Jinzheng Li Per. 6 Cell communication Interactions between cells, in order to send and receive messages.

Local signaling Cell signaling that occurs between a cell and its neighboring cells, not over long distances. Paracrine Signaling Signaling where a cell releases signal molecules, which are picked up by all neighboring cells. Signal transduction pathway Transduction where a pathway or cascade of reactions occur in order to change a recepted molecule signal into a cellular response. Long distance signaling Signaling that doesn't occur locally, such as hormones, which are carried through the blood stream to other parts of the body. Cell to cell direct contact Signaling that occurs between touching cells along their surfaces. G-protein linked receptors A membrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein. Ion channel receptors Open and close to regulate the flow of specific ions. Receptor tyrosine kinases A receptor molecule which becomes phosphorylated in order to pass a signal along. Hormones Steroids released into the blood stream, in order to travel to parts of the body. Neurotransmitters Chemicals which transmit a signal from a neuron to a target cell, over a synapse. Reception A ligand bonds to a receptor molecule to begin the initial step of transducction. Transduction The signal is converted into new forms. Response Once the signal is converted to a form where it can be recognized by the cell, the cell responds by reaction, often by changing the expression of a gene or releasing enzymes. Amplification Cascading phosphorylation can cause a signal to become amplified and stronger over multiple steps. Kinase A type of enzyme which transfers phosphate groups from energetic donor molecules like ATP to specific substrates. Protein Phosphatase Enzymes that remove phosphate groups and inactive protein kinases. Second Messenger (provide examples) Nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions which initiate a phosphorylation cascade. Calcium ions and cyclic AMP are two common second messengers. Transcription Factor A protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow of genetic info Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Derived from ATP, used in signal transduction. Cell Division The splitting of a cell through mitosis. Genome The entirety of an organism's hereditary information. Chromosomes An organized structure of DNA, protein, and RNA found in cells Somatic Cells is any biological cell forming the body of an organism; Gametes a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. Chromatin the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA. Sister Chromatids Sister chromatids are generated when a single chromosome is replicated into two copies of itself, these copies being called sister chromatids. Centromere the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division. Mitosis a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

Jinzheng Li Per. 6 Cytokinesis the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells. Interphase the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis. G1 phase The G1 phase, or Gap 1 phase, is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division. In this part of interphase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. S Phase S-phase is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Precise and accurate DNA replication is necessary to prevent genetic abnormalities which often lead to cell death or disease. ... G2 Phase G2 phase, or pre-mitotic phase, is the third and final subphase of Interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding Mitosis. It follows the successful completion of S phase, during which the cells DNA is replicated. ... Prophase the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division. Metaphase the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers. Anaphase the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle. Telophase the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. Kinetochore another term for centromere. Centrosome an organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division. Metaphase plate In cell biology, spindle apparatus refers to the subcellular structure that segregates chromosomes between daughter cells during cell division. It is also referred to as the mitotic spindle during mitosis or the meiotic spindle during meiosis. ... Cleavage Furrow In cell biology, the cleavage furrow is the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process cell division Origin of Replication The origin of replication is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as double-stranded RNA viruses Binary fission In biology, fission is the subdivision of a cell into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts into separate cells. Binary fission produces two separate cells, Cell Cycle The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. In cells without a nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. ... Checkpoints are control mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of cell division in eukaryotic cells. These checkpoints verify whether the processes at each phase of the cell cycle have been accurately completed before progression into the next phase. MPF Combination of CDK and Cyclin, when the concentration of this is at a certain level, mitosis happens and cyclin is broken down, MPF concentration decreases and start to build again.

Jinzheng Li Per. 6 Growth Factor a substance, such as a vitamin or hormone, that is required for the stimulation of growth in living cells. Density dependent the growth and division of cells with respect to the amount of space available for cell to live Inhibition To limit, prevent or block the action or function of; as in to inhibit an enzyme, or to inhibit a chemical reaction. Cyclin CDK A cyclin-dependent kinase complex is a protein complex formed by the association of an inactive catalytic subunit of a protein kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase, with a regulatory subunit, cyclin. Once cyclin-dependent kinases bind to cyclin, the formed complex is in an activated state Insulin a hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans that regulates/decreases the amount of glucose in the blood Glucagon a peptide hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar levels fall too low.