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Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engg. Amity School of Engineering and Technology Amity University Uttar Pradesh
2 Department of Computer Science and Engg. Amity School of Engineering and Technology Amity University Uttar Pradesh
Abstract
Signal and Image processing is a field which has been revolutionized by the application of computer and imaging technology. It has become very difficult to manage uncompressed multimedia (graphics, audio and video) data because it requires considerable storage capacity and transmission bandwidth. To solve this issue several techniques have been developed. This paper gives an idea about popular image compression algorithms based on Wavelet, JPEG/DCT, VQ, and Fractal approaches. We review and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms for compressing grayscale images. Among all available techniques wavelet transforms have been found very useful.
I. Introduction:
Wavelet offers a powerful set of tools for handling fundamental problems in imaging technology like image compression, noised reduction, image enhancement, texture analysis,diagnostic heart trouble and speech recognition. Wavelets, studied in mathematics, quantum physics, statistics, and signal processing, are basis functions that represent signals in different frequency bands, each with a resolution matching its scale .They have been successfully applied to image compression, enhancements, analysis, classification, and retrieval. A common characteristic of most images is that the neighboring pixels are correlated and therefore contain redundant information. The foremost task then is to find less correlated representation of the image. Two fundamental components of compression are redundancy and irrelevancy reduction. Redundancy reduction aims at removing duplication from the signal source (image/video). Irrelevancy reduction omits parts of the signal that will not be noticed by the signal receiver, namely the Human Visual System (HVS). In general, three types of redundancy can be identified: A. Coding Redundancy A code is a system of symbols (letters, numbers, bits, and the like) used to represent a body of information or set of events. Each piece of information or events is assigned a sequence of code symbols, called a code word. The number of symbols in each code word is its length. The 8-bit codes that are used to represent the intensities in the most 2-D intensity arrays contain more bits than are needed to represent the intensities [5]. B. Spatial Redundancy and Temporal Redundancy Because the pixels of most 2-D intensity arrays are correlated spatially, information is unnecessarily replicated in the representations of the correlated pixels. In video sequence, temporally correlated pixels also duplicate information. C. Irrelevant Information Most 2-D intensity arrays contain information that is ignored by the human visual system and extraneous to the intended use of the image. It is redundant in the sense that it is not used [4]. Image compression research aims at reducing the number of bits needed to represent an image by removing the spatial and spectral redundancies as much as possible.
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JPEG
VQ
Fractal
Algorithm PSNR Encoding time Decoding time Wavelet 36.71 0.8 sec 0.7 sec JPEG 34.27 0.2 sec 0.2 sec VQ 28.26 6.0 sec 0.7 sec Fractal 27.21 6.3 hrs 3.5 sec Performance of Coding Algorithms on A 400400 Fingerprint Image Of 0.5 bpp Algorithm PSNR Encoding time Decoding time 32.47 Wavelet 0.7 sec 0.5 sec JPEG 29.64 0.2 sec 0.2 sec VQ N/A N/A N/A Fractal N/A N/A N/A Performance of Coding Algorithms on A 400400 Fingerprint Image Of 0.25 bpp PSNR CPU Time values Encoding Decoding Wavelet 34.66 0.35 sec 0.27 sec JPEG 31.73 0.12 sec 0.12 sec VQ 29.28 2.45 sec 0.18 sec Fractal 29.04 5.65 hrs 1.35 sec Performance Of Coding Algorithms On 256256 Leena Images Method Compression ratio Wavelet >>32 JPEG <=50 VQ <32 Fractal >=16 Performance On The Basis Of Compression Ratio Of Different Coding Algorithms Algorithm
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A)
B)
C) D) Fig.3: Decoded image of Lena by (a) Wavelet, (b) JPEG, (c) VQ,and (d) Fractal algorithms.
A)
B)
C) D) Fig.4 : Decoded fingerprints by (a) Wavelet, (b) JPEG, (c) VQ, (d) Fractal algorithms.
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VI. Conclusion:
We have discussed role of wavelet in imaging technology. All types of irrelevancy and redundancy of images have been presented. Different types of compression methods have been examined on pictures of leena. All the four approaches are satisfactory for fingerprint image at 0.5 bpp , however wavelet method has larger PSNR. For a very low bit rate, for example 0.25 bpp or lower, the wavelet approach is superior to other approaches. VQ & fractal approach are not appropriate for a low bit rate compression.
References:
[1] Adams CN, Cosman PC, Fajardo L, Gray RM, Ikeda D, Olshen RA, Williams M. Evaluating quality and utility of digital mammograms and lossy compressed digital mammograms. In: Proc Workshop on Digital Mammography. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996:169-76. [2] Antonini A, Barlaud M, Mathieu P, Daubechies I. Image coding using wavelet transform.IEEE Trans. on Image Processing. 1992; 1(2):205-20. [3] Beylkin G, Coifman R, Rokhlin V. Fast wavelet transforms and numerical algorithms. Comm.Pure Appl. Math. 1991; 44:141-83. [4] Bouman CA, Shapiro M. A multiscale random _eld model for Bayesian image segmentation.IEEE Trans. on Image Processing. 1994; 3(2):162-77. [5] Brammer MJ. Multidimensional wavelet analysis of functional magnetic resonance images.Hum Brain Mapp. 1998;6(5-6):378-82. [6] Cohen A, Daubechies I, Vial P. Wavelets on the interval and fast wavelet transforms. Appl. Comput. Harm. Anal. 1993;1:54-82. [7] Crouse MS, Nowak RD, Baraniuk RG. Wavelet based statistical signal processing using hid-den Markov models. IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing. 1998;46(4):886-902. [8] Crowe JA, Gibson NM, Woolfson MS, Somekh MG. Wavelet transform as a potential tool for ECG analysis and compression. J Biomed Eng. 1992 May;14(3):268-72.
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AUTHER
Dr. Shailendra Narayan Singh working in Amity University Uttar Pradesh and having experience in teaching and administration. He did his B. Tech, M. Tech, Ph.D. in the field of Computer Science and Engineering. His research area is software reusability for aspect oriented and object oriented software. Dr. Shailendra Narayan Singh is having more than fifteen years of teaching experience in the academic field of computer science and engineering in Indian and Abroad Universities. Dr. S N. Singh is author of four book titles Operating System, Fundamentals of Internet, Software Project Management Part-I and Part-II. Teaching is his first love and participates in various conferences, seminars in National and International. Mr Nirbhay Kashyap is working in Amity University Uttar Pradesh and having experience in teaching and administration. He did his B. Tech, M. Tech in the field of Computer Science and Engineering. His research area is digital image processing, soft computing , image compression. He is also CCNA certified professional.
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