee, Fhiladelphia, uS
cI7o5
Cab|iole leq, wiLh leal ca|ved
|nee, Colonial India
cI770
0uLwa|d-c|ollinq
F|ance
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
Loui XvI ca|ved, wiLh c|oll
|nee
Fa|i, F|ance, cI775
A|L Nouveau pi|al Lape|inq,
wiLh |ooL ca|ved bloc| leeL
Loui Majo|elle, Fa|i, cI00
A|L & C|alL qua|e
Lape|inq, Mo||i & Co
Enqland, laLe ILh cenLu|y
Empi|e-Lyle c|olled wiLh
ca|yaLid
Ruia, ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Cab|iole, wiLh ca|ved
d|ape|y on |nee
Enqland, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Loui XvI-Lyle Lape|inq,
wiLh leal ca|vinq
Tu|in, cI7B0
Tape|ed, wiLh pade leeL
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Loui Xv-Lyle |eL|ained
cab|iole leq
F|ance, laLe ILh cenLu|y
A|L & C|alL plain, wiLh
Mac|mu|do leeL, Royc|olL
uS, cI00
Molded
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Reqency Lu|ned, cluLe|
column, B|iLain
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
LaLe Ceo|qian CoLhic Lu|ned
and |eeded, B|iLain
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
vicLo|ian Lu|ned, Lape|ed,
and luLed
B|iLain, laLe ILh cenLu|y
Ceo|qian qua|e Lape|inq,
molded
Enqland, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
20J
0empes te phetes:
C-c|olled, playinq aL l|onL
wiLh c|olled Loe
Enqland, laLe I7Lh cenLu|y
Cab|iole leq ca|ved wiLh hell
and hu| o|namenL, Chinee
Expo|L, ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Loui XIv cab|iole, wiLh
c|ollinq acanLhu Loe
F|ance, ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Loui XvI qua|e Lape|ed
and Lop-luLed
F|ance, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
EqypLianeque c|olled leq
wiLh hool looL
Sweden, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Claical played, wiLh b|a
paw leeL and caLe|
uS, ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau naLu|aliLically
ca|ved, Lon JalloL
F|ance, cII0
A|L Nouveau ca|ved and
Lape|ed, AuquLe Endell
Ce|many, cII0
William and Ma|y Lape|ed,
LwiLinq
Enqland, laLe I7Lh cenLu|y
William and Ma|y cup and
vae, MaachueLL, uS
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Cab|iole, ca|ved wiLh hell
and hu| o|namenL, Enqland
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Loui XIv counLe|-c|olled
F|ance
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Sc|olled, wiLh qilL leal
deco|aLion on Lhe |nee
ILaly, ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Sc|olled, capped wiLh boy'
head, d|ape|y Lo |nee
Enqland, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco L|aiqhL, Lape|ed,
meLal aboL leeL, Jacque
0uineL, F|ance, cI?0
She|aLon-Lyle Lu|ned and
|eeded, Enqland
LaLe IBLh/ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Loui XvI Lu|ned, Lape|ed,
and luLed
F|ance, laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Empi|e |inq-Lu|ned, wiLh
calloped colla|
Jacob F|e|e, F|ance, cIB00
Fall-enqaqed vae and |inq-
Lu|ned Lape|ed
uS, ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
vae and |inq-Lu|ned |eeded
wiLh Lu|ned leeL
uS, ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
vae and |inq-Lu|ned
uS
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
She|aLon lende|, Lape|inq
ScoLland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Reqency played, |eeded, leal
caL b|a cap and caLe|
B|iLain, ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau played ca|ved
F|ance
cI00
A|L Nouveau delicaLe
played
F|ance, cII0

FEET ARE A uSEFuL CuI0E Lo daLinq lu|niLu|e, buL alway bea| in

mind LhaL Lhey may have been |eplaced. CenLu|ie ol wea| and Lea|.
beinq d|aqqed ac|o loo|, dampened wiLh waLe| when Lhe loo| wa
cleaned and aLLac|ed by woodwo|m, can all La|e Lhei| Loll. FeeL we|e
alo |eplaced a lahion chanqed-loo| ouL lo| new wood o| ma||
LhaL do noL oLhe|wie lL wiLh Lhe conL|ucLion ol Lhe piece.
ReplacemenL leeL a|e conide|ed accepLable il Lhey we|e eniLively
done-in |eepinq wiLh Lhe o|iqinal and Lhe wo|| |illlully ca||ied ouL.

CompoiLe phoLo
Tu|ned, Lape|inq and laceLed
bun looL, The NeLhe|land,
LaLe I7Lh cenLu|y
Bun looL
Enqland
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
InLaqlio ca|ved lippe| looL
uS
cI7o0
Knile-edqe looL
uS
cI7B0
Reqency b|a |am' head
cappinq and caLe|
B|iLain, cIB20
Reqency honeyuc|le b|a
cappinq and caLe|
B|iLain, cIB20
Chippendale oqival b|ac|eL
looL wiLh pad below
Fhiladelphia, cI770
Spu||ed oqee b|ac|eL looL
Fennylvania
cI775
0qee b|ac|eL looL
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Ceo|qian bloc| b|ac|eL looL
Enqland
cI7B0
Reqency c|olled aboL
b|a
B|iLain, cIBI0
T|ild looL
uS
cI755
A|L Nouveau c|olled aboL
F|ance
cI00
Ceo|qian claw-and-ball
Enqland
cI75
Inve|Led c|oll
F|ance
cIoB0
Chippendale oqee b|ac|eL
looL
uS, cI7B0
Ca|ved paw
ILaly
I7Lh cenLu|y
Empi|e lion' paw
F|ance
cIB0
Empi|e lion' paw
uS
IB0
Empi|e-Lyle lion' claw
ILaly
cIB0
Claical claw
uS
cIBI5
BlunL a||ow looL
uS
cI775
205
0empes te phetes:
CounLe|-c|olled looL wiLh
ca|vinq
F|ance, cI7I0
Fad looL
uS
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Fad looL
Enqland
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Claw-and-ball
Chinee Expo|L
cI00
Loui Xv played b|ac|eL
wiLh o|molu cloven hool
F|ance, cI7o0
Splayed b|ac|eL looL
The NeLhe|land
cIB50
Chippendale claw-and-ball
uS
cI7o5
Ceo|qian claw-and-ball
Enqland
cI745
B|ac|eL looL wiLh Lepped
oqee
B|iLain, cIB00
FlaLLened bun looL
F|ance
cI7?0
Moo|ih Lu|ned bun looL
Mid ILh cenLu|y
Fad looL
I|eland
cI740
Sc|olled looL wiLh b|a
caLe|
Enqland, cI7o0
Rqence c|olled aboL
F|ance
cI720
Loui Xv qua|e played
b|ac|eL looL
F|ance, cI7B0
Splayed lende| b|ac|eL looL
F|ance
cIBo0
Biede|meie| qilL and
ve|diq|i claw-and-ball
Scandinavia, cIBo0
Lion' paw
Enqland
cIB?0
Reqency Lyle paw
B|iLain
cIB40
Ca|ved and qilded paw
ILaly
cIB50
Ceo|qian hool
Enqland
Mid IBLh cenLu|y
Fool
ILaly
cIBB0
Cab|iole leq wiLh c|ollinq
acanLhu Loe
F|ance, cI7I0
Claical Revival p|oluely
ca|ved hool
B|iLain, cIB0
Cu|ved played b|ac|eL looL
0enma||
cIB0
20
Reqency |am' head
B|iLain
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Empi|e pha|aoh
F|ance
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
F|ovincial human buL
F|ance
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
EqypLian naLive bea|e|
EqypL
Mid-ILh cenLu|y
F|ovincial lemale
Ce|many
Mid-ILh cenLu|y
0ESICNERS AN0 CRAFTSMEN wihinq Lo embellih a|LilacL have
d|awn on a huqe caLaloq ol imaqe|y. ConLanLly accumulaLinq and
evolvinq l|om anLiquiLy Lo mode|n Lime, moLil ubLanLially comp|ie
human, animal, bi|d, inecL, and planL lo|m. 0ive|e objecL and
phenomena a|e alo |ep|eenLed, l|om lounLain and l|ewo|| Lo
qeomeL|ic and planeLa|y lo|m. A well a deco|aLive qualiLie, many
have ymbolic meaninq. The manne| in which Lhey a|e |ep|eenLed-
naLu|aliLic o| Lylized-i an indicaLo| ol boLh pe|iod and Lyle.
Metfs
CompoiLe phoLo
Napoleonic bee
F|ance
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Empi|e eaqle
Eu|ope
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
MyLholoqical d|aqon
China
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco qazelle
B|iLain
I0
A|L 0eco hound
Ce|many
I0
Reqency Revival panLhe|'
head
B|iLain, laLe 20Lh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco lox
F|ance
I0
EqypLian Revival pha|aoh
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
EqypLian Revival pha|aoh
uS
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco bi|d and b|anch
F|ance
I0
Neoclaical phoenix
uS
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Neoclaical |am' head
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Neoclaical dolphin
Eu|ope
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Belle poque winqed lemale
F|ance
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
Rqence lemale ma|
F|ance
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Loui Xv lemale buL
F|ance
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Empi|e lemale buL
Ruia
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
207
0empes te phetes:
A|L 0eco bi|d and leaLhe|
F|ance
I?0
Empi|e wan
F|ance
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
EqypLian Revival ca|ab
Eu|ope
I20
Neoclaical wyve|n
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Second Empi|e cou|Linq
couple, F|ance
Mid-ILh cenLu|y
EqypLian Revival |am
F|ance
Mid-I20
Fede|al eaqle and na|e
uS
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Biede|meie| wan
Ce|many
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau peacoc|
F|ance
cI00
Falladian lion ma|
Enqland
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Neoclaical lion ma|
Sicily
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
A|L & C|alL moue
Enqland
I20
A|L & C|alL ca|ab
uS
cI00
C|ee| Revival phinx
Ce|many
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Renaiance Revival
lemale, F|ance
Mid-Lo-laLe ILh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau |eclininq
lemale, Ce|many
cI00
A|L Nouveau lemale buL
uS
cI00
Claqow A|L & C|alL
lemale ma|
ScoLland, cI05
Empi|e woman and cenLau|
Ce|many
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Empi|e wyve|n
Sweden
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Empi|e phinx
F|ance
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco hunL|e and
hound
F|ance, I?0
Belle poque puLLo
F|ance
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
Claqow A|L & C|alL
che|ub, ScoLland
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
Renaiance Revival che|ub
uS
cI00
208
Fede|al planL lo|m
uS
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Mid-Ceo|qian leal lo|m
Enqland
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Neoclaical hield and
|ibbon, B|iLain
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco Lylized loliaqe
Sweden
LaLe I20
A|L Nouveau palm-li|e
leave, F|ance
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
Loui Xv Rococo loliaLe
waq, F|ance
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
FaLo|al lo|al ba|eL
F|ance
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Neoclaical |oeLLe
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Reqency paLe|a and loliaqe
B|iLain
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Ame|ican Colonial Lulip,
hea|L, and wave c|oll, uS
Ea|ly-Lo-mid-IBLh cenLu|y
0i|ecLoi|e co|nucopia
F|ance
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Ea|ly Ceo|qian hell
Enqland
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Neoclaical hell
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Mode|n Claical hell
uS
I40
Loui Xv Rococo leaLhe|
F|ance
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Neoclaical leaLhe|
ScoLland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Metfs
CompoiLe phoLo
Spanih Colonial |oeLLe
New Mexico
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Loui XIv lowe| and
c|ollinq loliaqe, F|ance
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Neoclaical leLoon
ILaly
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau oa| leave
F|ance
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
A|L & C|alL l|uiL
uS
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco aco|n
F|ance
Mid-I20
Ea|ly A|L 0eco lo|al
F|ance
cI20
Ea|ly A|L 0eco lo|al
F|ance
cI20
Neoclaical hell
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
209
0empes te phetes:
Claqow A|L & C|alL |oe
ScoLland
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
Empi|e acanLhu leave
Ce|many
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau waLe| lilie
ScoLland
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
Ame|ican 0ueen Anne hell
uS
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Claqow A|L & C|alL |oe
ScoLland
cI00
A|L & C|alL lo|al
uS
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau lo|al
F|ance
cI00
Empi|e leal lo|m
F|ance
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
A|L & C|alL oa| leal
uS
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
Claical Revival c|ollinq
acanLhu, B|iLain
Mid-ILh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau leal lo|m
F|ance
cI00
Neoclaical leaLhe|
F|ance
Mid-Lo-laLe IBLh cenLu|y
Empi|e ly|e
F|ance
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Neoclaical muical L|ophy
F|ance
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
C|ee| Revival ly|e
B|iLain
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
Ame|ican Chippendale hell
uS
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Rococo hell
ILaly
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Rococo hell
ILaly
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Ame|ican Chippendale hell
uS
Mid-IBLh cenLu|y
LaLe A|L Nouveau leaLhe|
F|ance
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
Ba|oque unbu|L
Eu|ope
LaLe I7Lh cenLu|y
Empi|e La|
Ruia
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco l|ewo||
F|ance
I?0
A|L 0eco lounLain
uS
I?0
Claical Revival u|n
B|iLain
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
2I0
KloLe| (CloLe|) veildo|l
Ce|many
cI7o0-0
Sev|e
F|ance
cI745-5
0e|by
Enqland
LaLe I770-B0
MANY CERAMICS a|e ma||ed on Lhe bae. Some ma|| a|e eay Lo
deciphe| a Lhey conLain Lhe name ol Lhe lacLo|y o| poLLe| and even
a LiLle ol Lhe piece and daLe iL wa made. Some a|e o lamou - uch
a Lhe c|oed wo|d ol Meien-LhaL Lhey a|e eay Lo idenLily once
you |now whaL Lo loo| lo|. 0Lhe| La|e Lime Lo deciphe| a Lhey
conLain ymbol alone. Many ma||-uch a Lhoe ol Meien and
Sev|e-have been widely copied and hould alway a|oue upicion.
The lollowinq paqe conLain a elecLion ol ma|| a a La|Linq poinL.
0eramc marks
CompoiLe phoLo
B|iLol
Enqland
cI77-BI
B|iLol
Enqland
cI77-BI
Ludwiqbu|q
Ce|many
I75B-
F|an|enLhal
Ce|many
I7o2-4
F|an|enLhal
Ce|many
I770-B
Roo|wood
uS
IBB0-Io0
Sev|e
F|ance
I745-5
Be|lin
Ce|many
20Lh cenLu|y
Binq & C|ndahl
0enma||
20Lh cenLu|y
Cauqhley
Enqland
I775-
FoLchappel
Ce|many
End ILh cenLu|y
Sev|e
F|ance
I745-5
FochL
Ce|many
cI7o-7I
Cauqhley
Enqland
I755-
Wo|ceLe|
Enqland
I75I-IB00
vienna
AuL|ia
LaLe ILh-ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
vienna
AuL|ia
I7o2-B2
Wallendo|l
Ce|many
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
Wo|ceLe|
Enqland
I7o0-70
2II
0empes te phetes: 0erami c marks
Meien
Ce|many
I7?
0|eden
Ce|many
IB00-I00
SL. FeLe|bu|q
Ruia
IB55-BI
Fa|i, Loc| lacLo|y
F|ance
I77I-7
Fu|Lenbe|q
Ce|many
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Sev|e
F|ance
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
0e|by
Enqland
cIBI-I2I
ChanLilly
F|ance
cI725-2
Chelea
Enqland
Red Ancho| pe|iod I752-5o
0|eden
Ce|many
IB00-I00
Meien
Ce|many
I7o?-7?
Meien
Ce|many
cI00
Meien
Ce|many
Ma|colini pe|iod I774-IBI4
Felena Wollon, 0|eden
Ce|many
IB4?-7
SL. FeLe|bu|q
Ruia
IB25-55
Tou|nai
Belqium
I7o?-o
Wo|ceLe|
Enqland
I770-B?
Be|lin
Ce|many
IB2?-?2
Be|lin
Ce|many
IB4-70
Be|lin
Ce|many
20Lh cenLu|y
0e|by
Enqland
LaLe I770-ea|ly I70
F|an|enLhal
Ce|many
I75-7o
Sev|e
F|ance
cIB45-4B
Be|lin
Ce|many
I7o?-IB?7
CoLha
Ce|many
IB02-?4
2I2
0eramc marks
CompoiLe phoLo
Newcomb FoLLe|y
uS
IB7-I40
Nide|ville|
F|ance
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
Boch F|e|e, Belqium
I20-0 wiLh iqnaLu|e ol
Cha|le CaLLeau
Wo|ceLe| Ba||, FliqhL &
Ba||, Enqland
IB07-I
Ampho|a, Bohemia (now
Czech Republic), laLe ILh-
ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
0oulLon
Enqland
I2-27
Fulpe|, In| |ace L|ac| ma||
uS
I0-II7
Spode
Enqland
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Copeland Spode
Enqland
cIBI inLo 20Lh cenLu|y
Welle| FoLLe|y
uS
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
van B|iqqle FoLLe|y
uS
I02-I2
0oulLon
Enqland
I2B onwa|d
Roeville FoLLe|y
uS
I20
C|ueby FoLLe|y
uS
IB7-I07
C|ueby FoLLe|y
uS
IB7-I07
BaLchelde|
uS
I20-2
Wedqwood, Enqland
0eiqned by KeiLh Mu||ay
I-o7
Ceo|qe 0h|
uS
IB5-I0
MinLon
Enqland
cIBo-72
MinLon
Enqland
cIB7-II2
Nymphenbu|q
Ce|many
Mode|n ma||
F. L. 0aqoLy, Fa|i
F|ance
IB04-IBI4
McCoy FoLLe|y
uS
20Lh cenLu|y
FuLchen|euLhe|
Ce|many
cIBB0-I02
Fummel
Ce|many
IB-50
2IJ
0empes te phetes: 0erami c marks
Boch F|e|e
Belqium
I20-?0
RoenLhal
Ce|many
IBI-I04
Ro|L|and
Sweden
20Lh cenLu|y
Leed
Enqland
LaLe IBLh cenLu|y
0avenpo|L
Enqland
IB50-70
Royal Wo|ceLe|
Enqland
IBB5 inLo 20Lh cenLu|y
Fe|end
Funqa|y
I40-50
Fe|end
Funqa|y
I?5-?B
Wemy FoLLe|y
Enqland
I?2-57
Jacob FeLiL, Fa|i
F|ance
cIB?0-o0
Fil|inqLon
Enqland
IB2-I20
RoenLhal
Ce|many
IB7-I45
Coalpo|L
Enqland
I00-20
Royal Copenhaqen
0enma||
IB4-cI20
Royal Copenhaqen
0enma||
IB7-I20
Royal Wo|ceLe|
Enqland
IBB-I02
FliqhL, Ba|| and Ba||
Wo|ceLe|, Enqland
IBI?-40
Fe|end
Funqa|y
I40
Ma|Lin B|oLhe|
Enqland
IB7?-II5
Edwa|d & Ceo|qe Fhillip
SLallo|dhi|e, Enqland
IB27-?4
Foole
Enqland
I7B onwa|d
Roeville FoLLe|y
uS
I00-07
Roeville FoLLe|y
uS
I20 on
Spode
Enqland
cI7B0-cIB?0
Wo|ceLe| Ba||, FliqhL &
Ba||, Enqland
IB07-I?
2I4
Joeph-Cab|iel A|qy
Roueau, F|ance
cII5-cI0
J. & L. Lobmey|
AuL|ia
IB70 onwa|d
MuCF CLASS IS N0T MARKE0, and i idenLiled l|om iL lo|m, colo|,
meLhod ol p|oducLion, and Lyle. Cla ma||, whe|e Lhey exiL can be
enq|aved, inc|ibed, cuL, eLched wiLh acid, o| molded a pa|L ol Lhe
deiqn. Ma|| can chanqe in lo|maL and meLhod ol execuLion, buL may
have been ued lo| a pecilc pe|iod ol Lime and can qive an indicaLion
ol aqe. Some ma||, uch a moL ol Lalique', a|e impoible Lo daLe
p|eciely, a |eco|d we|e noL |epL o| no lonqe| exiL. 0|iqinal label
can help, buL many have been |emoved o| have deq|aded o| lallen oll.
0lass marks
CompoiLe phoLo
Amal|ic WalLe|
F|ance
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
Blen|o
uS
I5B-IoI
0aum, wiLh inLeq|al
Lo||aine C|o
cI05-cII0
C|iLalle|ie de SL. Loui
(0'A|qenLal), F|ance
cIB0-cII0
0aum wiLh Lo||aine C|o
F|ance
cI05-I20
Ji|i Fa|cuba
Czecholova|ia
Io5
Fiqqin
uS
I57-cIo5
Mulle| F|e|e
F|ance
cII0-cI20
Riihima|i Lai 0y
Finland
Io0-70
A|chimede Sequo
Mu|ano
Io0
Call wiLh La|
F|ance
I04-07
C|iLalle|ie de Nancy
F|ance
I22-I4
Folmeqaa|d, 0enma||
(0eiqne| Fe| LuL|en'
monoq|am), Io2 onwa|d
Fonedale Clawo||
uS
cII5-cI20
0aum wiLh Lo||aine C|o
F|ance
cI05-I20
0||elo|
Sweden
I50-70
Leq|a & Cie
F|ance
cI00-cI20
Lalique
F|ance
I20-0
R. Lalique,
F|ance
cII
Lalique
F|ance
poL I45
2I5
0empes te phetes:
And| 0elaLLe
F|ance
cI2o
Cenedee
Mu|ano
cIo0
CaiLhne Cla
ScoLland
LaLe Io0-ea|ly I70
KoLa, (Cunna|
Wenne|bu|q deiqne|)
Sweden, cI0I
Call
F|ance
IBB
Tillany
uS
IB0-I02
ILLala (Tapio Wi|||ala
deiqne|)
Finland, I50
Fumppila
Finland
I50-o0
Blen|o, uS, I?0-IB2 Bu|qun, Schve|e| & Cie,
F|ance, cI00
Amde de Ca|anza
F|ance
I0?-0o
Call,
F|ance,
Ea|ly I00
Call
F|ance
IB0
Call
F|ance
I00
Tillany
uS
I02-I20
ve||e|ie Schneide| (La
ve||e F|anai), F|ance
I2I-I?0
SchoLL, Jenae| Clawe||
Ce|many
I20 onwa|d
KoLa Boda (ul|ica
Feydman-vallien deiqne|)
Sweden, cIB0
LoeLz
AuL|ia
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
LoeLz
AuL|ia
Ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|y
Faolo Ma|Linuzzi
Mu|ano
IB0
Ludwiq Moe| & Sohne
Czecholova|ia
20Lh cenLu|y
Ludwiq Moe| & Sohne
Czecholova|ia
cI25-cI45
Cea|e Too
Mu|ano
I50-o0
Jame Fowell & Son
(WhiLel|ia|), Enqland
I50-o2
2I
0rental ceramc marks
CompoiLe phoLo
0hnese kegn Pereds and Marks Impe|ial |eiqn ma||
we|e adopLed du|inq Lhe Minq dynaLy, and ome ol Lhe moL
common a|e |ep|oduced he|e. MoL piece wiLh Lhee ma||
we|e made in |iln aL ca|elully conL|olled Impe|ial wo||hop.
Thee wo||hop made ce|amic lo| Lhe Empe|o|' houehold
and a L|ibuLe lo| lo|eiqn diqniLa|ie. 0u|inq pe|iod when
Impe|ial conL|ol wa |elaLively lax, ce|amic made ouLide Lhe
conlne ol Lhee exalLed wo||hop would omeLime be painLed
wiLh |eiqn ma||. Many Chinee ce|amic have |eiqn ma|| LhaL
acLually p|edaLe Lhe objecL. A piece ol Kanqxi po|celain made
in Lhe laLe I7Lh cenLu|y, lo| example, miqhL bea| Lhe ma|| ol
Lhe Empe|o| Chenqhua who |eiqned beLween I4o5-B7. Thi
wa deiqned noL Lo deceive, buL Lo how |eve|ence lo| a
qolden aqe ol p|oducLion.
Ma|| we|e made uinq Lwo Lype ol c|ipL. Lhe |equla|
c|ipL, inL|oduced in Lhe Sui and Tanq dynaLie, and Lhe
Seal c|ipL, l|L ued on ancienL b|onze veel.
Shunzhi Io44-oI
0inq 0ynaLy
Kanqxi Ioo2-I722
0inq 0ynaLy
Jiajinq I522-oo
Minq 0ynaLy
Wanli I57-IoI
Minq 0ynaLy
Kanqxi Ioo2-I722
0inq 0ynaLy
0ianlonq I7o-5
0inq 0ynaLy
Jiaqinq I7o-IB20
0inq 0ynaLy
0ianlonq I7o-5
0inq 0ynaLy
0aoquanq IB2I-50
0inq 0ynaLy
Xianlenq IB5I-oI
0inq 0ynaLy
Xianlenq IB5I-oI
0inq 0ynaLy
Cuanqxu IB75-I0B
0inq 0ynaLy
XuanLonq I0-II
0inq 0ynaLy
Cuanqxu IB75-I0B
0inq 0ynaLy
The Japanese ce|amic induL|y wa on a much
malle| cale Lhan Lhe Chinee-wiLh maLe| poLLe|
who pecialized in one a|ea and mall wo||hop mo|e
common Lhan lacLo|ie LhaL ma-p|oduced wa|e.
The|e we|e no |eiqn ma||, a ued by Lhe Chinee.
MaLe| poLLe| olLen chanqed Lhei| iqnaLu|e a Lime
wenL by and alo added deLail uch a Lhe lacLo|y,
deco|aLo|, cuLome|, expo|Le|, o| impo|Le|. Ce|amic may
alo be ma||ed Made in Japan, Fappine, o| Cood
Luc|. F|om Lhe 20Lh cenLu|y, many lacLo|ie ued eve|al
ma|| aL Lhe ame Lime-No|iLa|e i aid Lo have ued
ove| 400 ma|| in Lhe paL cenLu|y.
Early Pereds and 0ates
Xia 0ynaLy c2000-I500
Shanq 0ynaLy I500-I02B
Zhou 0ynaLy I02B-22I
0in 0ynaLy 22I-20o
Fan 0ynaLy 20o-220
Th|ee Kinqdom 22I-2B0
Jin 0ynaLy 2o5-420
No|Lhe|n and SouLhe|n 0ynaLie 420-5BI
Sui 0ynaLy 5BI-oIB
Tanq 0ynaLy oIB-0o
The Five 0ynaLie 07-o0
Sonq 0ynaLy o0-I27
Jin 0ynaLy III5-I24
Yuan 0ynaLy I2o0-IoB
Mng 0ynasty kegns
Fonqwu IoB-IB
Jianwen I-I402
Yonqle I40-I424
Fonqxi I425
Xuande I42o-I45
ZhenqLonq I4o-I44
JinqLai I450-I457
Tianhun I457-I4o4
Chenqhua I4o5-I4B7
Fonqzhi I4BB-I505
Zhenqde I50o-I52I
Lonqquinq I5o7-72
Minq 0ynaLy
The Fandboo| ol Ma|| on Chinee Ce|amic by Ce|ald 0avion
2I7
0empes te phetes: 0ri ental cerami c marks
0esgn regstraten marks In B|iLain, deiqn beqan Lo
be |eqiLe|ed lollowinq Lhe IB? Copy|iqhL ol 0eiqn AcL
and l|om IB42 Lhe 0eiqn ReqiL|aLion Ma|| wa ued Lo
denoLe Lhe daLe a deiqn wa |eqiLe|ed. The diamond-
haped ma|| alo howed whaL maLe|ial Lhe iLem wa
made l|om (iL cla) and how many iLem we|e included
(bundle o| pac|aqe). The Rd in Lhe cenLe| ol Lhe diamond
Land lo| |eqiLe|ed deiqn.
Yonqzhenq I72?-?5
0inq 0ynaLy
Chonqzhen Io2B-44
Minq 0ynaLy
Yonqzhenq I72?-?5
0inq 0ynaLy
0aoquanq IB2I-50
0inq 0ynaLy
Jiaqinq I7o-IB20
0inq 0ynaLy
Tonqzhi IBo2-74
0inq 0ynaLy
Tonqzhi IBo2-74
0inq 0ynaLy
Fonqxian (Yuan Shi|ai)
Republic Fe|iod
Fonqxian (Yuan Shi|ai)
Republic Fe|iod
Japanese Pereds
Au|a Fe|iod 522-7I0
Na|a Fe|iod 7I0-7B4
Tempyo Fe|iod 72-7B4
Ea|ly Feian 7B4-B7
Middle and laLe Feian B7-IIB5
Kama|u|a Fe|iod IIB5-I???
Mu|omachi Fe|iod I??o-I??
No clea| pe|iod I??-I57?
Momoyama Fe|iod I57?-IoI4
Edo Fe|iod IoI5-IBo7
Meiji ReLo|aLion IBo7-III
A seres ef censecutve numbe| we|e ued l|om IBB4, nea|ly alway p|elxed by
Rd o| Rd No (ReqiLe|ed o| ReqiLe|ed Numbe|). Thi quide i an eLimaLe only.
I842-7
a = cla
b = yea|
c = monLh
d = day
e = bundle
I88-8J
a = cla
b = day
c = bundle
d = yea|
e = monLh
a
b
c d
e
R
d
The leLLe| we|e noL ued in equence buL a lollow. IB42-o7
(leaLu|e a numbe| in Lhe |iqhL hand co|ne| ol Lhe diamond)
A IB45
B IB5B
C IB44
D IB52
E IB55
F IB47
G IBo?
H IB4?
I IB4o
J IB54
K IB57
L IB5o
M IB5
N IBo4
O IBo2
P IB5I
Q IBoo
R IBoI
S IB4
T IBo7
U IB4B
V IB50
W IBo5
X IB42
Y IB5?
Z IBo0
IBoB-B? (leLLe| in Lhe |iqhL hand co|ne| ol Lhe diamond)
A IB7I
C IB70
D IB7B
E IBBI
F IB7?
H IBo
I IB72
J IBB0
K IBB?
L IBB2
P IB77
S IB75
U IB74
V IB7o
X IBoB
Y IB7
A 0ecembe|
B 0cLobe|
C/O Janua|y
D SepLembe|
E May
G Feb|ua|y
H Ap|il
I July
K Novembe|
M June
R AuquL
W Ma|ch
The monLh l|om boLh pe|iod a|e hown a lollow.
0lasses SomeLime Lhe cle|| mi-clailed iLem o iL i poible
Lo lnd a boo|bindinq milled a a ca|peL.
Cla I - MeLal
Cla 2 - Wood
Cla ? - Cla
Cla 4 - Ea|Lhenwa|e
Cla 5 - Fape| Fanqinq
Cla o - Ca|peL
Cla 7 - F|inLed Shawl
Cla B - 0Lhe| Shawl
Cla - Ya|n
Cla I0 - F|inLed Fab|ic
Cla II - Fu|niLu|e (p|inLed
lab|ic)
Cla I2 (i) - 0Lhe| Fab|ic
Cla I2 (ii) - 0Lhe| Fab|ic
(0ama|)
Cla I? - Lace
I. IBB4
I754. IBB5
404B0. IBBo
o4520. IBB7
04B?. IBBB
IIoo4B. IBB
I4I27?. IB0
Io?7o7. IBI
IB57I?. IB2
205240. IB?
224720. IB4
24o75. IB5
2oB??. IBo
2I24I. IB7
?IIo5B. IBB
??I707. IB
?5I202. I00
?oBI54. I0I
?B5500. I02`
402500. I0?`
420000. I04`
447000. I05`
47I000. I0o`
44000. I07`
5I000. I0B`
550000. I0`
`app|oximaLely
By IB0 Lhe yLem had |eached a|ound one million. IL i Lill in ue Loday.
Tianqi Io2I-27
Minq 0ynaLy
kegstraten marks
2I8
TFE STAMFE0 MARKS lound on moL ilve| a|e Lhe beL
way Lo lnd p|ecie inlo|maLion abouL iL. They indicaLe o|
qua|anLee LhaL Lhe ilve| conLenL ol Lhe meLal i ol a
ce|Lain level, olLen 2.5 pe| cenL. NoL all ilve| i ma||ed,
and Lhe Lype and quanLiLy ol ma|| dille| l|om counL|y Lo
counL|y, and even l|om ciLy Lo ciLy.
Slver marks
CompoiLe phoLo
Englsh slver marks Known a hallma||, Lhee Lypically comp|ie
lou| individual ma||, each wiLh iL own meaninq. The o|de| ol Lhe
ma|| may dille| l|om piece Lo piece. 0n Lhe London ma|| lo|
Robe|L Ma|epiece and Richa|d Ca|Le| (|iqhL), Lhe l|L ma|| i Lhe
ilve|miLh', and uually comp|ie Lhe iniLial ol Lhe c|alLman o|
company who made Lhe piece. The econd i Lhe daLe leLLe|, which
indicaLe Lhe yea| Lhe piece wa Lamped, and (moL p|obably) made.
IL i unique in Lyle Lo LhaL yea| and aay ollce (whe|e Lhe piece wa
ollcially LeLed and Lamped), and lollow an alphabeLical equence.
The Lhi|d i |nown a Lhe lion paanL and indicaLe LhaL Lhe meLal
conLain 2.5 pe| cenL ilve|. Belo|e I544, a Lylized leopa|d' head
wa ued. The lnal ma|| i Lhe Lown ma||, whe|e Lhe aay ollce
wa baed. The moL l|equenLly een ma|| a|e lo| ollce in London,
Bi|minqham, and CheLe|, buL Lhe|e a|e oLhe|. IL i beL Lo |ele| Lo a
pecialiL quide Lo lully inLe|p|eL Lhe many Enqlih hallma||.
London hallma||
Faul SLo||, IB20
CheLe| hallma||
Cha|le Fo|ne|, IBB7
NewcaLle hallma||
F|anci BaLLy, I705
London, Ma|epiece
and Ca|Le|, I777
Bi|minqham hallma||
Edwa|d SmiLh, IB50
Scettsh and 1rsh hallmarks ScoLLih aay ollce we|e baed
aL Edinbu|qh and Claqow, buL la|qe| bu|qh o| quild, lo| inLance aL
Abe|deen, Banll, Elqin, and MonL|oe, alo had idenLilyinq ma||. Some
ScoLLih ilve| ma|| include an addiLional ma|| ol Lhe aay ollce
maLe|. In Edinbu|qh, Lhi wa |eplaced wiLh a LhiLle l|om I75 unLil
I75. In 0ublin, Lhe ma|| ol a ha|p c|owned wa ued a well a a
ma|e|' ma|| and daLe leLLe|. In I7I, Lhe lqu|e ol Fibe|nia wa added.
Foweve|, a|ound 40 pe| cenL ol I|ih ilve| doe noL bea| a daLe leLLe|.
Wic|
J. Sella|, cIB25
CaLle 0ouqla, Adam
Bu|qe, cIB20
A|b|oaLh, And|ew
0avidon, cIB25
Elqin, Thoma SLewa|L
cIB00
Edinbu|qh, Edwa|d
LoLhian, cI750
Abe|deen/MonL|oe lo|
FeLe| Lambe|L
0undee, p|obably John
SLeven, cI7o0
0ublin, Richa|d
William, cI770
Banll, William
Simpon, cIBI0
Fe|Lh hallma||
William RiLchie
cI75
0uml|ie, Joeph
Fea|on, cIB20
MonL|oe, Benjamin
Lumden, cI75
F|anoi Co|bie
Fa|i, I7B7
Joeph vi|qile vilheL,
Aviqnon, cI775
FF C|andquillaume
Beanon, I74
C. LecomLe
Mine|va ma||, cI25
0eni F|an|on
Fa|i, I7B
French slver marks Belo|e Lhe RevoluLion, F|ench ilve| Lypically had
lou| Lamped ma||. Thee comp|ied Lhe Lamp ol Lhe ilve|miLh o|
company LhaL made Lhe piece, a Lown o| ciLy ma|| |elaLed Lo Lhe je/ne
qene/o/e, a uniquely Lyled daLe ma|| qua|anLeeinq Lhe ilve| conLenL,
and a duLy ma||. AlLe| I77, Lhe ma|| we|e |educed Lo Lh|ee. a ma||
howinq a |ooLe|, old man' head, o| Lhe head ol Mine|va qua|anLeeinq
Lhe ilve| conLenL, a duLy ma||, and Lhe ma|e|' ma||. Mo|e mode|n
F|ench ma|| a|e limiLed Lo Lwo. Lhe Mine|va' head ma|| and Lhe
ma|e|' ma||.
London hallma||
Richa|d Ruqq, I77
2I9
0empes te phetes: 5i l ver marks
Amercan slver marks The p|eence ol Lhe wo|d STERLINC in
capiLal leLLe| uually indicaLe a piece ol ilve| made in Lhe uS. The
ma|e|' name olLen appea| in lull a well, o| may be indicaLed by a
Lamped ymbol. 0aLe leLLe| we|e qene|ally noL ued, ma|inq iL ha|d
Lo daLe many piece p|eciely, and Lhe|e i uually no coniLenL ma||
lo| each Lown o| ciLy.
R. & W. Wilon
Fhiladelphia, cIB25
0ther slver marks Silve| l|om oLhe| counL|ie may olLen only be
indicaLed by Lhe wo|d SLe|linq o| a numbe|, which i Lypically .25.
CounL|ie had pecilc Lamped ma||, omeLime |ep|eenLinq Lhe
Lown o| ciLy whe|e Lhe piece wa made.
In Ce|many and Foland belo|e IBBo, Lhe ilve| conLenL wa divided
inLo Io pa|L. Known a Lhe LoLh yLem, a Io Lamp indicaLed
pu|e ilve| and I2 indicaLed 75 pe| cenL ilve| conLenL. Thi wa
accompanied by a Lown o| ciLy ma||. AlLe| IBBo, Lhe numbe| lo| Lhe
Landa|d minimum ilve| conLenL wa B00, and Lown and ciLy ma||
we|e |eplaced by a inqle naLional ma|| ol a c|ecenL and c|own.
F. J. Wilm, Be|lin
cIB0
Fah|ne|, Flo|zheim
cII5
Foaue|, Be|lin
IB54-o0
Sy & Waqne|, Be|lin
cI00
SchoLL, F|an|lu|L
I7Bo-IBII
Fabe|q
SL. FeLe|bu|q, Ruia
Ceo|q Jenen
Copenhaqen, cI05
Jamaica, cIB00
Jacob Fu|d
BoLon, cI72B
Simon Wedqe, S|.
BalLimo|e aay
ma||, IBI5
Simeon Soumaine
New Yo||, IoB5-
cI750
J. Lowne
Fhiladelphia, cIB00
E. Lowne
Fhiladelphia, cIBI7
Tillany ma||
cI25
C. F. Feie, Copenhaqen, I?0
ILh-cenLu|y Ruian
ma||
Kalo Shop ma||
cI25
Robe|L Ja|vie
Chicaqo, cI25
Joeph Seymou| ol New Yo||, cI00 Ca|ence C|alLe|
Chicaqo, cI07
Fabe|q, wo||maLe| Fen|i| WiqL|om, wiLh London
impo|L ma|| lo| II0
Tu|in, IBLh cenLu|y
220
Rococo ilve| candleLic| by
William Cal, London,
Enqland, mid-IBLh cenLu|y
Claical ilve| candleLic|
by JonaLhon Failey
0ublin, I|eland, cI75
Claical Revival ilve|
Ce|many
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
F|om Lhe ea|lieL Lime, candleLic| have |elecLed Lhe p|evailinq
deco|aLive lahion. By Lhe end ol Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y, ilve| candleLic|
we|e caL. Thi meLhod ol p|oducLion wa ued unLil Lhe I770 when
heeL ilve| wa ued and Lhe Lic| we|e loaded. MoL candleLic|
we|e luncLional and imple. 0u|inq Lhe IBLh cenLu|y, candleLic| q|ew
p|oq|eively Lalle|-l|om a|ound oin (I5cm) aL Lhe beqinninq ol Lhe
cenLu|y Lo a|ound I0in (25cm) in mid-cenLu|y and I2in (0cm) by Lhe
ea|ly I00. The Lic| LhaL lollow a|e o|de|ed by Lyle and Lhen daLe.
Metal shapes: candlestcks
CompoiLe phoLo
CoLhic b|a candle holde|
wiLh Lh|ee-|nopped halL
Enqland, I5Lh cenLu|y
T|umpeL b|a wiLh auaqe
Lu|ned halL
Enqland, cIo50
Rococo ilve| candleLic| by
Simon JoueL
London, Enqland, I750
Rococo ilve| candleLic| by
John Ca|Le|
London, Enqland, I7o
Claical Revival ilve|
Bi|minqham
I05
Rococo ilve| by SbaLien
IqoneL
Fa|i, F|ance, I70
Rococo Revival ilve| by Faul
Recz|a, Bo|deaux, F|ance,
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
Loui XvI-Lyle o|molu and
ma|ble, Ce|vai Maximillian
Euqene 0u|and, Fa|i, cIBB0
Elabo|aLe Rococo ilve| by
William Cal
London, Enqland, I75B
Claical ilve| candleLic|
by John Ca|Le|
London, Enqland, I77I
Claical ilve| candleLic|
by Jean BapLiLe 0|o
Renne, F|ance I75o-o2
Claical Revival ilve|
Reqency Lyle
Enqland, cIBB2
A|L & C|alL b|onze
candleLic| by Ja|vie Shop
Chicaqo, uS cII0
A|L Nouveau ilve|ed b|onze
by E. Colin & Cie, Fa|i,
F|ance, LaLe ILh cenLu|y
A|L Nouveau pewLe| by
Fuqo Leven lo| Kaye|zinn
0ueldo|l, Ce|many, cI00
A|L & C|alL hamme|ed
coppe| by Royc|olL
New Yo||, uS, cII0
Claical Revival ilve|
Ce|many
cIB70
Adam-Lyle ilve|
Ma|Lin & Fall
London, cIB4
A|L Nouveau ilve| plaLe by
WMF
Ce|many, cI00
22I
0empes te phetes: Metal shapes
W|ouqhL-i|on |uh liqhL
Enqland
Ea|ly IBLh cenLu|y
Rococo Revival ilve| plaLe
Shelleld, Enqland
cIB20
A|L & C|alL ilve| by 0|iviL
Ce|many
cI05
T|umpeL b|a wiLh auaqe
Lu|ned halL
Enqland, mid-I7Lh cenLu|y
T|umpeL b|a candle
holde|, Enqland
LaLe I7Lh cenLu|y
Fand-lo|qed i|on |uh liqhL
and candle holde|, L|i-leqqed,
penny leeL, Enqland, cI740
Rococo ilve|
Edm-F|anoi Balzac
Fa|i, F|ance, I772
A|L & C|alL ilve| plaLe
B|iLain
cI05
A|L & C|alL ilve| by
AE Jone
Bi|minqham, Enqland, I04
Claical Revival ilve| by
John C|een & Co.
Shelleld, Enqland, cIB?4
Claical Revival ilve| by
Fen|y Wil|inon & Co.
Shelleld, Enqland, cIB?5
Rococo Revival ilve|ed
b|onze candelab|a
F|ance, laLe ILh cenLu|y
Ruian Rococo Revival ilve|
candleLic| by A. Riedel
Min|, IB7B
SeceioniL pewLe| by Albin
Mulle|
Ce|many, cI00
A|L & C|alL elecL|oplaLe
WMF
Ce|many, cI00
EqypLianeque ilve|
Be|lin, Ce|many
Ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Empi|e ilve| candleLic| by
Fie||e Fa|aud
Fa|i, F|ance, I7B-IB0
Empi|e-Lyle ilve|-qilL
Fuilo|caL, Fa|i, F|ance
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco ilve| by Fa|ald
Nielen lo| Ceo|q Jenen,
Copenhaqen, 0enma||, I20
Mode|niL ilve| plaLe
ELLo|e SoLLa lo| Swid
Fowell, uS, cIBo
A|L 0eco ilve| by Kalo
Shop
Chicaqo, uS, cI25
A|L 0eco ilve|
Fein|ich Eqq
Zu|ich, cI2B
Rococo ilve| candle holde|
by AnLoine Fillaie|
Fa|i, F|ance, I72?
Rococo Revival ilve| plaLe
Shelleld, Enqland
cIB25
A|L 0eco Callia meLal (ilve|
plaLe), Cio FonLi lo|
Ch|iLole & Cie, Fa|i, I20
222
A|L & C|alL ilve|-plaLe
LeapoL, C. 0|ee| lo| J.
0ixon & Son, Shelleld, IB7
Claical LeapoL
Solomon Fouqham
London, cI77
Claical LeapoL
F. & W. BaLeman
London, I72
Claical Revival LeapoL
E. K. Reid
London, IBoB
Claical Revival collee poL
F|ance
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
A|L 0eco collee poL
TLa|d Silve|miLh
Fa|i, F|ance, I20
Claical LeapoL
William FounLain
London, I7B
TEA, C0FFEE, AN0 CF0C0LATE F0TS l|om Lhe IBLh cenLu|y on
have u|vived well, alLhouqh Lhey a|e |a|e| in Lhe uS Lhan in Eu|ope.
Ea|ly IBLh-cenLu|y LeapoL we|e mall due Lo Lhe hiqh coL ol Lea. The
0ueen Anne pea| hape wa |eplaced by Lhe bulleL hape, which wa
lahionable cI70-45. Collee poL lollow Lhe ame L|end a LeapoL.
ChocolaLe poL a|e |a|e alLe| I70, excepL in F|ance. Thee poL have
been o|de|ed by Lyle, ma|e|, aay ollce, and Lhen daLe - o Revival
Lyle lollow Lhe o|iqinal.
Metal shapes: tea & ceffee pets
CompoiLe phoLo
BulleL LeapoL
F|anci BaLLy
NewcaLle, I705
BulleL LeapoL
Ab|aham BuLeux
London, I72I
Rococo Revival collee poL
0ominic| & Fall
New Yo||, mid-ILh cenLu|y
Rococo Revival collee poL
Rebecca Eme & Edwa|d
Ba|na|d, London, IB25
Rococo Revival LeapoL
Ma|hall & Son
Edinbu|qh, IBo
Claical collee poL
Capa|d Bouqa|el
Fa|i, F|ance, I7B7
Rococo LeapoL
Jame McEwan
Claqow, cI7B
Claical LeapoL
Jame Ald|idqe & Cha|le
C|een, London, I7I
Rococo Revival LeapoL
William Ma|hall
Edinbu|qh, IB4o-47
Biede|meie| collee poL
Ma|e| A. L.
SLoc|holm, IB
Claical Revival LeapoL
W. W. William
London, IBo7
Round LeapoL
Edwa|d and John Be|na|d
London, IBo5
A|L & C|alL ilve|-plaLe
LeapoL, C. 0|ee| lo| J. 0ixon
& Son, Shelleld, cIB7
0val LeapoL
Ma|e|' ma|| wo|n
London, IB0I
A|L & C|alL LeapoL
C. 0|ee| lo| Fu|in &
MiddleLon, London, cIB7
22J
0empes te phetes: Metal shapes
Biede|meie| LeapoL
Johanne Bade
Fambu|q, ILh cenLu|y
Rococo collee poL
Samuel Cou|Lauld
London, I7o?
Rococo chocolaLe poL
Cha|le-Loui C|a|d
0ouai, F|ance, I752-55
Claical LeapoL
0ld Shelleld FlaLe
Enqland, ea|ly ILh cenLu|y
Claical collee poL
Ma|e| indiLincL
London, I7B0
BulleL LeapoL, Wm. AyLoun.
aay maLe| Edwa|d
Fenman, Edinbu|qh, I72
Rococo LeapoL by Fen|i
Loui Le Caiqneu|
SainL 0me|, cI740
Rococo collee poL
LoLhian and Robe|Lon
Edinbu|qh, I7o0
Rococo Revival LeapoL
Ruia
LaLe ILh cenLu|y
Rococo chocolaLe poL
L. Lapa|
Fa|i, cIBB0
Claical LeapoL wiLh C|ee|
|ey paLLe|n
John Eme, London, IB05
B|iqhL-cuL Claical LeapoL
Thoma F|aLL & A|Lhu|
Fumph|ey, London, cI7BI
Sphe|ical LeapoL wiLh la|ed
|im, John Edwa|d
London, I7
0val LeapoL
Ch|iLian WilLbe|qe|
Fhiladelphia, I7?-IBI7
0val quaL LeapoL
William Bi|wah and Richa|d
Sibley, London, IB0o
Claical baluLe| collee poL
Jean-Loui CallioL
Lyon, IB0-I
Claical vae-haped LeapoL
A|qyle FeLe| & William
BaLeman, London, IB0o
Empi|e Lyle collee poL by
Amable B|aie|
Fhiladelphia, IBI0-?0
Fanelled oval LeapoL
unidenLiled ma||
London, I7B-
A|L Nouveau ilve|-plaLe
LeapoL, Faul FolloL lo|
Ch|iLole, Fa|i, cI00
A|L 0eco collee poL
InLe|naLional Silve| Co.
ConnecLicuL, cI25
A|L 0eco LeapoL
Ceo|q Jenen
Copenhaqen, I2B
Mode|niL Lainle Leel
LeapoL, Robe|L Welch lo| 0ld
Fall, Shelleld, Io0
Mode|niL pewLe| LeapoL
Fenninq Koppel lo| Ceo|q
Jenen, Copenhaqen, I7
Sphe|ical LeapoL wiLh la|ed
|im, John Robin
London, I7B
224
Timeline
I

0
0
I

2
5
I

7
5
I

5
0
Bk1TA1N
LAN0MAkKS
FkAN0E
0S
1TALY
0EkMANY
S0AN01NAV1A
Ioo9 Venice loses
0rete to the Turks
BAR00UE Io00-I720
Io42 English 0ivil War
Io43-I7I5 Louis XIV
Io20 Imperial armies and the 0atholic League defeat the Protestant
Bohemians at the Battle of White Mountain, Prague
Io48 The Treaty of Westphalia ends
the Thirty Years' War
A0E 0F 0AK (UP T0 Io70) A0
Leus X1V
Io03-25 James I
Jacebean
Io25-49 0harles I
0arelean
Io49-o0 0ommonwealth
0remwellan
Ioo0-85 0harles II
kesteraten
Io85-88 James II

IoI0-43 Louis XIII
Early 0elenal
Io00-Io90
Io07 First English settlement in North America established in Jamestown, Virginia
Io08 5amuel de 0hamplain founds a French settlement in 0uebec
Io20 Pilgrim Fathers land at Plymouth, Massachusetts
Io83 First 0erman
settlements in
North America

I588-Io48 0enmark's 0olden Age under 0hristian IV
Io32-45 5weden at war with 0enmark

I02 0uLch EaL India Company, Lhe l|L mode|n public
company, lounded in Java
I09 Tea l|L hipped Lo Eu|ope l|om China
I82 Falace ol ve|aille compleLed and become Lhe |oyal
|eidence ol F|ance
I7 Cobelin lacLo|y lounded
I85 RevocaLion ol EdicL ol NanLe L|iqqe| p|ead ol
FuquenoL c|alLmen
I709 BoLLqe| dicove| ec|eL ol ha|d-paLe po|celain
I720 F|ance p|ohibiL Lhe expo|L ol walnuL
I7J8 ExcavaLion La|L aL Fe|culaneum
I748 ExcavaLion La|L aL Fompeii
I754 Chippendale' 0ent/enon 0o//net Mo/e/ 0//ecto/
publihed
I75 Sev|e lounded
Leus X111
225
keseurces: Ti mel i ne
I
7
0
0
I
7
2
5
I
7
5
0
I
7
7
5
Io89 Louis XIV of France invades the Rhineland
I7I8 Venetian maritime empire
begins to decline
I7I3 Austria rules Milan, Naples, and 5ardinia
I737 Medici line ends in Florence
I720-50

NE00LA55I0AL I7o0-I840
I7I5-23
R00000 I720-I7o0
I735 The Kingdom of Two 5icilies
become an independent monarchy
I70I Brandenburg, once a small state in Northern 0ermany, becomes known as Prussia
I740 Accession of Frederick II of Prussia
queen Anne
kgence
A0E 0F WALNUT (Io70-I735) A0E 0F MAH00ANY (I735-I8I0)
I702-I4 Anne
c I750-I780
I7o0-I8II 0eorge III
I788 First settlement founded
in Botany Bay, Australia

Wllam and
Mary
Io88-Io94
Io94-I702 William III I7I4-27 0eorge I I727-o0 0eorge II

I723-74 Louis XV
Leus XV

Late 0eergan
0hppendale
queen Anne
I775-83
Revolutionary War

I700-2I 0reat Northern War: 5weden versus 0enmark, Poland, and Russia
I7I9-72 Era of liberty in 5weden with parliamentary government
I700-2I The 0reat Northern War. Prussia acquires Pomerania after defeating 5weden

Early 0eergan
I755-I8I0
I789 0ustav III reintroduces
absolutism in 5weden

0ustavan
I774-93 Louis XVI
Io90-I720

Wllam and Mary
Leus XV1
I7I4-o0


II I707 England and 5cotland unite as 0reat Britain
I732 0eorgia, the last of the I3 colonies, founded
I77o 0eclaration of
Independence
I789 French Revolution begins
with the fall of the Bastille

I759 Wedqwood lounded
I77J Robe|L and Jame Adam publih Wo// /n A/c//tecta/e
I788 Ceo|qe FepplewhiLe' T/e 0o//net Mo/e/ onJ
u/o/te/e/ 0a/Je i publihed
I789 Ceo|qe WahinqLon become Lhe l|L F|eidenL ol Lhe uS
I79J Loui XvI qoe Lo Lhe quilloLine
I80I Fe|cie| & FonLaine publih Pecae// Je
0eco/ot/on Inte//ea/e
I804 Thoma She|aLon publihe l|L volume ol T/e 0o//net Mo/e/
u/o/te/e/ onJ 0ene/o/ A/t/t Fnc,c/oeJ/o
I807 Thoma Fope publihe /oae/o/J /a/n/ta/e onJ 0eco/ot/on
I808 Ceo|qe SmiLh publihe A 0o//ect/on oj 0e/qn jo/ /oae/o/J
/a/n/ta/e onJ Inte//o/ 0eco/ot/on
cI775-cI805
Early Federal
22
Timeline conLinued
I
8
0
0
I
8
2
5
I
8
7
5
I
8
5
0
Bk1TA1N
LAN0MAkKS
1TALY
0EkMANY
S0AN01NAV1A
I809 5weden loses Finland to Russia
I8I4 5weden annexes Norway from 0enmark
I8I8 French Marshall Bernadotte
becomes King Karl John of 5weden
I848 War of Independence against Austria
I8oI 0aribaldi unifes Italy

I80o Napoleon I unites W 0ermany
I870 0erman Empire conquers
Austria and France
NE00LA55I0AL cI7o0-I840 HI5T0RI0AL REVIVAL5 cI840-I900 ART5 & 0RAFT5 / A
I804 Napoleon declares himself Emperor
I8I4 Napoleon abdicates
I800 Washington 00 becomes capital city
I883
Brooklyn
Bridge
completed
I873 The 5candinavian
Monetary Union formed by
5weden and 0enmark,
fxing their currencies
against gold at a par with
one another
I8I4 Following Napoleon's defeat, Italy is split into the Papal
5tates, Austrian 0uchies, the Kingdom of 5ardinia, and the
Kingdom of the Two 5icilies
I8oo Venice joins the kingdom
I87I Rome joins the kingdom
0S
FkAN0E
cI775-I805
Early Federal
I8II-20 Prince Regent
kegency I8I0-I8J0
I820-30
0eorge IV

I830-37
William IV
I870-I890
Aesthetc Mevement
I799-I8I5 Napoleonic Wars

I8I5-30
I830-48 Louis Philippe
I848-52 5econd Republic


kestauraten
I799-I8I5
Empre
I792-99 Revolutionary Wars
I8o5-7I Florence is capital of the
new kingdom
cI800-I5 cI8I5-80
Bedermeer Empre
I87I 0tto von Bismarck unifes the 0erman Empire
with King William I of Prussia as emperor
cI880-I920
Jugendstl


I87I-I940 Third Republic
0rectere
I795-I799

I8oI-o5 American 0ivil War
cI

I8

cI805-30
I850-70
Secend Empre
Late Federal
I837-I90I
Vcteran
I805-I5 Napoleon I
crowned King of Italy

cI850-I900
Kstersmus
I870-7I Franco-Prussian war
cI805-40
Amercan Empre
I842 Michael ThoneL paLenL Leam bendinq
I85I C|eaL ExhibiLion in London
I85J Japan compelled Lo open he| po|L Lo lo|eiqn L|ade lo| Lhe
l|L Lime in qene|aLion by Commodo|e Fe||y
I854 Fi|L exhibiLion ol Japanee a|L in Eu|ope held in London
I859 William Mo||i' Red Foue deiqned by Fhilip Webb
I8I Ab|aham Lincoln become F|eidenL
I88 Cha|le EaLla|e publihe //nt on /oae/o/J Tote in
B|iLain, lollowed by a uS ediLion in IB72
I88J A|Lhu| Lazenby Libe|Ly open |eLail empo|ium in London
I88 SLaLue ol Libe|Ly unveiled in New Yo||
I89J Chicaqo InLe|naLional ExhibiLion
I895 Sieql|ied Binq open hi qalle|y lA/t Aoaveoa in Fa|i
I897 Fi|L A|L & C|alL ExhibiLion held in BoLon
I898 vienna Seceion ExhibiLion
I900 ExpoiLion unive|elle open in Fa|i
I90I CuLav SLic|ley publihe 0/ojtnon maqazine
I902 Tu|in hoL Lhe F|ima Expoizione d'A|Le Mode|na
I840-I900
0ethc kevval
I840-70
kecece kevval
I850-80
kenassance kevval
I870-90
Eastlake Style
I797 Venice conquered by Napoleon and becomes Austrian territory

I755-I8I0
0ustavan
227
keseurces: Ti mel i ne
I
9
0
0
I
9
2
5
I
9
5
0
I
9
7
5
2
0
0
0
I93o Edward VIII
I952 Elizabeth II crowned
I905 Norway becomes
independent under King
Hakkon VII
I9I8 Weimar Republic established
ART 0E00 cI920-40 T5 / ART N0UVEAU cI880-I920 MI0-0ENTURY M00ERN I940-I970 P05TM00ERN/00NTEMP0RARY I970 0NWAR05
I92o New Zealand, 5outh Africa, Australia and 0anada acquire autonomy

I95I Festival of Britain
I959 The Mini, by Alec Issigonis, is introduced
I9I9 Treaty of Versailles

I929 The Museum of Modern Art opens in New York 0ity
I930 0hrysler Building opens
I93I Empire 5tate Building opens
I939 New York World's Fair
I90I Parliament introduced
in 0enmark
I9I8 Finland wins independence
I930 5wedish Functionalism
Exhibition in 5tockholm
om
I9I9 Italy gains Trentino, 5outh Tyrol, and Trieste under peace treaties
I92o The country becomes a one-party state when Mussolini dissolves opposition parties
I948 0io Ponti edits , the forum for debate on Modernist design
I923 Hyperinfation causes the collapse of the Economy
I933 Hitler becomes 0hancellor
I939 Hitler invades Poland, starting WWII in Europe
I949 0ermany is divided, forming the Federal Republic of 0ermany
in the west and the 0erman 0emocratic Republic in the east
I990 0ermany
re-unifed
I90I-I9I0
Edwardan
I93o-52 0eorge VI

cI890-cI920
Stle Lberty
I889 Eiffel Tower built for the Universal Exhibition

I94o-54 French-Indochina war

I929-33 Alvar Aalto creates a range of fttings for the Paimio 5anatorium, Finland

I9I0-3o
0eerge V
I9I0-3o 0eorge V


I909 FuLu|im i launched by Lhe ILalian a|LiL Filippo Ma|ineLLi
I9I9 Bauhau eLablihed
I922 TuLen|hamun' Lomb dicove|ed
I925 Fxo/t/on Je A/t 0eco/ot/j, Fa|i
I925 Ch|omium become available comme|cially
I929 Ludwiq Mie van de| Rohe compleLe Lhe Ce|man Favilion aL Lhe
Fxo/c/on Inte/noc/ono/ in Ba|celona
I9J4 M0MA hold Lhe Machine Aqe exhibiLion, ma||inq Lhe mid-poinL ol Lhe
InduL|ial deiqn movemenL in Lhe uS
I9J4 Well CoaLe deiqn London' Io|on FlaL
I950 Fi|L MoMA Cood 0eiqn exhibiLion
I9 Robe|L venLu|i publihe 0on/ex/t, onJ 0ont/oJ/ct/on /n A/c//tecta/e
(Lhe Bible ol FoLmode|nim)
I98I Memphi deiqn q|oup, led by ELLo|e SoLLa, how iL l|L lu|niLu|e
collecLion in Milan
I997 F|an| Ceh|y' Cuqqenheim Mueum open in Bilbao, Spain
I90I-I9I0 Edward VII

I977 0ompletion of the Pompidou
0entre, designed by Richard Rogers
and Renzo Piano
228
0lessary
Acanthus A MediLe||anean
planL, Acont/a /noa, wiLh
lehy, calloped leave. F|om
anLiquiLy iL wa widely ued lo|
ca|ved o|namenL uch a
deco|aLive moldinq, noLably in
Lhe Co|inLhian and CompoiLe
capiLal ol claical C|eco-
Roman a|chiLecLu|e. In Lhe IBLh
and ILh cenLu|ie, iL wa a
pa|Licula|ly popula| moLil lo|
lu|niLu|e and meLalwo||.
Acd etchng The Lechnique
ol enq|avinq a deiqn inLo qla
uinq hyd|ochlo|ic acid. B|oadly,
Lhe lonqe| Lhe veel i expoed
Lo Lhe acid, Lhe deepe| Lhe |eliel
ol Lhe deco|aLion.
Ar twst Fo|m ol deco|aLion
employed l|om Lhe IBLh cenLu|y
on in Lhe Lem ol d|in|inq
qlae, moL noLably Enqlih, in
which pi|al paLLe|n a|e
lo|med by elonqaLinq and
LwiLinq ai| bubble inL|oduced
inLo Lhe qla.
Apren The l|ieze |ail ol a
Lable, Lhe bae ol Lhe l|amewo||
ol a piece ol cae lu|niLu|e, o| a
haped, and omeLime ca|ved,
piece ol wood beneaLh Lhe eaL
|ail ol a chai|. IL i alo |nown
a a |i|L.
Armeral wares Ce|amic
deco|aLed wiLh a coaL ol a|m.
The Le|m i moL olLen
aociaLed wiLh Chinee Expo|L
wa|e l|om Lhe laLe I7Lh unLil
Lhe ILh cenLu|ie, which i
olLen deco|aLed wiLh Lhe a|m
and c|eL ol Eu|opean o|
Ame|ican.
Baluster A ho|L poL o|
pilla|, uch a a Lable leq, o| one
in a e|ie uppo|Linq a |ail and
lo|minq a baluL|ade. uually ol
bulbou lo|m, iL wa inpi|ed by
Lhe hape ol Claical vae and
ued ince Lhe Renaiance.
Bambecc chest MoLly
made in Cenoa in Lhe IoLh and
I7Lh cenLu|ie, iL i a Lo|aqe
cheL deco|aLed wiLh
elabo|aLely ca|ved human
lqu|e.
Bandng A deco|aLive L|ip ol
venee| in a conL|aLinq colo|ed
o| lqu|ed wood. Cene|ally ued
a|ound Lhe edqe ol d|awe|
l|onL, Lable Lop, and panel.
In c|obandinq, Lhe conL|aLinq
wood |un aL |iqhL anqle Lo Lhe
main venee|. In leaLhe|, o|
he||inqbone, bandinq, Lwo
na||ow L|ip ol conL|aLinq
venee| |un diaqonally in
oppoiLe di|ecLion, Lhe|eby
lo|minq a chev|on paLLe|n.
Barley twst A lo|m ol
deco|aLive Lu|ninq on lu|niLu|e,
and named alLe| Lhe pi|alinq
hape ol a ba|ley uqa| Lic|,
which iL |eemble. IL wa ued
l|om Lhe I7Lh cenLu|y.
Batch The inq|edienL ued Lo
ma|e qla, alo |nown a Lhe
mixLu|e.
8ergre F|ench Le|m lo| an
inlo|mal, deep-eaLed chai| ol
qene|ou p|opo|Lion. IL uually
ha a caned o| upholLe|ed bac|
and ide and a quab cuhion.
Bedermeer A deco|aLive
Lyle popula| in Ce|many,
AuL|ia, and Scandinavia
beLween cIBI5 and cIBo0. The
name wa invenLed by Lwo
Ce|man poeL who w|oLe unde|
Lhe peudonym CoLLlieb
Biede|meie|, lo|med l|om a
combinaLion ol //eJe/ (meaninq
convenLional o| honeL) and
Meie|, a common Ce|man
u|name. The olid, comlo|Lable
appea|ance ol Biede|meie|
piece wa LhouqhL Lo mi||o|
Lhe unp|eLenLiou eleqance ol
Lhe Ce|man bou|qeoiie. The
imple, qeomeL|ic deiqn,
which echewed o|naLe
deco|aLion, we|e inpi|ed by
F|ench lu|niLu|e l|om Lhe
Empi|e pe|iod.
Bsque An unqlazed lo|m ol
po|celain wiLh a maLLe u|lace,
mainly ued beLween cIBo0 and
cI25 Lo ma|e doll' head and
o|namenL.
8lnc de chine F|ench Le|m
lo| a Lype ol L|anlucenL whiLe
Chinee po|celain made l|om
Lhe laLe I7Lh cenLu|y in Lhe
Fujien p|ovince ol China unde|
Lhe laLe Minq dynaLy. Typical
wa|e included c|iply molded
lqu|e, cup, and bowl, and
Lhey we|e widely copied by
many Eu|opean po|celain
lacLo|ie du|inq Lhe IBLh
cenLu|y.
8leu celeste A Lu|quoie
qlaze ued aL Sev|e a a
q|ound colo| on po|celain.
InL|oduced in I752, iL wa
developed by Jean FelloL,
deco|aLo| and chemiL aL Sev|e
I745-oo. IL wa alo ued on
ILh-cenLu|y copie ol Sev|e.
8leu lis A deep cobalL blue
q|ound ol almoL pu|plih Lone,
inL|oduced in I75 aL Lhe
vincenne po|celain lacLo|y,
F|ance.
Bene chna A lo|m ol
po|celain developed in I74 by
Lhe Spode lacLo|y in Enqland.
ConLaininq up Lo 50 pe|cenL
bone ah, iL wa mo|e du|able
Lhan olL-paLe po|celain, and
cheape| Lo ma p|oduce Lhan
ha|d-paLe po|celain. IL i Lill
made Lo Lhi day.
Beulle A ma|queL|y Lechnique
named alLe| iL leadinq
exponenL, F|ench cabineL-ma|e|
And|-Cha|le Boulle, which
involve Lhe elabo|aLe inlay ol
eiLhe| b|a on Lo|Loiehell
(/en/e/e o/t/e) o| Lo|Loiehell
on b|a (cont/e o/t/e). IL wa
employed on hiqh-qualiLy
lu|niLu|e l|om Lhe laLe I7Lh
cenLu|y onwa|d, and wa
pa|Licula|ly popula| in Lhe
IBLh and ea|ly and mid-ILh
cenLu|ie.
Beuts A F|ench quilLinq
Lechnique in which wool o|
coLLon i ine|Led inLo Lhe quilL
Lo c|eaLe a |aied deiqn. In
F|ovence Lhe bac|q|ound i
uually llled wiLh co|ded
channel and Lhe quilL a|e
double ided.
Breakfrent The l|onL ol a
piece ol cae lu|niLu|e, uch
a a boo|cae o| a wa|d|obe,
in which a cenLe| ecLion
p|oL|ude lu|Lhe| lo|wa|d Lhan
Lhe ecLion on eiLhe| ide.
Brllant cut A popula| cuL
lo| qemLone which, in
Landa|d lo|m, have eiLhe| 57
laceL, o| 5B il Lhe qem i cuL
wiLh a laL bae. The Le|m i alo
omeLime employed Lo dec|ibe
Ame|ican qla made l|om
cIB7o Lo cII4 LhaL ha been
deep cuL wiLh bold, elabo|aLe
paLLe|n and Lhen hiqhly
polihed Lo pa||le in Lhe liqhL.
8ureu lt F|ench Le|m lo|
a laL-Lopped w|iLinq de|, olLen
wiLh a Looled leaLhe| ine|L
(|ive|) on Lhe w|iLinq u|lace,
and wiLh a hallow l|ieze wiLh
d|awe| below iL.
0abrele leg An o|namenLal
lu|niLu|e leq wiLh Lwo cu|ve
lo|minq an aLLenuaLed S-hape,
li|e an animal leq. Fopula| l|om
Lhe laLe I7Lh cenLu|y onwa|d,
epecially lo| chai|, iL i olLen
Le|minaLed in a claw, claw-and-
ball, paw, o| hool looL, and iL
229

|nee i omeLime deco|aLed
wiLh a moLil uch a a hell o|
a ca|Louche.
0amee glass Type ol
qlawa|e made ol Lwo o| mo|e
epa|aLe laye| ol conL|aLinq-
colo|ed qla, in which Lhe Lop
laye| a|e ca|ved o| acid eLched
Lo p|oduce a |eliel imaqe and
|eveal Lhe oLhe| colo|, o|
colo|, below.
0n F|ench Le|m lo| a
eLLee. an upholLe|ed eaL wiLh
a bac| and a|m, lo| Lwo o|
mo|e people, and ued l|om
Lhe laLe I7Lh cenLu|y on.
0arteuche A l|amed panel o|
LableL baed on Lhe hape ol a
c|oll, eiLhe| convex o| concave,
and wiLh a plain o| deco|aLed
cenLe|-Lhe laLLe| omeLime
in Lhe lo|m ol an inc|ipLion,
monoq|am, o| coaL ol a|m.
Ca|Louche we|e widely ued
in Renaiance, Ba|oque, and
Rococo o|namenL, buL le o
in Lhe Neoclaical Lyle.
0hffener F|om Lhe F|ench
Le|m c//jjon/e/e, and o|iqinally
ued Lo dec|ibe a Lall cheL ol
d|awe| made in B|iLain l|om
Lhe I750 on. The Le|m alo
came inLo common uaqe a a
dec|ipLion lo| mall ide
cabineL o| ideboa|d wiLh
d|awe| and a cupboa|d o|
cupboa|d below.
0hineiserie A deco|aLive
Lyle, popula| in Lhe I7Lh and
IBLh cenLu|ie, in which exoLic
moLil (olLen lancilul) de|ived
l|om Chinee o|iqinal we|e
applied Lo Eu|opean lu|niLu|e,
ce|amic, ilve|wa|e, and
LexLile.
0ensele table A Lable wiLh
Lwo leq uppo|Linq iL l|onL
and iL bac| lxed Lo Lhe wall.
0erbel A wooden b|ac|eL,
eiLhe| plain o| deco|aLive,
aLLached Lo an up|iqhL and
ued Lo uppo|L a ho|izonLal
leaLu|e, uch a an a|m on a
chai|, l|om below.
0ernucepa Alo |nown a
ho|n ol plenLy and a ymbol
ol le|LiliLy and abundance ince
Claical Lime. A qoaL' ho|n,
uually depicLed ove|lowinq
wiLh ea| ol wheaL and l|uiL,
Lhe co|nucopia wa a popula|
deco|aLive moLil du|inq Lhe
Renaiance, and alo in Lhe
I7Lh, IBLh, and ea|ly ILh
cenLu|ie. 0n F|ench Empi|e
and Ame|ican Fede|al lu|niLu|e
iL wa olLen employed a an
emblem ol peace and lo|Lune,
while in ce|amic |ibboned
co|nucopia we|e lahionable
l|om cI750 Lo cIB70 a wall-
hunq lowe|-holde|.
0aper A paLLe|n coniLinq
ol |epeaLed diamond, lozenqe,
qua|e, o| oLhe| qeomeL|ic
hape-L|elli and laLLice
paLLe|n beinq Lwo example.
IL i pa|Licula|ly p|evalenL in
c//no/e//e and /oono/e//e
deco|aLion, and wa much-
lavo|ed in Lhe mid-ILh cenLu|y
lo| ue in lu|niLu|e, loo| Lile,
ce|amic, LexLile, and
wallcove|inq a pa|L ol an
ove|all deco|aLive cheme.
0euca T|anlaLed a
conL|aLed colo|, iL i a Le|m
lo| a delicaLe Lype ol Chinee
po|celain l|L made in Lhe
Chenqhua pe|iod (I4o5-B7) and
diLinquihed by Lhe applicaLion
ol an unde|qlaze blue ouLline
llled in wiLh ove|qlaze
L|anlucenL colo|ed enamel.
Electreplatng A meLhod ol
chemically depoiLinq by
elecL|olyi a laye| ol meLal,
uually ilve| buL omeLime
qold, onLo an objecL made ol
bae meLal, uually nic|el o|
coppe|. The Lechnique wa
paLenLed by C. R. El|inqLon in
IB40, and upe|eded Shelleld
plaLe a a cheap ubLiLuLe lo|
olid ilve|.
n cmeu F|ench Le|m ued
Lo dec|ibe painLinq in dille|enL
Lone ol Lhe ame colo|.
Escutcheen A p|oLecLive and
uually o|namenLal |eyhole
plaLe, which i omeLime in Lhe
hape ol a hield.
Fen de Venise Clawa|e
wiLh elabo|aLe applied
deco|aLion (j//q/ono) made in
Lhe IoLh and I7Lh cenLu|ie in
counL|ie uch a B|iLain,
Ce|many, and Lhe NeLhe|land,
and in Lhe Lyle ol hiqh-qualiLy
veneLian qla.
Faence F|ench Le|m lo| Lin-
qlazed ea|Lhenwa|e popula| in
Eu|ope l|om Lhe IoLh and I7Lh
cenLu|ie. LiqhLly ba|ed and ol
a bull o| pale |ed colo|, iL wa
cove|ed wiLh whiLe qlaze in
imiLaLion ol la| mo|e du|able
ha|d-paLe po|celain.
Fmille june, neire, rese,
and verte F|ench Le|m ued
Lo claily Chinee po|celain
deco|aLed in enamel colo| by
iL paleLLe. In jon///e ve/te,
q|een and i|on |ed p|edominaLe,
buL iL alo conLain yellow, blue,
eqqplanL-pu|ple and blac|.
/on///e /oane ue jon///e ve/te
enamel on a yellow q|ound,
while jon///e no//e i Lhe jon///e
ve/te paleLLe on a blac| q|ound.
/on///e /oe wa dominaLed by
pin| o| pu|ple Lone. F|om Lhe
ea|ly ILh cenLu|y a Lyle
|nown a Roe Medallion wa
ued. IL leaLu|e q|oup ol
lqu|e o| lowe| in medallion
u||ounded by lo|al bo|de|.
Fasces A deco|aLive moLil
comp|iinq a bound bundle ol
|od, olLen encloinq an ax-head.
0|iqinally an emblem ol Lhe
auLho|iLy ol ancienL Roman
maqiL|aLe, iL |ecu| in
Claical-inpi|ed Lyle ol
o|namenL.
Futeuil A F|ench Le|m lo|
a la|qe, upholLe|ed open
a|mchai|, l|L ued aL Lhe cou|L
ol Loui XIv, and pa|Licula|ly
popula| in Lhe IBLh cenLu|y.
Fzzelette An ILalian wo|d
lo| a hand|e|chiel vae. in oLhe|
wo|d, in Lhe hape ol a lallinq
hand|e|chiel.
Federal style The dominanL
Lyle in Ame|ican a|chiLecLu|e
and deco|aLive a|L l|om Lhe
0ecla|aLion ol Independence in
I77o unLil cIB0. EenLially
Neoclaical, iL wa iniLially
inpi|ed by B|iLih deiqn, and
in Lhe ea|ly ILh cenLu|y wa
much inluenced by Lhe F|ench
Empi|e Lyle. Mo|e iqnilcanLly,
howeve|, iL developed wiLhin a
Claical l|amewo|| a
vocabula|y ol o|namenL LhaL
d|ew lo| inpi|aLion on imaqe|y
and moLil indiqenou Lo Lhe
newly independenL counL|y uch
a Lhe Ame|ican eaqle and
view ol Lhe Fudon Rive|.
Festeen A Claical
deco|aLive moLil in Lhe lo|m ol
a qa|land ol l|uiL and lowe|
Lied wiLh |ibbon and/o| leave.
IL wa |evived du|inq Lhe
Renaiance, and wa a widely
|ecu||inq moLil in ubequenL
Neoclaical and Claical
Revival Lyle du|inq Lhe I7Lh,
IBLh, and ILh cenLu|ie.
Filigrn Alo |nown a
/ott/c/no, and developed in
venice in Lhe IoLh cenLu|y, iL i
a Lechnique in which deco|aLive
2J0
Lh|ead ol whiLe o| colo|ed
qla |od a|e embedded a
LwiLed, c|oed, o| pi|al
paLLe|n in qlawa|e.
Fnal A deco|aLive Lu|ned o|
ca|ved o|namenL u|mounLinq
a p|ominenL Le|minal on any
objecL, lo| inLance a lid, and
ued Lo emphaize iL. Typical
lo|m include u|n, aco|n,
pinecone, and jea/-Je-//.
Flashed glass A Lhic| laye|
ol clea| qla cove|ed wiLh a
Lhinne| laye| ol colo|ed qla,
and Lhe laLLe| olLen acid eLched,
cuL, o| andblaLed Lo c|eaLe a
paLLe|n and |eveal Lhe laye| ol
clea| qla unde|neaLh.
Flatback An ea|Lhenwa|e
lqu|e, o| q|oup ol lqu|e, wiLh
a laL, undeco|aLed bac|
inLended Lo be placed aqainL
a wall, hea|Lh, o| manLelhell,
and Lhe|elo|e inLended Lo be
viewed l|om Lhe l|onL only.
They we|e made in Lhe mid-ILh
cenLu|y moLly in SLallo|dhi|e
buL alo elewhe|e in Enqland
and in ScoLland.
Fretwerk A lo|m ol
deco|aLion comp|iinq a |epeaL
paLLe|n ol qeomeL|ic lo|m,
which can be incied, ca|ved
in |eliel, o|, moL commonly,
pie|ced, a well a painLed o|
p|inLed. 0aLinq bac| Lo ancienL
Chinee and EqypLian culLu|e,
l|eLwo|| p|oved pa|Licula|ly
popula| on IBLh-cenLu|y
c//no/e//e, Rococo, and CoLhic
Lyle ol lu|niLu|e, noLably by
Thoma Chippendale.
0ateleg table A lo|m ol
d|op-leal Lable. InL|oduced in
Lhe IoLh cenLu|y, iL employed
L|eLche|ed leq LhaL pivoL ouL
li|e a qaLe Lo uppo|L Lhe leave
ol Lhe Lable Lop.
0ather The blob ol molLen
qla qaLhe|ed on Lhe end ol
Lhe blowinq i|on, belo|e beinq
blown inLo Lhe dei|ed hape.
0ldng A deco|aLive lnih in
which qold i applied Lo wood,
leaLhe|, ilve|, ce|amic, o|
qla. The p|oce involve
layinq qold leal o| powde|ed
qold (o| ilve|) onLo a mooLh
bae uch a qeo. Fa|cel
qildinq i Lhe Le|m ued when
only pa|L ol Lhe objecL ha
been qilded.
0ltweed Wood LhaL ha been
qilded (ee 0//J/nq).
0irndele An ILalian Le|m lo|
an o|naLe qilLwood candleholde|
LhaL wa popula| wiLh
IBLh-cenLu|y Rococo and
Neoclaical deiqne|.
0et grec A F|ench Le|m
(liLe|ally, C|ee| LaLe)
dec|ibinq Lhe |enewed inLe|eL
in ancienL C|eece and Rome LhaL
|eulLed in Lhe Neoclaical Lyle
ol Lhe laLe IBLh and ea|ly
ILh cenLu|ie.
0rnd feu The colo| q|een
(l|om coppe| oxide), blue
(cobalL), pu|ple (manqanee),
yellow (anLimony), and o|anqe-
|ed (i|on) ued Lo deco|aLe Lin-
qlazed ea|Lhenwa|e unLil Lhe
IBLh cenLu|y, alLe| which et/t
jea, o| enamel colo|, we|e mo|e
common. The ea|lie| colo| a|e
|nown in F|ench a q/onJ jea
becaue ol Lhe hiqh
Lempe|aLu|e necea|y Lo
adhe|e Lhem Lo Lhe Lin qlaze.
0reund The u|lace o|
bac|q|ound colo| ol ce|amic,
onLo which painLed deco|aLion
i olLen applied.
1mar Japanee po|celain
made aL A|iLa l|om Lhe laLe
I7Lh cenLu|y, and expo|Led l|om
Lhe po|L ol A|iLa. IL leaLu|e a
complex ove|lappinq ol
qeomeL|ic o| leal-haped panel
dominaLed by unde|qlaze blue,
i|on-|ed enamel, and qildinq,
and wiLh oLhe| colo| uch a
yellow, q|een, eqqplanL, and
bluih blac|.
1ntagle 0eco|aLive Lechnique
lo| inciinq o| enq|avinq Lone,
ce|amic, meLalwa|e, and qla,
in which a paLLe|n o| moLil i
cuL away Lo c|eaLe Lhe imaqe
in |eliel (Landinq p|oud).
Jeniserie (er Jenisme)
ExoLic Eu|opean deiqn baed
looely on Japanee wo|| ol
a|L, alLe| Japan opened up Lhe
WeL in Lhe IB50.
Kakemen In ce|amic, Lhe
name qiven Lo a diLincLive
paleLLe ol colo| comp|iinq
Lu|quoie, da|| blue, blac|, i|on
|ed, and yellow, and Lypically
applied a pa|e and
aymmeL|ical deco|aLion on a
pu|e whiLe q|ound. Fi|L applied
Lo Japanee po|celain in Lhe
mid-I7Lh cenLu|y, iL wa much
copied by Eu|opean po|celain
lacLo|ie in Lhe ea|ly IBLh
cenLu|y.
Kangx Chinee po|celain
made du|inq Lhe |eiqn ol Lhe
0inq dynaLy empe|o| Kanqxi
(Ioo2-I722) aL Jinqdezhen in
eaLe|n China. Wa|e lo| Lhe
domeLic and Eu|opean expo|L
ma||eL included blue and
whiLe, jon///e ve/te, /oane, and
no//e, //onc Je c//ne, a|mo|ial
wa|e, and, Lowa|d Lhe end ol
Lhe pe|iod, Chinee Ima|i and
jon///e /oe wa|e.
Lambrequn A deco|aLive
ap|on o| l|inqe, o|iqinally baed
on Lhe ca|l wo|n ac|o a
|niqhL' helmeL and iL he|aldic
|ep|eenLaLion, lound on
d|ape|y, lu|niLu|e, ilve|, o|
ce|amic, and pa|Licula|ly
popula| in Lhe mid-IoLh and
ea|ly IBLh cenLu|ie.
Lttime An ILalian Le|m lo|
mil| qla. An opaque whiLe
qla LhaL |eemble po|celain.
0eveloped in venice in Lhe I5Lh
cenLu|y, in Lhe I7Lh and IBLh
cenLu|ie iL wa alo made in
F|ance (called //onc Je /o/t),
Ce|many (M//c/q/o), and
B|iLain, and wa olLen deco|aLed
wiLh enamelinq and qildinq.
Marquetry A deco|aLive
venee| ued on lu|niLu|e, and
comp|iinq haped piece ol
wood ol dille|enL colo| and
lqu|inq, o| oLhe| maLe|ial uch
a ivo|y, moLhe|-ol-pea|l, o|
meLal, pieced LoqeLhe| Lo lo|m a
paLLe|n o| picLu|e. The
Lechnique wa pe|lecLed by Lhe
0uLch, who p|oduced lne
example ol lo|al paLLe|n
ma|queL|y du|inq Lhe IoLh
cenLu|y, and iL enjoyed a
|eu|qence ol popula|iLy du|inq
Lhe laLe IBLh and ea|ly ILh
cenLu|ie.
Mlk glass See LaLLimo.
Milleeri ILalian lo| a
Lhouand lowe|, and a
Lechnique, olLen ued in
pape|weiqhL, in which Lile-li|e
c|o ecLion ol b|iqhLly
colo|ed qla cane a|e
a||anqed in paLLe|n (|nown a
eL-up) and embedded in
clea| qla.
Netsuke 0|namenLal Loqqle
wo|n aL Lhe ah o| waiL ol
L|adiLional Japanee cloLhinq,
and ued Lo ecu|e, via co|d, an
/n/o (eal cae) o| a pouch lo|
ca||yinq mall pe|onal
poeion. Made l|om Lhe
ea|ly I7Lh Lo Lhe laLe ILh
cenLu|y, neLu|e we|e p|oduced
in va|iou maLe|ial, includinq
woven o| b|aided meLal,
bamboo, and bone. Many we|e
ca|ved o| haped a lqu|e,
animal, o| planL.
0kmene A mall Lo medium-
ized Japanee culpLu|e, olLen
ol ivo|y, buL alo ol bone o|
wood, and deiqned Lo Land
inide a to/onono (diplay
alcove). Made du|inq Lhe
ILh and ea|ly 20Lh cenLu|ie,
Lhei| inL|icaLely ca|ved lqu|al
-human o| animal-lo|m
we|e olLen baed on Lhe
mall neLu|e.
2JI

0rmelu An Enqlih Le|m
de|ived l|om Lhe F|ench Le|m o/
noa/a, meaninq q|ound qold,
denoLinq a p|oce ol qildinq
b|onze lo| deco|aLive mounL.
0verglaze A Lechnique in
which enamel a|e painLed onLo
l|ed and qlazed po|celain,
which i Lhen l|ed aqain.
Parquetry A lo|m ol
ma|queL|y comp|iinq a
ymmeL|ical, qeomeL|ical
paLLe|n made up ol conL|aLinq
q|ained o| colo|ed wood. 0lLen
employed l|om Lhe mid-I7Lh Lo
Lhe laLe IBLh cenLu|y.
Petit feu enamels Colo|
lued Lo ce|amic bodie by l|inq
aL low Lempe|aLu|e in Lhe |iln.
See o/o C|and leu.
Pressed glass Cla LhaL ha
been haped by beinq p|eed in
a mold. The Lechnique wa
developed in Lhe uniLed SLaLe
in Lhe IB20.
Putte {pl Putti) An ILalian
Le|m lo| a chubby inlanL, eiLhe|
an anqelic pi|iL (a che|ub) o|
one ol Lhe aLLendanL ol Cupid
o| E|o. Widely employed a a
deco|aLive moLil ince Lhe
Renaiance.
kasng A meLalwa|e
Lechnique ued Lo c|eaLe hollow
wa|e ouL ol a laL dic o| heeL
ol meLal by hamme|inq iL ove|
an anvil-li|e La|e Lo q|adually
lo|m ide ol Lhe |equi|ed
heiqhL and hape.
kecille The |oc|wo||
deco|aLion LhaL qave iL name Lo
Lhe Rococo Lyle o|iqinaLinq in
F|ance. Poco///e wa olLen ued
in aymmeL|ic combinaLion wiLh
hell, moLil |eminicenL ol
plahinq waLe|, c|ollwo||,
c//no/e//e, and loliaqe.
kese mente A laceLed, laL-
bac|ed |hineLone, olLen
mounLed in a pie|ced meLal cup,
o LhaL iL can be wi|ed onLo
cloLhe o| jewel|y.
Saber leg A leq wiLh a qenLle
concave cu|ve imila| in p|olle
Lo Lhe blade ol a abe|,
p|edominanLly employed a Lhe
bac| leq ol a chai|, and widely
ued on Reqency, Empi|e, and
Fede|al lu|niLu|e du|inq Lhe l|L
hall ol Lhe ILh cenLu|y.
Schnelle The Ce|man name lo|
a Lall Lape|inq Lan|a|d uually
made ol Lonewa|e o| laience,
and olLen wiLh a pewLe| cove|.
IL wa Lhe Lypical hape ol Lhe
Sieqbu|q poLLe| ol Lhe IoLh
cenLu|y and wa olLen
deco|aLed in |eliel wiLh biblical
o| myLhical ubjecL maLLe|.
ImiLaLion we|e made in Lhe
ILh cenLu|y.
Slp A c|eamy mixLu|e ol clay
and waLe| ued a a lnih on
poLLe|y, o| a a medium lo|
caLinq ce|amic hollow wa|e
and lqu|e. Slip can be
colo|ed o| uncolo|ed, can be
inc|ibed o| enq|aved, and can
p|ovide an all-ove| lnih, o| be
elecLively piped o| L|ailed ove|
Lhe u|lace Lo c|eaLe an imaqe
o| paLLe|n.
Semmerse F|om Lhe ILalian
lo| ubme|qed, a qla
Lechnique LhaL involve cainq
one o| mo|e laye| ol
L|anpa|enL colo|ed qla
wiLhin a laye| ol Lhic|,
colo|le qla.
Sterlng slver A B|iLih
Le|m lo| ilve| ol aL leaL
2.5 pe|cenL pu|iLy. Silve|
ma||ed Le|linq in capiLal leLLe|
i uually Ame|ican.
Steneware A lo|m ol
poLLe|y, called q/e in F|ance
and Ste/nzeaq in Ce|many, and
made l|om a mixLu|e ol clay and
Lone (uually leldpa|), which,
when l|ed aL hiqh Lempe|aLu|e,
|ende| Lhe ha|d, dene, and
du|able body non-po|ou. SalL
and lead qlaze have olLen been
applied lo| deco|aLive ellecL,
alLhouqh Lhe laLLe| le
uccelully becaue ol Lhe hiqh
l|inq Lempe|aLu|e |equi|ed in
Lhe |iln.
Strapwerk A lo|m ol
o|namenL comp|iinq a paLLe|n
ol inLe|Lwined, band-li|e lo|m,
imila| in appea|ance Lo LwiLed
|ibbon o|, omeLime, Lylized
c|ollinq loliaqe, and alo
omeLime Ludded wiLh oLhe|
moLil uch a |oeLLe o|
lozenqe. 0eveloped du|inq Lhe
Renaiance, and olLen
employed up unLil Lhe ea|ly
20Lh cenLu|y, iL wa pa|Licula|ly
uiLed Lo plaLe|wo||, lu|niLu|e
inlay and ca|vinq, and
meLalwa|e enq|avinq.
Stretcher A ho|izonLal
wooden |ail o| ba| joininq Lhe
leq ol Lable, Lool, and chai|,
deiqned Lo L|enqLhen Lhe
conL|ucLion. SL|eLche| can be
lelL plain, o| be embellihed by
Lu|ninq o| deco|aLive ca|vinq.
Style ryennnt A Lyle ol
ce|amic painLinq developed in
Lhe laLe I7Lh cenLu|y aL Rouen,
in F|ance. The paLLe|n, which
on plaLe and dihe |adiaLe
inwa|d l|om |ichly deco|aLed
bo|de|, |eemble enq|aved
emb|oide|y deiqn and a|e
comp|ied ol lamb|equin,
c|oll, leLoon ol lowe| and
leave, and lacy a|abeque. IL
wa ubequenLly employed aL
va|iou F|ench laience lacLo|ie,
includinq Lhoe aL Neve|,
MouLie|, and Ma|eille, and
alo aL Lhe po|celain lacLo|y in
SainL Cloud. IL |emained a
popula| Lyle ol deco|aLion unLil
Lhe I740.
Trped table A mall,
occaional pedeLal Lable
uppo|Led by Lh|ee played leq.
The lo|m wa pa|Licula|ly
popula| in laLe IBLh-cenLu|y
lu|niLu|e.
0nderglaze 0eco|aLion
applied Lo a ce|amic body
belo|e, |aLhe| Lhan alLe|, l|inq
in Lhe |iln. Becaue ol Lhe hiqh
Lempe|aLu|e involved, Lhe
paleLLe i limiLed-cobalL blue
and coppe| lo| |ed beinq Lhe
main example.
Verre de feugre (F|ench.
le|n o| b|ac|en qla.) An
ea|ly Lype ol qla in which
poLah l|om bu|nL b|ac|en o|
le|n wa ued a Lhe lux. The
F|ench equivalenL ol Ce|man
Wo/Jq/o, iL ha|e Lhe ame
q|een/b|own/yellow colo|, and
wa ued lo| imple lo|m, olLen
wiLh hallow cuL deco|aLion.
Vtruvan screll An
undulaLinq o| wave-li|e |epeaL
c|oll paLLe|n, o|iqinally ued in
Claical C|ee| a|chiLecLu|e,
moL noLably in l|ieze and a
bo|de| o|namenL in Neoclaical
and va|iou Claical Revival
Lyle ol deco|aLion ince Lhe
Renaiance.
Wlzenkrug The Ce|man
name lo| a cylind|ical Lan|a|d.
Wuca A lve-colo|ed Chinee
paleLLe lo| deco|aLinq po|celain.
0eveloped du|inq Lhe Minq
dynaLy, iL include unde|qlaze
cobalL blue wiLh i|on |ed, yellow,
Lu|quoie, and q|een ove|qlaze
enamel.
Znrice reds Rele| Lo Lhe
Lechnique j//q/ono o /eto/to//, in
which whiLe and colo|ed
Lh|ead o| |ibbon a|e LwiLed
LoqeLhe| in a lliq|ee wiLhin
clea| qla. IL i commonly
lound in Mu|ano qla. The Le|m
i a co||upLion ol Lhe name ol
ea|ly ILh-cenLu|y veneLian a|L
deale| AnLonio Sanqui|ico.
Zefstil The laLe IBLh-cenLu|y
Ce|man Le|m lo| Neoclaicim,
which La|e iL name l|om
Claical b|aided l|ieze and
leLoon-Zoj meaninq b|aid
in Ce|man.
2J2
0ealers and aucten heuses
Nerman Adams Ltd.
B-I0 Fan Road
London
Enqland
SW IRX
www.no|manadam.com
I4 BR, 5 BC
Albert Amer
7 Bu|y SL|eeL
London
Enqland
SWIY oAu
www.albe|Lamo|.co.u|
B7 TR BL BR, II0 TR, II TC TR
Antque 0lass @ Frank
0ux Antques
Belvede|e
Landowne Road
BaLh
Enqland
BAI 5FR
www.anLique-qla.co.u|
I5 BCL
Art 0ece Etc.
7 uppe| ClouceLe| Road
B|iqhLon
Suex
Enqland
BNI L0
johncla||a|LdecoeLc.co.u|
I0o TR
Aurera Bjeux
www.au|o|abijoux.com
IB2 BL, IB BC
Axtell Antques
I Rive| SL|eeL
0epoiL
New Yo||
NY I754
uSA
www.axLellanLique.com
I7 BL
Beaussant Lefvre
2 |ue 0|ouoL
7500 Fa|i
F|ance
www.beauanL-lelev|e.aucLion.l|
B BR, 4I TL, o5 L, 2 BL
Bbs et Jeuets
c/o Lochend FoL 0llce
Io5 ReLal|iq Road
Edinbu|qh
ScoLland
EF7 oFW
bebeeLjoueLLicali.co.u|
I5B L, Io2 BC BR, Io4 TC BL BR
Perre Berg & Assecs
I2, |ue 0|ouoL
7500 Fa|i
F|ance
www.pba-aucLion.com
I07 TC
Auktenshaus Bergmann
Moh|endo|leL|a|e 4
I05o E|lanqen
Ce|many
www.aucLion-be|qmann.de
5 TL, B BL, 77 TC, 7B BC, 5
TR, o BR, 7 TL TC BC, TC TR
Bertea Auctens
2I4I 0ema|co 0|ive
vineland NJ 0Bo0
uSA
www.be|LoiaaucLion.com
I5o CR, IoI C CR BL BC BR, Io2
CR, Io C, Io4 TR BC, Io5 TL TR,
Beverley
0 Chu|ch SL|eeL
London
Enqland
NWB BEF
II TL, I0o BR
Blanchard
Bo/BB Fimlico Road
London
Enqland
SWIW BFL
20 TR, 47 TR
0avd Bewden
SLand 07
C|ay AnLique Ma||eL
5B 0avie SL|eeL
London
Enqland
WIK 5LF
I BR, I72 BCR BR
T. 0. S. Breeke
The C|anqe
W|oxham
No|lol|
Enqland
NRI2 BRX
I4 TR, o BC
Bukewsks
A|enalqaLan 4
Box I754
III B7 SLoc|holm
Sweden
www.bu|ow|i.e
I5 BR, CR BL BR
Jehn Bull {Antques) Ltd
IA New Bond SL|eeL
London
Enqland
WIS 2TN
www.anLique-ilve|.co.u|
I4I TL, I42 CR, I4 TC TR
0alderweed 0allery
Io22 Sp|uce SL|eeL
Fhiladelphia
FA I0I
uSA
www.calde|woodqalle|y.com
50 CL BL
The 0alce Teddy
www.calicoLeddy.com
I5o L, Ioo C BL BCR, Io TL
Lennex 0ate Antques
I The Squa|e
Chu|ch SL|eeL
Edenb|idqe
KenL
Enqland
TNB 5B0
www.lennoxcaLo.com
o
0hefHns
ClilLon Foue
I & 2 ClilLon Road
Camb|idqe
Enqland
CBI 7EA
www.chelln.co.u|
o5 R, 7 BL BCL, 75 BL BCR, 2
BC, II2 BC
T. W. 0enrey
o 0weqo SL
Baldwinville
NY I027
www.Lwcon|oy.com
7 BL
0raham 0eeley
q|aham.cooleymeLalyi.com
I5 BCR
Suse 0eeper 0eramcs
Art 0ece at 0allery I9J0
IB Chu|ch SL|eeL
Ma|ylebone
London
Enqland
NWB BEF
www.uiecoope|ce|amic.com
I07 TR BR
0o|linq Kinde|ley and Lhe F|ice Cuide Company would
li|e Lo Lhan| Lhe lollowinq deale| and aucLion houe lo|
pe|miion Lo ue imaqe. IL hould be noLed LhaL incluion
in Lhi boo| in no way coniLiLuLe o| implie a conL|acL o|
bindinq olle| on Lhe pa|L ol any conL|ibuLinq deale| o|
aucLion houe Lo upply o| ell Lhe piece illuL|aLed, o|
imila| iLem, aL Lhe p|ice LaLed.
Abb|eviaLion. TR = Lop |iqhL, C = cenLe|, TL = Lop lelL,
TC = Lop cenLe|, BL = boLLom lelL, BR = boLLom |iqhL,
BC = boLLom cenLe|
2JJ
0eal ers and aucti on houses
0rstebal
2o Chu|ch SL|eeL
London, Enqland
NWB BEF
www.c|iLobal.co.u|
I5 TR, IB0 BL BR, IBI BL BR,
IB2 TR, IB? TL TC BL BR
Andrew 0ande
?4 Ma||eL SL|eeL
B|adlo|d on Avon, Enqland
BAI5 ILL
www.and|ewdando.co.u|
BI BL
Barry 0aves 0rental Art
Ltd.
F0 Box ?4Bo7
London, Enqland
WB oWF
5 BL, 7 TL, Bo BL, BB, I57 R, I72
C BL BCL
0ecedame.cem
www.decodame.com
o7 CR, I? L, I5I TL
The 0esgn 0allery
5 The C|een
WeLe|ham
KenL, Enqland
TNIo IAS
www.deiqnqalle|y.co.u|
Io TL, I07 BC
Palas 0eretheum
0o|oLhee|qae I7
I0I0 vienna, AuL|ia
www.do|oLheum.com
7 TR, 2? R, o0 C BC, o2 BC, o? BL
BC
0reweatt Neate
0onninqLon F|io|y Sale|oom
0onninqLon
Newbu|y
Be||hi|e, Enqland
RCI4 2JE
www.dnla.com/donninqLon
o TC, 7 TCL, 2 TC, ?0 BC, ?4 BC,
42 CR, o0 BR, 7I BR, 72 BR, 7?
BR, 75 C, BI BR, B CL C CR BR,
o TR, 7 BR, BR, I05 L, I0B L
CR R, II2 C CB CRB BCA BR, II4
BR, II TR, I22 BL, I25 BC, I2o C
BR, I27 TC BL, I2 TR BC, I40
BL, I45 BL, I4B BC, I4 BL, I52
BL, I5? TR BL, I7I TL, I7? TR,
I77 BL
0yntha Fndlay
To|onLo AnLique CenLe|
27o Kinq SL|eeL WeL
To|onLo
0nLa|io
M5v IJ2
Canada
www.cynLhialndlay.com
I5I TR
Auktenhaus 0r. Fscher
T|appenee-Scho|chen
0-74074 Feilb|onn
Ce|many
www.aucLion-lche|.de
o TR, I7 BR, I0 L CR R, II5 BR,
II7 TR, IIB, II TL BL, I20 BC
BR, I2I, I22 BC, I25 TL, I2o BL,
I27 BL BC, I2B BR, I?4 CR BC BR
0alere Klne Feurner
0urn
IB |ue de SainL-Fe|e
75007 Fa|i
F|ance
oB TR, 7o BL, 2 TR BR, ? TL TC
Fragle 0esgn
I4/I5 The CuLa|d FacLo|y
0iqbeLh
Bi|minqham
Enqland
B 4AA
www.l|aqiledeiqn.com
2I TR
Freeman's
IB0B CheLnuL SL|eeL
Fhiladelphia
FA II0?
uSA
www.l|eemanaucLion.com
I5 TR, Io BR, I7 TR, 24 B, ?5 BR,
?7 BL BR, ? CR BL BR, 40 BL, 42
TR BL, 4? TL TR TRB CL BL, 57
CR BL BC BR, oI TR, o2 TR, o?
TL, o4 L, B BL BCL BR, I42 BR,
I45 TR, I50 BL, I74 BR, I75 C
BCL BR
kchard 0ardner Antques
Swan Foue
Ma||eL Squa|e
FeLwo|Lh
WeL Suex
Enqland
Cu2B 0AF
www.|icha|dqa|dene|anLique.
co.u|
0 TL
Thes Wm 0aze & Sen
0i AucLion Room
Roydon Road
0i
No|lol|
Enqland
IF22 4LN
www.Lwqaze.com
2I BL, Io7 C
Sdney 0ecker
22o WeL 2IL SL|eeL
New Yo||
NY I00II
uSA
4 BR, 22 C, o? TC, I52 BC, I5? BC
0alere 0rard
7 |ue de SainL-Fe|e
7500o Fa|i
F|ance
www.ve|onique-qi|a|d.com
I? CR, I40 TR
0errnges
I5 No|Lh SL|eeL
Lewe
EaL Suex
Enqland
BN7 2F0
www.qo||inqe.co.u|
B?, o BL, I54 TR, C, BR, I55 TL,
I5 TL, I7B TR
Kalcyen 0ays
I4 B|oo| SL|eeL
London
Enqland
WIS IB0
www.halcyonday.co.u|
I7I BL, I7 BR
Karpers 0eneral Stere
?0I Maple Avenue
ML. C|eLna
FA I70o4
uSA
www.ha|pe|qene|alLo|e.com
Ioo BCL, IoB BL, Io BL
Leanda Karweed Teddy
Bears
www.leandaha|wood.co.u|
o TL, IoB BC, Io TR
Jeanette Kayhurst Fne
0lass
?2A KeninqLon Chu|ch SL.
London
Enqland
WB 4FA
I0B CL, II2 TR BL CR BRA, II?,
II4 CL, II5 TC, I20 BL, I22 BR,
I2? BL, I24 TR BL, I25 TC TR,
I2o TR, I27 TL TR, I?7 BC
Wlls Kenry Auctens 1nc.
22 Main SL|eeL
Ma|hleld
MA 02050
uSA
www.willihen|y.com
I7B BR
Kelsten 0alleres
Elm SL|eeL
SLoc|b|idqe
MA 0I2o2
uSA
www.holLenqalle|ie.com
I?o BL, I?7 BR
Jehn Keward @ Kertage
Fe|iLaqe
o Ma||eL Flace
WoodLoc|
0xon
Enqland
0X20 ITA
www.anLiquepoLLe|y.co.u|
B0 BCR, BI TL TC TR BC
1mperal Kalf Bushel
B?I N Fowa|d SL|eeL
BalLimo|e
M0 2I20I
uSA
www.impe|ialhallbuhel.com
I42 CRB
1ngram Antques
oo ML. FleaanL Road
To|onLo
M4S 2N2
Canada
I25 BR
James 0. Jula 1nc.
F0 Box B?0
Fai|leld
ME 04?7
uSA
www.juliaaucLion.com
I2B BCR, I?I BR
2J4
Auktenhaus Kaupp
Schlo Sulzbu|q
FaupLL|a|e o2
725 Sulzbu|q
Ce|many
www.|aupp.de
I7 C, oo BL,5 BL CR BC BR,I4
TL,I7 BC
0allere Keller
Fa|dLu|mL|a|e I02
FoLlach B0?I
Zu|ich
SwiLze|land
www.qale|ie|olle|.ch
7 TC,I2 BL,I? TR, ?5 TC
Law Fne Art Ltd.
The Lonq Calle|y
LiLLlecoLe Foue
Funqe|lo|d
Be||hi|e
Enqland
RCI7 0SS
www.lawlnea|L.co.u|
7 BCL, B TR
Lawrence's Fne Art
Aucteneers
The Linen Ya|d
SouLh SL|eeL, C|ew|e|ne
Some|eL
Enqland
TAIB BAB
www.law|ence.co.u|
I BC, I?B R, I? R, I4B BR, I4
BR
0laude Lee
The Cinnel AnLique CenL|e
oll Fa|liamenL SL|eeL
Fa||oqaLe
No|Lh Yo||hi|e
Enqland
FCI 2RB
www.|edhoueyo||.co.u|
? BR, I05 C
Andrew Lneham Fne
0lass
www.anLiquecolou|edqla.com
B BCR, II0 CL, III TL, II4 BL,
IIo, II BR, I20 CR, I2 BR
Lyen & Turnbull Ltd.
?? B|ouqhLon Flace
Edinbu|qh
ScoLland
EFI ?RR
www.lyonandLu|nbull.com
II TR, IB B, 24 TR, ? CL, 40 TR,
42 CB BRA, 4? C CR, 47 BR, 5I C
CL, 74 BC BR, 0 BC BR, BL,
I2 C, I?5 TR, I?B L, I42 BRA,
I45 BC, I4B TR BL, I74 BL
Macklewe 0allery
oo7 Madion Avenue
New Yo||
NY I002I
uSA
www.mac|loweqalle|y.com
I BR, III TC, I2B C, I4I TR
Mallett
I4I New Bond SL|eeL
London, Enqland, WIS 2BS
www.malleLLanLique.com
I25 BL
Mary Ann's 0ellectbles
c/o SouLh SL|eeL AnLique CenL|e
oI5 SouLh oLh SL|eeL
Fhiladelphia, FA II47-2I2B
uSA
I BR, III TC, I2B C, I4I TR
0alere Maurer
Ku|lu|LenL|a|e I7
0-B07 Munchen
Ce|many
www.qale|ie-obje|Le-mau|e|.de
I50 BC BR, I5I BC BR, I?B CL
k. & 0. McPhersen
Antques
40 KeninqLon Chu|ch SL|eeL
London, Enqland, WB 4BX
www.o|ienLalce|amic.com
oB, o, B2, B4, B5, Bo BC, I TC
Auktenshaus Metz
F|ied|ich-Ebe|-Anlaqe 5
oII7 Feidelbe|q
Ce|many
www.MeLz-Au|Lion.de
77 TR BC, 7 TR
Mum Kad That
www.mumhadLhaL.com
I?5 BL, I?o TL, I?7 TR
Lllan Nassau Ltd.
220 EaL 57Lh SL|eeL
New Yo||
NY I0022
uSA
www.lilliannaau.com
II5 TR
Jehn Nchelsens
The AucLion Room
Lonqleld, Midhu|L Road
Fe|nhu|L
Faleme|e
Su||ey
Enqland
Cu27 ?FA
www.johnnicholon.com
I0? BL
Nertheast Auctens
? FleaanL SL|eeL
Fo|LmouLh
NF 0?B0I , uSA
www.no|LheaLaucLion.com
I4 BL, 47 TL BL, 5? TL, 57 TC, I5?
BR
0alere 0lva et
Emmanuel
villaqe Suie
Cale|ie 24 eL 5B, 7B
Avenue de Sull|en
750I5 Fa|i
F|ance
www.a|Llace.com/olivia
I5 BR, I44
0rmende 0allery
I5o Fo|Lobello Road
London
Enqland
WII 2EB
?4 BL
Partrdge Fne Arts plc
I44-I4o New Bond SL|eeL
London
Enqland
WIS 2FF
www.pa|L|idqeplc.com
I, 2, 5 CL, o TL, 7 TL, B TR, TR,
I0 BL, I2 BR, 22 L, 2? L C, 2o, 27,
2B, 2 TL TR, ?0 C BL, ?I TR BC,
?2, ?4 TC BR, ?5 BL, ?B TL, 42
BC, 44, 45 C BL BCL BCR BR, 4o
TR BL, 4, 52 BL, 5? TR, 54, 55,
5B, 5, oB BRA BRB, 70 BL, 7I CL
BL, 75 TR, 4, 7 BL
0avd Pckup
II5 Fiqh SL
Bu|lo|d
0xlo|dhi|e
Enqland
0XIB 4RC
42 CR, 50 BL BR, Bo BR
Salle des Ventes Pllet
I, |ue de la Lib|aLion
B. F. 2?,
274B0 Lyon la Fo|eL
F|ance
www.pilleL.aucLion.l|
52 TR
Peek & Peek
4o? EaL LancaLe| Avenue
0owninqLown
FA I??5
uSA
www.poo|andpoo|.com
2 BL BR, oI C BL BC BR, o2 BL,
I52 TR, I5? TL, I5 CR, I74 BC,
I75 TR BCR, I77 TR
quttenbaum
FohenLaulenL|a|e I
0-B0B0I
Munchen
Ce|many
www.quiLLenbaum.de
I BC I04 BC, I?4 BL, I?7 BL
0avd kage Auctens
??? No|Lh Main SL|eeL
Lambe|Lville
NJ 0B5?0
uSA
www.|aqoa|L.com
5 CR, BR, IB CR, 25 TR, 50 CL
CR BL BR, 5I TR, oo TR, I00, I0I,
I02 TC TR BR, I0? TL BC BR, I0o
BL BC, II5 CL, I2B BL BCL, I?0
TR BL BR, I?I TL BC
0avd kageJNchelas
0awes Lalque Auctens
??? No|Lh Main SL|eeL
Lambe|Lville
NJ 0B5?0
uSA
www.|aqoa|L.com
? (0ACS, A0AFC), I0 CL(0ACS,
A0AFC), I2? CR (0ACS, A0AFC),
I?2 (0ACS, A0AFC), I?? TR
2J5
0eal ers and aucti on houses
kegers de kn
7o Royal FopiLal Road
Fa|adie Wal|, Chelea
London, Enqland
SW? 4FN
www.|oqe|de|in.co.u|
I57 CL, I70 BC BR, I7B BC
Bran kellesten Ltd.
I04A KeninqLon Chu|ch SL|eeL
London, Enqland
WB 4Bu
www.b|ian|olleLon.com
5o
kesebery
74-7o KniqhL' Fill
WeL No|wood
London, Enqland, SE27 0J0
www.|oebe|y.co.u|
I55 TR, I5B TR, I7I BC
kessn SA
7 |ue 0|ouoL
7500 Fa|i
F|ance
www.|oini.l|
74 BL, I7o BL BC BR
Kuge kuef
Cabelbe|qe|L|a|e 2B
B0??? Munich
Ce|many
www.|uel-au|Lionen.de
oB CL, 7B BR
Sampsen & Kerne
20 MounL SL|eeL
London, Enqland, WIK ?NN
www.amponho|ne.com
7 TR, o5 CR, oB TC, 7I CR, 7? TR
TC C BCR, 7 C BR, B0 BCL BR
0alere Saphr
o |ue du Temple
7500? Fa|i
F|ance
qale|ie-aphi|wanadoo.l|
I7 TR
Sgn ef the Tymes
I2 Mo||i Fa|m Road
LalayeLLe
NJ 07B4B
uSA
www.millanLique.com
Io TC
The Slver Fund
I 0u|e ol Yo|| SL|eeL
London
Enqland
SWIY oJF
www.Lheilve|lund.com
5 BR (A0AFC), 2I BR (A0ACF),
I4I TC, I5I TC BL
Sknner 1nc.
o? Fa|| Flaza
BoLon, MA 02IIo
uSA
www.|inne|inc.com
I BL, I57 L, I7I TR, I74 C, I75
BL, I7o TR, I77 TL TC BC BR
Selle: kage Medern
Auctens
??? No|Lh Main SL|eeL
Lambe|Lville
NJ 0B5?0
uSA
www.|aqoa|L.com
25 CR, 5? BR, I? CL (A0ACF,
0ACS), I50 TR, I54 BL (A0ACF,
0ACS), I55 BR
Patrca Stauble Antques
IB0 Main SL|eeL
F0 Box 2o5
WicaeL
ME 0457B, uSA
I70 BL
kexanne Stuart
qemlai|yaol.com
IBI TR, IB2 BC, IB? TR
Sumpter Prddy 111, 1nc.
o0I S. WahinqLon SL|eeL
Alexand|ia, vA 22?I4
uSA
www.umpLe|p|iddy.com
4B
Spencer Swaffer Antques
?0 Fiqh SL|eeL
A|undel
WeL Suex
Enqland
BNIB AB
www.pence|walle|.com
I5o R, I70 TR
Take-A-Bee Emperum
I27 Avenue Road
To|onLo
0nLa|io
M5M 4A2
Canada
www.La|eaboo.com
III TR, I2? BCR
0ppsala
Auktenskammare
EddaqaLan I0
75? ?2 uppala
Sweden
www.uppalaau|Lion.e
?? BCL BCR, ?5 TR, ? TL TR
0alere Vandermeersch
volLai|e AnLiquiL-vande|mee|ch
SA
2I quai volLai|e
75007 Fa|i
F|ance
7o TC TR BC BR, B7 TL, 2 TL, ?
TR BL
Vcterana 0ells
I0I Fo|Lobello Rd
London
Enqland
WII 2B0
heaLhe|.bondLoLale|ve.co.u|
Io0, IoI TR, Io2 BL, Io? TC TR
BL BR
Jehannes Vegt Auktenen
AnLonienL|a|e ?
B0B02 Munich
Ce|many
www.voqL-aucLion.de
77 TL
Wllam Walter Antques
Ltd.
London Silve| vaulL
Chance|y Lane
London
Enqland
WC2A I0S
www.williamwalLe|.co.u|
I0 TR, I42 TR BL, I4?, I45 C BR,
I4o, I47
Weelley & Walls
5I-oI CaLle SL|eeL
Salibu|y
WilLhi|e
Enqland
SFI ?Su
www.woolleyandwalli.co.u|
I? BC, IB TR, 20 BR, 4I TC, o2
BR, o4 CL CR R, o5 CL, o7 TL TR,
70 BR, 72 C, 77 BR, 7B C BL, 7
TR, B0 C BL, 0 TR BL, I TL TR,
? BC, CR BC, I02 BL BC, I0?
TC TR, I04 CR BL, I05 R, I0o TC,
I07 BL, I?7 TC, I?B CR, I42 CRA,
I55 TC BL
Benny Yankauer
bonnyyaol.com
IB0 BC
kebert Yeung Antques
oB BaLLe|ea B|idqe Road
London
Enqland
SWII ?AC
www.|obe|LyounqanLique.com
22 R, o? TR BR
Ven Zezschwtz
F|ied|ichL|a|e Ia
B0B0I Munich
Ce|many
www.von-zezchwiLz.de
I?5 BR, I?o BC BR
Addtenal pcture
credts
The Art Archve
?? TR
The Brdgeman Art
Lbrary
FiLzwilliam Mueum, unive|iLy
ol Camb|idqe, uK/ The B|idqeman
A|L Lib|a|y
74 C
Themas 0relng 0ellecten
I?0 BC
The lollowinq imaqe a|e 0ACS,
London and A0ACF Fa|i 2007.
5 BR, 2I BR, ?, 2I TR, I0 CL, I2?
CR, I?2 L C R, I? CL, I54 L C TR.
All oLhe| imaqe The F|ice
Cuide Company LLd and
0o|linq Kinde|ley
2J
1ndex
A
AalLo, Alva| 2I, 25
acid eLched qla II4
Adam, Robe|L I4
chai| I4, ?5
painLed lu|niLu|e o2
ilve|wa|e I44, I45
ola ?
Lable 4o
AeLheLic movemenL I
Alabama doll Io5
Aladin, Tama|a I?7
album quilL I77
Alexande|, Madame Io5
amboyna IBo
Amih quilL I77
animal, A|L 0eco I55
applied deco|aLion
ce|amic 7I
qla II4, I20
Ap|ey 7o
A|iLa Bo
a|mchai| 24, ?0-I
o/no//e 52
a|mo|ial wa|e I
A|L IBI
A|L 0eco 20
b|onze lqu|e I54-5
ce|amic 20, o7, I04-7
lu|niLu|e 20, 25
qla 20, I?2
meLalwa|e I4I
ilve|wa|e I50
A|L Nouveau I
ce|amic o7
lu|niLu|e I
qla I, I2B, I?0
meLalwa|e I4I
ilve|wa|e I50
A|L & C|alL movemenL IB
ce|amic IB, o7, I00-?
lu|niLu|e IB, 25, 50-I
meLalwa|e I4I
ilve|wa|e I4B
Lable 50-I
Abu|y, Leno|e I00
Ahbee, Cha|le Robe|L IB
AulL I02
AvEM I?4
B
Bacca|aL II, I27, I2
Bambocci cheL I2
band ample| I75
Ba|oque Revival I7
Ba|oque Lyle I2, ?5
Ba|ovie|, E|cole I?4, I?5
Bauhau 2I, 25
BaxLe|, Ceoll|ey I?7
beech IBo
Beilby, William and Ma|y I2o
bella|mine juq 7B
BelLe|, John Fen|y I7
BenneLL FoLLe|y 75
benLwood lu|niLu|e 25
/e/qe/e 24, ?0, ?2, ?4
Be|lin po|celain 7, B-
Bianconi, Fulvio I?4, I?o
Biede|meie| Lyle ?B
Binq, Ceb|ude| IoB
Binq, Samuel I
bi|ch IB7
bi|d' eye maple IB7
//onc Je c//ne B?, 0
Blen|o, William John I?7
blue and whiLe wa|e
Chinee po|celain B2-?, B4-5, 0
dellLwa|e 72-?
Boch F|e|e I07
Bohemian qla I7, II0, III, IIo-I7,
IIB, I2I, I25, I27
Bohm, AuquL IIo
/on/e lu|niLu|e 52
bone I70
bone china oB
boo|cae 54
BoLLqe|, Johann F|ied|ich o7, 4, 5, o
Bouche|, Ma|cel IB2
Boulle, And|-Cha|le 45
Boullewo|| I7
Boulove|, Thoma I4o
Bou|quiqnon, Fie||e I44
Bou|ne, 0live| I0o
BouLi quilL I7o
boxe
ivo|y I70
ilve| I4B-
L|een I7B
b|a I5?
b|ea|laL Lable 4I
B|eue|, Ma|cel 2I, 25
B|illianL qla I24
B|oca|d, Fhilippe-Joeph I2I
b|onze, A|L 0eco lqu|e I54-5
B|u Jeune & Cie Io0, IoI, Io5
B|uneLLi, CaeLamo 45
bulleL 5?
Buquoy, CounL von I7, IIB
/a/eoa /ot 4I, 5?
bu|eaux o?
bu|| maple IB7
bu|| walnuL IB7
bu|| yew IB7
Buch, C0 77
0
caba|eL eL 4
cabineL 5?
cab|iole leq ?I
ca|e mold I7
calamande| IB7
cameo qla I2B-
candelab|a, ilve|-plaLed I4o-7
candle Land 40
candleLic|
hape 220-I
ilve| I40-I, I45
ca|d cae I4, I7I
ca|d Lable 42, 4o
Ca|lLon I0, II, I07
Ca|nival qla I?I
Ca||, Alwyn I4B
Ca|Le|, John I45
Ca|Le|, T|uda I0o
Ca|Lie|, Loui IBI, IB2
ce|amic o4-I07
A|L 0eco 20, o7, I04-7
A|L Nouveau o7
A|L & C|alL IB, o7, I00-?
Chinee B2-5, 0-I, 2Io
deco|aLion 70-I
dellLwa|e 72-?
ea|Lhenwa|e oo-7
laience 7o-7
la|e I0
F|ench po|celain 2-?
Ce|man po|celain o-7
Ka|iemon and imiLaLion Bo-7
loo|inq aL oB-
maiolica 74-5
ma|| I0, II, o, B4, 2I0-I?, 2Io
Meien 4-5
Mode|nim 2I
Neoclaical Lyle I4, o7
ILh-cenLu|y po|celain plaque B-
o|ienLal ce|amic 0-I
Rococo I?, o7
Rococo Revival I7
SaLuma wa|e BB-
SLallo|dhi|e lqu|e B0-I
Laplinq B5
Lonewa|e 7B-
Chad valley IoB
chai| 24-?7
bac| I4-20I
Chippendale ?o-7
conL|ucLion 2o
ea|ly IBLh-cenLu|y 2B-
IBLh-cenLu|y ?4-5
loo|inq aL 2o-7
Loui XvI and CuLavian ?2-?
mid-IBLh cenLu|y a|mchai| ?0-I
Chanel, Coco IB0, IB2
ChanLilly o7, B7, ?
Cha|ol, 0o|oLhea I05
chainq, ilve|wa|e I42
Chelea po|celain B0, B7
che||y wood IB7
cheLnuL IB7
cheL 52
Bambocci cheL I2
painLed cheL o0-I
cheL ol d|awe| 52-?, o2
commode 5B-
hiqh cheL 5o-7
cheL-on-Land 5o
c//jjon/e/ 5?
Chihuly, 0ale I?o, I?7
ChilLe|n Toy Io2, IoB, Io
China
ce|amic B2-5, 0-I, 2Io
lu|niLu|e ?4, 47
china ee ce|amic
Chipa|u, 0emL|e I54
Chippendale, Thoma
chai| 24-5, ?I, ?4, ?o
0ent/enon onJ 0o//net-Mo/e/
0//ecto/ ?o, ?7
hiqhboy 5o, 57
Lable 47, 4B
Ch|iLole I50, I5I
ch|ome 20
ch|yelephanLine I54, I55
CieLo Mu|ani I50
ciqa|eLLe cae I4
Claical Lyle lu|niLu|e ?
claw-and-ball leeL 2
Clill, Cla|ice 20, o7, I0o
clip, coLume jewel|y IBI
cloc| I?
CloLe|-veildo|l 7
collee poL 222-?
collee Lable 4I
collecLible I5o-B?
comlo|Le| doq BI
commode 52, 5B-, o2
Con|an, Jape| o7
conole Lable I?, I5, 40-I, 44
Coope|, Suie I0o, I07
coppe| I52
Co|o IBI
co|omandel IBo
coLume jewel|y I5B-, IB0-?
Cou|Lauld, Samuel I42
Cowan SLudio I0o
C|alLman Wo||hop 5I
C|alheim 77
c|eamwa|e oo
C|eand I44
C|eenL, Cha|le 5B
C|euen 7B
c//to//o III
C|own 0evon I05
cupboa|d, painLed o2, o?
cuL qla III, II5, II7, I24-5
Czech qla I25
0
0a|on, SLelan I04
0aum F|e|e I2B, I2
0e vez I2B
0ellL oo, 72-?
dellLwa|e oo, 7?
0ep|eion qla I2?
0e|by o7, B0
0e|uLa 75
0ecomp, Jo I55
de|, lall-l|onL 5?
diamond poinL enq|avinq, qla II5
0iede|ich, Wilhelm FunL I55
dininq Lable 4I, 5I
0io|, Ch|iLian IB2
0i|ecLoi|e Lyle o?

divo|ce, lu|niLu|e I0-II

doq, SLallo|dhi|e BI
doll I5B, Io0-5
0oulLon I0?
0oulLon LambeLh 7
dowe| cheL oI
d|awe| 55
ee o/o cheL ol d|awe|
0|eden o, 7
0|ee|, Ch|iLophe| B, I02
d|einq Lable o?
0u|and I?I
0u|anLino, Cuido 74
0uLch ee NeLhe|land

Eame, Cha|le 2I, 25, 5?

Eame, Ray 2I, 25
ea|Lhenwa|e oB
dellLwa|e 72-?
laience 7o-7
Lin-qlazed ea|Lhenwa|e oo-7
ee o/o ce|amic
ebony IBo
Eqe|mann, F|ied|ich II0, III, IIo, IIB,
II
EqypLian Revival ilve|wa|e I45
Eienbe|q IB2
Eienmann & Co Io2
elecL|oplaLed candelab|a I47
ElizabeLhan Revival I7
El|inqLon, Fen|y and Ceo|qe I47, I50
Ellinqe|, 0avid oI
Elli, Fa|vey 5I
elm IBo
elm bu|| IB7
emboinq, ilve|wa|e I42
emb|oide|y, ample| I74-5
Eme, John I4I
Empi|e Lyle I5
lu|niLu|e 25, ?B, ?
ilve|wa|e I4I, I44, I45
en cono|ea, ce|amic 7I
enamel, coLume jewel|y IBI
enamelinq
ce|amic 7I
qla II4, I2I
ilve|wa|e I42
end ol day qla II5
enqine Lu|ninq, ilve|wa|e I42
Enqland
ce|amic I02-?
chai| 2B, ?I
cheL-on-Land 5o
commode 5
dellLwa|e 7?
Rococo Lable 45
ilve|wa|e I45, 2IB
LilL-Lop Lable 4
enq|avinq
qla II5, IIo-I7
ilve|wa|e I42
ELlinq I??
Lui I4B
Eu|e|a FoLLe|y 75
exhibiLion, inLe|naLional I2
expo|L wa|e, Chinee ce|amic B4-5,
0

joon Je ven/e qla I7, III, I20, I2o

Fadap IoB
Faenza oo
laience oo, 7o-7
la|e I0
Chinee po|celain B?, B5
Lalique qla I??
neLu|e I7?
SLeill Leddy bea| Io7
lall-l|onL de| 5?
jon///e /oe I
jon///e ve/te 0
Fa|nell, J. K. & Co IoB, Io
Fa|quha|on, William Clyne I25
joatea// 24, 25, ?0-I, ?2-?, ?4
laux cameo qla I2
Fede|al Lyle I4, I5
lu|niLu|e 25, ?5, ?
ilve|wa|e I44
leeL 204-5
claw-and-ball 2
FeuillaL|e, Euqene I4I
Fieldinq, S. & Co. I05
lqu|e
A|L 0eco b|onze I54-5
A|L 0eco ce|amic I04-5
ivo|y I54, I55, I7I
SLallo|dhi|e B0-I
lnial ?2
lame mahoqany IBo
lahed qla IIo, II7, II
Flow Blue 7I
FolloL, Faul I50
FonLaine, Fie||e I5
lo|qe|ie I0
ee o/o la|e
F|ance
chai| ?0
commode 5B
doll Io0, Io2, Io4
laience 7o
po|celain 2-?
quilL I7o
ilve|wa|e I44, 2IB
ola ?B
Lable 44
F|an|enLhal o, 7
F|an|lu|L 77
F|an|l, Faul 4I
///eJe//z/on/c/e Po/o/o 45
Fuqa, Anolo I?4
Fulda o, 7
Fulle|, Loie I
Fulpe| I0?
lu|niLu|e 22-o?
A|L 0eco 20, 25
A|L Nouveau I
A|L and C|alL IB, 25, 50-I
aeinq II
Ba|oque I2, ?5
Ba|oque Revival I7
chai| 24-?7, I4-20I
Claical Lyle ?
Empi|e Lyle 25, ?B, ?
Fede|al Lyle ?5, ?
leeL 204-5
qlazinq 54
CoLhic 25
CoLhic Revival Io
handle I0-?
leq 202-?
ma|| I0
ma||iaqe and divo|ce I0-II
Mode|nim 2I
Neoclaical Lyle I4, I5, 25, ?2-?, ?4,
4o
painLed lu|niLu|e o0-?
pedimenL 55, IBB-
0ueen Anne Lyle 2B, 2, ?4
Reqency Lyle 25, ?
Renaiance Revival Io, 25
Rococo I?, 25, ?0, ?I, ?5
Rococo Revival 25
ola 24, ?B-
Lo|aqe lu|niLu|e 52-o?
Lable 40-5I
Fu|Lenbe|q o

Cainbo|ouqh, Thoma B
Call, Emile I, III, I2B, I2
qaLeleq Lable 40, 4I
Ceo|qe Iv, Kinq ol Enqland ?
Ce|daqo, Ce|da I|o I54
Ce|many
chai| ?I, ?5
doll Io0-5
laience 77
po|celain o-7
ola ?B
Lonewa|e 7B
qildinq
ce|amic 70, B
lu|niLu|e 44
qla II4, I2I
Claqow School I
qla I0B-?7
applied and painLed deco|aLion I20-I
A|L 0eco 20, I?2
A|L Nouveau I, I2B, I?0
Ba|oque Revival I7
Bohemian qla IIo-I7, IIB
cameo and laux cameo qla I2B-
colo|ed qla IIB-I
coLume jewel|y IB0
cuL qla I24-5
deco|aLion II4-I5
IBLh-cenLu|y wine qlae I2o-7
handblown and molded qla I22-?
hiLo|icim I7
i|idecenL qla I?0-I
Lalique I?2-?
loo|inq aL II, II2-I?
ma|| 2I4-I5
Mu|ano I?4-5
Lype ol II0-II
20Lh-cenLu|y qla I?o-7
qlaze, ce|amic oo, o7, o
qlazinq, lu|niLu|e 54
qobleL
Bohemian qla IIo-I7
L|een I7
Codwin, E. W. I
Coldcheide| I04
Cooqly doll Io?
CoLhic Revival Io, 25
qoat q/ec I4, 4o, 47
C|eaL ExhibiLion, London (IB5I) 75
C|eqo|y, Albe|L
C|eine| B
C|endey, Cile ?I
C|ipoix, Maion IB0, IB?
q//o///e, ce|amic 7I
C|opiu, WalLe| 2I
C|ueby Faience Co. IB, I02
Cubbio oo
Cund IoB
CunLhe|, Ca|l II
CuLav III, Kinq ol Sweden ?2, ??, ?,
4o
CuLavian Lyle
chai| ?2, ??
ola ?
Lable 4o

Faqle|, SLanley IBI

hallma||, ilve| I0, 2IB
handle, lu|niLu|e 55, I0-?
ha|ewood IB7
Fa||ach, CounL I7
Fa|ell, Mi|iam IB2, IB?
Fen|i II Lyle Io
FepplewhiLe, Ceo|qe
chai| 25, ?5
d|einq Lable o?
ola ?
Lable 4o, 47
Fe|czeq, Clai|e I04
Fe|Lel, Schwab & Co Io?
Feubach, Ceb|ude| Io2, Io?
hiqh cheL 5o-7
hiqhboy 5?, 5o-7
hiLo|icim I7
Fob IB2
FochL o
Fodd & Linley I4
Follmann, Joel I, I4I
Foldc|olL, Joeph 75
Folmqaa|d I?o
Fonedale I2
ho|n I70-I
Fo|oldL, Johann C|eqo| 4
Foye|, Ma|y Io5
FuLed, Wayne I?7
FuLchen|euLhe| B
hyaliLh qla IIB

Ideal NovelLy & Toy Co. Io5, IoB

Ima|i 0, I
Ime|Lon, I. J. I2I
Impe|ial Cla I?I
India, quilL I7o
i|idecenL qla I?0-I
I|eland
qla I24
ilve|wa|e 2IB
i|on, w|ouqhL I5?
Ilamic qlawa|e I2I
ILaly
chai| ?I, ?5
Lable 47
2J8
ivo|y I70-I
boxe I70
lqu|e I54, I55, I7I
miniaLu|e I70
neLu|e I72-?
null |ap I7I
J
JacobiLe qla I27
Jacqua|L, Ma|c I44
Japan
ce|amic ma|| 2Io
Ima|i wa|e 0, I
Ka|iemon wa|e Bo-7, 0
KuLani wa|e I
neLu|e I72-?
SaLuma wa|e BB-
Ja||y, Jacque 7o
Jeane, Thoma I45
Jenen, Ceo|q 2I, I4I, I50, I5I
jewel|y I5B-, IB0-?
jewelinq, qla I2I
Jinqdezhen B2
Jone, Ceo|qe & Son 75
Joell ol Follywood IB2
Jumeau Io0, Io?, Io5
K
Ka|iemon Bo-7, 0
Kamme| & Reinha|dL Io?, Io4
Kandle|, Joachim Johann 4
Kanqxi po|celain B4-5, 0, 2Io
|a o2
KelLe|bach 77
KenL, William ?5
Ke|ami I07
KeLne|, J0 Io4
Kew Bla I?I
|inqwood IB7
Kny, Ludwiq I24
Koppel, Fenninq I50, I5I
KoLa Boda I?o
KFM Be|lin B,
//oo/ wa|e I
K|ue, KaLhe Io5
Kunc|el, Johann IIo
KuLani I
L
Lalique, Ren 20, I?2-?
copie and la|e I??
qla I2?, I?o
jewel|y I
iqnaLu|e I??
Lalique, Suzanne o7
LambeLh 7?
/on//ea/n 77
lampwo||, qla I20
Lane, KenneLh Jay IB2, IB?
Lanqley, BaLLy 45
laLLimo qla IIB
Le Bou|qeoi, CaLon I55
Le Co|buie| 2I, 25
Le Faquay, Fie||e I55
Le FauL|e, Jean I2
Le ve||ie|, Max I54, I55
lead I52
lead c|yLal qla III, I24
leaLhe| |ive| 55
Leb|un, Ma|c AuquLe I44
leq, lu|niLu|e 202-?
Lenci I04, I05
Libe|Ly & Co. I4I
lib|a|y boo|cae 54
lib|a|y Lable Io
Limbach o
Limbe|L 50
Limoqe 2,
Lindbe|q, SLiq 2I
LindL|and, vic|e I?o
linen p|ee 52
Lin|e, F|anoi I0
Linwood, MaLLhew I4
liLhyalin qla III, IIB
Lobmey|, J. & L. I2I
Loc|, MaLLhia 45
Loc|e, Joeph I2
LoeLz, Johann III, I?0
Lo|enzl, Joel I04, I40, I55
Loui XIv, Kinq ol F|ance I2
Loui XvI Lyle
chai| ?2, ?4
ola ?B
Loui Clawo|| I27
lowboy 57
Ludwiqbu|q o
luLe|, ce|amic 70
M
Mac|inLoh, Cha|le Rennie I
McLauqhlan, Ma|ia I00
mahoqany ?4, IBo
maiolica I7, oo, 74-5
Maion-Fu|eL Io0
majolica I7, o7, 75
Majo|elle, Loui I
Manqia|oLLi, Anqelo I50
maple IBo, IB7
Mappin B|o I47
Ma|blehead FoLLe|y I02
Ma|ie AnLoineLLe, 0ueen ol F|ance ?2
ma||
ce|amic I0, II, o, B4, 2Io
lu|niLu|e I0
qla 2I4-I5
ilve|wa|e I0, II, I4?, 2IB-I
Ma|oL, 0aniel I2
ma|queL|y I7, 5, IB7
ma||iaqe, lu|niLu|e I0-II
Ma|eille, A|mand IoI, Io?
Ma|Len, 0ino I?o
Ma|Lin B|oLhe| IB, o7, I0?
maLch cae I4B
May F|e|e I5B
Mayodon, Jean 20, I0o, I07
Maze|, Joeph and Loui IB?
Meqe, AnLonine 7o
Meien o7, 2, 4-5, o
IBLh-cenLu|y 5
la|e I0
lqu|e B0, I04
Ka|iemon deiqn B7
ILh-cenLu|y 5
Renaiance Revival Io
Rococo Revival I7, oo
Meionie|, JuLe-Au|ele I4I
Mello|, 0avid I50
Mennecy 2
MennoniLe quilL I7o
Me||yLhouqhL IoB, Io
meLalwa|e I?B-55
A|L 0eco b|onze lqu|e I54-5
candleLic| 220-I
oLhe| meLal I52-?
ilve|-plaLed candelab|a I4o-7
Lea and collee poL 222-?
ee o/o ilve|wa|e
M//c/q/o I7
n///ejo// qla III
Mill, NaLhaniel I4
Minq po|celain 0, 2Io
miniaLu|e, ivo|y I70
MinLon 75, B
mi||o| I5
Miion Lyle 25
Mode|nim 2I
monLeiLh I40
Moo|c|olL, William I02
Mo||i, William IB, 50, 5I
moLil 20o-
molded qla III, I22, I2?, I?2-?
mold, ca|e I7
MouLie| 7o
Mu|ano III, I22, I?4-5, I?o
Mu||ay, KeiLh I07, I24
Muil, William B
Mye|, W I0I
MyoLL I0o
N
Nan|inq ca|qo B?
Napoleon I, Empe|o| I5, 25, ?B, I45,
I5B
needlewo||, ample| I74-5
Neoclaical Lyle I4-I5
ce|amic I4, o7
commode 5
lu|niLu|e I4, I5, 25, ?2-?, ?4, 4o
ilve|wa|e I4I, I44-5
ola ?B-
neL ol Lable 4I
NeLhe|land
chai| ?4
0ellL 72-?
Lable 47
neLu|e I70, I72-?
New Yo|| Lonewa|e 7
Newcomb FoLLe|y I0?
Nichol, Ma|ia Lonqwo|Lh I00
Nide|ville| 7o, 2
n/qo//Je Bo
No|iLa|e 2Io
No|Lhwood, J&J I2B
nuLc|ac|e| I7
Nymphenbu|q I7, o, 7
0
oa| IBo, IB7
0dioL, Jean-BapLiLe Claude I44
0hio valley School I00
0h|, Ceo|qe I0?
0h|ma||, E|i| ??
o|imono I7?
0ld Shelleld plaLe I4o-7
olive wood IBo
opalecenL qla I?2
opaline qla II5
o|ienLal ce|amic 0-I
ma|| 2Io
ee o/o China, Japan
0|lan ?
0||elo| I?o, I?7
ove|qlaze colo| 7I
ove|lay qla II7, II
0wen I0I
P
painLed deco|aLion
ce|amic 70
lu|niLu|e o0-?
painLinq, miniaLu|e I70
Faliy, Be|na|d Io
FanLon, ve|ne| 2I
Fa|i po|celain 2
pa|queL|y 5, IB7
Fa|on, KaLhleen I05
paLchwo|| quilL I7o-7
paLe-u|-paLe 7I
pea|lwa|e B0
pea|wood IBo
pedimenL 55, IBB-
Femb|o|e Lable 4I
Fe|cie|, Cha|le I5
Fe|elle, Cab|iel 74
FeLe|en, Ca|l Foul I5I
pewLe| I5?
Flohl, Ka|l IIo
Fhilippe, All|ed I5, IB0
Fhilippe, Faul I55
Fianon, Aleand|o I?5
pie| Lable 4I
/et/e Ja/e I7
pine IBo
Fineau, Nicola 44
pin IB0-?
FinLel, M. Fil IoB
plaque, ILh-cenLu|y po|celain B-
Po/o/ IIo
Fompon, F|anoi I55
ponLil, qla I22
Foole FoLLe|y I0o
po|celain o7, oB
ee o/o ce|amic
Fo|Lland vae I2B, I2
Fo|Luqal, Lable 47
poLah qla III
poLLe|y oB
F|ei, Fe|dinand I54
p|eed qla III, I25
p|ione|-ol-wa| ca|vinq I70
F|oL, Mau|ice I55
Fuqin, AWN Io
Fuilo|caL, Jean I50
q
0uebec Lonewa|e 7
0ueen Anne Lyle lu|niLu|e 2B, 2,
?4
0uezal I?0, I?I
quilL I5, I7o-7
0uimpe| 77
2J9

k
Ramden, 0ma| I4B
Ravenc|olL, Ceo|qe III, I24
Raviliou, E|ic I24
|edwa|e 7
|elecLo|y Lable I0, 40, 4I, 4?, 5I
Reqency Lyle I5
lu|niLu|e 25, ?
ilve|wa|e I4I
|eqiL|aLion ma|| 2I7
Rehn, Jean E|ic 77
Renaiance Revival Io, 25
|epai|, Laplinq ce|amic B5
Rhead, F|ede|ic| I0I
Riedel, Joel II
Riihima|i I2?, I?o, I?7
Rococo Revival I7, 25
Rococo Lyle I?, I
ce|amic I?, o7
lu|niLu|e I?, ?0, ?I, ?5
ilve|wa|e I4I
Lable 44-5
Rohme| Io0
Roman qla II0, I2B, I?I, I5
Roo|wood oo, o7, I00, I0I
Ro|L|and 77
RoenLhal I04, I05
Roeville I00, I0I, I0o
|oewood IB7
/ono//nq (|oe painLinq) o0
Roi, Ca|lo ?
Rouen 7o
Royal C|own 0e|by
Royal Wo|ceLe|
Royc|olLe| IB, I4I
RuhLon, R
Ru|in, John IB
Ru|in FoLLe|y I0?
Ruia, lu|niLu|e ?
S
Saa|inen, Eliel I5I
SabaLLini, Lino I5I
Sabino I??
SL. Cloud 2, ?
alL-qlazed Lonewa|e 7
SalviaLi & Co. I20, I?o
ample| I74-5
Samon eL Cie ?
aLinwood IB7
SaLuma wa|e BB-
Scandinavia
qla I?o, I?7
ilve|wa|e I5I
Sceaux 7o
Schiapa|elli, Ela IB2, IB?
Schneide| I2B
Sc/ne//e 7B
Sch|ec|enqoL, vicLo| I0o
Sch|eine|, Fen|y IB0
Sch|ezheim 77
Schuco IoB, Io
Sc/wo/z/ot qla I20, I2I
c|imhaw I7I
eed, qla I?7
Sequo, A|chimede I?o
emainie| o?
Sev|e o7, 2, ?, o
A|L 0eco I0o, I07
la|e I0
Neoclaical Lyle I4
Renaiance Revival Io
SFBJ (SociL F|anaie de Fab|icaLion
de Bb eL JoueL) Io4
Sha|e| I7B
Shea|man, MN
Shelleld plaLe I4o
She|aLon, Thoma
chai| 25, ?5
d|einq Lable o?
ideboa|d 5?
ola ?
Lable 4o, 47
hipw|ec| po|celain B?, I
Shi|ayamadani, KaLa|o oo
ide Lable 4o
ideboa|d 5?
Sieqbu|q 7B
ilve|-plaLed candelab|a I4o-7
ilve|wa|e I40-I
boxe I4B-
candleLic| 220-I
loo|inq aL II, I42-?
ma|| I0, I4?, 2IB-I
Neoclaical Lyle I4I, I44-5
Lea and collee poL 222-?
20Lh-cenLu|y I50-I
Simon & Falbiq Io2, Io?
|ive|, leaLhe| 55
null boxe
ilve| I4B
L|een I7B, I7
null mull I70
null |ap I7I
oda qla II0-II
ola 24, ?B-
onne/o qla I?5
SoLLa, ELLo|e I50, I5I
Spain, Lable 47
pelLe| I5?
Sp|aLlinq, William I50
SLallo|dhi|e
lqu|e B0-I
Lonewa|e 7
Lained qla II
Laplinq, mendinq ce|amic B5
SLa|c|, Fhilippe 20I
SLeill I5, Ioo-7, IoB, Io
SLeine|, Jule Io4
Lem hape, qlae II2
SLeuben Clawo|| I?0
SLeven & William I24, I2
SLic|ley, A. L. & J. C. 25
SLic|ley, CuLav IB, 50, 5I
SLic|ley B|oLhe| 50
SLill, Nanny I?7
Lipple enq|avinq, qla II5
Lonewa|e oB, 7B-
Lool 24
Lo|aqe lu|niLu|e 52-o?
commode 5B-, o2
hiqh cheL 5o-7
loo|inq aL 54-5
painLed cheL o0-I
SLou|b|idqe I24
L|apwo||, Lonewa|e 7B
SLua|L & Son I24
Lyle I2-2I
Sweden, chai| ?2, ??, ?5
Swid Fowell I50
ycamo|e IBo
T
Lable 40-5I
A|L and C|alL 50-I
IBLh-cenLu|y 4o-7
loo|inq aL 42-?
Neoclaical Lyle I5
Renaiance Revival Io
Rococo Lyle I?, 44-5
LilL-Lop Lable 4B-
TaqliapieL|a, Lino I?o
TaiLL, Jame I45
Lallboy 52-?
Lan|a|d
Lonewa|e 7B-
L|een I7
LapeL|ie IB
Taylo|, William Fowon I0?
Lea caddie I4
Lea d|in|inq 4
Lea Lable 4o
LeapoL 222-?
Teco A|L FoLLe|y I02
Leddy bea| I5, Ioo-7, IoB-
LexLile
quilL I5, I7o-7
ample| I74-5
LapeL|ie IB
Thieme, Ca|l 7
Thomon, Thoma de ?
Thompon, Robe|L Moueman 50, 5I
ThoneL, Michael 25
Thullie| Io4
Tillany, Loui Comlo|L I, I?0
Liqe| maple IB7
LilL-Lop Lable 4B-
Lin I52
Lin-qlazed ea|Lhenwa|e oo-7, 72-?
LoileL boxe, ilve| I4
Lole wa|e I52
Too, Au|eliano I?o
Too, E|manno I?4
Tou|nai 2
T|alalqa| chai| Io
L|anle|-p|inLed ce|amic 70
T|aniLional Fe|iod ce|amic B2
L|een I7B-
L|eLle Lable 40
T|ila|i I5, IB0, IBI
Tchi|nhau, Eh|enl|ied WalLhe| van 5
Tynell, Felena I?7
0
unde|qlaze colo|, ce|amic 7I
uniLed SLaLe ol Ame|ica
ce|amic I00-?
chai| 2, ?5, ?7
doll Io5
hiqhboy 57
painLed cheL oI
quilL I7o-7
ilve|wa|e 2I
ola ?
Lable 47, 4B
u|anium qla II
u|bino oo
u|n I4, I5
V
val SL. Lambe|L I25
van Cleel and A|pel IB0
vaeline qla II
vauxhall I?, 7
velde, Fen|y van de o7
venee| 42
veneLian qla III, IIB, I20, I2?, I?4-5
venini I?4, I?5, I?o
ve//e Je joaqe/e III, I27
veLa cae I4B
vicLo|ia, 0ueen BI, II7
vienna
qla I2I
po|celain plaque
vinaiq|eLLe I4
vincenne o7, ?
vivanL-0enon, 0ominique I45
voyey, Cha|le IB
W
Wo/Jq/o III
walnuL ?4, IBo-7
Walh Walh qla I25
WalLe| I2?
wa|d|obe o2
weaLhe| vane I5?
Webb, Fhilip 5I
Webb, Thoma & Son I2B, I2
Wedqwood o7, 75, I0o, I07
Wei, Albe|L IB2, IB?
Wei, Clai|e I05
Welle| I0I
WeLe|wald 7B
wheel cuLLinq, qla II5
WhiLel|ia| II, I?o, I?7
Wiene| We||LaLLe I, I4I
Wil|inon, AJ o7
Wilon, R&W I45
wine qlae, IBLh-cenLu|y I2o-7
Wilizenu, Adoll Io?
WMF (Wu|LLembu|qiche
MeLallenwe|| Fab|i|) I?7, I4I, I50
wood
ma|queL|y and pa|queL|y 5
L|een I7B-
Lype IBo-7
venee| 42
Wo|ceLe| I0, o7, B7
W|iqhL, Cha|le I45
w|ouqhL i|on I5?
wucai ce|amic I
Y
yew IB7
yew bu|| IB7
Z
Zach, FF II
zanl|ico qla II5
Zojt// 47
Zw/c/enqo/Jq/o II4, I20
240
Frem the auther
The F|ice Cuide Company would li|e Lo Lhan| Lhe lollowinq people lo|
Lhei| ubLanLial conL|ibuLion Lo Lhe p|oducLion ol Lhi boo|.
FhoLoq|aphe| C|aham Rae lo| hi paLience, humo|, and wonde|lul
phoLoq|aphy a well a John McKenzie, Andy Johnon, By|on SlaLe|, Ellen
Mac0e|moLL, and Adam CaulL lo| addiLional phoLoq|aphy.
Bob Bouleld lo| hi wo||low and Lechnical aiLance and Nic|
C|oydon lo| hi buine advice.
All ol Lhe deale|, aucLion houe, and p|ivaLe collecLo| lo| |indly
allowinq u Lo phoLoq|aph Lhei| collecLion, and lo| La|inq Lhe Lime Lo
p|ovide a wealLh ol inlo|maLion abouL Lhe piece.
Au|Lionhau Be|qmann lo| iL aiLance in compilinq Lhe ce|amic,
qla, and ilve| ma|| ecLion ol Lhe CompoiLe phoLo chapLe|.
The Leam aL 0K, Jac|ie 0ouqla lo| he| uppo|L and advice, vicLo|ia
Sho|L, and JaneL Mohun lo| all Lhei| |ill and dedicaLion Lo Lhe p|ojecL,
and Anna Fichel lo| he| invaluable uppo|L.
We would alo li|e Lo Lhan| ou| Leam ol conulLanL lo| Lhei| help in Lhe
execuLion ol Lhi boo|. John Axlo|d, Woolley & Walli, Salibu|y, uK,
FeaLhe| Bond, vicLo|iana 0oll, London, 0udley B|owne, Jame 0 Julia
Inc, Fai|leld, ME, Beau F|eeman, Linda Cain, Lee Younq, Samuel T
F|eeman & Co, Fhiladelphia, FA, JeaneLLe Fayhu|L, JeaneLLe Fayhu|L
Fine Cla, London, Ma|| Law, Michael Fic| and Ch|iLophe| JohnLone,
Fa|L|idqe Fine A|L LLd, London, And|ew Lineham, And|ew Lineham Fine
Cla, London, Robe|L McFhe|on, R&C McFhe|on AnLique, London,
SLephen Mine| and Yai ThammachoLe, C|iLobal, London, Ron Foo|, Foo|
& Foo|, 0owninqLon, FA, 0avid Raqo, Raqo A|L and AucLion CenLe|,
Lambe|Lville, NJ, Faul Robe|L, John Mac|ie and Campbell A|mou|, Lyon
& Tu|nbull, Edinbu|qh, Je|emy SmiLh, SoLheby', London, John WalLe|,
William WalLe| AnLique LLd, London.
Frem the publsher
0o|linq Kinde|ley would li|e Lo Lhan| Ca|oline FunL lo| p|ool|eadinq,
Fila|y Bi|d lo| Lhe index, and Mandy Ea|ey lo| deiqn aiLance.
Acknewledgments