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Development of Phase shifting Transformer (PST) with Static Tap changer

S.V.N.Jithin Sundar, Dipak Dutta , S.C.Bhageria, K.S.R.Prasad, C.D.Khoday and J.S.Kuntia

generation companies and transmission companies have to work independently, appropriate tools are required for scheduling the power flow in a given network to meet contractual commitment with ultimate utilities. Phase shifting transformer, which is a powerful and economical tool, has not been developed and used in India so far, although it has been widely used in European network, USA, Japan and Russia. A first time effort has been made by BHEL with funding from TIFAC to develop a phase shifting transformer with a static tap changer indigenously. A phase shifting transformer along with a thyristor controlled tap

Abstract-- In the deregulated environment where

I. INTRODUCTION

of changer can provide a faster and smoother control power flow.

N todays deregulated power environment where power generating companies and transmission companies are now working independently, the need for using phase shifting transformer for meeting the customer commitment of supplying the desired power is being felt. Moreover due to fund problems in setting up new power plants and transmission lines a need is there to utilize the available generation and transmission capacity in an efficient manner. Certainly phase shifting transformer is one such tool by which these objectives can be accomplished.

This paper discusses the theory of phase shift and also describes the various applications of phase shifting transformer. The experience of development and testing of a 2 MVA, 33 kV prototype phase shifting transformer with static electronic tap changer at BHEL Corp.R&D, 33kV substation has been discussed. Possibility of using phase shifting transformers in India to improve system performance is also discussed.

Fig.1 Current distribution in parallel lines without a PST

Index Terms Phase Shifting Transformer, Phase Angle

Regulation, Parallel Flows, Loop Flows, Static Tap Changer.

S. V .N ..Jithin Sundar is a Senior Deputy General Manager with Corporate Research & Development Divn Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Vikas nagar, Hyderabad, INDIA (e-mail: jithin@bhelrnd.co.in). Dippak Dutta is a Senior Manager with Electronics Division , Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Bangalore, INDIA. (e-mail: dipakdutta@bheledn.co.in). S.C.Bhageria, is a Additional General Manager with Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Bhopal, INDIA. . (e-mail: scbhageria@bhelbpl.co.in). K.S.R.Prasad is a Deputy General Manager, with Corporate Research & Development Divn Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Vikas nagar, Hyderabad, INDIA (e-mail: ksrprasad@bhelrnd.co.in). C.D.Khoday is a Manager with Electronics Division , Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Bangalore, INDIA. (e-mail: khoday@bheledn.co.in). J.S.Kuntia is a Senior Manager with Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Bhopal, INDIA. . (e-mail: kuntia@bhelbpl.co.in). This work was funded by Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC)

Fig.2 Current distribution in parallel lines with a PST

A phase shifting transformer (PST) provides a predefined phase shift between the primary and the secondary terminals. The magnitude of this phase shift can be varied with the use of an on load tap changer having desired steps. Direction of the phase shift can also be varied if the tap changer has advance/retard options. The purpose of phase shifting transformer is mainly to control the power flow in a complex network of parallel lines and loop flows. The phenomenon of change in current distribution in parallel lines using phase shifting transformer can be explained in a simple way. The current distribution in two parallel lines depends on the reactance X1 and X2 offered by the two lines as shown in Fig. 1. This current distribution can be varied by introducing an additional voltage source as shown in Fig. 2. In order to

increase power flow the boost voltage of the PST should create an advance phase shift in the driving line voltage. In order to reduce power flow the phase shift has to be in the negative direction. II. TYPES OF PHASE SHIFT CONTROL Two types of phase shift controls are usually adopted viz., inphase control and quadrature control. In in-phase control the control voltage is in phase with the main winding voltage thereby provides voltage support to the network. This influences mainly on the reactive power flowing through the transformer. In quadrature control, the control voltage is at an angle of 90 degrees to the main winding voltage. This type of control is used to regulate the active power flow through the transformer. This does not provide any voltage support to the network. Therefore by using phase shifting transformer it is possible to regulate reactive as well as active power flow. In high voltage systems the impedance angle is usually smaller than 90 deg. In such cases phase shifting transformer with the combination of in-phase as well as quadrature control properties can be used. This arrangement is termed phase shift control technique (Refer Fig. 3c). A phase shift transformer with 60-deg. phase shift as can also be used effectively for active power regulation. Figure 3 shows the effects on the voltage and current of a transformer for in phase control, for quadrature control and for phase shift control. Many other connections apart from the star (neutral) point connection are possible. The optimum connection is project-specific, and is determined by the application. By using in-phase and quadrature control phase shifting transformer with separate adjustable tap changers it is possible to provide reactive power to support the voltage as well as to adjust active power flow. If separate regulating the

III. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER The real power flow between the sending and receiving ends (Say Source and Load) is proportional to the angular difference between the source and load voltages and is defined as per following relationship: PSL = Vs VL Sin X Where PSL is the real power flow from source to load. Vs is the source voltage, VL is the load voltage, X is the reactance between load and source and is the angle by which source voltage leads load voltage Phase shifting transformer controls the real power flow by varying the phase angle between the two systems. This can be achieved by adding a regulated quadrature voltage to the source line to neutral voltage. This quadrature voltage can be derived from the phase to phase voltages of the other two phases (See Fig. 4). Phase angle shift of the A phase voltage is achieved by adding a quadrature voltage derived from B and C phase voltages. In similar way phase shift of other two phases can be achieved. The phase angle shift can be varied by changing the magnitude of the quadrature voltage. The quadrature voltage is introduced between the source and load side voltages with the help of the series unit. The secondary of the series unit is connected across the exicting 33kV

Shunt Transformer
oltc

Series Transformer

oltc

oltc

windings are provided for the phase shift control and separately adjustable tap changers for the in-phase and quadrature direction then the magnitude and phase angle of additional voltage can be set anywhere between 0-360 degrees.

Fig4.PST with series and exciting (regulating) unit

(re(regulating) unit
I.

unit secondary phase to phase voltages. The direction of the exciting unit secondary phase to phase voltages decides whether the quadrature voltage will add or subtract from the source side primary voltage to obtain the desired phase angle shift of the load side primary voltage. The magnitude of the quadrature voltage is directly proportional to the extent of the angular phase shift desired. By varying the turns/direction of the secondary winding of the exciting unit, variable phase shift can be achieved in the advance or retard directions. IV. TAP CHANGERS FOR PST Phase shifting transformers can be designed with fixed or variable phase angle. Generally it is the requirement that phase angle can be varied in a predetermined range in advance as well as retard directions. In order to achieve this the secondary winding of the exciting unit is made as regulating winding having desired steps. A reversing type on-load tap changer is used to achieve the variation of quadrature voltage in desired magnitude and direction. Mostly conventional electromechanical types of on-load tap changers are used in the PSTs for achieving the desired variation of quadrature voltage/phase angle shift. However, it is felt that the electromechanical tap changers are sluggish for the modern power systems. With the number of tap changer operation requirement being very high leading to high wear and tear of tap changer contacts necessitating frequent maintenance. Now a days, static electronic tap changers using thyristor valves are being tried with the phase shifting transformers to achieve a smooth variation of quadrature voltage in positive and negative direction. In these types of OLTCs the tap change operation can be achieved in less than half a cycle whereas in electromechanical type tap changer it takes around 5-6 cycles. Hence, electronic tap changers are fast and provide stability to the system. However they are costly and are still not available for commercial use. There are different ways to design the regulating winding in order to minimize the number of thyristors used. Regulating winding with equal number of turns between the taps leads to use of large number of thyristor valves. It is economical to divide the steps as per smart series e.g. 1,3,9or 1,2,7 etc. V. SALIENT SPECIFICATIONS OF BHELS PROTOTYPE PST MVA rating of series unit MVA rating of exciting unit Current capability of PST Designed phase shift Quadrature voltage Type of design Type of tapchanger No of tapping steps : 2 MVA : 2 MVA : 333 Amps at 33 kV : 6 : 2 kV/0.2 kV : Dual core dual tank design : Static electronic tapchanger using thyristor valves : 7 (+3, 0, -3)

PST was tested in BHEL Corporate R&D complex on a 33kV system having maximum load of 800 kW. In order to make the PST compatible and sensitive to the low power flow of up to 800 kW at this site a 0.2 kV tap is provided in series primary winding.

Fig.6 Single line diagram of PST installation at Corporate R&D, BHEL

As shown in the Single line diagram the PST was connected in line 2 just after the 33/6.6 kV transformer. The line was broken open and the series transformer primary winding was connected in series. Across the series transformer an isolator was provided to bypass the installation in case of any necessity. As can be seen from the SLD both ends of the series transformer primary were connected through isolators .The shunt transformer primary winding were connected to one end of the series winding. A vacuum circuit breaker was provided before the shunt transformer primary winding connections. This was to isolate the shunt transformer under fault conditions. For any fault out side the PST the MOCB already existing in the 33 kV line and another CB on 6.6 kV side of the line were to open. Any maintenance on the PST series and shunt transformer and Thyristor equipment can be attempted by opening both the isolators on either side of the series primary winding. A Voltage transformer (VT) was also installed as shown in the SLD after the series primary winding. The variable voltage injection from shunt transformer secondary shown in the SLD was through the static tap changer. VI. STATIC TAP CHANGER Application of Static tap changer for phase shifting application has been a subject of wide discussion in the literature [2,4]. The scheme shown in Fig.7 has only four Thyristor valves (Anti-parallel pair) per phase. Using this scheme, 7 steps ( 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3) are possible with a off-load mechanical reversal switch (SW). This scheme is cost effective with low operating losses.

OLTC
T1 N3 T2 N2 T3 N1 T4 Biasing Resistor Vacuum Contractor

The PST scheme was also tested successfully along with the thyristor controlled tap changer. With the change of tap the sharing of power between PST and non-PST lines was demonstrated, and steady state power flow is given in table below.
TABLE I

Tap posit ion 0 +1 +2

Injected voltage (V) 0 66.6 133.3

SW WW

Phase shift angle (Deg) 0 0.2 0.4

Total load (kW) 500 900 700

Load on PST Line (kW) 250 500 450

Load on Non-PST Line (kW) 250 400 250

Fig.7 Static Tap Changer scheme for PST installation. VII. CONTROLLER The Controller for PST was made suitable for demonstrating power flow control in a parallel line configuration. The Controller hardware was MC68ECO30 based Microprocessor VM30 board of M/s PEP, GMBH.The Control cubicle houses all the electronic cards (both analog and digital) along with current transformers and voltage transformers required to make the signals compatible to the Microprocessor circuits. The Controller was provided with Manual and Auto modes of operation. The Controller provides steady state control of power in the specified ratio between the two parallel lines. With the injection of quadrature voltage the phase angle of the system voltage can be varied there by the real power flow. If the PST adjusts the real power flow to a pre-specified value, the reactive power flow through the line and the reactive power demand from both ends of the line are determined by the overall system and the operating conditions.

Increment of Tap PST line current (a) Non-PST line current (b)

VIII. FIELD TRIALS OF PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER

The PST equipment was installed and interconnected as shown in the single line diagram. The PST was charged and with no injection from the PST both the lines shared the total power equally. This is because the length of both the lines are same and both the transformers have same impedance. The power sharing between the lines are tabulated as below with the variation in the injected voltage or tap position.

Decrement of Tap PST line current (a) Non-PST line current (b)

Fig.8. Shows the flow of currents in two feeders with increment and decrement of taps.

As can be seen from the Fig.8 the change over has been fast and smooth. With the increment of tap the current in PST line increases with the corresponding decrease in the non-PST line. Similarly the decrement of tap results in decrease of current in PST line with the corresponding increase in non-PST line.

XI. REFERENCES
[1] Static Electronic Tap-Changer for fast phase-wise voltage control Tommy Larsson, Daniel Malm, Lars Erricsson CIGRE-1998; 12-305

[2]

IX. FUTURE OF PSTS IN INDIA

[3]

Phase Shifting Transformers: Discussions of specific characteristics Walter SeitlingerCIGRE-1998; 12-306 Regulating transformers in power systems new concepts and applications ABB REVIEW 4/ 1977 Transformers for Phase angle Regulations considering the selection of on load tapchangers A.Kramer, J Ruff IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No.2, April 1998 Phase Shifting Transformers in India: Concepts and Applications R.K.Parashar S.V.N. Jithin Sunder A.K.Tripathy T.Chandrashekhar CIGRE International conference, Nov, 2001, New Delhi

With the emergence of new type of the power scenario in India where power producing and power distributing companies have been made to operate independently, a commitment to draw the allotted power and distribute the committed power has become very important. In order to achieve this Phase Shifting Transformers can play an important role. The transmission utilities can economically manage their power with the help of PSTs. Under utilized transmission lines where more power can not be pushed due to reactance problems can be made to push more power with the help of a suitable PST. The PSTs on the other hand are robust, cheaper and longer lasting. Therefore there is a bright future of PSTs in India in the time to come.

[4]

[5]

Fig.9 PST INSTALLATION AT BHEL R&D 33kV Sub Station

X. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) for funding the above development work. Authors also thank BHEL management for giving all the support during the development of the above work and for permitting to publish the same.