MIDTERM 1 REVIEW Midterm covers lectures and readings listed on syllabus.

This review only covers the READINGS so be sure and review your lecture notes. 5 short answer questions & 6 multiple choice ANSWER ALL MULTIPLE CHOICE! ONLY ANSWER 4 OUT OF 5 SHORT ANSWER! Each essay is worth 6 total points Each multiple choice or fill in the blank is worth 1 point Answer each question CLEARLY AND CONCISELY -Bullet points, labeled diagrams, and lists ARE ACCEPTABLE! You are graded against what a good answer is NOT just the bare minimum READ THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY AND ANSWER ALL PARTS OF THE QUESTION Clear handwriting will help the grading process and will improve your sex life (maybe) TEST TAKING TIPS: Write clearly! If we cant read it, we cant grade it You do not have to use paragraphs lists are fine (and encouraged) Know the proper vocabulary and use correct terminology whenever possible Abbreviations used in class are acceptable If in doubt, ask the Baldwins or a grader to clarify a question If you still dont know, write everything you can about everything that you believe relates to the topic at hand

CHAPTER 2 WOMENS BODIES Vulva Mons Veneris entire _____________________ in a woman (See fig. 2.1 on pg. 32) 1. Often referred to as _____________ 2. (see book for info about pubic hair on pg. 33) 3. Can be sexually stimulated has ___________________ 1. Also called _______________________ 2. Extends from mons downward 3. Padded with___________ partially covered with __________ 4. Contains ____________ erotically sensitive 1. Also called _______________________ 2. Lie between Labia Majora 3. Filled with __________________________ _______________________________________ 4. During arousal, ________and ________ due to _________________________ 5. Space between the left and right labia minora = ____________________________ 6. Hairless

Labia Majora

Labia Minora

Important Structures in THE VESTIBULE (clitoris, the urethral opening, and the vaginal opening): Clitoris 1. Located where_______________________ 2. Made up of _____________ has internal and external portions: a.Glans (External Portions)

b. Shaft (Internal Portion)

3. Both glans/shaft = 4. Continual, proper stim. will produce orgasm Crura 1. Internal extensions of _______________ (give entire structure a wishbone type shape) 2. About ______________ enwrap portion of __________________________________ (area where urine is discharged out of bladder) 1. 2. Curved erectile tissue that surround vestibule underline labia minora 3. Become erect during sexual arousal _____________________________________ and

Vestibular Bulbs

Vaginal Opening

1. Also called the _____________ located to the rear of vestibule 2. 1.______________________________________ ____________________________ may have many different appearances (fig. 2.5 on pg. 30) 2. No known function but may have _____________________ 3. Can still be present after the loss of virginity 1. Erotically sensitive area between vaginal opening and anus 2. Area cut during an___________________

Hymen

Perineum

Pelvic Floor Muscles

1. 2. _____________during sex stiffens vaginal walls 3. Contract __________ at orgasm to pleasure, prevent ________________ and help keep semen in vagina 4. PC (or Pubococcygeus) muscle = ____________________ 5. _______________ exercises tone of these muscles
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FEMALE CIRCUMCISION/GENITAL MUTILATION: READ BOX 2.2 (pg. 37) 1. Sunnah 2. Clitoridectomy 3. Infibulation pharaonic circumcision; removal of all clitoral structures

WHY? Done as tradition within given cultures, female sexual activity, remove ritually unclean area of female body Female Reproductive Tract (formed by vagina, cervix, body of the uterus, oviducts or fallopian tubes, and two ovaries) Function: transporting sperm and ova, fertilization, pregnancy, and passage of fetus Vagina 1. 2. Vaginal wall is highly elastic Consists of 3 layers

3. Inhabited by large numbers of _______________ a. READ section on DOUCHING (bottom of pg. 40) also see lecture notes 4. Physiological changes during arousal include: a. b. 5. Grafenberg Spot (a.k.a G-spot) a.

Uterus

1. Also called ___________________ 2.

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3. Has three layers: a. Endometrium b. Myometrium c. Perimetrium Cervix 1. 2. OS Oviducts (a.k.a fallopian tubes) 1. Each is about 4 in. long 2. 3. Cilia microscopic hair-like structures that line the internal surface of oviducts 4. Oviduct ends in a flared opening with a fringe of __________________ (__________) Ovaries (a.k.a gonads) 1. 2. Two distinct functions: a. The release of mature ova in a process called b. The ________________________________ __________, thus forming part of the bodys endocrine system Menstruation 1. 2. Varies greatly among women 3. Attitudes toward menstruation vary (see box 2.6 on pg. 52) 4. READ about tampons, pads, and alternatives on pg. 53-54 5. The menstrual cycle has 3 phases:
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a. Menstrual phase b. Preovulatory phase c. Postovulatory phase Menstrual Problems 1. Menstrual cramps 2. Lower back pain, nausea, headaches 3. Dysmenorrhea a. Primary and Secondary categories (pg. 57) *READ about PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) and factors that stop menstruation on pgs. 58-59 Breasts 1. Have both erotic/reproductive significance

Breast Cancer 1. 180,000 American women diagnosed each year 2. 13.2% of American women will develop the disease 3. Mastectomy 4. Factors that can inc/dec risk of breast cancer

5. Early detection is IMPORTANT! periodic breast exams, mammography (see box 2.7 on pg. 63 about Breast SelfExamination) 6. Read about treatments and its effects on an active sex life on pg. 65 CHAPTER 3 - MENS BODIES EXTERNAL GENETALIA (Fig. 3.1 on pg. 70)

Penis:

1. 2. Structures of the Penis: 1. Shaft a. Contains 3 erectile structures (fig. 3.3 on pg. 73): i. ii. 3. Glans (a.k.a head)

a. Corona b. Frenulum c. Corona and frenulum are usually the most erotically sensitive regions 4. Foreskin and circumcision p 71-72 *READ about penile medical problems on pg. 74 (Balanitis, phimosis, paraphimosis, Peyronies disease, and penile cancer) Scrotum (a.k.a the Scrotal Sac) 1. 2. stimulation of the scrotum is sexually arousing to most men Testicles 1. 2. Have two main functions (equivalent to the gonads in women) a. b.
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3. See figure 3.9 on pg. 80 for internal structure of the testicle and epididymis Epididymis 1. One attached to each testicle 2. Spermatic Cord 1. A bundle of structures that connect the testes to organ systems within the abdominal cavity 2. Vas Deferens (Vas)

a. ______________________ formed by the junction of the vas and duct of seminal vesicle and empties into the urethra within the prostate Seminiferous Tubules 1. Majority of the internal structure that occupy the ______________________ 2. Site of sperm production (process called _____________________) 3. Each man produces about __________ sperm per day 4. ____________________, which are involved in hormone production, lie between the tubules Prostate Gland 1. 2. Slightly larger than ______________ 3. ___________________ (__________________) are a major component of semen Seminal Vesicles 1. Two glands situated to either side of the ____________ (located behind the bladder) 2. _____________________, but add their own secretions to semen Bulbourethral Glands (a.k.a Cowpers Glands)

1. Two ___________________________ near the root of the penis (_____________________________) 2. Their secretions (often called ____________) are excreted __________ to ejaculation *READ boxes 3.3 and 3.4 on disorders of the testicles and prostate gland (pgs. 82 and 83) Semen 1. 2. Sperm occupy only ___________ of the total make up of semen; the rest is a combination of fluids secreted by the prostate and seminal vesicles *Know the differences between EMISSION, EJACUALTION, and ORGASM (on pgs. 85-86)

CHAPTER 5: Attraction, Arousal and Response (pages 138.5-160) Attractiveness Involves Senses besides Vision 1. ________________________________ play important roles in determining attractiveness. a. W find M w/ ___________________________ ( & vice versa) 2. Specific _______________________ influence sexual arousal unconsciously (____________________) 3. _______________ influences sexual attractiveness a. ________________________ is partially independent of _________________________ i. ii. Perceptions of _________________________ ________________________to be important traits when choosing a partner (even if it is only causal sex or hooking up) iii. Read about studies on behavioral attractiveness on pgs. 137-138 4. ______________ both increases and decreases attraction a. Seeing a face before makes a person judge it as __________________ than seeing it for the 1st time
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b. Habituation (similar to Coolidge Effect pg. 141) i. Can counteract sexual habitation with ____________________________________ ______________________________________ c. _________________________ increases the physical and behavioral attractiveness of a partner. d. Perceived attractiveness varies with the __________ ________________________ i. W prefer M with more _________________ near ovulation (when they are most likely to conceive) ii. Evolutionary psychology e. Some people do not experience sexual attraction i. Asexual ii. Asexual people may desire romantic intimacy, but do not want to express that desire ________________ iii. Studies show that those identified as asexual say it has had both + and effects on their lives Sexual Arousal Has Many Roots 1. Fantasy is a common mode of sexual arousal a. Fantasy _________________________ __________________________________ ___________________________________ b. M engage in sexual fantasy more than W c. Content of sexual fantasies varies greatly d. There are some gender differences in content of fantasies (fig. 5.11 p. 145) i. The only behavior that W fantasized more than M was _________________________ ii. M are more adventurous in their fantasies iii. W fantasize about behaviors that they have already engaged in, M fantasize about activities that they had never engaged in e. Gay/lesbian fantasies ______________________ _________________________________ f. M and W fantasies tend to be __________________ ___________________________________________
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i. Ex. M fantasies involve taking a dominant role in sex acts; W fantasize about taking a passive role g. People who enjoy sexual fantasies without ______ __________________________________________ i. NOT unhealthy for a W to have sexual fantasies about engaging in rape/sexual coercion b/c the W is running the show and can end it when she wants unlike actual sexual assault 2. Arousal Occurs in Response to a Partner a. M &W aroused by looking at partners faces b. Arousal as flirting, sexual negotiations, and sexual contact occurs c. M aroused __________________________________ ____________________________________________ i. W aroused by erotic images of both W and M (regardless of sexual orientation) 3. Hormones Influence Sexual Arousability a. Do biological factors influence sexual arousal? i. Testosterone has _________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ii. Sexual activity triggers testosterone , but high testosterone does not trigger an increased desire for sexual activity b. Testosterone does influence arousability in adult M i. M can be Hypogonadal producing insufficient levels of sex hormones(= in sexual desire/activity) c. READ ABOUT APHRODISIACS in BOX 5.2 on pg. 150 4. Conditioning May Influence Arousal a. Classical/Pavlovian conditioning a form of learning in which a novel stimulus is linked with a __________________________________________ i. Used to explain development of ________________________________________ Sexual Arousal Follows a Response Cycle: 1. Sexual response cycle the sequence of physiological processes that accompany sexual behavior (Fig. 5.4 on pg. 152) 2. In the Excitement Phase, genital response begins a. Response in W i. Swelling/opening/ deepening in color of the labia minora/vaginal wall (vasocongestion) ii. _______________________________

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3.

4.

5.

6. 7.

iii. Erection of clitoris and nipples iv. Swelling of breasts, uterus swells and elevates v. _____________________________ b. Response in M i. Erection of penis (takes place in under a minute 10 seconds!) ii. ___________________________________ iii. Nipples become erect c. Duration of excitement phase varies (1 min 1hr. +) In the Plateau Phase, arousal is maintained (lasts 1 min several hours) a. Response in W i. Thickening/tightening of the walls of the outer third of the vagina ii. Vaginal canal narrows gripping penis tighter (if during coitus) iii. Glans of clitoris goes under clitoral hood iv. ____________________________________ v. Sex flush and myotonia b. Response in M i. ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ii. Erection stronger and testicles more elevated iii. _____________________________________ Orgasm is the climax of sexual arousal a. Orgasm the intense, pleasurable sensation at sexual climax and physiological process that accompany them i. Felt as a brief series of muscle contractions starts in genitals and radiates to other parts of body ii. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ b. In M orgasm followed by 2 genital events: i. ____________________________________ ii. ejaculation semen is expelled (W may ejaculate also box 5.3 on pg. 155) In the Resolution Phase, arousal subsides a. Physiological signs of arousal reverse themselves i. Psychological arousal subsides and full resolution takes 15 min. ii. Look at fig. 5.17 on p.158 about patterns of sexual response Some people experience multiple orgasms a. Series of orgasm, and in between person descends only to plateau phase b. _________________________________________ M may experience a Refractory Period a. Period of time after a M orgasms, during which further sexual stimulation does not lead to a renewed erection or second orgasm
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i. Typically lasts 30-90 minutes (depending on age) ii. ________________________________________ CHAPTER 6 SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (pgs. 165 172.5) Masturbation 1. 2. There are many different attitudes towards masturbation (detailed on pgs. 167-169) - demographic factors influence masturbation (see fig. 6.4 on pg. 169) 3. The average woman is more likely to experience orgasm from __________________than through p/v sex 4. Women use more diverse masturbatory techniques than men -W tend to take ___________________________ than men through masturbation - read up on technique specifics on pg. 170 to hone your skills! 5. _____________ masturbate more than _____________ - and, report greater __________ from masturbation

CHAPTER 10 SEXUALITY ACROSS THE LIFESPAN (pgs. 309 323) Childhood: A Period of Sexual Innocence? 1. The study of childhood sexuality faces practical difficulties a. Since there is little direct observation of children by researchers, we cant expect to reach definitive conclusions about childhood sexuality 2. Primates display a wide variety of sexual behaviors early in life 3. In contemporary western culture, children are a. Before 19th century, children were not as insulated 4. UCLA study

5. _____________________ in children is common and normal

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a. b. Erections in young boys can be part of a generalized arousal response not necessarily sexually oriented (ex. Excitement from games or other non-sexual stimuli) 6. _____________________________can also occur during childhood a. Showing genitals to adults or other children b. Attempting to view the genitals of others c. Solitary/interpersonal sexual behavior by children seems to be harmless d.

7. Cultures vary in their attitudes toward childhood sexuality a.

Children and Sexual Contact with Adults 1. About ___ of women and ____ of men report having a childhood sexual experience with an adult 2. Most adult-child contacts involve _____________ _________________________________________ a. Most incidents involve ________________________ *Read about harmful consequences and strategies to prevent adult-child sex (pgs. 317318) Increase Sexual Interest in Pre-Adolescence 1. A great deal of information about sexuality is spread through __________________ 2. Sex-segregated years 3. Gender norms may traumatize pre-gay children a. b. Internalization of homophobic attitudes begin 4. Pubertal growth occurs earlier in _________________ 5. Visible and invisible changes occur during puberty a. Girls:

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i. ii. Female breasts develop iii. Onset of menstruation b. Boys:

i. First ejaculation generally occurs at ___ (can occur during sleep or masturbation) ii. Development of underarm hair iii. Acne What Causes Puberty 1. a. girls: approx. ____ b. boys: approx. _____ 2. Once critical body weight is reached, chemical signals initiate the _________________ 3. Primary Amenorrhea 4. Secondary Amenorrhea 5. Gonadal steroids drive puberty 6. Precocious puberty - Considered too early if 7. The earlier children enter into puberty, the earlier they are likely to become _______________________

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