Types of Research

1. Descriptive Vs Analytical 2. Applied Vs Fundamental 3. Quantitative Vs Qualitative 4. Conceptual Vs Empirical 5. Special types o researc! (Longitudinal Research; Action Research)
Descriptive Vs. Analytical:

Descriptive ResearchIncludes surveys and fact finding enquires of different kinds Purpose- description of the state of affairs as it exists at present Termed as Ex post facto research in social science and business research Researcher has no control over variables! can only report is happening and discover causes "ethods- survey of all kinds including comparative and correlational methods Example- frequency of shopping! preference of shopping! or similar data #nalytical Research$ses already available information or facts #naly%es facts or information to evaluate the materials Applied Vs. Fundamental: hat has happened or here hat

#pplied Research#ims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or organi%ation

#lso kno n as action research Purpose- to discover a solution for some practical problems Example- research on solving social or business problem &undamental Research'oncerned ith generali%ations and ith the formulation of theory #lso kno n as basic or pure research &ocuses on finding information that has a broad base of application and adds to the already existing organi%ed body of scientific kno ledge Example- research on natural phenomenon or pure mathematics! human behavior for making generali%ation about human behavior Qualitative Vs. Quantitative:

(uantitative Research)ased on the measurement of quality or amount #pplicable to phenomenon expressible in quantity (ualitative ResearchDeals ith (ualitative phenomenon Example- "otivation Research and research for human behavior Technique- intervie ! association test! sentence completion test! story completion test! etc Important for behavioral science that deals ith motives of human behavior Demands guidance from experimental psychologists #pplication is difficult #naly%es motivating factors to behave in a particular manner or make something liked or disliked Conceptual Vs. Empirical: hich aims at discovering the underlying motives

'onceptual ResearchRelated to some abstract ideas or theories $sed by philosophers or thinkers to develop ne ones Empirical researchRelies on experience or observation alone! often and theory Data based research 'onclusions can be verified by observation or experiment #lso kno n as experimental type of research #ppropriate some ay Requires developing hypothesis or probable results first and then facts to prove or disprove the hypothesis! developing experimental designs! controlling over variables under study and studying the effects Other types of Research: *ne time Research- arranged for single time period +ongitudinal Research- arranged for several time periods Based on environment&ield setting research +aboratory research ,imulation research Based on approach'linical research Diagnostic research Based on HypothesisExplanatory research- develops hypothesis hen proof is sought that certain variable affects other variables in ithout due regard for system concept or reinterpret existing

Based on time-

&ormali%ed research- develops structure to test hypothesis Others-istorical research- utili%es historical sources of data 'onclusion oriented- freedom at picking up problem! redesigning enquiry! conceptuali%ing Decision oriented- needs decision maker and not freedom *perations research- decision oriented! provides quantitative basis for decisions regarding operations

 "ased on t!e purposes or #!ic! t!e researc!es are conducted$ t!ey may %e divided into ollo#in& cate&ories 1. 'eeds Assessment(Evaluation 2. Feasi%ility studies 3. "aseline("enc!)mar* survey(+esearc!. 4. Evaluation +esearc!, a- Formative Evaluation ./id)term%- 0erminal Evaluation. 5. 1mpact assessment(researc!(evaluation Evaluation Research
Evaluation concepts and issues Evaluation is the systematic determination of merit! orth! and significance of something or someone. Evaluation often is used to characteri%e and appraise sub/ects of interest in a ide range of human enterprises! including the #rts! business! computer science! criminal /ustice! education! engineering! foundations and non-profit organi%ations! government! health care! and other human services. The distinction between evaluation and assessment In the field of evaluation! there is some degree of disagreement in the distinctions often made bet een the terms 0evaluation0 and 0assessment.0 ,ome practitioners ould consider these terms to be interchangeable! hile others contend that evaluation is broader than assessment and involves making /udgments about the merit or orth of something 1an evaluand2 or someone 1an evaluee2. 3hen such a distinction is made! 'assessment' is said to primarily involve characterizations objective descriptions, while

'evaluation' is said to involve characterizations and appraisals determinations o merit and!or worth" "erit involves /udgments about generali%ed value. 3orth involves /udgments about instrumental value. &or example! a history and a mathematics teacher may have equal merit in terms of mastery of their respective disciplines! but the math teacher may have greater orth because of the higher demand and lo er supply of qualified mathematics teachers.

Depending on the stage of the program! there can be four types of evaluation 4 needs assessment or evaluation of needs associated ith the design stage! formative evaluation or process evaluation associated ith the implementation stage! and summative5Terminal evaluation 1output evaluation2 and impact evaluation 4 both associated ith the follo -up stages 16arcia 7une% 8! Improving &P Evaluation! 9::;< =2. Needs assessment or evaluation o needs associated ith the design stage Baseline Survey 0!e main purpose o a %aseline survey is to &enerate data on pre)pro2ect socio)economic and %usiness aspects. "aseline data are also used to compare t!e pre) and post) pro2ect situations or assessin& t!e impact o pro2ect intervention. A %aseline survey is conducted in t!e a%sence o availa%le pu%lis!ed data on various socio)economic and %usiness aspects.

Feasibility Studies 0!is type o researc! is underta*en prior to startin& o any %usiness enterprise or any %usiness related pro2ect. 0!is type o researc! is done to assess t!e tec!nical$ economic$ mar*et and inancial via%ility o t!e pro2ect. 0!e issue #!et!er t!e pro2ect is socially desira%le and environmentally accepta%le is also ta*en into consideration. Formative or mid term evaluation is done to assess #!et!er t!e pro2ect is in t!e ri&!t trac*. 1t is usually done to identi y t!e stren&t!s$ #ea*nesses$ opportunities and t!reats. 3n t!e %asis o t!e indin&s o t!e ormative evaluation researc! corrective measures are ta*en to attain t!e &oals o t!e pro2ect. Terminal (Summative) Evaluation research is conducted to assess t!e e iciency and e ectiveness o t!e pro2ect(intervention. o E ectiveness, is t!e ratio o actual and planned activities )0!e e4tent o attainment o &oal or t!e de&ree o tar&et ul illment determines t!e level o e ectiveness.

o E iciency, ) Attainin& ma4imum output #it! minimum input. Impact Evaluation 0!e researc!$ #!ic! is underta*en to measure t!e 5uantitative %ene its derived out o pro2ect intervention and 5ualitative c!an&es t!at occurred due to pro2ect intervention$ is *no#n as an impact assessment researc!. 0!is type o researc! also provides in ormation or identi yin& t!e ne&ative impact o t!e pro2ect.