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Open the Displayers node and select the Geometry 1 node.

In the Properties window, change the Opacity expert property to 0.2.

The baffle and the five injection holes in it are now visible through the external surface of the combustor. You can now proceed to Setting up the Models

Setting up the Models

Models define the primary variables of the simulation, including pressure, temperature and velocity, and what mathematical formulation will be used to generate the solution. In this example, the flow involves a turbulent, compressible, multi-component gas whose components are reacting chemically. The Segregated Flow model will be used together with the standard K-Epsilon turbulence model and the PPDF reaction model. To select the models: Open the Continua node, right-click on the Physics 1 node and select

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In the Properties window, change the Convection property to 1st-order. Repeat this process for the Segregated Flow node. Make sure that the Standard K-Epsilon node has its Convection property set at 2nd-order. Save the simulation by clicking on the (Save) button.

Setting Initial Conditions

The initial velocity needs to be changed as follows: Select the Physics 1 > Initial Conditions > Velocity > Constant node

In the Properties window, change the Value property to 0,0,1

Constructing the PPDF Flamelet Table

STAR-CCM+ is not currently capable of producing internally-generated PPDF Flamelet tables. However, it does contain facilities for importing pre-generated PPDF tables or constructing them from flamelet library data produced by the DARS package. In this tutorial, the latter method will be used. Before we can construct the table, the directory containing the flamelet library files must be copied into your working directory: Navigate to the doc/tutorials/flamelet/ directory of your STAR-CCM+ installation. Copy the directory named ppdf into the directory containing your

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Note that the species stored in the flamelet libraries will now be listed under the Multi-Component Gas > Gas Mixture > Gas Components node.

No further specification of species or reactions is required since all necessary information is contained within the table.

Setting Initial Conditions

The combustors initial condition is a stationary flow field consisting entirely of air. By default, the initial mixture fraction, mixture fraction variance and velocity are all zero so no changes are required to these. However, the initial turbulence parameters must be changed. Select the Continua > Physics 1 > Initial Conditions > Turbulence Specification

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Ctrl+click to select the Cyclic1 and Cyclic2 nodes.

Right-click on the selected nodes then choose Create Interface > Periodic.

Two new periodic boundary nodes will appear in the Boundaries node and a new node named Periodic 1 will appear in the Interfaces node.

Setting Boundary Conditions and Values

All wall boundaries, including the baffle, are adiabatic no-slip walls. As this is the default boundary type, no changes are required here. The default

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Select the Fuel_Inlet > Physics Values > Mixture Fraction > Constant node.

In the Properties window, enter a Value of 1.0. Select the Fuel_Inlet > Physics Values > Velocity > Constant node. In the Properties window enter -28,-60,100 m/s for the Value property. Specification of the boundary conditions is now complete. Save the simulation.

Setting Solver Parameters and Stopping Criteria

To ensure rapid convergence, the under-relaxation factor for the pressure equation will be reduced. To do this: Select the Solvers > Segregated Flow > Pressure node.

In the Properties window, change the Under-Relaxation Factor to 0.15. The default stopping criterion is for the run to stop after 1000 iterations. This may be reduced for the current case.

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appears, select Temperature.

Rotate the geometry scene so that the view is roughly perpendicular to the beige plane section and the inlet boundaries are on the left. Select the Scenes > Geometry Scene 1 > Displayers > Section Scalar 1 node.

In the Properties window, change the Contour Style property to Smooth Filled. Save the simulation.

Running the Simulation

To run the simulation, click the (Run) button on the toolbar. If this is not displayed, use the Solution > Run menu item. You may also activate the Solution toolbar by selecting Tools > Toolbars > Solution and then clicking the toolbar button.

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Mass Fraction of H2.

This tutorial is now complete.

Summary
This tutorial introduced the following STAR-CCM+ features: Importing the mesh and saving the simulation Visualizing the geometry Defining an adiabatic Laminar Flamelets combustion model Constructing a PPDF Flamelet table Setting initial conditions Creating interfaces and defining boundary conditions Setting solver parameters and stopping criteria Creating scalar displays for examining the results Running the solver for a set number of iterations Analyzing results using STAR-CCM+s visualization facilities

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H2 Molecular weights For each species: Density Molecular viscosity Specific heat Thermal conductivity 2.01

O2 32.0

H 1.005

O 16.0

OH

HO2

H2O
2

H2O 24.01

N2 28.0

17.005 35.005

18.01

Ideal gas 1.76 x 105 Pa.s Determined via thermodynamic polynomial functions Determined via the Lewis number

A premixed mixture of hydrogen and air enters the pipe through an inlet at a pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of 1000K.

Importing the Mesh and Naming the Simulation

Start up STAR-CCM+ in a manner that is appropriate to your working environment and select the New Simulation option from the menu bar. Continue by importing the mesh and naming the simulation. A two-dimensional mesh has been prepared for this analysis and saved in the STAR .ccm file format. Select File > Import... from the menu bar. In the Open dialog, navigate to the doc/tutorials/combustor subdirectory of your STAR-CCM+

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The selected models now appear within that node.

Save the simulation by clicking on the

(Save) button.

Importing the Complex Chemistry Denition

This step involves importing the complex chemistry definition from external files. Select the Continua > Physics 1 > Models > DarsCFD Reaction Model node.

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installation directory and select the directory h2o2.

Click Open. Look at the Properties window. The name and path of the folder containing the complex chemistry definition should appear in the Case Path property of the DarsCFD Reaction Model object. Also, the checkbox of the Is DarsCFD library loaded property should be ticked.

Setting Material Properties

Species are automatically imported with the complex chemistry definition. For each species, you need to verify that the specific heat method uses the Thermodynamic Polynomial. Open the Continua > Physics 1 > Models > Multi-Component Gas > Gas

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Setting Initial Conditions

The initial temperature of the domain will be set to 1000K. We do not expect to see very low or very high temperatures for this run, so the temperature range between the minimum and maximum allowable temperatures is sufficient. Select the Continua > Physics 1 >
Initial Conditions > Static Temperature > Constant node.

In the Properties window, change the Value property to 1000 K.

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Select the Constant node within the Velocity node.

In the Properties window, set the Value property to 1,0.

Save the simulation.

Setting Boundary Conditions and Values

The boundary symmetry-5 will be set to Symmetry Plane for this problem. When the mesh was originally created, this boundary was designated to be a wall, so a change of boundary type will be required. Also, boundary conditions for the inlet and outlet need to be specified. For the outlet, the backflow conditions should be provided, which are identical to the initial conditions specified above. For the inlet, a slightly faster velocity field will be specified.

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Set the Value property to 1000.

Select the Mass Fraction > Constant node.

In the Properties window, click on the customizer button for the Value property to open the Constant - Value dialog, and enter the same values as for the outlet previously. Specification of the boundary conditions is now complete. Save the simulation.

Setting Solver Parameters and Stopping Criteria

The default under-relaxation factors for the flow and turbulence equations are suitable for this case but those for the species and energy equations need to be reduced to ensure solution convergence.

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Change the Maximum Steps property to 300.

The solution will not run for more than 300 iterations, unless this stopping criterion is changed or disabled. Save the simulation.

Plotting Simulation Data

We are going to create three plots to visualize the solution: temperature, pressure and mass fractions. To begin with the temperature plot, right-click the Plots node and select New Plot > XY Plot.

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to the next Mass Fraction scalar in the list.

Repeat these steps until you have added Y types for all of the mass fraction scalars. (There should be a total of 9.) Save the simulation.

Reporting, Monitoring and Plotting

STAR-CCM+ can dynamically monitor virtually any quantity while the solution develops. This requires setting up a report defining the quantity of interest and the parts of the region to be monitored. A monitor is then defined based on that report. The former also helps to create an appropriate X-Y graph plot. In this simple tutorial, the CPU time needed to perform complex chemistry calculations is compared with the CPU time for the entire solver calculations. From the plots it can be observed that complex chemistry calculations are time-consuming and that they take a big portion of the total solver CPU time. However, complex chemistry calculations also offer the most detailed description of the underlying fluid chemistry, and for some problems these calculations are needed to predict physical values of interest accurately. Right-click the Reports node and select New Report > Total Solver CPU

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them and select Create Monitor and Plot from Report.

In the dialog that appears, choose Single Plot. Right-click the Plots > Reports Plot node, and rename it CPU Plot. The analysis is now ready to be run. Save the simulation.

Running the Simulation

To run the simulation, click the (Run) button on the toolbar. If this is not displayed, use the Solution > Run menu item. You may also activate the Solution toolbar by selecting Tools > Toolbars > Solution and then clicking the toolbar button. The Residuals display will be created automatically and will show the solvers progress. If necessary, click on the Residuals tab to bring the Residuals plot into view. An example of a residual plot is shown in a separate part of the User Guide. This example will look different from your residuals, since the plot depends on the models selected.

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Mass Fractions

Summary
This tutorial introduced the following STAR-CCM+ features: Importing the mesh and saving the simulation. Defining models for complex chemistry combustion with Dars-CFD. Importing the complex chemistry input for Dars-CFD. Defining material properties required for multi-component gases. Setting initial conditions. Defining boundary conditions. Setting solver parameters and stopping criteria. Creating XY-plots for examining the results. Setting up monitoring reports and plots for total CPU time. Running the solver for a set number of iterations. Analyzing the results using STAR-CCM+s plotting facilities.

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Ensure that the options Dont show this dialog during import and Open geometry scene after import are not selected and then click OK. STAR-CCM+ will provide feedback on the import process, which will take a few seconds, in the Output window. Finally, save the new simulation to disk under the file name methaneOnPt.sim.

Setting up the Models

Models define the primary variables of the simulation, including pressure, temperature, velocity, and what mathematical formulation will be used to generate the solution. In this example, the flow involves an laminar, compressible, multi-component gas whose components are reacting chemically with the platinum surface. The Segregated Flow model will be used together with the Homogeneous Reactor with Surface Chemistry Model. To select these models, open the Continua node, right-click the Physics 1 node and then select the item Select models...

In the Physics Model Selection dialog: Select the Stationary radio button in the Motion group box.

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The selected models now appear within that node.

Save the simulation by clicking on the

(Save) button.

Importing the Complex Chemistry Denition

This part of the simulation involves importing the complex chemistry definition from Chemkin-formatted files. Copy the following files from doc/tutorials/combustor to the directory where methaneOnPt.sim is located: chem.inp surf.inp surf-therm.dat therm.dat tran.dat The two chemkin files chem.inp and surf.inp define the surface/gas chemistry mechanism. Thermodynamic data comes from therm.dat for species in the gas phase, and from surf-therm.dat for species in the surface phase. The file tran.dat has molecular data.

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Look at the Properties window. The name and path of the folder containing the complex chemistry definition should appear in the Case Path property of the DarsCfd Reaction Model object. Also, the checkbox of the Is DarsCFD library loaded property should be ticked.

Setting Material Properties

Gas and surface species are automatically imported with the complex chemistry definition. When the complex chemistry definition is given in Chemkin format, gas and surface phase reactions are also imported. For each gas phase species, it is necessary to verify that the specific heat method uses the Thermodynamic Polynomial. Open the Continua > Physics 1 > Models > Multi-Component Gas > Gas Mixture > Gas Components node. It contains the species for this problem.

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These subnodes can be specified with the drop-down list of the Method property of the mixture properties nodes.

Save the simulation.

Setting Initial Conditions

The initial temperature of the domain will be set to 600K. Temperatures for this run are not expected to be very low or very high, so the temperature range between the minimum and maximum allowable temperatures is sufficient. Select the Continua > Physics 1 >
Initial Conditions > Static Temperature > Constant node.

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Enter the data shown in the following screenshot and click OK.

Save the simulation.

Setting Boundary Conditions and Values

The boundaries symmetry plane, symmetry plane-2 and symmetry plane-3 will be set to Symmetry Plane for this problem. The boundary Default Boundary Region will be set to a reactive wall and boundary conditions for surface species will be specified. Also, boundary conditions for the inlet and outlet need to be specified. For the outlet, the backflow conditions should be provided, which are identical to the initial conditions specified above. For the inlet, a slightly faster velocity field will be specified.

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Select the Physics Values > Static Temperature > Constant node.

Set the Value property to 1000 K.

Specification of the boundary conditions is now complete. Save the simulation.

Setting Solver Parameters and Stopping Criteria

The cold flow simulation will be run for the first 50 iterations to achieve a stable steady-state field. Select the Continua > Physics 1 > Models >

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The solution will not run for more than 1100 iterations, unless this stopping criterion is changed or disabled. Save the simulation.

Plotting Simulation Data

Three plots will be created to visualize the solution: temperature, pressure and mass fractions. These plots will use a type of derived part called a line probe. To create a line-probe, right-click the Derived Parts node and select
New Part > Probe > Line...

A new node named line-probe will appear in the Derived Parts node.

With the line-probe node selected, make the following entries in the Properties window: Point 1: 0.0002,0.0,0.0

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plot. Select the Pt(S) Plot > X Type > Position node. In the Properties window, enter 0.0,0.0,1.0. Select the Pt(S) Plot > Y Types > Y Type 1 > Scalar node. Specify Site Surface Fraction of PT(S). Save the simulation.

Reporting, Monitoring and Plotting

STAR-CCM+ can dynamically monitor virtually any quantity while the solution develops. This requires setting up a report defining the quantity of interest and the parts of the region to be monitored. A monitor is then defined based on that report. The former also helps to create an appropriate X-Y graph plot. In this simple tutorial, the CPU time needed to perform complex chemistry calculations is compared with the CPU time for the entire solver calculations. From the plots it can be observed that complex chemistry calculations are time-consuming and that they take a big portion of the total solver CPU time. However, complex chemistry calculations also offer the most detailed description of the underlying fluid chemistry, and for some problems these calculations are needed to predict physical values of interest accurately. Right-click the Reports node and select New Report > Total Solver CPU

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them and select Create Monitor and Plot from Report.

In the dialog that appears, choose Single Plot. Right-click the Plots > Reports Plot node, and rename it CPU Plot. The analysis is now ready to be run. Save the simulation.

Running the Simulation

To run the simulation, click the (Run) button on the toolbar. If this is not displayed, use the Solution > Run menu item. The Solution toolbar may also be activated by selecting Tools > Toolbars > Solution and then clicking the toolbar button. The Residuals display will be created automatically and will show the solvers progress. If necessary, click on the Residuals tab to bring the Residuals plot into view. An example of a residual plot is shown in a separate part of the User Guide. This example will look different from the residuals generated in this exercise, since the plot depends on the models selected.

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Site Fraction of Pt(S)

Summary
This tutorial introduced the following STAR-CCM+ features: Importing the mesh and saving the simulation. Defining models for complex chemistry combustion with Dars-CFD. Importing the Chemkin-formatted complex chemistry input for Dars-CFD. Defining material properties required for multi-component gases. Setting initial conditions. Defining boundary conditions. Setting solver parameters and stopping criteria. Creating XY-plots for examining the results. Setting up monitoring reports and plots for total CPU time. Running the solver for a set number of iterations. Analyzing the results using STAR-CCM+s plotting facilities.

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