Medical Electronics Question Bank Unit I ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY Part #

$% "e&ine Bio-electric Potential% The chemical activity of the cells, nerves and muscles of the body, variety of bio electric potentials are generated in our human body. '% Ho( a )io-electric *otential is +enerated in a cell% Each cell is a minute voltage generator, positive and negative ions are tend to concentrated un equally inside and outside of the cell wall, a potential difference is established. ,% Mention t-e t.*es o& &luids in cell% a. ICF Intra Cellular Fluid b. ECF E tra Cellular Fluid /% Mention t-e t.*es o& ions trans*ort a. !rimary "ctive Transport Transport of the substances through the cell membrane will occur by diffusion. b. #econdary "ctive Transport Transport that is obtained by concentration gradient. 0% 1-at is Restin+ *otential $embrane potential caused by different concentration of ions is called as %esting !otential 2% 1-at is ction Potential

!" !O! BIO POTE!TI L RECOR"I!G

The positive potential of the cell membrane during e citation is called as the "ction potential 3% Mention so4e Bio-electric Si+nals a. Electrocardiogram &EC'( b. Electroenceplagrom &EE'( c. Cerebral !otential d. Electromyogram &E$'(

e. Electrogastrogram &E''( f. Electroretinogram &E%'(

g. Electrooculogram &E)'( 5% "e&ine Bio-Potential Electrodes% *io+potential electrodes are employed to pic, up the electrical signals of the body 6% Hal& Cell Potential or Electrode Potential% The voltage developed at an electrode electrolyte interface is designated as the -.alf+Cell !otential/ or -Electrode !otential/ $7% 1-. electrode *aste is used in e4*lo.in+ electrodes8 The dry outer s,in of the body is highly non+conductive and will not established a good electrical contact with an electrode and s,in, the s,in is coated with an electrical conductive paste called -Electrode !aste/.

$$%Mention t-e t.*es o& Electrodes% 0. $icroelectrodes a. $etal microelectrode. b. $icropipet. 1. 2epth 3 4eedle Electrode 5. #urface Electrode a. $etal !late Electrodes b. #uction cup Electrode c. "dhesive tape Electrode d. $ultipoint Electrode e. Floating Electrode 6. Chemical Electrodes a. .ydrogen or reference electrodes b. !ractical reference electrodes c. p. electrode d. !C)1 electrode

$'% 1-at are t-e distortions in 4easurin+ Bio-Potential a. Type of material used in electrodes b. $ovement of after fi ing in the body c. 4oise signal due to activity of nearby cells $,%1-. (e need )iolo+ical a4*li&iers *io signals are having low amplitude and low frequency so, amplifiers are needed to boost the amplitude level of the bio signals. $/%1-at are t-e )asic re9uire4ents o& )iolo+ical a4*li&iers .igh impedance &1$7 to 08$7( It must have isolation and protection circuit used to protect the patients from micro and macro electric shoc, 9oltage gain should be greater than 088d* Constant gain should be maintained throughout the bandwidth )utput impedance should be small 2rift free amplifiers should be there C$%%&Common $ode %e:ection %atio( should be grater than ;8d* 'ain must be correctly calibrated

$0% Mention t-e t.*es o& Bio-lo+ical a4*li&iers a. 2ifferential amplifiers b. )perational amplifiers c. Instrumentation "mplifiers d. Chopper amplifiers i. $echanical choppers ii. 4on+mechanical choppers e. Isolation amplifiers $2%1-at is electrocardio+ra*-. Electrocardiography &EC'( is electrical activity of the heart muscles. &or( "n instrument recording EC' called Electrocardiography. $3%Mention t-e t.*es o& ECG lead s.ste4s a. *ipolar lead systems &#tandard(

b. <nipolar lead systems &"ugmented unipolar limb lead systems(

$5% 1rite s-ort notes on Eint-o:an Trian+le%

Einthoven=s triangle provides a way to understand the amplitude of the EC' waves. )ne way to verify that your data is correct is to plot the cardiac vector into the Einthoven triangle. For this> 0( construct an equilateral triangle with the base on top. Top will be lead I, right ? lead III and left ? lead II 1( from the middle point of each side, plot on the corresponding lead &triangle side( a segment of magnitude proportional to the amplitude of the @%# comple . 5( trace a line perpendicular to the segment at each end of the segment.

The perpendicular lines corresponding to the initial point of the vectors will intersect in the center of the triangleA the perpendiculars traced from the end of the vector should also intersect at one point. The line between the two intersections shows the orientation of the heart. This can e plain differences in magnitude between your data and the nominal values.

$6% "ra( t-e ECG ;lead I<II<III= (a:e&or4s

'7%1-at is Electro ence*-alo+ra*-.8 #tudy of electrical activity of brain is called Electro encephalography. '$%1-at are t-e t.*es o& )rain>s action *otential% a. Inhibitory !ost #ynaptic !otential &I!#!( b. E citatory !ost #ynaptic !otential &I!#!( ''% "e&ine E:oked *otential This is developed in the brain as the responses to e ternal stimulus li,e light, sound etc., ',%Mention t-e t.*es o& Measure4ent 4et-ods in EEG si+nal a. "nterior !osterior &Front *ac, $easurement( b. Bateral $easurements '/%Mention t-e EEG recordin+ 4odes a. <nipolar &potential of each electrode can be measured with respect to one reference electrode( b. "ugmented or Cilson $ode &!otential can be measured between one electrode and the average of all other electrodes( c. *ipolar $ode &!otential can be measured between successive which are closely spaced(. '0% Mention t-e a**lications o& EEG a. Epilepsy b. "nesthtic level c. *rain in:ury d. $onitor during surgery e. Effect of yoga

'2% 1-at is Electro4.o+ra48 It is an instrument used for recording the electrical activity of the muscles to determine whether the muscle is contracting or not. '3%"e&ine Electro !ero+ra*-.% %ecording of peripheral nerveDs action potential is called -Electronerography/ '5%Mention t-e t.*es o& EMG electrodes a. #urface electrodes b. 4eedle electrodes '6% Mention t-e a**lications o& EMG a. Electrophysiological testing b. Clinical neurophysiology c. 4eurology d. !sychiatry ,7% 1-at is Electrooculo+ra48 E)' is the recording of the bio potential generated by the movement of eyes. ,$%Mention so4e a**lications o& EOG a. The effect of some drugs on the eye movement systems can be identified by using E)'. b. It is used to analyEe the state of semicircular canals. c. 2iagnosis of the neurologic disorders d. The level of anaesthesia can be indicated by the characteristic of eye movement ,'%1-at is P-ono Cardio+ra48 The graphical record of heart sound is ,nown as !hono Cardiogram. ,,%1-at is uscultation8

The technique of listening sound produced by organs and vessels of the body is ,nown as "uscultation ,/%1-at is Mur4ers8 In abnormal heart, additional sounds are heared between the normal heart sound. These additional sounds are ,nown as murmurs. ,0%Mention t-e Classi&ication o& -eart sound%

a. 9alve closure sound b. 9entricular filling sound c. 9alve opening sound d. E tra cardiac sound e. ,2%Mention t-e t.*es o& 4icro*-ones used in PCG a. "ir+coupled microphone b. Contact microphone ,3%1-at is 4ean ). s.stole and s.stole S.stole? The contraction of the heart muscle, pressure 018mm of .g "iastole? The rela ation of the heart muscle, pressure ;8mm of .g

Part #B
0. E plain the factors that influence the design and application of a medical instruction system F 2iscuss the different characteristics of a medical instrument system. &;( 1. E plain the man+instrument system with a neat bloc, diagram FE plain with a bloc, diagram the components of the bio+medical instrument system. &;( 5. 2iscuss the problems encountered in measuring a living system F2iscuss the ma:or differences encountered between measurements in a physiological system as distinct from a physical system. &;( 6. 2raw the structure of a living cell of our body and e plain its constituents. &;( G. 2iscuss the different ways of transport of ions through the cell membrane &6( H. 'ive an account on the different chemical compositions in the intra and e tra cellular fluids and their effects in the case of blood serum. &6( I. 2iscuss the development of action potential and muscular contraction. &;( ;. 2raw the electrical equivalent circuit of microelectrode and e plain its electrical nature. &;( J. Chat are bio+potential electrodes. 2istinguish between metallic microelectrode and nonmetallic microelectrode. &6( 08. 2raw the micropipette nonmetallic electrode and e plain &;( 00. Cith a neat bloc, diagram, e plain the wor,ing of EC' recorder &;( 01. 2iscuss the different lead configuration used in EC'. &;(

05. E plain with a neat diagram the resting potential &;( 06. E plain polariEation, depolariEation the depolariEation &;( 0G. 2raw the circuit diagram of an EC' isolation amplifier and e plain its action. &;( 0H. Chat are chopper amplifiers and e plain. &;( 0I. E plain with a diagram medical preamplifier and e plain its action &;( 0;. E plain a bridge voltage amplifier and e plain &;( 0J. E plain buffer amplifier and e plain &;( 18. E plain a current amplifier circuit and e plain its wor,ing. &;( 10. 2raw the curves of EC' and diagnose any form of disturbance in heart rhythm &;( 11. 2raw the bloc, diagram of an EE' unit and e plain the different parts in it. &;( 15. 'ive the origin of brain waves and describe the 08+18 electrode system used in EE'. &;( 16. 2escribe the recording setup used in E$' &;( 1G. Crite a note on E%' and E)' &;( 1H. E plain the origin of different heart sounds &;( 1I. E plain with diagram the salient features of !honocardiography &!C'( &;( 1;. 2raw the frequency response of a. "n electromyogram. &1(

b. *lood flow measurements. &1( c. !honocardiogram. &1( d. !lethysmogram &1( 1J. &a( Crite down the K4ernst EquationL and K'oldman EquationL and e plain about the constants used. &;( &b( E plain i. *io Electric !otentials from the brain &6( ii. ii. %esting %hythms of the *rain &6(

U!IT # II BIO-CHEMOC L P RT # !" !O! ELECTRIC L P R METER ME SUREME!T

$% Mention so4e )io-c-e4ical 4easure4ents in -u4an )od. Electrolytes measurement &4a, M, Cl( *lood Cell count measurement &Chite *lood Cell, %ed *lood Cell and platelets( *lood gas measurements &!., !)1, !Co1, !.Co1( '% Mention so4e )io-c-e4ical 4easure4ents in -u4an )od. 0. Electrophoresis 1. Colorimeter 5. !hotometer 6. "uto analyEer G. Cardiac output H. %espiratory $easurement I. *lood pressure measurement ;. *lood cell counter ,% "e&ine Electro*-oresis Electrophoresis is defined as the measurement of a solid phase with respect to a liquid &liquid *uffer solution( /% Mention t-e a**lications o& Electro*-oresis 0. $easurement the quantity of protein in plasma, urine, etc., 1. #eparate enEymes into their components isoenEymes 5. Identification of antibodies 0% 1-at are t-e &actors a&&ectin+ t-e s*eed o& 4i+ration a. $agnitude of charge b. Ionic strength of buffer c. Temperature d. Time e. Type of support media 2% 1-at is t-e use o& calori4eter Calorimeter is used to measure the protein and iron levels in blood. 3% 1-at is Beer>s La( " ? aCB

where "? "bsorption of protein or iron content a? "bsorbtivity C? Concentration of the absorbing substance in cuvette B? Bight path length of the cuvette 5% 1-at are t-e *ara4eters can anal.@e t-rou+- t-e )lood +as anal.ser8 p. measurement of blood and other body fluids p)1 measurement pC)1 measurement p.C)5 measurement

6% "e&ine calori4eter A*-oto 4etric *rinci*le The basic principle used in calorimeter is absorbance and transmittance of biological substances mi ed with chemicals. $7% EB*lain a)out uto anal.ser

"uto analysers are used to measure the blood chemistry and display readings with the graphical recordings. $$%1-at are t-e *oints to )e consider in auto anal.ser #teriliEation is needed for samples and glass tubes. Calibration of auto analyEers is very important

$'%1-at is )lood &lo( 4easure4ent% It is a method of measuring the rate of flow of blood in a vessel. $,%Mention t-e t.*es o& )lood &lo( 4eters% a. $agnetic blood flow meter b. <ltrasonic blood flow meter i. Transit time type ii. 2oppler type c. Thermal convention method d. %adio graphic method e. Indication dilution method i. )pen circulation method

ii. Closed circulation method $/% "e&ine Cardiac out*ut Cardiac output is the amount of blood delivered by the heart to aorta per minute, for normal adult cardiac output is 6+H litters per minutes. $0% Mention t-e 4et-od in:ol:ed in t-e cardiac out*ut 4easure4ent 0. Fic,Ls method 1. Indicator dilution method 5. Impedance change method $2% 1rite t-e cardiac out*ut e9uation &or indication dilution 4et-od

Chere @+ Cardiac output $+ $ass of the blood C+ Concentration of Indicator $3% 1rite t-e cardiac out*ut &or i4*edance c-an+e 4et-od

Chere 9+ 9olume of the thora N+ %esistivity of the patientDs haematocrit. "+ Cross sectional area of the thora %+ %esistance of thora $5% "e&ine res*irator. 4easure4ent It is to measure acquiring o ygen in inhalation and eliminating C)1 in e halation in the respiratory system. $6% 1-at is +as La( The set of rules to measure the respiratory functions in terms pressure, volume and temperature of air in human body is ,nown as gas law.

'7% Bo.le>s La( It states that the volume of gas varies inversely with the pressure of gas at constant temperature.

Chere 91 Final 9olume 90 Initial 9olume !1 Final !ressure !0 + )riginal pressure '$% "e&ine C-arles>s La( It states that the volume of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature at constant pressure

Chere 91 Final 9olume 90 Initial 9olume T1 Final Temperature T0 + )riginal Temperature ''% "e&ine Minute :olu4e in res*irator. The volume of air breathed by lung for one minute ',% "e&ine *noea

"pnoea is the stoppage of breathing, it leads to arrest of the circulation, it may cause due to drug overdose, head in:ury, etc. '/% 1-at are t-e 4et-ods o& )lood +as anal.sis8 !aramagnetic )1 "nalyser, Thermal conductivity C)1 'as "nalyser '0% "e&ine *ulse rate A Heart rate !ulse rate is the rate at which the blood pumped in to the body for circulation for a minute, heart rate is the rate of heart beats per minute.

P RT # B

0. Chat is meant by vector cardiograph and how it is accomplishedO &6( 1. E plain the following electrodes with neat diagram i. .ydrogen &;( ii. p. &;( 5. I. E plain the following electrodes with neat diagram i. !co1 &;( ii. !o1 &;( 6. Chat are biomedical electrodesO E plain the electrode !.C)5 with neat diagram. &;( G. 2raw the bloc, diagram of an automatic blood cell counter and e plain its functioning. &;( H. 2escribe the principle of laser based blood cell counting using a schematic diagram&;( I. E plain the following photometers with suitable diagrams. a. Filter photometer &;( b. Flame photometer &;(

;. E plain the wor,ing principle of spectrophotometer. &;( J. E plain the principle of chromatography and its applications in medicine. &;( 08. 2iscuss the principle and wor,ing of electromagnetic blood flow meters. &;( 00. 2escribe an ultrasonic blood flow meter used in the measurement of velocity of blood flowing in the blood vessels. &;( 01. 2escribe ultrasonic 2oppler blood flow meters. &0H( 05. E plain with a bloc, diagram the laser based blood flow meter. &;( 06. E plain the Fic,Ls method for the determination of cardiac output. &;( 0G. E plain the Indicator dilution method of cardiac output measurement. &;( 0H. E plain the thermo dilution method of cardiac output measurement. &;( 0I. 2escribe a method for the measurement of total lung capacity.F 2escribe the plethysmograph method of measuring the total lung capacity. &;( 0;. 2escribe a spirometer with a suitable schematic diagram. &;( 0J. E plain in detail any one of the methods used for measuring blood pressure &;( 18. E plain in detail any one of the methods used for measuring temperature &;( 10. Chat is pneumotachographO 'ive its importance in the pulmonary function analysis.&;( 11. Crite down the application of Electrophoresis and e plain the basic principle involved&;(

U!IT III SSIST "ECICES P RT $% 1-at is *ace4aker8 " device which is capable of generating artificial pacing impulses and delivering them to heart is ,nown as pacema,er.

!" BIO-TELEMETRY

'%

1-at are t-e co4*onents o& *ace4aker D (-at are its t.*es8 !acema,er components are !ulse generator, electrodes and battery. !acema,er types are, Internal pacema,er 3 E ternal pacema,er.

,%

1-at are t-e t.*es o& *acin+ 4odes D -o( t-e *ulses are +enerated in co4*etiti:e *ace4aker8 The pacing modes are classified as competitive and non+ competitive mode. The competitive pacema,ers are used to generate fi ed rate pulses. It occurs along with the natural pulses generated by the heart.

/% 1-at are t-e classi&ications o& *ace4aker )ased on t-e 4ode o& o*eration8 9entricular asynchronous pacema,er&fi ed type pacema,er( 9entricular synchronous pacema,er. 9entricular inhibited pacema,er. "trial synchronous pacema,er. "trial sequential ventricular inhibited pacema,er.

0% 1-at are t-e disad:anta+es o& :entricular as.nc-ronous *ace4aker8 0. *y using this type of pacema,er, the heart beat rate cannot be changed. 1. It may lead to the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation. 2% 1-at are t-e ad:anta+es and disad:anta+es o& stand). *ace4aker8 d:anta+es? 9entricular fibrillation is avoided by using this pacema,er. !ower consumption is reduced.

"isad:anta+es? This pacema,er is sensitive to electromagnetic interferences. There is no synchroniEation between atrial and ventricular contraction.

3% (-at is de4and *ace4aker8 The pacema,er which provide the impulses based on the patientLs need is ,nown demand pacema,er. 5% Gi:e t-e s*eci&ications o& Pace4aker%

0. Ceight

> 55+J; grams

1. %eliability &life time( > 5.G +0; years 5. End of life indicator > 1+08P drop in pulse rate. 6. !ulse rate > 1G+0GG pulses F minute G. !ulse width > 8.0 1.5 milliseconds H. !ulse amplitude > 1.G to 08 volts I. *attery capacity > 8.66 5.1 "mp+ hours 6% 1-at are di&&erent t.*es o& sti4ulation Pace4akers8 0. E ternal #timulation. 1. Internal stimulation. $7%EB*lain t-e di&&erence )et(een Internal D EBternal Pace4aker%

EBternal Pace4aker The pacema,er is placed outside the body. It may be in the form of wrist watch or in the poc,et.

Internal Pace4aker The pacema,er is a surgically implanted when if the s,in near the ches t or abdomen, with its outputLs leads are connected directly to the heart muscle. It requires open chest minor surgery to place the pacema,er. There is 088P safety for circuit from the e ternal disturbances. Implanted pacema,er are used for permanent heart regularity.

It does not require open chest surgery. There is no safety for the pacema,er. The e ternal pacema,ers are used for the temporary heart regularity.

$$%1-at is &i)rillation8 1-at are t-e t.*es o& &i)rillation8 The condition at which the necessary synchroniEing action of the heart is lost is ,nown as fibrillation. Types of fibrillation are> "trial fibrillation

9entricular fibrillation

$'%1-at are t-e :arious electrodes used &or de&i)rillation8 Internal &spoon shaped( electrodes E ternal &paddle shaped( electrodes

$,% 1-at is counter s-ock8 The phenomenon of application of an electrical shoc, to resynchroniEe the heart is ,nown as counter shoc,. $/% 1-at is t-e need &or Centilator8 It is used to provide artificial respiration. This should be applied to the patient, whenever respiration is suspended due to reasons li,e gas poisoning, electric shoc, etc. $0% 1-at is IPP D de&ine sti4ulator8 I!! means Intermittent !ositive !ressure. The positive pressure ventilators are used to inflate the lungs with I!!.#timulator is the device used to stimulate innervated muscles and denervated muscles. It is used for the treatment of paralysis. $2%1-at is )io-tele4etr. a. *io+telemetry is the measurement of biological parameters over long distance b. For conveying biological information from a living organism and its environment to a different location where this can be recorded c. This involves radio frequency signal as a carrier for modulation, referred to as radio+telemetry $3%1-at are t-e considerations s-ould -a:e desi+n o& )io-tele4etr.8 0. The telemetry system should be selected to transmit the bio+electric signal with ma imum fiidelity and simplicity. 1. The system not effect the living system by any interference. 5. #maller in siEe and light in weight 6. It should have more stability and reliability G. The power consumption at the transmitter and the receiver should be small. H. The system should re:ect common mode interference re:ection I. The miniatured radio telemetry system should be used to reduce noise $5%1-at are t-e t.*es o& radio tele4etr. s.ste48

a. #ingle channel telemetry system b. $ulti channel telemetry system $6%Mention t-e :arious 4et-ods o& trans4ission o& )ioelectric :aria)les a. "ctive measurements b. !assive measurements '7%Mention t-e eBa4*les o& sin+le and 4ulti c-annel tele4etr. Sin+le c-annel tele4etr. a. Tunnel diode F$ transmitter&for TQ of EC',EE',E$', %espiration rate( b. .artley type F$ transmitter c. !ulsed hartley oscillator &T of temperature signals(R d. %adio telemetry with sub carries system

Multi c-annel tele4etr. a. Frequency division multiple telemetry system b. Time division multiple telemetry system '$%Mention t-e ad:anta+es o& Bio-tele4etr. a. <sed to record the bio signals over long periods and while the patient is engaged in his normal activities b. $edical attendant or computer can easily diagonise the nature of disease by seeing the telemetered biosignals without attending patient room. c. !atient is not disturbed during recording d. *iotelemetry is e tendend for monitoring patients in a hospital from a remote location ''%1-at is a radio *ill8 " device used for bio+telemetry for monitoring the physiological activity of a human being, such as p. value of the stomach acid

P RT # B
0. 2escribe the cardiac pacema,er waveforms and e plain their importance. Compare e ternal and implanted pacema,ers. &;( 1. E plain with a diagram the ventricular asynchronous pacema,er &fi ed rate pacema,er(. &;(

5. 6. G. H. I.

E plain the ventricular synchronous pacema,er. &;( E plain wor,ing principle of demand pacema,er with a diagram. &;( E plain the atrial synchronous pacema,er. &;( E plain with a neat diagram, the wor,ing principle of 2.C. defibrillator. &;( E plain with a neat diagram, the wor,ing principle of synchroniEed 2.C. defibrillator. &;( ;. E plain the square pulse defibrillator. &;( J. E plain the bloc, diagram of a bio+telemetry system. 2iscuss its design. &;( 08. E plain the single channel telemetry system. &;( 00. 2raw and e plain the telemetry circuit for the transmission of E$', EC', EE' and respiration rate&0H( 01. E plain the subcarrier biotelemetry system. &;( 05. E plain the multiple channel telemetry systems with neat diagrams. &0H( 06. Chat are the problems associated with the implant telemetry circuitsO E plain the uses of biotelemetry. &;( 0G. E plain the various modulation techniques used for transmitting a biosignal in a telemetry system &;( 0H. Crite short notes on telestimulation &;( 0I. Chat are the precautions to be followed in hospitals while using defibrillators &6( 0;. Crite briefly about the power sources used for implantable type of pacema,er &;( 0J. Chat is radio pillO E plain. &;( 18. Crite technical properties of electrodes used in 2efibrillator &6( 10. Crite short notes on KFrequency #electionL with respect to *iotelemetry &;( 11. E plain the basic concepts &including the modulation types( of radio transmission used in biotelemetry &0H(

U!IT IC R "IOLOGIC L EQUIPME!TS P RT $% 1-at is t-e use o& radio Isoto*es8 %adio+Isotopes are used in medicine both for therapeutic as well as diagnostic applications '% 1-at is Ioni@in+ Radiation8 It a radiation comes from natural or manmade radioactive materials ,% 1-at is non-ioni@in+ Radiation8 It is a radiation of radio waves, light, infrared radiation etc., /% Ho( radio isoto*es are used in 4edical dia+nosis8

" small amount of radioactive chemicals, &Tracers( are in:ected into an arm vein or administered through ingestion or inhalation, the tracers are travels into different parts of body, using radiation detectors images are received, processed through the images we can diagnose. 0% 1-at is B-ra.s8 Q+rays are electromagnetic radiation located at the low wavelength end of the electromagnetic spectrum. The +rays are used in the medical diagnostics. 2% "ra( t-e Block dia+ra4 o& B-Ra. 4ac-ine8

3% 1-at are t-e di&&erent tec-ni9ues to detect t-e E-Ra.s 0. 1. 5. Fluoroscopy Q+ray films Image intensifiers

5% 1-at is radiation t-era*.8 The use of radiation for treatment of diseases has become an important sub+field of medicine call radiation therapy. 6% Ho( ioni@in+ radiation is +enerated8 Q+rays are generated when fast+moving electrons are suddenly decelerated by

impinging on a target. $7%1-at are t-e *-.sical e&&ects detected in radioacti:it.% 0. 1. 5. The activation it causes in photographic emulsions The ioniEation of gases The light flashes the radiation causes when stri,ing certain minerals

$$%Mention t-e )asic t.*es o& radiation 0. 1. 5. "lpha rays *eta rays 'amma rays

$'%1rite *lanck>s e9uation E? hf Chere E Energy . + !lanc,Ds constant ? H.H16Q08+1I f + Frequency $,%1-at is radioacti:e deca. The process by which radium or certain other materials emit radiation is called radioactive decay $/%1-at is radioacti:it. The property of an element to emit radiation is called radioactivity $0%"ra( t-e Instru4entation dia+ra4 &or dia+nostic E-ra.s

$2% 1-at is an+io+ra*-. The outline of blood vessels are made visible on the Q+ray image is called angiography

P RT # B
0. 2iscuss in detail the radiation therapy techniques. &;( 1. E plain with suitable diagram the diagnostic Q %ay machine. Chat are the applications of Q+%ay e aminationO &0H( 5. E plain with suitable diagrams the wor,ing principle of the two types of scintillation detectors for gamma radiation. &;( 6. Cith a bloc, diagram, e plain the instrumentation system for radioisotope procedures &;( G. Crite short notes on the following detectors for beta radiation> a. 'as flow counter &6( b. Biquid scintillation counter &6( H. 2raw the schematic diagram of a '.$. counter and e plain its wor,ing details &;( I. E plain the following radiation detectors. a. E pansion type cloud chamber &6( b. 2iffusion type cloud chamber &6( c. *ubble chamber &6(

d. #cintillation counters &6( ;. 2escribe the principle of visualiEing body organs by radioisotope methods. &;( J. Bist out the properties of Q+%ays &6( 08. Crite short notes on angiography &6( 00. E plain the wor,ing principle of image intensifier with a neat bloc, diagram &;( 01. Crite short notes on ioniEation chamber &;( 05. 2iscuss about intensity duration curve. Chat is its useO &;(

U!IT C RECE!T TRE!"S I! ME"IC L I!STRUME!T TIO!

P RT $% 1-at is t-er4o+ra*-. " thermograph is a device that records temperatures over a fi ed period of time. It consists of a rotating drum or dis, and a stylus or pen. )ften, a bimetal mechanism for measuring temperature change is used. The pen is affi ed to the free end of the bimetal strip. "s the drum or dis, rotates, the pen ma,es a chart of the changes in temperature. '% "e&ine In&rared radiation Infra red ray is ,ind of electromagnetic wave higher frequency &more than radio frequency( and lies before the visisble light frequencyinfra red electromagnetic spectrum is usually 8.IISm and 088Sm. ,% "e&ine endosco*. "n endoscopy refers to a dedicated area where medical procedures are performed with endoscopic cameras, which are used to visualiEe structures and organs within in the body. /% 1-at are t-e t.*es o& endosco*-ic s.te4s a:aila)le8

1. Rigid endoscope
0% 1-at are t-e *arts in re+id endosco*e8

2. Flexible endoscope / fiber endoscope

1. 2. 3. !.

Rigid endoscope with light cable Objective / lens - for image formation Rod lense s stem - for image transport Oc"lar lense - for image magnification

2% "e&ine *assi:e t-er4o+ra*-. The features of interest are naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the

bac,ground. !assive thermograph has many applications such as surveillance of people on a scene and medical diagnosis specifically thermology. 3% "e&ine acti:e t-er4o+ra*-. "n energy source is required to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of interest and the bac,ground. The active approach is necessary in many cases given that the inspected parts are usually in equilibrium with the surroundings. 5% 1-at are t-e ad:anta+es o& t-e t-er4o+ra*-8

It shows a visual picture so temperatures over a large area can be compared It is capable of catching moving targets in real time It is able to find deteriorating, i.e., higher temperature components prior to their failure It can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible or haEardous for other methods It is a non+destructive test method It can be used to find defects in shafts, pipes, and other metal or plastic parts

6% 1-at are t-e t.*es o& laser )ea4s used in 4edicine8 !ulsed 4d+Ta' laser Continuous wave C)1 laser Continuous wave )rgan ion laser

$7% !a4e t-e t.*es o& lasers used in 4edicine% !ulsed 4d+Ta' laser. Continuous wave C)1 laser. Continuous wave organ ion laser.

$$%1-at are t-e ad:anta+es o& laser sur+er.8 .ighly sterile. .ighly localiEed and precise. 4on contact and bloodless surgery #hort period of surgical time and painless surgery.

$'% 1-at are t-e a**lications o& laser in 4edicine8

Baser is used in opthalmography&eye problem( 'ynecology &fertility(, plastic surgery, s,in cancer. 'astroentrology )rthopedics

$,%"e&ine laser in 4edicine Baser beam consits of high intense radiation in unique direction by focus the enrgy at one point, the enrguy band move form higher enrgy level to lower energy level, the laser beam is emitted to particular direction. It is used for many aplications in terms of diagnostic and theapheutic in medicine. $/%"e&ine t(o t.*es o& e4ission in laser )ea4 #pontaneous emission #timulated emission

$0%(-at are t-e a**lications o& t-er4o+ra*- in 4edicine8 Tumors Inflammation *rain 2iseases *urns )rthopedic 2iseases

$2%1-at are t-e de:ices are used to *rotect a+ainst electrical -a@ards8 'round fault interrupt Isolation transformer

$3%"e&ine 4acro s-ock " physiological response to a current applied to the surface of the body that produces effect in body such as muscle contraction F tissue in:ury is called macro shoc,. The equipment user and the patients may get this macro shoc, due the malfunction of the system. $5%"e&ine 4icro s-ock " physiological response to a current applied to the surface of the heart that produces effect in body such as muscle contraction F tissue in:ury is called macro shoc,. The micro shoc, occurs when current e ceeds from 08micro amps. $6%1-at is leaka+e current8 The e tentaneous current flowing along a path other the intended, due to

resistive , inductive or capacitive coupling with its main, the lea,age current may occurs due to ungrounded equipment , bro,en wire and un equal ground potential '7%1-at is diat-er4.8 List its t.*es% 2iathermy is the treatment process by which cutting, coagulation of tissues are obtained. Its various types are> #hortwave diathermy $icrowave diathermy <ltrasonic diathermy #urgical diathermy

'$%1-at are t-e ad:anta+es o& diat-er4.8 The treatment can be controlled easily. <se of appropriate electrodes permit the heat to be localiEed only in the region to be treated. "mount of heat that is to be delivered can be ad:usted accurately. Inter lying tissues, muscles, bones, internal organs etc., can be provided with heat by using high frequency energy.

''%"e&ine s-or (a:e diat-e4. #hort wave diathermy used to get relief of chronic pain in the body, it involves the high frequency 1I.01 $.E and wavelength of 00 m, this high frequency currents are used to suppress the stimulation of sensory nerves and muscle contractions. ',%List out t-e ad:anta+es o& electro sur+ical diat-er4.

i. It provides simple and effective surgery ii. It provides bacterial and infection free surgery iii. Bleeding can be arrested by the coagulation method .

P RT # B
0. E plain with bloc, diagram the infrared thermograph technique and its merits and demerits. &;( 1. Chat are the medical applications of thermography &;( 5. $ention the details of laser instrumentation for biomedical applications. &;( 6. 2iscuss the laser principle and mention the different laser interactions on our body. &;( G. Crite short notes on .E+4E laser and the general applications of laser in

medicine &;( H. Chat are the uses of endoscopes in medicineO 2escribe any one of the therapeutic instrument using an endoscope. &;( I. Chat are the different types of commonly available endoscopes and their diagnostic applicationsO &6( ;. E plain the liquid crystal thermograph in brief. &6( J. Chat are the techniques involved in electro surgery techniques using diathermy unitsO &;( 08. 2raw the bloc, diagram of short wave diathermy unit and e plain. &;( 00. 2raw the bloc, diagram of ultrasonic diathermy. &;( 01. E plain in brief the salient features of microwave diathermy. &6( 05. 2iscuss the range and area of irritation of different heating techniques in diathermy. &6( 06. 'ive an account on biological effects of radiation e posure and safe dose equivalent limits. &;( 0G. 2escribe the construction and wor,ing of any one of the personnel radiation monitoring equipment &;( 0H. Crite a note on area monitoring in the case of radiation safety. &;( 0I. E plain the physiological effects of current at commercial frequencies on human body &;( 0;. 2escribe the possibilities of occurrence of micro shoc, haEards in a hospital&0H( 0J. E plain the following with respect to Kelectrical safetyL> a. 'round fault interrupter &5( b. c. d. e. Isolation transformer &5( Bine isolation monitors &5( 'rounding &5( Important aspects of hospital architecture. &6(

18. *ring out the salient points of instrumentation in a. Endoscopy unit &;( b. *io $edical Baser &;(