ECE 3025-A

Problem Set #1 Solutions

1. A sinusoidal voltage wave on a lossy transmission line is expressed in real instantaneous form as: V (z, t) = V0 e+z cos( t + z ) where V0 is a real constant. a. Express the given voltage in phasor form and state the direction of travel. The phasor form will be Vs (z ) = V0 e+z e+j z . The wave propagates in the backward z direction. b. Assuming characteristic impedance of the form Z0 = |Z0 |ej , nd the current phasor, Is (z ), and convert this to real instantaneous form: The current phasor is Is (z ) = and in real instantaneous form: I (z, t) = Re Is (z )ej t = V0 +z e cos( t + z ) |Z0 | Vs (z ) V0 j +z +j z = e e e Z0 |Z0 |

c. Find, in terms of V0 , |Z0 |, , and , the time-average power in the wave, P0 , as a function of position, z . 1 1 V0 +z j z +j P0 = Re {Vs (z )Is (z ) } = Re V0 e+z e+j z e e e 2 2 |Z0 |

1 V02 +2z e cos 2 |Z0 |

d. The parameters of the line, operating at = 6.0 108 rad/s are L = 0.350 H/m, C = 40.0 pF/m, G = 0, and R = 15.0 /m. Evaluate , , , and Z0 . We use = p ZY = (R + j L)(G + j C ) p = [15 + j (6 108 )(0.350 106 )][0 + j (6 108 )(40 1012 )] = 0.080 + j 2.25 m1 = + j s s

Therefore, = 0.080 Np/m, = 2.25 rad/m, and = 2 / = 2.80 m. Finally, Z0 = r Z = Y R + j L = G + j C 15 + j 2.1 102 = 93.6 j 3.34 = 93.676 0.036 rad 0 + j 2.4 102

e. If V0 = 100 V, nd the wave power at a distance z = 10 m down the line, and evaluate the power loss in decibels that this represents when compared to the input power: Power is found using the part c result: P = 1 (100)2 cos(0.036 rad) e+2z = 53.4 e2(0.08)(10) = 10.8 W 2 93.67 1

The power loss over this distance in dB is P` (dB) = 10 log10 53.4 10.8 = 6.94 dB

f. Evaluate the line power loss coecient in dB/m: Take the part e result and divide by the distance to get 6.94 A[dB/m] = = 0.694 dB/m 10 As an alternative, take the attenuation coecient, = 0.080, in Np/m and multiply by 8.69 to get 0.695 (within an acceptable margin of error). 2. A sinusoidal wave on a transmission line is specied by voltage and current in phasor form: Vs (z ) = V0 ez ej z where V0 and I0 are both real. a. In which direction does this wave propagate and why? Propagation is in the foreward z direction, because of the factor ej z . b. It is found that = 0, Z0 = 75 , and the wave velocity is vp = 2.0 108 m/s, with f = 200 MHz. Evaluate R, G, L, C , , and : First, the fact that = 0 means that the line is lossless, from conclude that R = G = 0. As this is true it follows p which we immediately that Z0 = L/C and vp = 1/ LC , from which C= 1 1 = = 6.7 1011 F = 67 pF/m Z0 vp 75(2.0 108 ) and Is (z ) = I0 ez ej z ej

Then Now,

2 L = CZ0 = (6.7 1011 )(75)2 = 3.8 107 = 0.38 H/m

Finally, the current phase is found through

vp 2.0 108 = = 1.0 m f 2.00 108 V0 Z0

I0 ej =

Since V0 , I0 , and Z0 are all real, it follows that = 0.

3. Two voltage waves of equal amplitude, V0 , and frequency, , propagate in the forward z direction in a lossy transmission line having attenuation coecient , and characteristic impedance, Z0 = |Z0 |ej One wave is phase-shifted from the other by radians.

a. Find an expression for the net voltage wave formed by the superposition of the given voltages. To do this, express both given waves in phasor form. Combine the two algebraically, and convert the result back to real instantaneous form, to produce a single wave function. The total phasor voltage will be: VsT (z ) = V0 ez ej z + V0 ez ej z ej = V0 ez ej z 1 + ej = V0 ez ej z ej /2 ej /2 + ej /2 = 2V0 cos(/2)ej /2 ez ej z In real instantaneous form, this becomes: V (z, t) = Re VsT (z )ej t = 2V0 cos(/2)ez cos( t z + /2) V

b. Find an expression for the net current in the line: Since the net voltage wave propagates in the foward z direction, we nd the current just by dividing the phasor voltage of part a by |Z0 |ej : 2V0 IsT (z ) = cos(/2)ej (/2) ez ej z |Z0 | So that I (z, t) = Re IsT (z )ej t = 2V0 z e cos(/2) cos( t z + /2 ) A |Z0 |

4. A sinusoidal voltage wave having power at input of 10 W propagates down a lossy transmission line of length 12m, and which has power loss coecient A = 0.05 dB/m. The characteristic impedance is to a good approximation real, and is given as Z0 = 50 ohms. A real load impedance, ZL = 65 ohms, terminates the line. a. Evaluate the reection coecient at the load: = ZL Z0 65 50 = = 0.130 ZL + Z0 65 + 50

b. Evaluate the wave power just in front of the load (before reection).
PL = 10 10(0.05/10)(12) = 8.71 W

c. Evaluate the average power dissipated by the load, and from this, determine the power loss in dB this represents when compared to the line input power: The dissipated power will be
PL = PL (1 ||2 ) = 8.71(1 (0.130)2 ) = 8.56 W

dB loss compared to the input is 10 log10 10 8.56 = 0.67 dB

d. A portion of the wave will reect from the load and propagate back down the line to arrive at the input once again. Find the power that returns to the input and express this as a loss in decibels when compared to the original 10W input: First, the power loss through propagation down the line is 10 log10 (Pin /PL ) = 10 log10 (10/8.71) = 0.60 dB. The loss arising from reection is then 10 log10 1 ||2 = 10 log10 1 (0.130)2 = 17.72 dB

The total round-trip loss in decibels is then 2(0.60) + 17.72 = 18.92 dB The power that returns to the input is then Pout = Pin 101.892 = 10 101.892 = 0.13 W